"Of Man's first disobedience, and the fruit Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste Brought death into the world, and all our woe, With loss of Eden."

From Paradise Lost

启蒙时期文学 The Age of Enlightenment

十七世纪后期－十八世纪中期

Neoclassical period in English literature

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment An expression of An expression of

struggle of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against bourgeoisie against feudalism. The feudalism. The purpose of the purpose of the movement was to movement was to enlighten the enlighten the whole world with whole world with the light of modern the light of modern philosophical and philosophical and artistic ideas. So it artistic ideas. So it is also known as is also known as the Age of Reason.the Age of Reason.

Background

1660 The Restoration 1665 The Great Plague --- Black Death.

70,000 died, 2/3 homeless 1688 Glorious Revolution

England became the first capitalist country with Constitutional monarchy, which marked the end of feudal society.

The main characters

Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible.

Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic.

Drama should be written in the Heroic couplets; the three unities of time, space, and action should be strictly observed and type characters rather individuals should be represented.

Samuel Johnson (1709—84) lexicographer, critic and poet, was born in Lichfield, Stafforshire, the son of a poor bookseller. After studying at Oxford for little more than a year, he was forced to leave the university by poverty. Then followed his long struggle as a hack writer. In 1741, some booksellers asked Johnson to compile a dictionary of the English language. It took him eight years to finish this enormous work, and in 1755 his “Dictionary” was published.

His works:

• London• The Vanity of Human Wishes• Lives of Poets

• His “dictionary”• Marked an epoch in the study and development

of the English language• Marked the end of English writer’s reliance on

the patronage of nobleman for support. ( “ A letter to Lord Chesterfield”)

“ “ A letter to Lord Chesterfield”A letter to Lord Chesterfield”

Is not a Patron, my Lord, one Is not a Patron, my Lord, one who looks with unconcern on who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers reached ground, encumbers him with help?him with help?

Daniel Defoe: 1660-1731• Son of James and Mary Foe, a m

erchant family• Sound education at Morton’s Ac

ademy. • 1684: Marries Mary Tuffley, an

heiress with 3,700 a year.• Fought briefly in the Duke of Mo

nmouth’s rebellion against James II.

• Bankruptcy and debt turned him towards writing.

His works

• 1701: writes “The True Born Englishman”• 1703: writes “The Shortest Way with Disse

nters.”• 1719: First volume of Robinson Crusoe. A

hit with lower and middle classes.• Based on the experience of Alexander Selk

irk.• 1722: Moll Flanders. A novel that draws o

n his own experience in Newgate prison

Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe

• His masterpiece• In the novel the author

eulogizes labour and man’s indefatigable efforts to conquer nature

• But at the same time he beautifies colonialism

Jonathan Swift

Born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1667His father died before he was born.He never forgot his bitter experience of livi

ng under the roof of a noble family

His works

A Tale of a Tub 1697The Battle of the Books 1697The Drapier’s Letter 1724A Modest Proposal 1729Gulliver’s Travels 1726

on which his fame rests largely

Gulliver’s Travels 1726 Part I. Travels in Lilliput is a mini picture of modern English society. Two parties: High Heel and Low Heel indicates the Tories and the W

higs. Here, Swift satires the two parties. The war between Lilliput and its neighboring country about how to

break eggs (big/small end). Big end – Roman Church. Small end – English Church.

Part II. Travels in Brobdingnag

Part III. A show of the cruelty of the English ruling class. The Flying Island rules the below countries.

Part IV. It’s the sharpest and bitterest satire. In this part, human beings are reduced to animals. A wiser creature governs human beings. Gulliver wants to be a horse rather than a man. It shows how mean the human beings are.

浪漫主义时期文学 The Age of Romanticism

1798—1832

William Blake (1757-1827)

1757 He was born in an Irish family. As a child, he was talented in drawin

g.

1771 　　 Age of 14, he began his 7-year apprenticeship for an engraver.

1779 He began to earn a living as an engraver.

Blake often misunderstood by other people as a gifted but mad man. He wasn’t rich as he spent most of his ti

me on writing and painting.

William Blake’s major works

• 1809 “The Songs of Innocence” is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings.

• 1794 “The Songs of Experience” paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.

老虎（郭沫若 译）

• 老虎！老虎！黑夜的森林中燃烧着的煌煌的火光，是怎样的神手或天眼造出了你这样的威武堂堂？

• 你炯炯的两眼中的火燃烧在多远的天空或深渊？他乘着怎样的翅膀搏击？用怎样的手夺来火焰？

• 又是怎样的膂力，怎样的技巧，把你的心脏的筋肉捏成？当你的心脏开始搏动时，使用怎样猛的手腕和脚胫？

• 是怎样的槌？怎样的链子？在怎样的熔炉中炼成你的脑筋？

是怎样的铁砧？怎样的铁臂敢于捉着这可怖的凶神？

• 群星投下了他们的投枪。用它们的眼泪润湿了穹苍，他是否微笑着欣赏他的作品？他创造了你，也创造了羔羊？

• 老虎！老虎！黑夜的森林中燃烧着的煌煌的火光，是怎样的神手或天眼造出了你这样的威武堂堂？

Robert Burns(1759-1796)

Born at Alloway, Scotland.

His father was a peasant

Received only two and a half years of regular schooling

At 16,as the principal laborer on the farm, he started writing poet.

Died at age of 37

A Red, Red Rose--by Robert Burns

O MY Luve 's like a red, red rose That 's newly sprung in June: O my Luve 's like the melodie That's sweetly play'd in tune!

As fair art thou, my bonnie lass, So deep in luve am I:

And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a' the seas gang dry:

Till a' the seas gang dry, my dear,

And the rocks melt wi' the sun; I will luve thee still, my dear,

While the sands o' life shall run.

And fare thee weel, my only Luve, And fare thee weel a while!

And I will come again, my Luve, Tho' it were ten thousand mile.

Lyrical Ballads• In 1798, Lyrical Ballads, written by Willia

m Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, was published, which marked the break with 18th century classicism and the beginning of romanticism in English poetry. And in 1843, he became Poet Laureate of England.

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud

----William Wordsworth1 I wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o’er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

2Continuous as the stars that shineAnd twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in the never-ending lineAlong the margin of a bay;Ten thousand saw I at a glance,Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.3

The waves beside them danced; but theyOutdid the sparkling waves in glee;A poet could not but be gay,In such a jocund company;I gazed – and gazed – but little thoughtWhat wealth the show to me had brought:

4For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills,And dance with the daffodils.

George Gordon, Lord Byron

• He was born lame. • Father died when he was 3 years

old. • On the death of his granduncle in

1798, he inherited the title of Baron and a large estate.

• He received his education at Harrow , then Cambridge.

• 1811 23y, he took his seat in the House of Lords. He tried to show his sympathy for working class,.

The Byronic Hero• Goethe’s Faust Part one is published in 1808.• In Geneva, Byron meets M.G. Lewis author of

The Monk who translates Faust.• Part Two of Goethe’s Faust is published

posthumously in 1832.• The figure of Goethe’s Euphorion is based on

Byron. • Goethe: “Byron is not antique and is not

romantic, but he is the present day itself. Such a one I had to have. Moreover, he was just my man on account of his unsatisfied nature and of his warlike bent, which led him to his doom at Missolonghi.

She walks in beauty, like the night  

Of cloudless climes and starry skies; 

And all that 's best of dark and bright   

Meet in her aspect and her eyes: 

Thus mellow'd to that tender light         

 Which heaven to gaudy day denies.

One shade the more, one ray the less,  

 Had half impair'd the nameless grace 

Which waves in every raven tress,   

Or softly lightens o'er her face;  

Where thoughts serenely sweet express   

How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.  And on that cheek, and o'er that

brow, 

So soft, so calm, yet eloquent, 

The smiles that win, the tints that

glow,  

But tell of days in goodness spent, 

A mind at peace with all below,  

A heart whose love is innocent!

She walks in Beauty

Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-1822

 Poetry is the record of the best and happiest moments of the happiest and best minds.

---- Percy Bysshe Shelley

主要作品• 《朱利安与麦达罗》

（ 1818 ）• 《伊斯兰的起义》（ 18

18 ）• 《钦契一家》（ 1819 ）• 《解放的普罗米修斯》

（ 1819 ）• 《阿都尼斯》（ 1821 ）• 《赫拉斯》（ 1822 ） • 《西风颂》（ 1819 ） • 《致英格兰人民》

• 《诗辩》（ 1822 ）• 《自由颂》• 《那不勒斯颂》• 《十四行诗：英格兰 1

819 》 • 《云》（ 1820 ）• 《致云雀》（ 1820 ）• 《阿都尼斯》（是为济

慈做的挽歌）

Ode to the West Wind excerpt

• V Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is: What if my leaves are falling like its own? The tumult of thy mighty harmonies Will take from both a deep autumnal tone,

• Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce, My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one! Drive my dead thoughts over the universe, Like wither'd leaves, to quicken a new birth;

• And, by the incantation of this verse, Scatter, as from an unextinguish'd hearth Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind! Be through my lips to unawaken'd earth The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?

John Keats

 

 A poet is a sage; A humanist, physician to all men

His poetry

• Endymion 1818

• Isabella 1818

• The Eve of Saint Agnes 1820

• Odes : 1819-1820

Ode to a Nightingale

Ode to Autumn

Ode on a Grecian Urn

Ode on a Grecian Urn Content

Here the poet gives his comment on a Greek vase which, as a relic of ancient culture, has caught his imagination. On the surface of the vase there is an ornamental band of sculpture with figures of trees, pipes, and lovers on it. Though there are quiet forms, they possess and convey the beauty, the significance and the eternity of art, which appealed to Keats. So at the end of the poem, the poet emphasizes the relationship between beauty and truth: “Beauty is truth, and truth beauty”, thus declaring his worship of beauty, esp. in the field of art.

维多利亚主义时期文学 Victorian Age

• 19 世纪 30 年代－ 1918

What is Victorian Age

• Queen Victorian was the ruler of English from 1837 to 1901, so it is customary to call the writing produced during this long stretch or years Victorian literature.

Background

• 1837 Queen Victoria became the ruler of England (1837-1901)

• In 1836 arose the working class movement known as Chartism

• In this period of intense class struggle appeared a new literary trend--- critical realism

维多利亚时期的文学家诗 歌

小

说

戏

剧

散

文

主要代表人物

丁尼生　 Alfred Lord Tennyson

勃郎宁　 Robert Browning

阿诺德Matthew Arnold

哈代 Thomas Hardy

这时期诗歌所取得的成就

　　仅次于文艺复兴时期

英国诗人 , 生于林肯郡萨默斯比 ,就学于剑桥大学 .1830年发表第一部诗集 , 主要诗歌成就是悼念友人哈勒姆 (A.Hallam) 的哀歌 <悼念 >(In Memoriam,1850). 他发表此诗的同一年 ,便继华兹华斯之遗缺而成为桂冠诗人 .1855 年写成独白戏剧诗 <毛黛 >(Maud:a Monodrama).1859-1885 年发表了一系列有关亚瑟王故事的组诗 --<国王叙事诗>(Idylls of the King)(1859).1870 年代他还写过几部剧本并继续写诗直到去世 ..卒于索立郡奥尔兹沃思 .

丁尼生 Alfred Lord Tennyson

主要作品 Enoch Arden 伊诺克 . 阿登Idylls of the King国王之歌In Memoriam悼念Maud毛黛Poems by Two Brothers 两兄弟诗集Timbuctoo

罗伯特 .布朗宁Robert Browning

Home Thoughts from Abroad 异国乡思Paracellus 巴拉塞尔士Pippa Passes 皮帕经过Strafford 斯特福拉德

　你总有爱我的一天 ——

［英］　

　　　　　　　　　

　　　　　　　罗伯特·

勃朗宁

　我能等着你的爱慢慢的长大。

　你手里提的那把花，

　不也是四月下的种子，六月开吗？

　我如今种下满心窝的种子，

　至少总有一两粒生根发芽，

　开的花是你不要采的——

　不是爱，也许是一点喜欢吧。

　我坟前开的一朵紫罗兰——

　爱的遗迹——

你总会瞧他一眼；

　你那一眼吗？抵得我千般苦恼了。

　死算什么？你总有爱我的一天。

马修·

阿诺德

１８８２年，阿诺德出生名门。

其父是

著名的教育家、罗马史学者。

阿诺

德从小就接受了良好的教育，

２７

岁那年出版第一部诗集《迷路的狂

欢》。阿诺德毕生的心血“

都可以

落实到广义的教育和转变人的内心

这个问题上”

，

The Sea of Faith

Was once, too, at the full, and round earth's shore Lay like the folds of a bright girdle furled. But now I only hear Its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar, Retreating, to the breath Of the night wind, down the vast edges drear And naked shingles of the world. Ah, love, let us be true To one another! for the world, which seems To lie before us like a land of dreams, So various, so beautiful, so new, Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light, Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain; And we are here as on a darkling plain Swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight, Where ignorant armies clash by night.

The sea is calm tonight, The tide is full, the moon lies fair Upon the straits; on the French coast the light Gleams and is gone; the cliffs of England stand, Glimmering and vast, out in the tranquil bay. Come to the window, sweet is the night air! Only, from the long line of spray Where the sea meets the moon-blanched land, Listen! you hear the grating roar Of pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling, At their return, up the high strand, Begin, and cease, and then again begin, With tremulous cadence slow, and bring The eternal note of sadness in. Sophocles long ago Heard it on the Agean, and it brought Into his mind the turbid ebb and flow Of human misery; we Find also in the sound a thought,

Hearing it by this distant northern sea.

散文这时期的散文主要 聚焦于社会“热门”话题，如资本 家对工人的残酷剥削，工人的严重失业状况等。

代表人物：卡莱尔 约翰 · 斯图亚特 ·穆勒约翰 · 罗斯金沃尔特 .佩特

卡莱尔（ Thomas Carlyle, 1795-1881 ），英国散文家 、历史学家。 曾撰写《席勒传》，并翻译过歌德的《威廉 ·迈斯特》第 1部。 1833至 1834 年著《成衣匠的改制》，假托一个德国哲学家的生平与见解，实际带有自传性质。卡莱尔的基本哲学思想是 : 世界上一切现象都是神圣的理念的体现 ,因此是唯心的；伟人之所以伟大 是因为他意识到了“神圣的理念”。

小说：维多利亚时期的小说 被称为英国小说创作的 黄金时代代表人物：盖斯凯尔夫人萨克雷狄更斯特罗洛普勃朗特姐妹乔治 .艾略特托马斯 .哈代