oleh: putri dery cahyani 201210330311135 · seluruh dosen fakultas kedokteran ... 2.3 anatomi...
TRANSCRIPT
KARYA TULIS AKHIR
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK BUNGA TURI MERAH (Sesbania
grandiflora (L.) Pers) TERHADAP GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGI
GINJAL TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (Rattus norvegicus strain wistar)
HIPERKOLESTEROLEMIA
Oleh:
PUTRI DERY CAHYANI
201210330311135
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
2016
HASIL PENELITIAN
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK BUNGA TURI MERAH (Sesbania
grandiflora (L.) Pers) TERHADAP GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGI
GINJAL TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (Rattus norvegicus strain wistar)
HIPERKOLESTEROLEMIA
KARYA TULIS AKHIR
Diajukan Kepada
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan
dalam Menyelesaikan Program Sarjana
Fakultas Kedokteran
Oleh:
PUTRI DERY CAHYANI
201210330311135
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
2016
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
LAPORAN HASIL PENELITIAN
Telah disetujui sebagai hasil penelitian untuk memenuhi persyaratan pendidikan
sarjana Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Tanggal : 27 Agustus 2016
Pembimbing I
dr. Sulistyo Mulyo Agustini, Sp.PK
Pembimbing II
dr. Halida Nelasari, Sp.OG
Mengetahui,
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Dekan,
dr. Irma Suswati, M.Kes
LEMBAR PENGUJIAN
Karya Tulis Akhir oleh Putri Dery Cahyani ini
telah diuji dan dipertahankan di depan Tim Penguji
pada tanggal 27 Agustus 2016
Tim Penguji
dr. Sulistyo Mulyo Agustini, Sp.PK , Ketua
dr. Halida Nelasari, Sp.OG , Anggota
dr. Alfa Sylvestris, Sp.M , Anggota
KATA PENGANTAR
Alhamdulillahhirabil’alamin, puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah
melimpahkan karunia-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan karya tulis akhir
yang berjudul “Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Bunga Turi Merah (Sesbania
grandiflora (L.) Pers) Terhadap Gambaran Histopatologi Ginjal Tikus Putih
Jantan (Rattus norvegicus strain wistar) Hiperkolesterolemia”.
Karya tulis ini disusun sebagai satu persyaratan dalam menyelesaikan
Program Sarjana Kedokteran S1 (Strata 1). Dalam kesempatan ini penulis
menyampaikan terima kasih yang setulusnya kepada pihak yang telah mendukung
penyelesaian Karya Tulis Akhir ini, terutama kepada:
1. Allah SWT, karena dengan pertolongan-Nya penulis bisa melewati
kesulitan dalam menyelesaikan karya tulis akhir ini.
2. dr. Irma Suswati, M.Kes, selaku Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
3. dr. Sulistyo Mulyo Agustini, Sp.PK, selaku Pembimbing I yang telah
meluangkan waktu serta dengan penuh kesabaran telah membimbing,
memberi saran dan semangat kepada penulis dalam menyelesaikan
karya tulis akhir ini.
4. dr. Halida Nelasari, Sp.OG, selaku Pembimbing II yang telah
meluangkan waktu untuk membimbing, mengoreksi, memberikan
informasi dan semangat kepada penulis dalam menyelesaikan karya
tulis akhir ini.
5. dr. Alfa Sylvestris, Sp.M, selaku Penguji yang telah memberikan
informasi, kritik dan saran serta motivasi dalam menyelesaikan karya
tulis akhir ini.
6. dr. Dian Yuliartha Lestari, Sp.PA yang telah membimbing serta
memberikan informasi dalam penelitian yang penulis lakukan.
7. Seluruh Dosen Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah
Malang yang telah memberikan ilmu dan dukungan kepada penulis
dalam menyelesaikan studi
8. Orang tua tercinta, Ibu Fahdilatun dan Bapak Sugeng, yang setiap hari
tak henti-hentinya memberikan dukungan, doa di setiap sholat,
semangat, cinta dan kasih sayang sehingga penulis bersemangat untuk
segera menyelesaikan karya tulis akhir ini.
9. Adik-adik tersayang, Imam Nugroho dan Arifani yang tak henti-
hentinya memberikan semangat kepada penulis.
10. Sahabat-sahabat Laras Hidayati, Rifqi Adzani, Dwi Anggi, Izmi Ika,
Wildan, Darma Aswandi yang telah memberikan semangat dan doa
agar penulis segera menyusul segera bergelar di belakang nama.
11. Turi Merah Squad: Mamah Dita, Milla, Galih, Lena yang telah
bekerja sama dan saling membantu dalam menyelesaikan penelitian,
teman-teman yang juga membantu dalam penelitian: Radityo, Tegar
dan Riko.
12. Teman-teman angkatan 2012 “Abdomen” FK UMM, terima kasih atas
semangat dan dukungannya serta kekeluargaannya.
13. Staf Tata Usaha FK UMM yang telah banyak membantu penulis
mengurus keperluan tugas akhir.
14. Pak Joko dan Mas Miftah yang telah banyak membantu penulis dalam
menyelesaikan penelitian dan bersedia dimintai tolong ketika penulis
mengalami kendala dalam penelitian.
15. Semua pihak yang telah membantu penulis dalam penyusunan dan
penyelesaian karya tulis akhir, yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu
persatu.
Penulis menyadari bahwa penelitian ini masih jauh dari sempurna, oleh
karena itu penulis mengharapkan masukan dari berbagai pihak. Semoga penelitian
ini dapat bermanfaat bagi penulis dan berbagai pihak.
Malang, Agustus 2016
Penulis
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
HALAMAN JUDUL .............................................................................. i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................... ii
LEMBAR PENGUJI .............................................................................. iii
KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................... iv
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................. vii
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................. viii
DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................... xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR .............................................................................. xiv
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ........................................................................ xv
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN .................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah .............................................................. 2
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................... 2
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ........................................................... 2
1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus .......................................................... 2
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................. 3
1.4.1 Akademik ................................................................. 3
1.4.2 Klinis ........................................................................ 3
1.4.3 Masyarakat ............................................................... 3
BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ........................................................... 4
2.1 Hiperkolesterolemia ........................................................... 4
2.1.1 Metabolisme Lemak ................................................. 4
2.1.2 Transport Lipid ......................................................... 4
2.1.3 Kolesterol ................................................................. 5
2.1.4 Pembentukan dan Fungsi Lipoprotein ...................... 6
2.1.5 LDL Teroksidasi ....................................................... 7
2.1.6 Kerusakan Endotel ................................................... 8
2.1.7 Mekanisme Hiperkolesterolemia .............................. 9
2.2 Ginjal ................................................................................. 10
2.2.1 Anatomi Ginjal Manusia .......................................... 10
2.2.2 Fisiologi dan Histologi Ginjal Manusia ................... 12
2.2.3 Anatomi Ginjal Tikus ............................................... 14
2.2.4 Fisiologi dan Histologi Ginjal Tikus ........................ 15
2.2.5 Histopatologi Ginjal pada Tikus Hiperkolesterolemia 16
2.2.6 Perbedaan Ginjal Tikus dan Manusia ....................... 18
2.3 Bunga Turi ......................................................................... 19
2.3.1 Taksonomi ................................................................ 19
2.3.2 Morfologi Tanaman .................................................. 20
2.3.3 Manfaat Bunga Turi ................................................. 21
2.3.4 Kandungan Bunga Turi ............................................ 22
2.3.5 Bunga Turi Merah sebagai Antioksidan ................... 24
2.3.6 Mekanisme Bunga Turi sebagai Antioksidan .......... 24
BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEP DAN HIPOTESIS ............................. 27
3.1 Kerangka Konsep ............................................................... 27
3.2 Hipotesis ............................................................................ 29
BAB 4 METODE PENELITIAN.......................................................... 30
4.1 Rancangan Penelitian ......................................................... 30
4.2 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ............................................ 30
4.3 Populasi dan Sampel .......................................................... 30
4.3.1 Populasi .................................................................... 30
4.3.2 Sampel ...................................................................... 30
4.3.3 Estimasi Besar Sampel ............................................. 30
4.3.4 Tehnik Pengambilan Sampel .................................... 32
4.3.5 Karakteristik Sampel Penelitian ............................... 32
4.3.6 Variabel Penelitian ................................................... 32
4.3.6.1 Variabel Bebas ........................................... 32
4.3.6.2 Variabel Tergantung ................................... 33
4.3.7 Definisi Operasional ................................................. 33
4.4 Diet Hiperkolesterol ........................................................... 34
4.5 Dasar Penentuan Dosis Bunga Turi Merah ........................ 34
4.6 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian .................................................. 36
4.6.1 Alat dan Bahan Pemeliharaan Tikus ........................ 36
4.6.2 Alat dan Bahan Bedah Tikus .................................... 36
4.6.3 Alat dan Bahan Pembuatan Ekstrak Bunga Turi ...... 36
4.6.4 Bahan Pembiusan Tikus ........................................... 36
4.6.5 Alat Lain ................................................................... 37
4.7 Prosedur Penelitian ............................................................ 37
4.7.1 Pembagian Kelompok Tikus .................................... 37
4.7.2 Adaptasi Hewan Percobaan ...................................... 38
4.7.3 Pemberian Diet Tinggi Lemak ................................. 38
4.7.4 Cara Pembuatan Ekstrak Bunga Turi Merah ............ 38
4.7.5 Pemberian Ekstrak Bunga Turi Merah ..................... 39
4.7.6 Proses Anestesi dan Pembedahan Hewan Coba ....... 39
4.7.7 Pembuatan Sediaan Histopatologi ............................ 40
4.8 Alur Penelitian ................................................................... 42
4.9 Analisa Data ....................................................................... 43
BAB 5 HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISA DATA ..................... 44
5.1 Hasil Penelitian ................................................................. 44
5.2 Analisa Data ...................................................................... 48
5.2.1 Uji Kruskal-Wallis .................................................. 48
5.2.2 Uji Mann-Whitney .................................................. 48
5.2.3 Uji Korelasi Spearman ............................................ 50
BAB 6 PEMBAHASAN ...................................................................... 51
BAB 7 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ................................................ 59
7.1 Kesimpulan ....................................................................... 59
7.2 Saran ................................................................................. 59
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................. 60
LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................... 67
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel Halaman
2.1 Perbedaan Ginjal Tikus dan Manusia ....................................... 19
2.2 Komponen Gizi Bunga Turi Merah per 100 g .......................... 23
2.3 Komponen Zat Non Gizi Bunga Turi Merah per 100 g ............ 24
4.1 Konversi Dosis antar Spesies .................................................... 34
5.1 Hasil Uji Kruskal-Wallis .......................................................... 49
5.2 Hasil Uji Mann-Whitney Untuk Nilai Skoring Perdarahan ..... 49
5.3 Hasil Uji Mann-Whitney Untuk Nilai Skoring Infiltrasi Sel
Radang ..................................................................................... 50
5.4 Hasil Uji Mann Whitney Untuk Nilai Skoring Nekrosis ......... 50
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar Halaman
2.1 Aliran Darah Ginjal .................................................................. 12
2.2 Pengamatan Mkroskopis Ginjal Normal ................................... 15
2.3 Anatomi Ginjal Tikus ............................................................... 16
2.4 Histologi korteks ginjal tikus dengan perbesaran 40x .............. 17
2.5 Histopatologi Ginjal Tikus Hiperkolesterolemia ...................... 18
2.6 Penampang Histopatologi Ginjal Tikus .................................... 18
2.7 Perbandingan Histologi Ginjal Tikus dan Manusia .................. 20
2.8 Turi Merah (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers)............................ 21
2.9 Kerangka C6-C3-C6 Flavonoid ................................................ 25
5.1 Gambaran Mikroskopis Ginjal Tikus Tiap Perlakuan .............. 45
5.2 Perbandingan Nilai Skoring Perdarahan Antar Kelompok ...... 46
5.3 Perbandingan Nilai Skoring Infiltrasi Sel Radang Antar
Kelompok ................................................................................. 47
5.4 Perbandingan Nilai Skoring Nekrosis Antar Kelompok .......... 48
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
ACTH : Adenocorticotropic Hormone
Apo B : Apolipoprotein B
CMC : Carboxymethyl Cellulose
CRH : Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
DPPH : 2,2 Diphenil-1 Picryhydrazil
HDL : High-density lipoprotein
HMG : Hidroksi Metil Glutaril
KoA : Koenzim-A
ICAM-1 : Inter Cellular Adhesion Molecule-1
IDL : Intermediate-density lipoprotein
IL-6 : Interleukin-6
LD50
: Lethal Dose 50
LDL : Low-density lipoprotein
MICRO-HOPE : Microalbuminuria, Cardiovascular, and Renal Outcomes in
HOPE Study
NO : Nitrit Oxide
PUFA : Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
ROS : Reactive Oxygen Species
TF : Total Flavonoid
TGF- β : Transforming Growth Factor-β
TNF-α : Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
TP : Total Phenolic
VCAM-1 : Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
VLDL : Very Low Density Lipoprotein
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