Passive House InstituteDr. Wolfgang FeistRheinstr. 44-4664283 DarmstadtGermany

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www.passivehouse.comwww.passivehouse.com

Passive Houses inChinese Climates

在中国各气候区建被动房

Passive Houses

in Chinese Climates

April 2016

Publisher:

Wolfgang Feist, Passive House Institute and University of Innsbruck, Unit for Energy Efficient Buildings

Authors:

Jürgen Schnieders Tanja Schulz Wolfgang Feist

Berthold Kaufmann Sichen Sheng Huijun Jiang Susanne Winkel Evelina Buteikyte Camille Sifferlen

Passivhaus Institut Rheinstr. 44/46 64283 Darmstadt www.passivehouse.com

The present report extends previous work by the Passive House Institute, in particular [Feist 2011], [Feist 2013], and [Feist 2015] (cf. list of references). The authors wish to thank Schöberl & Pöll GmbH, Vienna, the German Federal Environmental Foundation, Saint-Gobain Isover G+H AG, and Saint Gobain CRIR for their support.

Table of contents

1 概要 ......................................................................................................... 7

2 Executive Summary .................................................................................. 9

3 Introduction ........................................................................................... 11

3.1 The Passive House principle ................................................................................................. 11 3.2 Passive Houses for China ...................................................................................................... 11 3.3 What to expect from this report .......................................................................................... 12

4 Choosing Locations ................................................................................. 13

4.1 01 - Beijing – The Capital ...................................................................................................... 13 4.2 02 - Shanghai – The Industrial East Coast ............................................................................. 13 4.3 03 - Chengdu – The Westernmost of the Great Cities ......................................................... 13 4.4 04 - Kunming – City of Eternal Spring ................................................................................... 14 4.5 05 - Guangzhou – The Industrial South Coast ...................................................................... 14 4.6 06 - Qionghai – Tropical........................................................................................................ 14 4.7 07 - Harbin – Cold with Humid Summers ............................................................................. 14 4.8 08 - Urumqi – Cold with Dry Summers ................................................................................. 14 4.9 09 - Lhasa – A Sunny Mountain Site ..................................................................................... 14

5 Some General Design Recommendations ............................................... 15

5.1 Passive House basics ............................................................................................................ 15 5.2 Cost-efficient Passive Houses ............................................................................................... 16

6 A Passive House for Every Chinese Climate ............................................. 18

6.1 Calculation tools ................................................................................................................... 18 6.2 Description of the Reference Passive Houses ...................................................................... 19 6.3 Climate Data ......................................................................................................................... 23 6.4 Comfort Requirements ......................................................................................................... 23 6.5 General Findings for All Climates ......................................................................................... 23

6.5.1 Overview: Components and building parameters ........................................................... 24 6.5.2 Balconies .......................................................................................................................... 25 6.5.3 Ventilation ........................................................................................................................ 25 6.5.4 Distribution of Heating and Cooling ................................................................................. 26 6.5.5 Kitchen, Ventilation of Kitchens and Internal Heat Loads ............................................... 33

6.6 A Reference Passive House in 01 - Beijing: Cold .................................................................. 40 6.6.1 Characterizing the climate ............................................................................................... 40 6.6.2 Reference Passive House ................................................................................................. 40 6.6.3 Results .............................................................................................................................. 42

6.7 A Reference Passive House in 02 - Shanghai: Hot Summer Cold Winter ............................. 46 6.7.1 Characterizing the climate ............................................................................................... 46 6.7.2 Reference Passive House ................................................................................................. 46 6.7.3 Results .............................................................................................................................. 48

6.8 A Reference Passive House in 03 - Chengdu: Hot Summer Cold Winter ............................. 52 6.8.1 Characterizing the climate ............................................................................................... 52 6.8.2 Reference Passive House ................................................................................................. 52 6.8.3 Results .............................................................................................................................. 54

6.9 A Reference Passive House in 04 - Kunming: Temperate .................................................... 58 6.9.1 Characterizing the climate ............................................................................................... 58 6.9.2 Reference Passive House ................................................................................................. 58 6.9.3 Results .............................................................................................................................. 60

6.10 A Reference Passive House in 05 - Guangzhou: Hot Summer Warm Winter ....................... 64

6.10.1 Characterizing the climate ............................................................................................... 64 6.10.2 Reference Passive House ................................................................................................. 64 6.10.3 Results .............................................................................................................................. 66

6.11 A Reference Passive House in 06 - Qionghai: Hot Summer Warm Winter .......................... 72 6.11.1 Characterizing the climate ............................................................................................... 72 6.11.2 Reference Passive House ................................................................................................. 72 6.11.3 Results .............................................................................................................................. 74

6.12 A Reference Passive House in 07 - Harbin: Severe Cold ....................................................... 78 6.12.1 Characterizing the climate ............................................................................................... 78 6.12.2 Reference Passive House ................................................................................................. 78 6.12.3 Results .............................................................................................................................. 80

6.13 A Reference Passive House in 08 - Urumqi: Severe Cold ..................................................... 84 6.13.1 Characterizing the climate ............................................................................................... 84 6.13.2 Reference Passive House ................................................................................................. 84 6.13.3 Results .............................................................................................................................. 86

6.14 A Reference Passive House in 09 - Lhasa: Cold .................................................................... 88 6.14.1 Characterizing the climate ............................................................................................... 88 6.14.2 Reference Passive House ................................................................................................. 88 6.14.3 Results .............................................................................................................................. 90

6.15 A Comparison of Results from Dynamic Simulation and PHPP Calculations ....................... 92

7 Hygrothermal Considerations ................................................................ 94

7.1 Cold Climates ........................................................................................................................ 94 7.1.1 Examined wall composition ............................................................................................. 94 7.1.2 Results of the hygrothermal analysis and recommendations ......................................... 95

7.2 Climates with Hot Summers and Cold Winters .................................................................... 96 7.2.1 Examined wall composition ............................................................................................. 96 7.2.2 Results of the hygrothermal analysis and recommendations ......................................... 96

7.3 Tropical Climates .................................................................................................................. 98 7.3.1 Examined wall composition ............................................................................................. 98 7.3.2 Results of the hygrothermal analysis and recommendations ......................................... 98

7.4 Overview of results and recommendations ....................................................................... 101

8 Passive House Components for the Chinese market ............................. 102

8.1 Walls, Roofs, Slabs .............................................................................................................. 102 8.2 Windows ............................................................................................................................. 102 8.3 Ventilation Units ................................................................................................................. 103 8.4 Integrated Air Conditioning Systems .................................................................................. 104

9 References ........................................................................................... 106

Appendix A Documentation of the Example Building .............................. 109

A.1 General description ............................................................................................................ 109 A.2 Building components .......................................................................................................... 109

A.2.1 Opaque envelope ........................................................................................................... 110 A.2.2 Interior building components ........................................................................................ 111 A.2.4 Windows ........................................................................................................................ 112

A.3 Ventilation .......................................................................................................................... 112 A.4 Air conditioning .................................................................................................................. 113

A.4.1 Air conditioning via supply air ........................................................................................ 113 A.4.2 Air conditioning via a central split unit .......................................................................... 113 A.4.3 Ideal air conditioning ..................................................................................................... 113

A.5 Internal heat and moisture loads ....................................................................................... 114 A.6 Shading ............................................................................................................................... 114

Abbreviations

ACH Air Changes per Hour DH Dehumidification DHW Domestic Hot Water ERV Energy Recovery Ventilator. A mechanical ventilation system where heat and humidity are

transferred between the exhaust and outdoor air streams HP Heat Pump HRV Heat Recovery Ventilator. A mechanical ventilation system where heat (but no humidity) is

transferred between the exhaust and outdoor air streams MVHR Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery n50 Air change rate at a pressure difference of 50 Pa between interior and exterior, as measured in

a pressurization test by a blower door PHPP Passive House Planning Package. An Excel-based design tool for Passive Houses, including tools

for heating, cooling, dehumidification, DHW, electricity, and mechanical services SDHW Solar Domestic Hot Water, i.e. hot water is (partly) provided by a solar thermal collector SHR Sensible Heat Ratio, the ratio of the sensible cooling capacity to the total (i.e. sensible plus

latent) capacity. The SHR can either refer to the building, when it signifies the requirements, or to the equipment, when it refers to its capabilities.

Ratio of total enthalpy change h to dehumidification x of an air mass. is given in kJ/kg. Like

the SHR, is a metric for the ratio of sensible and latent cooling.

Section 1: 概要

- 7 -

1 概要

被动房以极低的能源消耗和价格实惠的成本提供

最佳可能的舒适室内环境。她们是解决建筑领域

中气候保护任务的关键。这也使得她们特别适用

于拥有庞大人口基数和经济快速发展的中国。

目前在中国只有个别被动房实例。这篇研究报告

则给中国所有气候区提供系统的被动房设计基础。

结果显示，被动房可以建造于中国的任何地方。

基于一个十层楼的住宅高楼，分别从九个地点进

行被动房原理的进一步细化，这九个地点覆盖中

国的所有气候区。与按现行标准建造的常规新建

建筑相比，所得的参考被动房节省 80%-90%的采

暖能源和约 50%的制冷和除湿能源。

合适的窗户质量、保温水平、暖通设备和建筑组

件结构类型取决于气候和建筑布局。不过在所有

的情况中，用的都是相同的原理，所得的结果都

是按国际标准认同定义的被动房。

在寒冷和严寒气候区，最重要的特征就是建筑要

拥有极好的保温性能。传热系数 U-值约为 0.1

W/(m²K)，非常好的气密性，三玻 （甚至四玻或

者真空）低辐射玻璃，以及高效能通风热回收是

必要的。紧凑的热工围护结构和南向窗户能带来

更多好处。为了提高冬季室内空气相对湿度，可

以使用带能量回收装置（ERV，即热湿回收系统）

的通风设备。

在这些气候带中为了保持持久耐用和干燥的建筑

结构，最重要的一点是敷设隔汽层 - 可以就是气

密层 – 在墙或者屋顶结构的内侧，而在外侧则要

考虑透气性。外表面同时应该保护结构使其免受

雨水的侵入，例如使用不吸收雨水的涂料。保温

层应该敷设在外侧以保持结构温暖和干燥。

采暖可以通过多种不同方式实现。传统的系统例

如散热器或者地板采暖依然适用，但是他们所需

的设计负荷相比之下就要小得多。也可以通过加

热通风系统为了提供良好室内空气质量而输送的

送风简简单单地实现被动房的采暖，有可能需要

通过小量的循环空气进行补充。

即使是在中国相对寒冷的气候区，夏季的天气也

有持续数周之长会变得炎热。高温可能会伴随着

高湿度，尤其是在东部区域。在气候区，例如像

北京，为了高舒适的夏季室内环境，即使是在被

动房中，也需要主动制冷和除湿。

在重要经济区夏热冬冷区，采暖和主动制冷都需

要。在冬季和夏季需要良好的保温，但是相比于

寒冷的气候区其保温程度相对较弱一些。夏季室

外的高湿度使得峰值制冷条件下夜间通风被动制

冷无法实现。除湿所需能源可以通过使用合理可

控的能量回收通风系统而显著减少。被动式太阳

能可以利用于冬季但在夏季需要有效的活动遮阳

避免。

通过送风， 有可能需要 100%-200%的循环风进

行补充，来实现空调调节在这些区域尤其具有优

势，因为仅需要一个系统就能同时实现采暖、制

冷和除湿。另外，对于低温送风，必须要考虑到

一些关于风管道和送风末端的技术细节。此外还

有一种价格低廉并且方便可得的替代方案，即在

每套住宅的中央房间安装单个传统的小型分体式

空调机组。这种方案要求室内门在一天当中敞开

一段时间。这样的话，产生的热舒适性比送风制

冷就只是稍微差一点。在潮湿的夏季，需要特别

注意除湿是否足够；为了获得最佳的舒适度和节

能，湿度应该和温度分开控制。

在这些气候区，建筑外部结构组件实现彻底湿平

衡是尤具挑战性的，因为湿传递方向在整年中一

直在改变。建筑外墙和屋面的结构就需要特别慎

重地考虑。用 EPS 作为外保温时，通常不会有问

题。但对于用矿物棉作为保温的结构，外部抹灰

的特性十分重要，例如很低的水蒸气扩散阻力和

很低的吸水性。

对于受热带气候影响的夏热冬暖区，对阳光的控

制是最重要的因素。窗户应该通过固定遮阳装置

以避免太阳直射和拥有高选择性遮阳玻璃 - 不过

活动遮阳也是可以使用的。墙和屋顶可以通过保

Section 1: 概要

- 8 -

温层免受太阳负荷；或者使用冷色尤其对于屋顶

也是有效的方法。

除湿需求甚至可以比显热制冷需求还高。气密的

围护结构保护着建筑内部免受室外高湿度的影响。

同时需要通过通风系统中的能量回收装置得以保

障。

在这一类型的气候区中，耐久干燥的墙和屋顶结

构需要吸水率特别低但透气的外表面。大部分的

结构类型在这个前提下都能运行得很好；采用透

湿材料的外保温，例如矿物棉，湿度方面则需要

特别注意。

在温暖气候区的制冷设备使用和夏热冬冷地区相

同的原理。

在中国南方温和的山地气候区，阳光充足和气候

温和，这让众多不同的被动房设计方案可以使用。

在这个气候区，甚至可以建造既不需机械通风也

不需三玻玻璃的被动房。

通过研究结果也证实了，被动房规划设计软件包

(PHPP)是适用于所有中国气候区的设计软件。如

果 PHPP 计算从设计一开始就融为设计过程的一

部分，那么可以实现集舒适、节能和经济为一体

的被动房。

对应于被动房提供的高效节能，组件也是更优越

的，如今还没有大规模产品范围。本研究报告包

含了关于如何通过合适的新型组件改善能效和建

造成本的建议。

Section 2: Executive Summary

- 9 -

2 Executive Summary

Passive Houses provide the best possible indoor cli-

mate with a very low energy consumption at af-

fordable cost. They are the key to solving the task of

climate protection in the field of buildings. This

makes them particularly suited to China with its

huge population and its strong economic growth.

Currently there are only individual examples for Pas-

sive Houses in China. The present study systemati-

cally provides the basis for Passive House design in

all Chinese climate zones. It shows that Passive

Houses can be built everywhere in China.

Starting from the geometry of a ten-storey residen-

tial high-rise, Passive House principles are devel-

oped for nine locations, covering all Chinese climate

zones. Compared to conventional new buildings

built according to the current code requirements,

the resulting reference Passive Houses save 80 to

90% of heating energy and approximately 50% of

energy for cooling and dehumidification.

Appropriate window qualities, insulation levels, me-

chanical services, and building element construction

types depend on the climate and the building layout.

In all cases, however, the same principles are ap-

plied, and in all cases the result is a Passive House

according to the internationally valid definition.

The most important feature in the Cold and Very

Cold climate zones is excellent thermal protection.

U-values around 0.1 W/(m²K), very good airtight-

ness, triple (or even quadruple or vacuum) low-e

glazing, and a highly efficient ventilation heat recov-

ery are essential. A compact thermal envelope and

south oriented windows are advantageous. To in-

crease the indoor relative humidity in winter, energy

recovery ventilators (ERV, i.e. systems that recover

heat and humidity) can be used.

For durable, dry construction types in these climates

the most important point is to install a vapour

retarder – which may be identical with the airtight

layer – on the interior side of the wall or roof

construction, whereas the exterior side allows for

vapour diffusion. The exterior surface should

simultaneously protect the construction from

driving rain, e.g. by a paint that does not absorb

rainwater. The insulation should be placed on the

exterior in order to keep the construction warm and

dry.

Heating can be provided in many different ways.

Conventional systems such as radiators or floor

heating are still suitable, but they require much

smaller design loads. It is also possible to heat Pas-

sive Houses simply by heating the supply air that the

ventilation system provides for good indoor air qual-

ity, possibly supplemented by a small amount of re-

circulated air.

Even in the colder climates of China the weather

may become uncomfortably warm during some

weeks in summer. High temperatures may be ac-

companied, particularly in the eastern parts of the

country, by high humidity. In climates like Beijing ac-

tive cooling and dehumidification are required for

high summer comfort, even in a Passive House.

In the economically important Hot Summer Cold

Winter region both heating and active cooling will

be needed. Good thermal protection is necessary for

winter and summer, but to a lesser extent than in

the cold climates. The high outdoor humidity in sum-

mer rules out concepts with night ventilation under

peak cooling conditions. The energy required for de-

humidification can be reduced considerably by

means of a properly controlled ERV. Passive solar

energy can be used in winter but requires effective,

movable blinds in summer.

Space conditioning via the supply air, possibly sup-

plemented by 100 to 200 % recirculated air, is par-

ticularly attractive in these regions because it can

provide heating, cooling, and dehumidification with

one system. Some technical details concerning ducts

and vents for the cold supply air must be considered

here. An alternative, very cheap and easily available

Section 2: Executive Summary

- 10 -

solution is a single conventional minisplit per dwell-

ing unit that is placed in a central room. This strategy

requires interior doors to be kept open during a part

of the day. Then, the resulting thermal comfort is

only slightly worse than with supply air cooling. Suf-

ficient dehumidification in the humid summers de-

serves special attention; for optimum comfort and

energy efficiency the humidity should be controlled

separately from the temperature.

Providing a sound moisture balance of the exterior

building elements is particularly challenging in these

climates because the direction of moisture transfer

changes during the course of the year. The

construction of the walls and roof needs careful con-

sideration. Exterior insulation with EPS is usually not

critical. For constructions with an insulation made

from mineral wool the properties of the exterior

plaster, e.g. a low resistance to vapour diffusion and

a low water absorption, are important.

For the tropically influenced climates of the Hot

Summer Warm Winter region solar control is the

most important factor. Windows should be pro-

tected from direct solar radiation by fixed shading

devices and have highly selective solar protective

glazings – but movable solar protection is also pos-

sible. Walls and roofs can be protected from solar

loads by insulation; cool colours are an interesting

alternative particularly in the roof.

The dehumidification demand can be even higher

than the sensible cooling demand. An airtight enve-

lope protects the building’s interior from high out-

door humidity. It is supported by an ERV in the ven-

tilation system.

Long-lasting, dry wall and roof constructions in this

type of climate require particularly low water

absorption coefficients of the exterior surfaces

without compromising their vapour diffusion. Most

construction types work well under this

precondition; exterior insulation with vapour-

permeable materials like mineral wool requires

special attention to humidity.

Cooling devices in the warm climates use the same

principles as in the Hot Summer Cold Winter region.

The Temperate mountain climates in the south of

China, with their sunny and mild conditions, allow

for many different Passive House solutions. Here, it

is even possible to build Passive Houses with neither

mechanical ventilation nor triple glazing.

The report confirms that the Passive House Plan-

ning Package (PHPP) is an appropriate design tool in

all Chinese climates. If a PHPP calculation is an inte-

gral part of the design process from the start, it is

possible to realize Passive Houses that are comfort-

able, energy-efficient, and economical.

For the high level of efficiency that Passive Houses

provide, components are preferable that are not

available in a large range of products today. The pre-

sent report contains suggestions on how efficiency

and building cost can be improved by suitable new

components.

Section 3: Introduction

- 11 -

3 Introduction

3.1 The Passive House principle

Developed in the early 1990s in Germany, the Pas-

sive House concept has successfully spread across

Europe and beyond. Its goal is to provide the best

possible indoor climate with a very low energy con-

sumption at affordable cost. Towards this goal, the

concept makes use of various strategies to minimize

the energy flows at and within the building. The fo-

cus is on passive methods, such as insulation, high-

quality windows, airtightness, solar control, and the

avoidance of thermal bridges; the name "Passive

House" emphasizes the goal of optimally combining

these aspects. Depending on the local climate, addi-

tional technical equipment with low energy con-

sumption is used. In most cases, a ventilation system

with heat and/or humidity recovery is needed; in ad-

dition, most locations will require systems for heat-

ing, cooling and/or dehumidification. The required

capacities are usually very low, so that innovative,

low-cost concepts are possible; for instance, rooms

can be heated/cooled simply by treating the supply

airflow volume already required for good indoor air

quality.

Figure 1 shows the first Passive House, which was

built in Darmstadt-Kranichstein as the result of a re-

search project. The following energy consumption

figures were measured, at levels of great user satis-

faction ([Feist 1994]):

Space heating demand: 11.9 kWh/(m²a)

Hot water: 6.1 kWh/(m²a)

Gas for cooking: 2.6 kWh/(m²a)

Total power consumption, including all

household applications: 11.2 kWh/(m²a)

Mind that, throughout the present report, all spe-

cific values refer to the living area, i.e. the sum of

the net floor area of all rooms within the thermal

envelope without the surfaces covered by internal

and external walls or staircases. Referring the

energy demand to the gross floor area would result

in considerably smaller figures.

Figure 1: The first Passive House, which was

constructed in 1991 in Darmstadt-

Kranichstein. Photo from February 2005

On the average, the levels of energy consumption

measured in Passive Houses are close to the values

forecast by the Passive House Planning Package

[PHPP].

Today, Passive House criteria are available for all cli-

mates of the world. For certification by the Passive

House Institute, buildings must achieve certain max-

imum values for annual heating and cooling de-

mands, peak heating and cooling loads, airtightness,

and total primary energy consumption including

auxiliary and household electricity. Some Passive

House criteria depend on the climatic conditions

and the building use. Details about certification can

be found on www.passivehouse.com.

3.2 Passive Houses for China

China is building more new dwellings than any other

country in the world. During the next 10 years, Chi-

nese cities are expected to provide living space for

nearly 200 million people. This huge amount of new

buildings can contribute to energy-efficiency, eco-

nomic use of resources, and to the inevitable global

environmental protection goals – provided that

these buildings impose no additional burden on the

world’s climate.

Section 3: Introduction

- 12 -

Globally, the Passive House is the highest standard

for energy efficient construction. As of 2020, the Eu-

ropean Union requires all new buildings in Europe to

be ‘Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs)’, i.e. on the

level of Passive Houses. The most important reason

for this requirement is that Passive Houses can be

run totally on renewable energy without great effort.

Compared to standard construction practice in

China, Passive Houses can save 80 to 90% of heating

energy and approximately 50% of energy for cooling

and dehumidification. And they provide many addi-

tional advantages:

extremely low energy cost

extremely low running cost

extremely low maintenance cost

continuous supply of fresh air and, thereby, good

indoor air quality (filters are implemented in the

ventilation system)

very low indoor CO2 concentrations

the use of filters against pollution, dust, pollen,

etc.

controlled temperature and humidity in winter

and summer

good sound protection

dry interior surfaces, protection against mould

growth

3.3 What to expect from this report

In the present report nine typical locations in the dif-

ferent climate zones of China are selected: From

very cold climates via the important Hot Summer

Cold Winter region to the hot and humid climates of

the south coast, including very special mild and high

altitude climates.

A prototype that is typical for a high-rise residential

building is developed (cf. Figure 5 and Figure 6 on

page 20), illustrating the design parameters that al-

low for easy and cost-efficient Passive House design.

By means of dynamic thermal simulations an exem-

plary Passive House configuration is developed; in

parallel, an energy balance in the PHPP is assem-

bled. Thereby, a typical configuration of building el-

ements and components for a Passive House high-

rise in every climate zone in China became available.

The present report thereby shows

that Passive Houses can in fact be realized in all

Chinese climates

how this goal can be reached, so that the ad-

vantages of Passive Houses become accessible

to everybody

that the PHPP is suitable for Passive House de-

sign in all climates

The worked examples can be used as a starting point

for the development of a Passive House in a partic-

ular climate. It should be noted that there is no fixed

set of Passive House parameters. Rather, each build-

ing is different and needs an individual planning as

well as an individual optimization of its properties –

that’s what the PHPP was made for.

Nevertheless, with typical parameter sets once de-

termined, manufacturers receive a clear goal for de-

veloping and providing components with improved

efficiency, suitable for Passive Houses in the respec-

tive region. First steps in this direction have already

been taken in China.

Section 4: Choosing Locations

- 13 -

4 Choosing Locations

China has 5 major climate zones, shown in Figure 2.

The majority of the land surface is in cold or very

cold regions, where the lowest monthly average

temperature is below 0 °C. Important parts of the

country have hot (and humid) summers, but still re-

quire heating in winter. In the south, tropical influ-

ences can be found.

Figure 2: There are five major climate zones in China.

Source of map: [GBPN 2012]

It is worth noting that the climate zones from Figure

2 show good agreement with a worldwide charac-

terisation of climates developed independently at

the Passive House Institute. The assignment is as fol-

lows:

Chinese climate zone

PHI climate zone

Severe Cold cold

Cold cool,

temperate

Hot Summer Cold Winter

warm, temperate

Temperate warm

Hot Summer Warm Winter

hot

In some climate zones it is of interest to investigate

more than one location because of minor climatic

features like dry or humid summers, high altitudes

or extreme temperatures. Taking into consideration

the population density and the intensity of building

activities, the locations shown in Figure 3 were cho-

sen as reference locations for this report.

The main features of these locations are summa-

rized in the following sections. Diagrams that further

illustrate the properties of the climates can be found

in sections 6.6 through 6.14.

Figure 3: Locations used in this study

4.1 01 - Beijing – The Capital

The capital of China, located at a latitude of 40°

north, has cold, dry winters and warm, humid sum-

mers. Therefore, both heating and cooling are re-

quired.

4.2 02 - Shanghai – The Industrial

East Coast

Shanghai is situated on the economically powerful

east coast. Heating is still relevant, but the warm

and humid summer conditions also pose an im-

portant challenge.

4.3 03 - Chengdu – The

Westernmost of the Great Cities

Chengdu is situated at 500 m above sea level, at the

western end of the strongly industrialized region in

Section 4: Choosing Locations

- 14 -

eastern China. The climate is similar to 02 - Shang-

hai.

4.4 04 - Kunming – City of Eternal

Spring

Kunming has a very mild climate. The monthly aver-

age temperatures vary only between 9 and 20 °C. At

25° north and nearly 2000 m altitude, there is abun-

dant solar radiation all year round.

4.5 05 - Guangzhou – The Industrial

South Coast

Guangzhou is the capital of the Guangdong Prov-

ince, the third largest Chinese city, and representa-

tive for the Pearl River Delta. It has a tropical climate

with hot and humid summers, but there is a mild,

dry winter season. Cooling and dehumidification are

dominant.

4.6 06 - Qionghai – Tropical

Qionghai, situated on the island of Hainan in the

southernmost part of China. Summers are compara-

ble to 05 - Guangzhou, winters are warmer and

more humid. Again, the climate is cooling domi-

nated and requires a lot of dehumidification.

4.7 07 - Harbin – Cold with Humid

Summers

Harbin is located in the Severe Cold climate zone.

Monthly average temperatures are below -10 °C for

several months per year. Due to the influence of the

sea, the summer season gets rather humid.

4.8 08 - Urumqi – Cold with Dry

Summers

Urumqi has a continental climate. Winters are simi-

larly cold as in 07 - Harbin, whereas monthly average

temperatures rise above 20 °C during the whole

summer. In the semi-arid climate humidity in sum-

mer is not a concern.

4.9 09 - Lhasa – A Sunny Mountain

Site

Lhasa is situated at an altitude of 3600 m and at a

latitude of 30° north. In winter, monthly average

temperatures below 0 °C combine with high levels

of solar radiation. Summers are mild and dry.

Passive House InstituteDr. Wolfgang FeistRheinstr. 44-4664283 DarmstadtGermany

被动房在中国气候带

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