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TRANSCRIPT
Off
shor
e O
utso
urci
ngO
ffsh
ore
Out
sour
cing
The
The
Off
shor
ing
Off
shor
ing
Deb
ate
Deb
ate
1. T
radi
tiona
l The
ory
1. T
radi
tiona
l The
ory
2. W
hat�s
diff
eren
t no
w?
2. W
hat�s
diff
eren
t no
w?
3. H
ow d
oes
this
aff
ect
3. H
ow d
oes
this
aff
ect
��Th
e �J
ob
The
�Job
Thi
efs
Thie
fs� (
Indi
a, C
hina
, for
mer
USS
R)?
� (In
dia,
Chi
na, f
orm
er U
SSR)?
��Th
e �V
ictim
s� (
Amer
ica,
Eur
ope)
?Th
e �V
ictim
s� (
Amer
ica,
Eur
ope)
?
4. W
hat
shou
ld w
e do
?4.
Wha
t sh
ould
we
do?
5. S
houl
d w
e ju
st d
o no
thin
g?5.
Sho
uld
we
just
do
noth
ing?
Why
do
we
like
trad
e?(w
hich
incl
udes
firm
s be
ing
able
to
mov
e ta
sks
to
whe
reve
r th
ey w
ant)
Uni
ted
Stat
es
Prod
uces
-
Saxo
phon
es
-Fi
re T
ruck
s
No
Trad
e
Why
do
we
like
trad
e?
Why
do
we
like
trad
e?
Is t
his
the
sam
e m
odel
as
that
use
d to
Is
thi
s th
e sa
me
mod
el a
s th
at u
sed
to
unde
rsta
nd
unde
rsta
nd o
ffsh
orin
gof
fsho
ring ??
Or
is t
here
som
ethi
ng d
iffer
ent
goin
g on
?O
r is
the
re s
omet
hing
diff
eren
t go
ing
on?
Trad
ition
ally
Yes
, The
Mod
el
Trad
ition
ally
Yes
, The
Mod
el
Appl
ies
to J
obs
Too
Appl
ies
to J
obs
Too
��W
e ca
n re
ap t
he b
enef
its
We
can
reap
the
ben
efits
of
, for
inst
ance
, low
cos
t of
, for
inst
ance
, low
cos
t te
chni
cal s
uppo
rt
tech
nica
l sup
port
of
fsho
red
offs
hore
dto
Ind
iato
Ind
ia��
How
?
How
?
��By
doi
ng n
othi
ng m
ore
By d
oing
not
hing
mor
e th
an c
hoos
ing
to o
ffsh
ore
than
cho
osin
g to
off
shor
e
But,
whe
n di
scus
sing
off
shor
ing,
we
just
fo
cus
on o
ne a
spec
t of
the
tra
de m
odel
!Sa
me
mod
el a
pplie
s, n
ow w
e fo
cus
on:
Who
is it
tha
t is
losi
ng t
heir
job?
?
And
how
ang
ry a
re t
hey?
Visu
aliz
ing
the
chan
ges
in jo
b lo
ss
The
�1Th
e �1
ststU
nbun
dlin
g�U
nbun
dlin
g�
��Se
para
ted
cons
umpt
ion
area
fro
m p
rodu
ctio
n Se
para
ted
cons
umpt
ion
area
fro
m p
rodu
ctio
n ar
ea (
fact
orie
s fr
om c
onsu
mer
s)ar
ea (
fact
orie
s fr
om c
onsu
mer
s)��
Trad
ition
ally
, som
e se
ctor
s lo
st a
nd s
ome
gain
edTr
aditi
onal
ly, s
ome
sect
ors
lost
and
som
e ga
ined
a) T
extil
e w
orke
rs lo
st t
heir
jobs
a)
Tex
tile
wor
kers
lost
the
ir jo
bs
[low
ski
lled]
[low
ski
lled]
b) C
ompu
ter
prog
ram
mer
s go
t jo
bs
b) C
ompu
ter
prog
ram
mer
s go
t jo
bs
[hig
h sk
illed
][h
igh
skill
ed]
Can
wor
kers
losi
ng in
(a)
just
shi
ft t
o (b
)?Ca
n w
orke
rs lo
sing
in (
a) ju
st s
hift
to
(b)?
If t
his
was
the
cas
e, t
he U
S w
ould
just
per
form
If t
his
was
the
cas
e, t
he U
S w
ould
just
per
form
high
er v
alue
add
ed s
ervi
ces
and
no o
ne w
ould
lose
high
er v
alue
add
ed s
ervi
ces
and
no o
ne w
ould
lose
��Is
thi
s th
e w
hole
sto
ry t
oday
?Is
thi
s th
e w
hole
sto
ry t
oday
?��
Are
the
high
ski
ll jo
bs s
afe?
Are
the
high
ski
ll jo
bs s
afe?
Nop
e, w
e ha
ve a
�2
Nop
e, w
e ha
ve a
�2n
dndU
nbun
dlin
g�U
nbun
dlin
g�
��Al
low
ed b
y a
com
bo o
f ne
w t
echn
olog
y (lo
w c
ost
com
mun
icat
ion
Allo
wed
by
a co
mbo
of
new
tec
hnol
ogy
(low
cos
t co
mm
unic
atio
n an
d co
dific
atio
n of
wor
k) a
nd t
he d
oubl
ing
of t
he w
orld
�s la
bor
and
codi
ficat
ion
of w
ork)
and
the
dou
blin
g of
the
wor
ld�s
labo
r fo
rce
forc
e��
Trad
ition
ally
, low
ski
lled
jobs
wer
e as
soci
ated
w/
gett
ing
Trad
ition
ally
, low
ski
lled
jobs
wer
e as
soci
ated
w/
gett
ing
offs
hore
dof
fsho
red
��To
day
corr
elat
ion
does
n�t
appl
yTo
day
corr
elat
ion
does
n�t
appl
y��
Man
y hi
gh s
kille
d jo
bs (
radi
olog
y, a
ccou
ntin
g), c
an b
e M
any
high
ski
lled
jobs
(ra
diol
ogy,
acc
ount
ing)
, can
be
offs
hore
dof
fsho
red
��M
any
low
ski
lled
jobs
(ta
xi d
rivin
g, f
riend
ly r
esta
uran
t w
aite
r)M
any
low
ski
lled
jobs
(ta
xi d
rivin
g, f
riend
ly r
esta
uran
t w
aite
r)ne
ver
will
be
neve
r w
ill b
e��
Serv
ice
Sect
or
Serv
ice
Sect
or o
ffsh
orin
gof
fsho
ring
is r
elat
ivel
y ne
wis
rel
ativ
ely
new
��Fr
ight
ens
peop
le
Frig
hten
s pe
ople
b/cb/c
it�s
an im
port
ant
driv
er o
f ou
r ec
onom
yit�
s an
impo
rtan
t dr
iver
of
our
econ
omy
��Su
dden
ness
of
the
chan
geSu
dden
ness
of
the
chan
ge��
Chin
a, I
ndia
, for
mer
USS
R jo
ined
wor
ld la
bor
forc
e ov
er ju
st a
fCh
ina,
Ind
ia, f
orm
er U
SSR jo
ined
wor
ld la
bor
forc
e ov
er ju
st a
few
ew
ye
ars
year
s��
Capi
tal t
o La
bor
ratio
fel
l 61%
, giv
ing
pow
er t
o em
ploy
ers,
em
plCa
pita
l to
Labo
r ra
tio f
ell 6
1%, g
ivin
g po
wer
to
empl
oyer
s, e
mpl
oyee
s oy
ees
do n
ot h
ave
time
to a
djus
tdo
not
hav
e tim
e to
adj
ust
Char
acte
rizin
g jo
bs u
nder
thr
eat
of
Char
acte
rizin
g jo
bs u
nder
thr
eat
of o
ffsh
orin
gof
fsho
ring ::
��IT
inte
nse
IT in
tens
e��
IT T
rans
mitt
able
out
put
IT T
rans
mitt
able
out
put
��Co
difia
ble
Codi
fiabl
eta
sks
task
s��
Litt
le f
ace
Litt
le f
ace --
toto-- f
ace
inte
ract
ion
face
inte
ract
ion
��(V
an
(Van
Wel
sum
Wel
sum
and
and
Rei
fRei
f20
05)
2005
)
--H
ow w
ill t
his
affe
ct t
he la
bor
forc
e ar
ound
the
wor
ld?
How
will
thi
s af
fect
the
labo
r fo
rce
arou
nd t
he w
orld
?
Indi
aIn
dia --
(the
rec
eivi
ng e
nd)
(the
rec
eivi
ng e
nd)
�Ch
amar
bagw
ala-
�D
eman
d fo
r sk
illed
labo
r go
es u
p, r
etur
ns t
o sk
ills
goes
up
�In
crea
se in
whi
te-c
olla
r jo
bs, m
ainl
y in
ser
vice
sec
tor
�It
is t
he r
esul
t of
tra
de a
nd o
ther
ref
orm
s th
at g
ener
ate
dem
and
for
indi
vidu
als
who
ca
n im
plem
ent
thes
e re
form
s �
Such
as
indi
vidu
als
with
man
ager
ial,
prof
essi
onal
, or
tech
nica
l ski
lls�
Oth
er r
efor
ms
incl
ude
inte
rnal
eco
nom
ic t
rans
form
atio
ns s
uch
as d
ereg
ulat
ion
and
priv
atiz
atio
n�
Effe
cts
on W
age
Gap
�M
anuf
actu
ring
�Sk
illed
Fem
ale
dem
and
up (
not
b/c
of t
rade
)�
Skill
ed M
ale
dem
and
up�
Uns
kille
d Fe
mal
e de
man
d do
wn
�U
nski
lled
Mal
e de
man
d do
wn
�Se
rvic
es�
Skill
ed M
ale
dem
and
up�
Skill
ed F
emal
e de
man
d up
�U
nski
lled
Mal
e de
man
d up
(no
t b/
cof
tra
de)
�U
nski
lled
Fem
ale
dem
and
up (
not
b/c
of t
rade
)�
Conc
lusi
on:
trad
e in
crea
ses
wag
e ga
p
The
Uni
ted
Stat
esTh
e U
nite
d St
ates
--(T
he d
ispe
nsin
g en
d)(T
he d
ispe
nsin
g en
d)
��Sh
ould
the
ser
vice
sec
tor
be w
orrie
d?Sh
ould
the
ser
vice
sec
tor
be w
orrie
d?
Man
ufac
turin
g�s
expe
rienc
eM
anuf
actu
ring�
s ex
perie
nce
��Res
ults
of
enga
ging
in t
rade
Res
ults
of
enga
ging
in t
rade
(Lew
is a
nd R
icha
rdso
n bo
ok)
(Lew
is a
nd R
icha
rdso
n bo
ok)
��Th
ose
losi
ng jo
bs t
o Th
ose
losi
ng jo
bs t
o of
fsho
ring
offs
horin
g��
70%
fin
d ne
w jo
b70
% f
ind
new
job
��36
% h
ighe
r ne
w e
arni
ngs
36%
hig
her
new
ear
ning
s ��
25%
new
ear
ning
s 30
% lo
wer
25%
new
ear
ning
s 30
% lo
wer
��i.e
. low
er s
kille
d m
anuf
actu
ring
wor
kers
i.e. l
ower
ski
lled
man
ufac
turin
g w
orke
rs
��O
n O
n av
gav
g , n
ew w
eekl
y ea
rnin
gs lo
wer
, new
wee
kly
earn
ings
low
er
Serv
ice
Sect
or�s
exp
erie
nce
to d
ate
Serv
ice
Sect
or�s
exp
erie
nce
to d
ate
The
Bad:
The
Bad:
��60
% r
eal p
erso
nal c
onsu
mpt
ion
60%
rea
l per
sona
l con
sum
ptio
n��
90%
of
non
90%
of
non --
agric
ultu
ral j
obs
agric
ultu
ral j
obs
��H
ard
hit
folk
s:H
ard
hit
folk
s:Lo
w w
age
wor
kers
in I
T (t
elem
arke
ters
, Lo
w w
age
wor
kers
in I
T (t
elem
arke
ters
, ph
one
oper
ator
s, c
omp
oper
ator
s)ph
one
oper
ator
s, c
omp
oper
ator
s)33
% o
f jo
bs d
isap
pear
ed 1
999
33%
of
jobs
dis
appe
ared
199
9 --20
0420
04Av
gAv
gw
age
was
onl
y $2
5,00
0w
age
was
onl
y $2
5,00
0
��(W
ait,
wer
e so
me
of t
hese
lost
to
tech
nolo
gy??
)(W
ait,
wer
e so
me
of t
hese
lost
to
tech
nolo
gy??
)
The
Goo
dTh
e G
ood
��Ex
port
of
serv
ices
= 2
*(ex
port
s of
goo
ds)
Expo
rt o
f se
rvic
es =
2*(
expo
rts
of g
oods
)��
Impo
rt o
f se
rvic
es =
1.5
*(im
port
of
good
s)
Impo
rt o
f se
rvic
es =
1.5
*(im
port
of
good
s)
and
is a
ver
y sm
all p
ortio
n of
GD
P (.
4% in
200
3)an
d is
a v
ery
smal
l por
tion
of G
DP
(.4%
in 2
003)
��W
e ha
ve a
tra
de s
urpl
us in
ser
vice
s (g
row
ing
ever
y yr
)W
e ha
ve a
tra
de s
urpl
us in
ser
vice
s (g
row
ing
ever
y yr
)��
Hig
h G
row
th in
ser
vice
des
pite
ove
rall
slow
gro
wth
Hig
h G
row
th in
ser
vice
des
pite
ove
rall
slow
gro
wth
=>
we
have
a s
ervi
ce c
ompa
rativ
e ad
vant
age
=>
we
have
a s
ervi
ce c
ompa
rativ
e ad
vant
age
--M
ann
Man
n
��H
igh
skill
ed, j
udgm
ent
orie
nted
, pro
blem
sol
ving
jobs
Hig
h sk
illed
, jud
gmen
t or
ient
ed, p
robl
em s
olvi
ng jo
bs#
jobs
Inc
reas
ed 1
7% 1
999
# jo
bs I
ncre
ased
17%
199
9 --20
0420
04��
Amiti
Amiti
and
and
Wei
Wei
(200
5)(2
005)
Find
no
evid
ence
tha
t su
gges
ts t
hat
Find
no
evid
ence
tha
t su
gges
ts t
hat
offs
horin
gof
fsho
ring
fost
ered
job
loss
in
fost
ered
job
loss
in
Brita
in d
urin
g th
e pe
riod
1995
to
2001
Br
itain
dur
ing
the
perio
d 19
95 t
o 20
01
Long
Run
Con
sequ
ence
sLo
ng R
un C
onse
quen
ces
��Ar
gum
ent
1:Ar
gum
ent
1:��
Just
as
agric
ultu
re a
nd m
anuf
actu
ring
did
not
disa
ppea
r fr
om o
urJu
st a
s ag
ricul
ture
and
man
ufac
turin
g di
d no
t di
sapp
ear
from
our
econ
omy,
nei
ther
will
ser
vice
s. Th
e ec
onom
y w
ill g
radu
ally
adj
uec
onom
y, n
eith
er w
ill s
ervi
ces.
Th
e ec
onom
y w
ill g
radu
ally
adj
u stst
��Pr
ojec
ted
job
loss
: po
rtio
n of
labo
r fo
rce
that
is
Proj
ecte
d jo
b lo
ss:
port
ion
of la
bor
forc
e th
at is
off
shor
able
offs
hora
ble
10%
10
%
Bard
ahn
Bard
ahn
an K
roll
an K
roll
20%
20%
Van
Van
Wel
sum
Wel
sum
, , Rie
fRie
f , a
nd
, and
Vic
kory
Vick
ory
3.3
mill
3.3
mill
ion
ion
Forr
este
r Res
earc
h, M
cCar
thy
Forr
este
r Res
earc
h, M
cCar
thy
1 m
illio
n is
less
tha
n 1
mill
ion
is le
ss t
han
avg
avg
2 w
eeks
wor
th o
f gr
oss
job
loss
2 w
eeks
wor
th o
f gr
oss
job
loss
(( Wel
sum
Wel
sum
uses
the
4 p
revi
ousl
y m
entio
ned
char
acte
ristic
s an
d tr
ies
to c
ous
es t
he 4
pre
viou
sly
men
tione
d ch
arac
teris
tics
and
trie
s to
co u
nt u
p al
l the
jobs
, un
t up
all
the
jobs
, pr
obab
ly a
n ov
eres
timat
e fo
r pr
obab
ly a
n ov
eres
timat
e fo
r of
fsho
ring
offs
horin
gal
one.
)al
one.
)Th
e Th
e O
ffsh
orin
gO
ffsh
orin
ghy
pe is
ove
rdon
e, w
e sh
ould
just
rel
ax!
hype
is o
verd
one,
we
shou
ld ju
st r
elax
!
��Ar
gum
ent
2:Ar
gum
ent
2:��
This
tra
nsfo
rmat
ion
is f
unda
men
tally
diff
eren
t fr
om t
hose
in t
heTh
is t
rans
form
atio
n is
fun
dam
enta
lly d
iffer
ent
from
tho
se in
the
past
pa
st
and
will
req
uire
a v
ery
pain
ful a
djus
tmen
tan
d w
ill r
equi
re a
ver
y pa
infu
l adj
ustm
ent
So s
houl
d w
e al
l jus
t re
lax
and
do n
othi
ng??
So s
houl
d w
e al
l jus
t re
lax
and
do n
othi
ng??
Not
qui
te�
Not
qui
te�
��O
utco
mes
ver
y un
pred
icta
ble
(gra
ph)
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ery
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raph
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p fo
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licy
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fect
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med
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ing
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e w
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ould
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ame:
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The
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rade
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entia
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clas
ses
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kers
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ptio
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:��
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aini
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Rem
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rgan
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rgan
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nefit
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ildly
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gh c
osts
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fits
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nce
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rs f
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cial
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ista
nce
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ff t
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ult
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and
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wer
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low
er p
ayin
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w jo
bs��
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to 7
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ceed
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ap f
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ker
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r
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nce
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nce
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A di
scus
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ican
com
petit
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A di
scus
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ican
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petit
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��In
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ly F
right
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g fa
cts:
Initi
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Frig
hten
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s:��
Chin
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s gr
eatly
incr
ease
d un
iver
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att
enda
nce
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s gr
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ease
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iver
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enda
nce
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gra
ds =
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illio
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ache
lors
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ds =
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n��
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will
gra
duat
e m
ore
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and
eng
tha
n U
S20
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ill g
radu
ate
mor
e Ph
Ds
in s
cien
ce a
nd e
ng t
han
US
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any
othe
r co
untr
ies
doub
ling
Man
y ot
her
coun
trie
s do
ublin
g un
iun
i att
enda
nce
in 9
0s
atte
ndan
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90s
��
Folk
s ar
gue
that
US
need
s to
Fo
lks
argu
e th
at U
S ne
eds
to
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ep a
ttra
ctin
g hi
gher
edu
cate
d st
uden
ts t
o U
SKe
ep a
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ctin
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gher
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cate
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uden
ts t
o U
S��
Enco
urag
e U
S ci
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to
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e U
S ci
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s in
to S
ciSci a
nd E
ngan
d En
g��
Supp
ort
the
less
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lled
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ort
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less
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lled
��D
on�t
conf
ound
tw
o di
ffer
ent
deba
tes:
Don
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nfou
nd t
wo
diff
eren
t de
bate
s:1.1.
Do
we
wan
t to
mai
ntai
n a
grow
th r
ate
requ
isite
with
tha
t of
the
D
o w
e w
ant
to m
aint
ain
a gr
owth
rat
e re
quis
ite w
ith t
hat
of t
he
past
? pa
st?
(sav
e th
is o
ne f
or a
noth
er d
ay)
(sav
e th
is o
ne f
or a
noth
er d
ay)
2.2.If
you
bui
ld it
, the
y w
ill c
ome
If y
ou b
uild
it, t
hey
will
com
e Ke
ep A
mer
ica
at t
he t
echn
olog
ical
for
efro
nt t
o cr
eate
new
jobs
Keep
Am
eric
a at
the
tec
hnol
ogic
al f
oref
ront
to
crea
te n
ew jo
bs
Gea
ring
Educ
atio
n in
the
rig
ht d
irect
ion
Gea
ring
Educ
atio
n in
the
rig
ht d
irect
ion
��Tw
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rspe
ctiv
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ach
curr
ently
w/
little
sub
stan
tive
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pers
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h cu
rren
tly w
/ lit
tle s
ubst
antiv
e su
ppor
t or
con
clus
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rese
arch
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ppor
t or
con
clus
ive
rese
arch
:1.1.
Lear
ning
to
lear
n is
mor
e im
port
ant
than
Lear
ning
to
lear
n is
mor
e im
port
ant
than
lear
ning
any
par
ticul
ar s
et o
f sk
ills
lear
ning
any
par
ticul
ar s
et o
f sk
ills
��U
ncle
ar r
ight
now
wha
t jo
bs w
ill b
e av
aila
ble
to A
mer
ican
s 15
yr
Unc
lear
rig
ht n
ow w
hat
jobs
will
be
avai
labl
e to
Am
eric
ans
15 y
r s s
dow
n th
e ro
addo
wn
the
road
��In
form
atio
n m
anip
ulat
ion
may
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ome
plen
tiful
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d th
eref
ore
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rmat
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man
ipul
atio
n m
ay b
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and
ther
efor
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eap)
som
eday
, so
why
inve
st s
o m
uch
in it
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eap)
som
eday
, so
why
inve
st s
o m
uch
in it
?2.
In
crea
sing
2.
In
crea
sing
SciSci ,
Eng,
and
IT
educ
atio
n w
ill b
e be
nefic
ial t
o , E
ng, a
nd I
T ed
ucat
ion
will
be
bene
ficia
l to
wor
kers
late
r on
wor
kers
late
r on
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ther
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ntrie
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tchi
ng u
p, w
e ne
ed t
o st
ay o
n to
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ther
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ntrie
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tchi
ng u
p, w
e ne
ed t
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p
One
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spec
tive
is v
ague
, the
oth
er is
far
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m f
ull
One
per
spec
tive
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ague
, the
oth
er is
far
fro
m f
ull --
proo
fpr
oof
Polic
y M
isha
psPo
licy
Mis
haps
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licy
aim
ed a
t se
ctor
s m
isse
s th
e lo
sers
ent
irely
!Po
licy
aim
ed a
t se
ctor
s m
isse
s th
e lo
sers
ent
irely
!��
Tryi
ng t
o gi
ve a
boo
st t
o a
�sun
rise
sect
or� w
on�t
help
all
Tryi
ng t
o gi
ve a
boo
st t
o a
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rise
sect
or� w
on�t
help
all
wor
kers
in t
hat
sect
orw
orke
rs in
tha
t se
ctor
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cb/
cso
me
wor
kers
in t
hat
sect
or a
re u
nnee
ded
w/
adve
nt o
f IT
and
so
me
wor
kers
in t
hat
sect
or a
re u
nnee
ded
w/
adve
nt o
f IT
and
w
ill b
e w
ill b
e of
fsho
red
offs
hore
dre
gard
less
of
how
the
sec
tor
is p
erfo
rmin
gre
gard
less
of
how
the
sec
tor
is p
erfo
rmin
g
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sers
are
at
task
leve
l, no
t fir
m le
vel
Lose
rs a
re a
t ta
sk le
vel,
not
firm
leve
l��
Can�
t pr
edic
t w
ho t
hey
will
be
Can�
t pr
edic
t w
ho t
hey
will
be
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don
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st m
ake
a ge
nera
l �gl
obal
izat
ion
So d
on�t
just
mak
e a
gene
ral �
glob
aliz
atio
n --ad
just
men
t ad
just
men
t as
sist
ance
� li
st a
nd a
id t
hose
indu
strie
s as
sist
ance
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st a
nd a
id t
hose
indu
strie
s ��
Rat
her,
hel
p w
orke
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gen
eral
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rain
ing
prog
ram
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her,
hel
p w
orke
rs in
gen
eral
ret
rain
ing
prog
ram
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Focu
s as
sist
ance
on
indi
vidu
al w
orke
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ot s
ecto
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cus
assi
stan
ce o
n in
divi
dual
wor
kers
, not
sec
tors
Dow
n w
ith T
echn
olog
y! ?
!Br
ing
us b
ack
to t
he f
riend
ly r
esta
uran
t w
aite
r an
d ta
xi d
river
:!
Won
�t be
off
shor
ed, w
ill t
hey
be r
epla
ced?
!G
artn
er e
xpec
ts t
hat
by 2
015
auto
mat
ion
will
di
spla
ce s
ix t
imes
as
man
y IT
jobs
as
offs
horin
g.In
form
atio
n W
eek,
�G
artn
er�
� M
arch
31, 2
005
!Co
nseq
uenc
es:
1.Fa
r m
ore
job
disp
lace
men
ts!
A se
rious
pro
blem
?
Conc
lusi
ons
Conc
lusi
ons
��Im
port
ant
for
this
tra
nsiti
on t
o ha
ppen
as
smoo
thly
as
Impo
rtan
t fo
r th
is t
rans
ition
to
happ
en a
s sm
ooth
ly a
s po
ssib
lepo
ssib
le��
Beca
use
gain
s fr
om t
rade
are
tre
men
dous
, but
thi
s tr
ansi
tion
wil
Beca
use
gain
s fr
om t
rade
are
tre
men
dous
, but
thi
s tr
ansi
tion
wil l
be
l be
pain
ful a
nd p
eopl
e w
ill b
e co
mpl
aini
ngpa
infu
l and
peo
ple
will
be
com
plai
ning
��O
ffsh
orin
gO
ffsh
orin
gis
no
long
er a
firm
leve
l iss
ue, i
t af
fect
s is
no
long
er a
firm
leve
l iss
ue, i
t af
fect
s in
divi
dual
jobs
/tas
ksin
divi
dual
jobs
/tas
ks��
Polic
y ne
eds
to h
elp
thos
e hu
rt t
he m
ost
Polic
y ne
eds
to h
elp
thos
e hu
rt t
he m
ost
��H
elp
labo
r, n
ot c
apita
lH
elp
labo
r, n
ot c
apita
l��
Hel
p di
spla
ced
wor
kers
who
als
o ha
ve lo
wer
pay
ing
new
jobs
Hel
p di
spla
ced
wor
kers
who
als
o ha
ve lo
wer
pay
ing
new
jobs
��En
sure
tha
t pr
ices
are
En
sure
tha
t pr
ices
are
mkt
mkt
dete
rmin
edde
term
ined
��W
ages
pai
d by
em
ploy
ers
shou
ld r
efle
ct p
rodu
ctiv
ity le
vels
Wag
es p
aid
by e
mpl
oyer
s sh
ould
ref
lect
pro
duct
ivity
leve
ls(o
r el
se y
ou g
et E
ast
Wes
t G
erm
any
prob
lem
)(o
r el
se y
ou g
et E
ast
Wes
t G
erm
any
prob
lem
)��
Don
�t st
op t
rade
!D
on�t
stop
tra
de!
Furt
her
Rea
ding
s!
Free
man
, Sho
rtag
es, S
urpl
uses
, or
Fish
Sto
ries?
!Ch
amar
bagw
ala,
Eco
nom
ic L
iber
aliz
atio
n &
Wag
e In
equa
lity
in
Indi
a!
NY
Tim
es, T
he N
atio
n: R
etra
inin
g fo
r w
hat?
; If
you
�re a
wai
ter,
th
e fu
ture
is r
osy
!D
anie
l Aar
onso
n an
d Ke
nnet
h H
ousi
nger
, The
impa
ct o
f te
chno
logy
on
disp
lace
men
t and
ree
mpl
oym
ent
!Kl
etze
r20
06, W
age
Insu
ranc
e!
Was
mer
and
Wei
zsac
ker,
A B
ette
r G
loba
lizat
ion
Fund
, a B
rueg
alPo
licy
Brie
f
Than
ks!