德國放射性廢棄物資訊公開與民眾參與實務 · 2017-04-17 · seminar on regulations...

德國放射性廢棄物資訊公開與民眾

參與實務

TÜV SÜD TÜV SÜD

Enforcement & Public Participation

Waste Management in Germany

Seminar on regulations and technology of spent fuel interim storage in Germany

April 19th – 20th, 2017 in Taipei

Dr. J. Shang

Slide 1

TÜV SÜD

1

Contents

Enforcement of Law and Regulations

2 History in German Nuclear Regulation

Slide 2

5 Conclusion

3 Conflict Situation: Interim Storage/Repository

4 Examples from Protocol of Public Participation

TÜV SÜD

1

Contents



Slide 3

5 Conclusion



TÜV SÜD

Atomic Energy Act

Slide 4

Includes an important paragraph for decommissioning & dismantling:

7 Licensing of installations:

(3) The decommissioning of an installation as defined in … as well as the safe enclosure of an installation definitively decommissioned, or the dismantling of an installation or of parts thereof shall require a licence. …

TÜV SÜD

LSP acc. to 7 of ATG or StrlSchV

Nuclear Regulation in the Federal System: Who is doing what?

Slide 5

Expert organizations,e.g. TÜV SÜD ET, GRS, MPA…

Applicante.g. KKP

Application for a license with description and supporting documents

Reports withrecommendations

Order for review onselected subjects Order for review on

selected subjects

Report (withrecommendations)

licencePublic

hearing

Nuclear LicensingProcedure OrdinanceEnvironmental Impact

Assessment Act

Advisory organizations, e.g. RSK, SSK ; other federal state authorities

StateRegulatory Body

e.g. Baden-Württemberg

Objections

Federation

TÜV SÜD

Atomic Energy Act

Slide 6

Includes an important paragraph for Storage of Spent Fuel:

6 Licensing of installations for Storage of Spent Fuel:

- Every storage besides the state storage requires a license

- The license shall be given, if- Reliability and qualification of responsible persons,- Required preventions against damage in line with the state of the art in science

and technology - Required prevention for the fulfillment of legal liability for damages and- Required protection against disruptive action or other third-party influencesare guaranteed

23: Responsibility of the Federal Office for Radiation Protection and the FerderalOffice for Nuclear Waste Management (BfS/BfE)

TÜV SÜD

Nuclear Regulation in the Federal System: Who is doing what?

Slide 7

LSP acc. to 6 of German Atomic Energy Act

Publicity Applicant

TSO

State Building Authority

State Authorities

Supervisory authorityof the state 24 AtG

regulatory authority:BfS/BfE

23 Sec. 1 Nr. 4 AtG

© BfS

TÜV SÜD

1

Contents



Slide 8

5 Conclusion



TÜV SÜD

Top ten list 2007

Slide 9

TÜV SÜD

Top ten list 2006

Slide 10

TÜV SÜD

Top ten list 2001

Slide 11

TÜV SÜD

Top ten list 1981-2008

Slide 12

TÜV SÜD

Hard Facts

Slide 13

TÜV SÜD

Licensing and Supervision Procedures

Slide 14

TÜV SÜD

Participants in Licensing and Supervision Procedure in Germany

Slide 15

TÜV SÜD

Status of Licensing and Supervision Procedure in Germany

Slide 16

TÜV SÜD

Licensing and Supervision Procedure in Germany

Slide 17

TÜV SÜD


Slide 18

TÜV SÜD


Slide 19

This long-term effect can`t be ignored.

TÜV SÜD

History in German Nuclear Regulation

Slide 20

Project SNR 300:

Fast Breeder Reactor in Kalkar (Germany) 70% 15% 15%

09. Nov. 1966: Agreement between Germany, Netherlands and Belgium15. Jan. 1968: Estabilishment of consortium (Siemens, Neratoom, Begonucléaire)23. Oct. 1970: Application for a licence (Safety Report...)18. Dec. 1972: Grant of building licence (Authority: ministry of the environment NRW)24. Mar. 1973: Start of construction22. Oct. 1985: Grant of licence (13 steps since 1972)15. Juni. 1986: Commissioning (17. step)26. April. 1986: Accident in Chernobyl

20. Mar. 1991: Stop the project

Phase out of nuclear energy

TÜV SÜD

1

Contents



Slide 21

5 Conclusion



TÜV SÜD Slide 22

Provisions for public participation in accordance with AtVfV

3 Abs. 1 Nr. 1 & 3 AtVfV: Kind and scope of the documents 4 AtVfV: Announcement of the project5 Abs. 1 AtVfV Contents of the announcement6 Abs. 1 & 2 AtVfV: Disclosure of the application and documents for public

inspection 7 AtVfV: Objections8 Abs. 1&2 AtVfV: Objections & public hearing10 Abs. 1 AtVfV: Cancellation of public hearing12 Abs. 1 AtVfV: Proceedings of public hearing13 Abs. 1 AtVfV: Minutes of public hearing19b Abs. 2 AtVfV: Licences pursuant to 7 para. (3) of the Atomic Energy Act

Regulation for Public Participation

TÜV SÜD

Conflict Situation: Interim Storage/Repository

Slide 23

Participation of publicitySubmission and examination of the documents to be interpreted

(Request, short-description, safety report, environmental impact study, additional decision-significantly documents)

Public announcement of the intention(Federal Gazette, regional press)

Display(Federal Office for Radiation Protection, local room)

Objections(Limitation, Knowledge anonymised by the applicant/expert)

Consideration date(Public announcement, local room)

Word-protocol(Consideration at the assessments, transmission to objectors)

Announcement and interpretation of the approval(Federal Office for Radiation Protection, local room)

TÜV SÜD


Slide 24

Licensing procedure for interim storagesStatistics to the public participation

Amount of licensing procedures: 22

Objectors: 900 to 76.000 per procedure, ca. 277.000 in total

Different objections: 12 to 252 per procedure

Hearings

Days of hearing: 1 to 7 per procedure,in total 78

Attendant objectors: 24 to 566 per procedure(ca. 1.650 in total)

TÜV SÜD

• Notification-request of the austrian ministry of the environment for six interimstorages in south-germany of course of possible effects to the republic Austria

• Regular consultations of the Federal Office for Radiation Protection and theaustrian ministry of the environment inclusively the regional government ofUpper Austria, Salzburg, Tirol and Vorarlberg as well as the city of Salzburg

• Public participation procedure in Austria with 60,000 objectors

• Public hearing for citizens of Austria inclusively applicant, authorities andexperts (1 day, 74 attendants)

• Final statement of the republic Austria to the licensing drafts

• Public display of the licenses in Austria


Slide 25

Cross-border environmental impact assessment

TÜV SÜD


Slide 26

Licensing of interim storages

License for the storage of nuclear fuel ( 6 AtG)

Not approved parts of the application

- Further nuclear fuel mass- Further inventory- Further transportation- and storage vessel-

construction type(s)

Approved parts of the application

- Nuclear fuel mass- Inventory- Transportation- and storage vessel-

construction type(s)

Changing license

e.g. clearance instruction fortransportation and storage vessels

Later obligations/revocation ( 17 AtG)

TÜV SÜD


Slide 27

Interim Storage Brunsbüttel

2001: Application to BfS

2003: License

2004: Lawsuit against the site interim storage

2006: Commissioning of the site interim storage

2007: The Superior Administrative Court in Schleswig dismissed the action.

2008: Federal Administrative Court canceled judgement of the Superior Administrative Court in Schleswig

2013: Judgement of the Superior Administrative Court in Schleswig

2015: Decision of the Federal Administrative Court

2015: New application to BfE

2018: A temporary license

TÜV SÜD

Public Participation

Slide 28

ParticipationWorking groupround tableenvironmental mediation

Public discussionSurveyOpen councilExpert´s opinion

PostingMailinformation eventPublic reference

Consultation

Information

Source: ÖI

TÜV SÜD

Public Participation

Slide 29

Basic evaluation

Preliminaryplanning

Preliminarydesign

Approval planning

Execution documentsKeep residents about progress of work to dateSite marketing: Open-door day, site visit, school tours

Object mentoring and documentationConstruction

Award of contract

Communicate coursePlan compacted represent (pictures)Illustrate the process, repeat messageEmployees training for public hearing

Advantages and disadvantages with alternativeRepresent plane and tech. documents simplified.Understandable communication (clarify technical term)

Analysis: Who are the stakeholders, what opportunities and risk issues there are?

Planing: What communication aims to combine? what issues need to be become the focus? what are the key messages?

Source: ÖI

TÜV SÜD

1

Contents



Slide 30

5 Conclusion



TÜV SÜD

Examples from Protocol of Public Participation

Slide 31

Steno graphic verbatim record at public hearing

1. Day

a. Welcome and introduction by chief navigatorb. Presentation of the project to be approved and explanation of the design application by the

applicantc. Preliminary statements by objectorsd. Hearing of the objections with regard to the personal requirements of the applicant (reliability of

the applicant & compulsory cover) e. Hearing of the objections with regard to the licence conditions (damage prevention and radiation

protection, environmental sustainability)- Remaining operating- Ventilation concept- Restraints- Maintenance of exhaust air and waste water plants- Operational regulations- Nuclear regulations (Guidelines, KTA-Rules, DIN standards…)- Completeness of the information

TÜV SÜD


Slide 32


1. Day

- Completeness of the information- Modification of the plant - Container lock- Container dock- Dismantling of plant components- Time of dismantling- Dismantling of reactor pressure vessel- Disassembling procedures- Sequence plan- Absence from feedback- Radiation protection- Radiological preload- Output value- Direct radiation- Determination of radiological state

TÜV SÜD


Slide 33


1. Day

- Determination of radiological state- Spreading contamination- Measuring device- Cancer studies- Environmental monitoring

2. Day- Radoaktive waste- Operational waste- Handling radioactive residues and waste- Transport and lifting operations of fixed equipment- Storage of radioactive wastes- Conditioning of radioactive waste- Clearance approval process

TÜV SÜD


Slide 34


2. Day- Clearance approval process- Release procedure- Disposal concept- Disposal goals- Disposalcertification system for radioactive waste- Safety assessment- Accident- Assessment scale- Environmental impact assessment- Transparency and assessment- Preloading- Radiation exposure- Dust emissions- Noise- Water protection

TÜV SÜD


Slide 35


2. Day- Water protection- Consideration of the impact- Alternative assessment- Discussing any other objections, questions and issues (particularly with regard to the

later decision by the authority on the application and the future licensing procedures)- Fund of the decommissioning- Single issues of granting permits (For example, time-limit, pads, relation to other

permits, dismantling of non-approval mature no extended dismounting- Licensing requirement of post operational phase- Public participation in decommisioning strategy and subsequent approval- Insulation of buildings- Shutdown another reactor- Security concerning disruptive actions and impact- Accountability of nuclear energy- Concern of fundamental rights and legal framework- Notice of the competent authority

TÜV SÜD


Slide 36


2. Day- Notice of the competent authority- Information from federal and state parliament- Criticism against IAEO- Criticism against officials of the State Institute for Environmental Measurements and

Nature Conservation LUM- Other objections, questions and issues as well as points that have not been adequately

explained- Final statements of the objectors- Further aspects of transport and lifting operations of fixed equipment- Completion of the public hearing

TÜV SÜD

1

Contents



Slide 37

5 Conclusion



TÜV SÜD

Conclusion

Slide 38

Current interim storage problems

Situation Federal Republic of Germany related to interim storage period

Interim storage time extension?

Old or new interim storage?

Demand on public participation

Aging problems

Aging of the sealing materialAging of the fuel rod cladding

TÜV SÜD

Thank you for your attention

Slide 39

TÜV SÜD Energietechnik GmbH Baden-Württemberg Slide 117-04-11

Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel

Seminar on regulations and technology of spent fuel interimstorage in Germany

April 19th – 20th , 2017 in Taipei

Dr. T. Thumstädter

Handling and Storage of Spent Fuel


1 The Reasons why German decidedto stop reprocessing

2 The Conparision of centralised anddistributed storage

3

4 Lessons Learned

Procedure of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves of caskloading)

The Handling and the Storage of Spent Fuel


History of the policy of reprocessing

• Until 1984 obligation to reprocess spent fuel

• Since 1984 two alternatives: reprocessing or direct disposal for spent fuel (reprocessing tookplace aboard)

• Since 2001 obligation for direct disposal. Reprocessing was only allowed to fulfil old contracts.

• Since 2005 prohibition of reprocessing.

1. Reasons why Germany stopped Reprocessing



Critics on Reprocessing

• Complex nuclear chemical process with many inhernt dangersHot acidsReactive organic solventsHigh amounts of fissable material

• Security problems:Occurence of greater amounts of Pu → Suitable for nuclear weapons

• Possibility to operate reprocessing plant economically is unclear




Reasons for the Abondance of Reprocessing

• General critics on the technology+ Cold war+ fear of a neclear war in the public and the peace movement+ environmental movement

→ Results in a general distrust against the responsible entities + no acceptance of thetechnology in the public

→ Resulting in massive protests + economical douts






3

4 Lessons Learned




2. The Comparison of Centrilised and Decentralised Storage

Pros Cons

Centalised Storage

• Impact to the environment islimited to a few locations

• Cost reduction for safetyand security measure duringthe storage period

• A lot of spent fueltransportation of spent fuela over the country

• High costs for safety andsecurity of the transports

Decentralised Storage• No transportation until a

final repository is built• Higher costs and affords

due to operate severalfacilities



2. The Comparison of Centrilised and Decentralised Storage

Reasons for Choosing Decentralised Interim Storage in Germany

→ Very few acceptance in great parts of the population for nuclear technology andtransports

→ Enormous affords in costs and personal to protect the transports and prevent thetransport routes from sabotage





3

4 Lessons Learned




3. Procedures of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proof of the caskloading)

Which properties should a cask loading procedure have?:

• It has to ensure that the contraints for a reliable function of the cask are fulfiled.

• It has to ensure that the contraints for a reliable function of the storage facility are fulfiled.

Then a safe storage is ensured and the safety targets are kept.

How can this be ensured?

• By developing a suitable procedure for cask loading and measures to make sure that thenecessary quality for cask loading is kept.



3. Procedures of loading spent fuel in casks and storage them (proves the caskloading)

Essential information is compiled in following documents:

Technical Requirements(Technische

Annahmebedingungen)

• Contains values for safetyrelevant parameters

• Cask and plant specific• Approved by TSO

Procedures for theTechnical Requirements

(Ausführungsbestimmungen zu den technischen

Annahmebedingungen)

• Contains the methods andform sheets forproving the constrains

• Approved by TSO

Cask Specific Proceeding Plan(Behälterspezifischer Ablaufplan)

• Contains tables with the crucialsteps of loading procedure andemplacement

• Contains stopping points that haveto be approved before continuingthe loading rocedure

• Approved by TSO




Proceeding of a cask loading (rough scheme)

Step 1: Submission of the documetation of the planned cask loading to the supervising authority

Step 2: Approval of the documentation (often with help of TSO)

Step 3: Loading the cask with supervision of a TSO with approval of the crucial steps in the procceding plan.

Step 4: Finishing of the documentation

Step 5: Approval of the final documentation




Documentation before cask loading

General parts:

• License of the cask type

• Qualitiy assurance proofs of manufacturing and commissioning of the cask

• Proofs that the necessary periodic tests are done

And

Proves for the Technical Requirements




Documentation before cask loading

Technical Requirements (example):

• Reactortype• Plant and FA • Max. number of special FA• FA type• FA length• FA cross section area• Heavy metal mass• Enrichment (U-235, Pu-239 + Pu-241)• Max. and min. burnup• Min. decay time in the spent fuel pool• Max. Co content of FA head and foot• Non-standard FA (max. number, e. g. defect rod, dummy rods, …)• Max. tangent strain• Max. tangent stress• Max. decay heat

Proves with form sheetsfrom the procedures forthe technical requirements




Proves of the technical requirements (example)

Proof of the max. tangent strain:

• Form sheet contains the relevant data (FA-number, loading configuration, FA-position)

• Proof is done by ensuring that the decay heat of theconsidered FA is lower than reference values at certainpoints of time.

• Form sheet ensures that every FA and point of time isis considered.

©GNS




Secondary Lid

Primary Lid

Cask Body

Protection Plate




General proceeding when loading casks (technical view)




Inspections during cask loading

• Cask specified proceeding plan (Behälterspezifischer Ablaufplan)

• Approved document

• All essential steps of the loading procedure are listed in thecorect order

• The safety relevant steps have to be approved by an independant expert by signing the steps in the document

©EnBW




Main phases of the cask loading procedure

a. Arriving of the caskb. Bringing the unloaded cask into the reactor buildingc. Preparing the cask at handling point (outside the pool)d. Bringing the into the poole. Loading the caskf. Bringing the cask back from the poolg. Dispatching the cask according to the technical requirements of interim storageh. Sluicing the cask out

Phase A: Prepation forunderwaterloading

Phase C:Dispatching andDelivering

Phase B: Underwaterloading




Crucial steps of phase A

• Proof whether the formal requirements are fulfiled for the cask (paperwork okay, tests of the caskare valid)

• Checking the handling equipment (free of contamination)• Checking the cask for damages• Bringing the cask into the reactor building and put it to handling point• Removing of the primary and secondary lid• Inspection of the sealing surfaces and FA-basket• Closing of the screwholes of the secondary lid• Preparation and mouting of the plastic contamination protection (PKS = Plastik

Kontaminationsschutz)

©VEB




Crucial steps of phase B

• Putting the cask into the fuel pool (PKS is filled with deionat with a slight overpressure)• Cask is loaded (FA and their correct position in the cask is checked)• The primary lid and its seal are checked and will be assembled• Putting the primary lid on the cask (under water)• Removeing the cask from the pool and putting it on the handling point

©VEB




Crucial steps of phase C

• Removeing the rest of the poolwater from the primary lid and the PKS• Inspecting if the lid is correctly placed• Bolting the primary lid and related checks• Removeing of the PKS• Drying of the sealing spaces of the primary lid• Removing of the water from the cask and drying and related checks• Final closing of the primary lid and He-leak test of the seal• Filling the cask with He• Further checks of the correct placement and tighness of the primary lid, contamination tests• Preparation of the secondary lid (mouting and checks of the seal and sealing surfaces)• Bolting of the secondary lid (position checks and He-leak tests, drying)• Test of the pressure switch• Mounting of the protection plate (checks of contamination, doserate, temperature)• Sluicing out the cask with the foreseen equipment (several steps and checks)

©VEB




Structure of a proceeding plan

Nr. Location

Object Task KIND

Specificinstructions/porcedures

Quality checks

Report Remarks

CSP

NPP

TOS

xx Handlingpoint

Loadedcask

Contaminationmeasuringat theprimary lid

CP

Procedureabc

y

CP=Contamination Protection, CSP=Cask Service Provider, NPP=Nuclear Power Plant, TSO=Technical Support Organisation





3

4 Lessons Learned


HHHHHHHHHHHaaaaaaaaaaaannndddddddllllliiiiinnnnggggg aaaaannnnnddddd SSSSStttooooooooorrrrrrrrrrrrraaaaaaaaaaaggggggggggee oooofff SSSSppppeeeennntt FFFuueelll



4. Lessons Learned

Main Problem: Strong resistance and less acceptance in the pulic of this kind oftechnology

Possible Reasons:Global Political Situation: - Cold war

- Fear of a nuclear war → peace movement- Environmental movement

German Politics: - When enforcing nuclear projects few sensebility for the needs andattitudes of the public

- Poor communication strategy of the operators- Wrong estimates about the risk perception of the public



4. Lessons Learned

Possible Solutions

• Early and trancparant communication with all stake holders

• Participation of all stake holders

• Make clear what risk means and what the risks are compared wih other risks

Thank you for your attention

Slide 27



1957 - Atomic Egg (experimental reactor) in Garching near Munich (FRG)- Research reactor of Russian type in Rossendorf near Dresden (GDR)

1960 – Atomic Energy Act → Promotion of nuclear energy (FRG)

1961 – First nuclear power plant in Kahl (VAK) (FRG)

1966 – First nuclear power plant in Rheinsberg (GDR)

1968 – Nuclear powered ship „Otto Hahn“ (FRG)

A brief history of nuclear energy in Germany



1970s – Oil crises led to the construction several NPPs in FRG

1973 – 89 – Construction of several WWER in Greifswald (GDR)

1975 – Major anti-nuclear protests forced the cancelling of the NPP project in Wyl (FRG)

1979 – Accident in Three Miles Island (Harrisburg)

1980 – Reprocessing plant in Wackersdorf was abondaned after massive protests (FRG)

1981 – Massive protest against the Brokedorf NPP project, but NPP was built (FRG)

1986 – Chernobyl accident → Led to more critisism in the public

A brief history of nuclear energy in Germany (II)



2001 – „Act on structured phase-out of the nuclear energy for commercial purposes“ (after lengthynegotiation with the operators) → Ending of commercial nuclear usage 2021

2006 – Ongoing protests against CASTOR-transports

2010 – Life time extension of NPPs (about 12 years per plant)

2011 – Fukushima accident→ safety shut down of several reactor→ stress test- Permanent shut down of seven older reactors- New Phase-out law: Total phase out until 2022

A brief history of nuclear energy in Germany (III)

德國放射性廢棄物資訊公開與民眾 參與實務 · 2017-04-17 · seminar on regulations...

Documents

德國放射性廢棄物資訊公開與民眾參與實務 · 2017-04-17 · seminar on regulations...