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Revision C: March 2010

Style Guide

for

Technical Writing



O’Neil Style Guide for Technical Writing Revision C

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NOTICE

This style guide should be used only when a customer‐supplied style guide is either not

available or when it does not address the issue in question.

O’Neil & Associates, Inc.

495 Byers Road

Miamisburg, Ohio 45342‐3662

Copyright © 2010 by O’Neil & Associates, Inc.

All rights reserved. Published 2010.

Revision C – February 15, 2010.

An electronic copy of this style guide for internal use is located at: XXXXX.



Revision C O’Neil Style Guide for Technical Writing

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PREFACE

Introduction—Grammar versus Usage

Grammar

consists

of

the

rules

governing

how

words

are

put

together

in

sentences.

These

rules and theories concerning the structure and syntax are constantly changing and

evolving. In fact, as the grammar becomes more detailed and exacting, the usefulness of a

book on the various rules for the typical writer tends to diminish.

The vast majority of the linguistic issues that face most writers, however, do not concern

grammar—they concern usage.

The information presented in this document is concerned with how writers and editors here

at O’Neil & Associates use grammar to complete and accomplish the various writing tasks

that they face. If you would like more information on how grammatical rules apply in other

situations, you should consult other well‐respected guides, such as The Chicago Manual of

Style.

Style should not be confused with format. Style, in the sense intended in this guide, does

not mean how to set up a document in a word processing program. It does not define the

margins, columns, headers, or footers of a page. Style does not determine what kind of page

formatting is used. Instead, style determines how text should be written. Should you use a

comma before and in a series? Does the abbreviation for inch need a period? What words

should you capitalize in a title? These are all questions about style.

Purpose

This Style Guide provides solutions to style questions where there may not always be a right

or wrong answer. One publication might suggest one method, while another suggests a

different method. For this reason, we have adopted specific O’Neil styles in this Style Guide.

Also included are other commonly used and abused style issues and some grammar rules

(for quick reference). Information that is readily accessible through other sources may not

be included. See the following QC/QA Reference Library section for additional references

(available on the bookshelves in the hallway near Quality Assurance).

Authority

This Style Guide does not supersede any existing style guide for any particular program.

However, it is the default style guide for work that does not have a style guide and for issues

not covered in existing style guides.

This

Style

Guide

is

a

living

document

and

will

change

over

time

as

documentation

and

the

publishing discipline evolve. Talk to an editor or a quality assurance analyst about questions

or conventions not mentioned in this document or about suggestions or improvements for

future revisions. The Style Guide will be revised periodically.




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QC/QA Reference Library

Additional reference materials are available in the QC/QA department and are located in the

bookshelves located outside of our offices. These references include:

Binder Section:

ASD‐STE100 Simplified Technical English. Issue 4, January 2007. Brussels, Belgium: ASD

( previously AECMA), 2007.

ASME Abbreviations and Acronyms. ASME Y14.38a‐2002. New York: The American Society

of Mechanical Engineers, 2002.

Boeing AV ‐8B Project: Style and Formatting Notes. Change 1 – November 1, 2006. United

States: Commander, Naval Air Systems Command 2006.

SGML/CALS Reference Document. 1 October 1998. United States: Northrop Grumman,

1998.

SGML for Working Folks. Jan 2, 1998. Dayton, Ohio: O’Neil & Associates, Inc., 1998.

The Tongue and Quill. Air Force Handbook 33‐337. United States: Secretary of the Air

Force, 1997.

United States Government Printing Office Style Manual. Washington, DC: United States

Government Printing Office, 2008.

Book Section:

Franklin Covey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication. Third Edition. Salt

Lake City: Franklin Covey Co., 1999.

Handbook of Technical Writing. Fifth Edition. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.

Handbook of Technical Writing. Fourth Edition. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993.

McGraw ‐Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. 6th Edition. New York: McGraw‐

Hill Book Company, 2002.

Merriam‐Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary . Tenth Edition. Merriam‐Webster, Inc., 1993.

Microsoft Computer Dictionary. Fourth Edition. Washington: Microsoft Press, 1999.

Professional Secretary's Encyclopedic Dictionary. Fourth Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall,

1989.

Proofreading Manual and Reference Guide. Virginia: Editorial Experts, Inc., 1981.

ROGET'S II: The New Thesaurus. Third Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995.




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Technical Editing: The Practical Guide for Editors and Writers. Massachusetts: Addison‐

Wesley Publishing Company, 1992.

The Business Writer's Companion. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.

The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th Edition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2003.

The Chicago Manual of Style. 14th Edition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2003.

The Gregg Reference Manual. Eighth Edition. New York: Glencoe/McGraw‐Hill, 1999.

The Illustrated Dictionary of Electronics. Seventh Edition. New York: McGraw‐Hill Book

Company, 1997.

The Little, Brown Handbook. Seventh Edition. New York: Addison‐Wesley Educational

Publishers, 1998.

The New Lexicon Webster's Dictionary of the English Language. 1989 Edition. New York:

Lexicon Publications, Inc., 1989.

U.S. News and World Report Stylebook for Writers and Editors. Ninth Edition. Washington,

DC: U.S. News and World Report Inc., 2001.

Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus. Massachusetts: Merriam‐Webster Inc., 1988.

Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. New York:

Gramercy Books, 1996.

Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged.

Massachusetts: Merriam‐Webster, Inc., 1986.

Media Section:

GRAMMAR for Business Professionals. 3‐volume set of VHS tapes. Boulder, CO: CareerTrack

Inc., 1993.




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Table of Contents

NOTICE ..........................................................................................................................................2

PREFACE .......................................................................................................................................3

Introduction—Grammar versus Usage .............................................................................................. 3

Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 3

Authority ................................................................................................................................................ 3

QC/QA Reference Library .................................................................................................................... 4

1. PUNCTUATION ......................................................................................................................9

1.1 Period ........................................................................................................................................... 9

1.2 Comma ......................................................................................................................................... 9

1.3 Semicolon .................................................................................................................................. 10

1.4 Colon .......................................................................................................................................... 111.5 Question Mark ........................................................................................................................... 11

1.6 Exclamation Point ..................................................................................................................... 12

1.7 Quotation Marks ........................................................................................................................ 12

1.8 Hyphens and Dashes ................................................................................................................ 13

1.9 Parentheses ............................................................................................................................... 15

1.10 Brackets ..................................................................................................................................... 16

1.11 Apostrophes .............................................................................................................................. 16

1.12 Slashes ....................................................................................................................................... 17

2. CAPITALIZATION ..............................................................................................................19

2.1 Titles ........................................................................................................................................... 192.2 Names ......................................................................................................................................... 20

3. NUMBERS AND UNITS OF MEASURE ...........................................................................21

3.1 Numbers ..................................................................................................................................... 21

3.2 U.S. Customary System (English) and the International System of Units (metric) ............ 25

3.3 Numerical Compounds ............................................................................................................. 26

3.4 Numerical Conversions ............................................................................................................ 27

4. WORD STYLE.......................................................................................................................30

4.1 Abbreviations and Acronyms .................................................................................................. 30

4.2 Contractions .............................................................................................................................. 31

4.3 Plurals ........................................................................................................................................ 32

4.4 Possessives ............................................................................................................................... 32

4.5 Prefixes ...................................................................................................................................... 33

4.6 Symbols ..................................................................................................................................... 33




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1. Punctuation

1.1 Period

1.1.1 Use of the period. A period marks the end of a declarative or an imperative

sentence. A single space—NOT two spaces—should follow a period at the end of a

sentence. (Many word processing and publishing programs will substitute a single

space for a double space automatically.)

For periods in lists, see section 6.1.4.

For periods in abbreviations, see section 4.1.2.

For periods in parentheses, see section 1.9.6.

1.2 Comma

1.2.1 Use of the comma. A comma indicates the smallest break in sentence structure and

denotes a slight pause.

For commas and semicolons, see section 1.3.2.

1.2.2 Three or more items. Use a comma when three or more items are listed in a series.

Place a comma before the and or or preceding the last item in a series.

Remove nut (1), cap (2), and plug (4) from the filter base.

Loosen hose clamp, remove hose (1), and attach tag for ease of assembly.The flag is red, white, and blue.

1.2.3 Introductory phrase. Use a comma after an introductory phrase or dependent

clause at the beginning of a sentence. Do not use a comma when the phrase is at

the end of the sentence.

For installation of the oil cooler, reverse the removal steps.

Reverse the removal steps for installation of the oil cooler.

1.2.4 Two complete thoughts and a conjunction. Use a comma where two complete

thoughts are separated by but, or, yet, so, for, and, or nor . The two complete

thoughts must have separate subjects and separate verbs.

The engine must be at idle before using the selector switch, and you must wear safety

glasses.

1.2.5 Parenthetical information. Use commas to set off parenthetical (nonrestrictive)

information.

Remove the connector pin, located under the mounting plate, from the connector pin

insulator.




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Do NOT use parenthetical commas when the information that would be contained

within them is essential.

The truck that is out of fuel must be moved.The filter element bowl containing the new filter element must now be installed.

1.2.6 Consecutive

adjectives.

Use

a

comma

to

separate

two

or

more

consecutive

adjectives preceding a noun.

Solder terminals of thin, black wires.

Use a clean, dry cloth to remove dirt or dust.

1.2.7 Setting off a year. Use a comma to set off the year if it follows the month and day.

Omit the comma when only the month and year are given.

This document was last revised on December 30, 2008.

This document replaces the one dated January 2006.

1.2.8 Setting off supplementary material. Use a comma to set off a supplementary

(nonrestrictive) word, abbreviation, phrase, or clause that is directly related to the

noun in the sentence. If it IS restrictive—essential to the noun it belongs to—no

comma should appear.

Ms. Jane Doe, president of the company, spoke to the employees at the meeting.

The project manager, John Smith, is the one who sent the e-mail.

This document replaces the one dated January 2006.

1.3 Semicolon

1.3.1 Use of the semicolon. A semicolon is stronger than a comma but weaker than a

period. Although it can be used in either manner, its function is usually closer to

that of a period.

1.3.2 Three or more items with commas. . Use semicolons in place of commas to separate

a series of phrases that already contain commas.

Bulk materials, such as backshells, contacts, and ring terminals; consumable materials, such as adhesives; and special tools, such as torque wrenches, are not included in the

detailed parts lists.

1.3.3 Two complete thoughts without a conjunction. Use a semicolon where two

complete thoughts are NOT separated by but, or, yet, so, for, and, or nor . The two

complete thoughts must have separate subjects and separate verbs.

Use an alcohol swab to clean the electrical contacts; allow the contacts to air-dry..




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1.3.4 Two complete thoughts with a transition. Use semicolons when two complete

thoughts are linked by a transitional expression (such as however, therefore,

accordingly, consequently, and moreover ). Place a semicolon in front and a comma

behind the transitional expression.

The manager has agreed to the project; however, we must wait for budget approval.

1.4 Colon

1.4.1 Use of the colon. A colon introduces an element or a series of elements modifying

what has preceded the colon.

Colons are also used to introduce lists.

1.4.2 With introductory phrase. A colon usually follows the identification of those being

addressed at the beginning of a speech or a formal communication.

Ladies and Gentleman:To Whom It May Concern:

Dear Credit and Collections Manager:

1.4.3 To introduce a list. A colon is normally used after an expression, such as for

example, namely, that is, the following, and similar expressions.

The removal steps are as follows: …

The Basic Issue Items include: …

Do not capitalize the first word after a colon when linking thoughts in the same

sentence unless the second thought is a complete sentence.

Fragment: Perform the follow-on maintenance: chock removal.

Sentence: Follow these procedures in order to tighten the cylinder head bolts: Put engine oil on bolt threads and tighten bolts in a numerical

sequence.

1.4.4 To express a ratio. Use a colon to represent the word “to” in a ratio.

10:1 3:5 147:256

1.4.5 To express time. Use a colon to separate hours, minutes, and seconds in

expressions of time in either the American 12‐hour or European 24‐hour format.

(Military time does not use a colon in its 24‐hour format.)

3:37 p.m. 12:00 08:30:55 16:45

1.5 Question Mark

1.5.1 Use of the question mark. The question mark is used to mark a direct question, to

indicate doubt, or surprise or disbelief. A double question mark is sometimes used

to humorously express total surprise or confusion and should generally be avoided.




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For technical writing purposes, use question marks only in troubleshooting

procedures to indicate the decision process within a test.

TEST 1 - Does transmission shift to drive or reverse after releasing parking brake?

1.6 Exclamation Point

1.6.1 Use of the exclamation point. Exclamation points are used occasionally in warnings

and cautions for emphasis. All other uses are discouraged for technical writing.

WARNING: Failure to comply may result in injury or death to personnel!

1.7 Quotation Marks

1.7.1 Use of quotation marks. Use quotation marks when quoting a person or citing

material from another document or source. Do NOT use quotation marks for

emphasis.

1.7.2 Citing another source. Use quotation marks when quoting a person, another

document, etc.

Verify that the temperature complies with the specification “Water Temperature Regulator.”

Place periods and commas inside closing quotation marks. This is a printing

standard in the United States (see example above).

1.7.3 Incorrect use of quotation marks. Do NOT use quotation marks for emphasis.

Highlight a word or group of words with bold or some other method of formatting

(italics is sometimes used as well); do not add quotation marks.

Do NOT use quotation marks to emphasize or identify text from video displays,

pieces of equipment, labels, etchings, or other markings. Use bold type for

emphasis with the text formatted exactly as shown on the equipment.

Correct: Turn switch to the OFF position. Incorrect: Turn switch to the “OFF” position.

Correct: Turn the knob to Bake until the display reads Ready.

Incorrect: Turn the knob to “ BAKE” until the display reads “ READY .”

NOTE: Customer‐provided style guides always take precedence. If a customer

style guide DOES use quotation marks for emphasis or to identify label text, do not

put any additional punctuation marks inside the closing quotation mark. If

appropriate, put any punctuation marks after the closing quotation mark.

Turn the knob to “Bake” until the display reads “Ready”.




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1.8 Hyphens and Dashes

1.8.1 Use of the hyphen. Hyphens are used primarily to divide or create compound

words, word elements, or names of numbers. Hyphens can also make for easier

reading by showing structure and pronunciation, as well as eliminate ambiguity. A

re‐

markable

surface

(one

capable

of

being

marked

more

than

once)

is

completely

different from a remarkable surface (one that is uncommon or extraordinary in

nature).

Hyphens are the shortest of the common “line” punctuation marks.

1.8.2 Use of the en dash. En dashes are used to indicate ranges and, as such, connect

numbers and (less often) words. This usage signifies up to and including (or

through). En dashes are roughly the width of the lowercase letter n and are slightly

longer than a hyphen.

The Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) recommends that the

word to be used instead on an en dash when the formatting of a number range

might be misconstrued as a subtraction “minus sign” within an equation.

(Preferred) Normal Operating Range: (0 °C to 100 °C) (Avoid) Normal Operating Range: (0 °C – 100 °C)

1.8.3 Use of the em dash. Em dashes are used to indicate a parenthetical thought—like

this one—or to indicate that a sentence is unfinished because the speaker has been

interrupted. Em dashes are roughly the width of an uppercase letter M and are the

longest of the common “line” punctuation marks. Avoid using em dashes in

technical writing.

1.8.4 Even

longer

dashes.

There

are

also

2‐

em

dashes

and

3‐

em

dashes,

but

these

are

generally never used in technical writing and should be avoided.

A 2‐em dash represents a missing word or part of a word. This is used to disguise an

omitted name, an expletive, or missing or illegible quoted material. These dashes

are roughly the width of two uppercase letter Ms.

The smudged name on the Immigration List showed only “Thom. Mu—ford, laborer”.

A 3‐em dash is used in bibliographies and is followed by a period. This is used to

represent the same author or editor named in the preceding entry contained in the

bibliography. These dashes are roughly the width of three uppercase letter Ms.

Mitchell, W.J. Thomas. Iconology Image, Text, Ideology. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press, 1987.

———. The Last Dinosaur Book. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.




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1.8.5 Hyphens and compound adjectives. Use a hyphen with two or more words that

modify another word (compound adjectives).

well-ventilated oven self-locking nut

high-pressure hose

A good test to see if you should use a hyphen is to match up each modifier with the

noun. Consider the first example above (well ‐ventilated oven). You can say it is a

ventilated oven, but you can’t say it is a well oven. That is because the word well

does NOT modify oven; it modifies ventilated . Therefore, it must have a hyphen—a

well‐ventilated oven. If you can successfully match up each modifier with the noun,

you probably need a comma instead of a hyphen. Consider the phrase "… use a

clean, dry cloth.” A cloth can be described as clean and can also be described as

dry .

1.8.6 Creating new words. Use a hyphen when combining two or more words to create a

new word that has a different meaning.

double-check cross-reference

one-half

foot-pound

1.8.7 Numbered compound adjectives. Use a hyphen when compound adjectives begin

with a number as its first element. These adjectives are known as numerical

compounds.

3-amp fuse

two-tier shelf

3.8-hour day

NOTE: This use of hyphens only applies to numerical compounds that are being

used as an adjective. When numerical compounds are used as a dimension,

hyphens are not used in the sentence.

Numerical compound as an adjective: Install the 12-inch-wide panel.

Numerical compound as a dimension: Install the panel that is 12 inches wide.

For more information on using hyphens with numbers and compound adjectives,

see the quick‐reference chart in section 7.2.

1.8.8 Single‐letter compound nouns. Use a hyphen when compound nouns begin with a

single letter as its first element.

A-frame

X-ray

1.8.9 Adverb‐adjective compounds. Do not use a hyphen in adverb‐adjective

combinations when the first word ends in ly .

highly efficient engines




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1.8.10 Prefixes. Avoid using hyphens with most prefixes.

nonmetallicantiseize

posttest

preheat

For more information on the use of prefixes, see section 4.5.

1.9 Parentheses

1.9.1 Use of parentheses. Parentheses usually set off material that is less closely related

to the rest of the sentence than that enclosed in em dashes or commas.

SPELLING NOTE: Parenthesis (singular) refers to only one of the two curved marks

that are used to enclose additional information within a block of text. Parentheses

( plural ) refer to the set of both curved marks.

1.9.2 Including additional information. Use parentheses when including references,

examples, and ideas that are not part of the main idea of the sentence.

With the proper lever (on operator’s console) in the NEUTRAL position, the control valves are in the NEUTRAL position.

Remove screw from bracket (see Figure 1).

Inspect the sign for damage (i.e., missing, broken, bent, or cracked parts).

1.9.3 Measurements and their equivalents. Use parentheses for presenting

measurement equivalents (metric or standard).

Conduct all tests at a temperature of 65 to 85° F (18 to 29° C).The weight of the yoke is 650 kg (1,430 lb).

1.9.4 Figure callouts and index numbers. Use parentheses to include index numbers in a

sentence.

Use lifting straps and a hoist to position bumper (2) between yokes (1) as shown.

1.9.5 Acronyms. Use parentheses to enclose an acronym after its spelled‐out version.

For more information on acronyms, see section 4.1.

1.9.6 Entire sentences. When parentheses enclose an entire sentence, place the period

inside the end parenthesis.

Complete sentence example: Column 3 lists functions to be performed on the item listed

in Column 2. (For detailed explanation of these functions, see paragraph B-2.)

Sentence fragment example: Column 4 contains the item names of components,

assemblies, and modules for which maintenance is authorized (paragraph B-3).




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1.9.7 Using commas with parentheses. Never place a comma before a set of

parentheses; always place the comma after the parentheses.

For a list of all figures (IPL included), see Table 2.

1.9.8 Parentheses and brackets. In technical writing, parentheses are usually used to

enclose additional material that is not essential to the main idea of the sentence. If

additional material still needs to be included within the parenthetical material, such

as when English/metric conversions are being supplied, use brackets to enclose the

information. (This is the direct opposite of the practice used in mathematical

notations.)

Dry parts with compressed air (pressure should not exceed 30 psi [207 kPa]).

1.10 Brackets

1.10.1 Use of square brackets. Square brackets (or just brackets) are used mainly to

enclose material—usually added by someone other than the original writer—that

does not belong to the surrounding text.

1.10.2 Brackets and parentheses. In technical writing, brackets are usually used to enclose

additional material that is being included in parenthetical material, such as when

English/metric conversions are being supplied. (This is the direct opposite of the

practice used in mathematical notations.)

Dry parts with compressed air (pressure should not exceed 30 psi [207 kPa]).

1.11 Apostrophes

1.11.1 Use of the apostrophe. The apostrophe is used to indicate the possessives in both

nouns and pronouns, as well as to mark contractions of words and omissions in

sentences. In a few rare instances, the apostrophe is also used to indicate the

plurals of certain types of nouns.

1.11.2 Time expressions. Use an apostrophe in expressions based on time.

a week’s pay

in 3 days’ time

2 years’ experience

1.11.3 Plurals. Most nouns form their plural by adding s or—if they end in ch , j , s , sh , x , or

z—by adding es. The standard plural forms of most nouns are generally not listed in

most dictionaries. Merriam‐Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary , however, DOES give

plural forms of many tricky compound nouns or nouns with alternative plurals (where

two or more acceptable forms exist). When in doubt, consult your dictionary.




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1.11.4 Possessives. Use an apostrophe to form possessives. Generally, the possessive of

most singular nouns is formed by adding an apostrophe and an s, and the possessive

of most plural nouns is formed by adding an apostrophe only.

Possessives Singular Plural

Words not ending in s unit’s children’s

Words ending in s series’ screws’

(singular, possessive) the unit’s frame

(singular, possessive) the series’ components

(plural, possessive) the children’s clothes(plural, possessive) the screws’ heads

1.11.5 Contractions and omissions. In contractions, an apostrophe normally replaces

omitted letters. Merriam‐Webster lists many common contractions, along with

alternative spellings and any plurals. Since contractions generally denote a more

colloquial form of writing, its use in technical writing should be avoided.

1.12 Slashes

1.12.1 Terminology. The slash (/) is also known as the virgule, solidus, slant, or forward

slash. The backward slash (\) is also known as the backslash. Each type of slash has

its own distinct uses.

1.12.2 Signifying alternatives. A slash is most commonly used to denote alternative

choices, alternative spellings, and the like.

he/she and/or theater/theatre

1.12.3 Technical use. A slash is used to sometimes mean the word and .

A step within the removal/inspection/installation procedures …

1.12.4 With abbreviations. A slash may be used as shorthand for per , as in “120 km/sec”

or in lieu of a period for an abbreviation, as in “w/o” meaning “with out.”

1.12.5 With fractions. A slash can be used to mean “divided by” when a fraction bar is

inappropriate or impractical.

For more information on fractions within text, see section 3.1.6 on fractions, section

3.1.7 on text and case fractions, and section 3.1.8 on decimal fractions.




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1.12.6 With dates. Slashes are used informally in all‐numeral dates and to indicate date

combinations.

In the 2009/2010 school year… Taxes are due on 04/15.

NOTE: Remember that Canadians and Europeans put the day first in dd/mm/yy

format. Only Americans put the month first, using a mm/dd/yy format.

1.12.7 Computer and Internet Use. Single and double slashes are used in web addresses

and URLs. No space should precede or follow them. Both backslashes and slashes

are used in computer directory pathnames. The type of slash used is dependent on

the operating system being documented.

http://portal/Pages/Default.aspx (Internet and Intranet usage)C:\Documents and Settings\All Users (Windows, DOS, etc.)




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2. Capitalization

2.1 Titles

2.1.1 Capitalization overview. There are generally three ways in which a title can be

represented in special sections: uppercase, sentence case, and title case.

2.1.2 Uppercase. Titles expressed in uppercase would be written using all capital letters

(LIKE THIS). Because of the added difficulty of reading material written in “All Caps,”

it is probably the least‐used form and is reserved for items appearing on a title page,

a table of contents, an outline, or other special sections that tend to be

“referenced” rather than “read.”

2.1.3 Sentence case. In sentence‐style capitalization, only the first word of the title (and

any corresponding subtitle) is capitalized. If there are any proper names in the title,

then these words are also capitalized. All other words in the title would be written

using only lowercase letters.

2.1.4 Title case. Also known as initial capitals, “init caps,” and headline case, this style

uses a mixture of both upper‐ and lowercase letters in the title (Like This). Rather

than strict rules for capitalizing, this case uses more guidelines that are based as

much on aesthetics as they are on grammar.

These guidelines for capitalizing in title case appear in the following subsections.

2.1.5 Main words. Capitalize the first letter of the first word, last word, and all other

main words (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs) of titles, headings,

and subheadings.

2.1.6 Articles and conjunctions. Do not capitalize articles (a, an, the) or conjunctions

(and, but, or).

2.1.7 Prepositions. Do not capitalize short prepositions (in, of, to, etc.) unless they

appear as the first or last word of the title. Capitalize prepositions of four letters or

more (with, from, through, after, before, etc.) regardless of their placement within a

title.

Testing the Radiator and Cooling System for LeaksCleaning Procedures Before Disassembly




20 | P a g e

2.1.8 Hyphenated compounds. Capitalize the first letter of all words of a hyphenated

compound in titles, headings, and subheadings except for articles, conjunctions, and

short prepositions. Do not capitalize the first letter after a hyphen following a

prefix.

27-Inch Electric Wall Oven

Gas-on-Gas Downdraft De-energize the Electrical System

For more information on hyphens, refer to section 1.8.

2.2 Names

2.2.1 Proper names. Capitalize the first letter of proper names.

Allen wrench

Belleville washer

Phillips head screwTeflon washer

2.2.2 Names of measurement units. Do not capitalize the names of units of measure

derived from proper names.

hertz newton pascal

joule watt ohm

The abbreviations of these words ARE often capitalized (Hz, N, Pa, J, and W).

2.2.3 Computer and equipment names. Capitalize the text of the names exactly as they

appear on the video displays, pieces of equipment, labels, etchings, or other

markings.

For additional emphasis, use boldface type, when possible, to indicate the text name.

DO NOT use quotation marks to indicate these fields.

Incorrect: Click on “OK” to continue.

Incorrect: When testing ends, the message “Test Complete” displays.

Correct: Click on OK to continue.

Correct: When testing ends, the message Test Complete displays.

Correct: Move master light switch to BRT position.




21 | P a g e

3. Numbers and Units of Measure

3.1 Numbers

3.1.1 Numerals or words. Spell out numbers from zero to nine. Use numerals for

numbers 10 or greater.

four screws 15 washers six guidelines for sealant use

Use numerals for any number expressing time, measurement, or money. Time

includes such units as days, weeks, months, etc.

5 minutes 3 inches $27 7:02AM

3.1.2 Number beginning a sentence. NEVER begin a sentence with a numeral. Rewrite

the sentence if the spelled‐out version cannot be used.

Incorrect: Two-position switches are used on the circuit panel.

Incorrect: 2-position switches are used on the circuit panel.

Correct: The circuit panel uses two-position switches.

3.1.3 Consistency. Where many numbers occur within a paragraph, try to remain

consistent. Use either all numerals or all words within a sentence.

The cargo trailer has 18 cylinders, and the tanker trailer has 9 cylinders.

3.1.4 Punctuation of numbers. For U.S. publications, numerals of one thousand or more

use a comma to separate groups of three digits (starting from the decimal point and

moving left).

1,425 67,931 1,927,632

No commas are used in page numbers, addresses, and year numbers of four digits.

In some scientific and technical writing, commas are also often omitted from four‐

digit numbers.

The tools contained in the General Mechanic’s Automotive Tool Kit can be found on

page 3257 of the Maintenance Guide.

Our Oshkosh business facility is at 2211 Oregon Street in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.

Human artifacts dating from between 35,000 BP and 5000 BP have been identified.

The ASV can carry a payload of up to 3360 pounds.




22 | P a g e

3.1.5 Decimals. Insert a zero before the decimal point if the decimal value is less than

one. Retain the zero after the decimal point or at the end of the decimal number

only if the zero represents exact measurement.

Correct: 0.75 mm

Incorrect: .75 mm

3.50-inch tubing (if source data includes the zero)

3.5-inch tubing (if source data does not include the zero)

3.1.6 Fractions. Use numerals for quantities containing both whole numbers and

fractions. Also use numerals with units of measurement or symbols; it does not

matter whether the units are abbreviated or written out.

Incorrect: five-eighths-inch tubing

Correct: 5/8-inch tubing

Incorrect: Paper, eight ½ by 11 inches

Correct: Paper, 8½- x 11-in.

Use text to spell out and hyphenate fractions appearing by themselves. This is

especially true if they are followed by of + article (a, an, or the) + additional text.

one-half

two-thirds of the assembled parts

3.1.7 Text and case fractions. Most fractions are set in text with a slash to separate the

numerator and denominator. These are known as text (or built) fractions:

Text fractions: 1/2 2/3 1/10 97/100 π /2 11/5 a/b …..

More common fractions may be set as case fractions (text‐sized fractions that exist

as a single character).

Case fractions: ½ ¼ ⅓ ⅔ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ …..

In all cases where both the project and the text‐processing software allow, use case

fractions (also called piece, or split fractions) within the running text:

8½- by 11-inch paper

NOTE: DO NOT mix case fractions with text fractions. If the software cannot produce

case fractions for all occurrences in the document, then use all text fractions to maintain

consistency.

Incorrect: 8½-inches by 2-1/4 inches

Correct: 8½-inches by 2-¼ inches

Correct: 8-1/2 inches by 2-1/4 inches




23 | P a g e

3.1.8 Decimal fractions. If a quantity equals LESS than 1.00, a zero normally appears

before the decimal point. This is especially true if quantities GREATER than 1.00

appear in the same section of text.

An average of 0.75

A standard deviation of ± 0.85

The fraction ¼ can be represented by the decimal equivalent of 0.25.

If the quantity is always LESS than 1.00, as in firearm calibers, correlation

coefficients, batting averages, and the like, a zero is typically omitted before the

decimal point.

The turret has a .50-caliber machine gun mounted on it.Ty Cobb’s average was .367.

p > .05

3.1.9 Percentages. Always use numerals for percentages. In technical, scientific, and

statistical copy (and especially in charts and graphs), the symbol % is used. In more

humanistic copy (such as system descriptions or marketing materials), the word

percent is more appropriate.

Apply approximately 75 percent of the final torque value.

Maximum gradient climbable: 60 percent

A mixture of 50% Ethylene Glycol (EG) antifreeze to 50% water will provide freeze

protection to -34°F (-37°C).

Figure 1-112. Assembly Torque Values (N·m +10% -0).

Note that percent and percentage are not interchangeable (90 percent is a high

percentage). Also notice that there is no space between the numeral and the

symbol % (e.g., 75%).

3.1.10 Dates. Always use numerals for dates. Do not add suffixes, such as th, st, rd, etc.,

to dates (November 1, not November 1st).

1 September 2009 January 25, 2002

October 13 February 2007

The all‐numeral style of writing dates (02/15/2002, etc.) should NOT be used in

formal writing. American usage differs from many other countries and most military

applications. Depending on the usage, “03/01/91” may refer to either “March 1” or

“January 3”.

3.1.11 Publications. Always use numerals when referring to volumes, chapters, pages,

figures, tables, and other divisions of a manual or a book. Pages of the front matter

are usually in lowercase roman numerals while the rest of the book uses arabic

numerals.

See Figure 3 on page 28.

Refer to Section 2 of Chapter 14.The Table of Contents is on pages vii–xiv and the System Overview is on pages 1–42.




24 | P a g e

3.1.12 Military divisions. Spell out numbers of one hundred or less in ordinal form (text)

when designating military divisions. Numbers greater than one hundred are

expressed in cardinal form (numbers) with the appropriate suffixes.

Second Infantry Division

Seventy-Seventh Regiment

155th Ohio Volunteer Infantry4077th MASH

3.1.13 Numerical compounds. Use a space between the numerical quantity and the

descriptive second element when it is used as a noun. Use a hyphen in adjective

compounds between the numerical first element and the adjective second element.

(noun) 24 volts

(adjective) 12-volt system

(noun) The battery provides 12 volts for the electrical system.(adjective) The ASV has a 24-volt electrical system.

For more information on numerical compounds, see section 3.3 and the quick‐

reference chart in section 7.2.

3.1.14 Rounding. Round up if the digit is five or greater. Round down if the digit is less

than five.

For example, the nonrepeating decimal for the math constant pi ( π ) is written as a

rounded approximation. Depending on the degree of accuracy needed, you might

round 3.141592…

… down to the nearest hundred-thousandth… 3.14159

…up to the nearest ten-thousandth… 3.1416

…up to the nearest thousandth… 3.142

… down to the nearest hundredth… 3.14… down to the nearest tenth… 3.1

Rounded numbers are only approximations; exact answers cannot be obtained

using rounded numbers. Calculations using rounded numbers can only be as precise

as the least‐accurate number. To perform a calculation using some numbers with 5

decimal places and some with 2 decimal places only serves to confuse the accuracy

in the resulting answer.

When listing multiple rounded numbers, try to be consistent by having roughly the

same number of decimal places in each of the numbers.

Correct 2.54 1.61 3.28

Incorrect 1.609 2.5 3.141592

For more information on rounding and numerical conversions, see section 3.4.




25 | P a g e

3.1.15 Mathematical notations. Some software programs designed to present math

expressions have automatic spacing. If you are entering an expression manually,

use a space between common operations and numerals.

a + b = c

Use displayed expressions (i.e., equationsError! Bookmark not defined. shown

indented on a separate line) for lengthy equations or special equations deserving

emphasis. Do not punctuate displayed expressions that continue a sentence in the

text. For example, do not place a period after the equation in the example below:

Calculate output voltage needed to obtain a power level of 30 joules with the

following formula:

V = C J / 2

When it is necessary to group equations using mathematical fences, start with

parentheses and work from the inside (This is just the opposite of the practice used

in ordinary text). Use the following order with equations:

( { [ ( ) ] } )

Parentheses

Braces

Brackets

Parentheses

3.2 U.S. Customary System (English) and the International System of

Units

(metric)

3.2.1 Background. For the past 200 years or so, engineers and scientists have used two

major systems of units in measurements: the U.S. Customary System (based on the

British Imperial System) and the International System (which is commonly called the

metric system and is abbreviated as “SI”).

In technical writing, both systems are often used together to express measurements

because the composition and preferences of the end‐users are not always evident

or consistent. The following sections deal with how the differences between the

two systems should be handled.

3.2.2 Decimal sign or marker. In U.S. publications, use a period to indicate a decimal.

For numbers less than one, a zero is written before the decimal marker. In

international publications, a comma is used as the decimal marker for metric units.

125.5 mi U.S. publication

0.25 sec U.S. publication

125,5 km International publication

0,25 sec International publication




26 | P a g e

3.2.3 Grouping of metric digits. Since a comma is used as the decimal marker for metric

units, do not use the comma to separate digits into groups of three. Instead, digits

should be separated into groups of three, counting from the decimal marker

towards the left (and the right) by using a thin, fixed space.

This practice is generally NOT followed for numbers having only four digits on either

side of the decimal marker. The exception to this would be for uniformity within a

table.

English SI (metric)

4.33 4,33

76,483,522 76 483 52276,483,522.256 76 483 522,256

76,483,522.256,9 76 483 522,256 90.2569 0,256 9

3.2.4 Listing conversions. In U.S. publications, list the English unit of measure first,

followed by the metric unit in parentheses. Reverse the order in international

publications.

Torque screw to 29 lb-ft (39 N·m). U.S. publication

Torque screw to 39 N·m (29 lb-ft). International publication

Use software to simplify calculations and preserve consistency. Currently, O’Neil

makes available the program Convert It!™ Pro (v3.56). See a LAN support analyst

for help in getting this software installed on your PC.

For additional information on performing conversions, see section 3.4.

3.3 Numerical Compounds

3.3.1 Introduction. Use a hyphen in adjective compounds between the numerical first

element and the adjective. Numerical compounds are unit modifiers consisting of

the following elements:

Number Primary Hyphen

Unit of Measure

Secondary Hyphen (as required)

Numeric Direction (as required)

Space

Item Description

3.3.2 A simple numerical compound. A term describing a panel which is 12 inches in

length contains a number, the primary hyphen, the unit of measure, and an item

description. It would be written as:

12-inch panel




27 | P a g e

3.3.3 Adding a numeric direction. If there were a mixture of panels (say, in a parts list),

you might need to differentiate between items that were 12 inches wide from those

that were 12 inches long by adding a numeric direction. The item would now be

written as:

12-inch-long panel

3.3.4 Adding a decimal. Modifying the number by adding a decimal to the number would

not change the way the term is written. The item would be written as:

12.5-inch-long panel

3.3.5 Adding a fraction. However, adding a fraction to the number does change the way

the term is written because the number and the fraction are hyphenated and the

hyphen after a fraction is always omitted. However, the unit of measure and the

numeric direction still get a hyphen. The item would now be written as:

12-1/2 inch-long panel

3.3.6 Adding additional item descriptions. The addition of any other adjectives that do

not apply directly to the number do not change the way in which the term is

expressed. For example:

12-1/2 inch-long wooden panel

3.3.7 Additional examples. For more information on creating numerical compounds, see

the quick‐reference chart in section 7.2.

3.4 Numerical Conversions

3.4.1 Customer standards and specifications. Rules concerning numerical conversions

from one system of measurement to another may be governed by customer

standards or military specifications. There may also be customer‐supplied

conversion charts that are part of a legacy data document. In these instances,

follow the rules supplied by the customer.

3.4.2 Significant digits. In cases where there are no specific customer‐supplied rules,

conversions should follow a rule of reason: do not use more significant digits than

justified by the precision of the original data.

For example, 36 inches should be converted to 91 centimeters, not 91.44

centimeters (36 inches x 2.54 centimeters per inch = 91.44 centimeters), and 40.1

inches converts to 101.9 centimeters, not 101.854.

This rule of reason is especially applicable when referring to tools and—in most

cases—parts. However, this has more to do with practicality and availability rather

than mathematical accuracy.




28 | P a g e

For example, a 1/4‐inch socket would convert to a 6‐millimeter metric socket—not a

6.35‐millimeter socket. Likewise, replacing a 2‐inch piece of wire in an electrical

system would usually require a 5‐centimeter replacement in the metric world rather

than the more “precise” 5.08‐centimeter version.

3.4.3 Converting a range of numbers. Conversions involving a range of numbers (for

torque values, for instance) require that the converted values be within the range of

the original values, regardless of what rounding or significant digits would normally

signify.

Calculating the minimum value within a range requires the resulting converted value

to be at least as much as the original value. This means that if rounding is involved,

the converted value will always bne rounded up. Rounding down would make the

converted value less than the minimum value of the original range.

Calculating the maximum value within a range requires the resulting converted

value to be at most as much as the original value. This means that if rounding is

involved, the converted value will always be rounded down. Rounding up would

make the converted value more than the maximum value of the original range.

For example, converting pressures of 50 and 85 pounds per square inch into

kilopascals as simple values would give you the following results:

75 psi = 517.107 kPa (simple conversion) = 517 kPa (rounded down)


However, converting those same pressures of 50 and 85 pounds per square inch

into kilopascals as a range of values would give you different results:

75 psi = 517.107 kPa (simple conversion) = 518 kPa (rounded up)


In this example, the converted figure for the maximum value is the same in both

examples. This is because rounding down for the maximum value keeps the

converted value within the original range of pressures.




29 | P a g e

The minimum value, however, is different for the two examples. In the first case, a

single value is being expressed in two different systems of measurement. In this

instance, simple rounding and the use of significant digits is applied. The US

Standard value of 75 psi is converted to 517 kPa in the metric system.

In the second case, the converted value needs to be at least as much or more than

the original value. Rounding down in this instance would make the converted value

too small. (When a reverse conversion is performed, 517 kPa equals 74.984 psi,

which would be less than the original value of 75 psi.) Since this value needs to be

within the original range of pressures, the converted value is rounded up instead.

3.4.4 Converting specific temperature values. To make conversions of values between

the Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales, use the formulas listed below.

NOTE: Some conversion formulas list decimal conversion factors (0.555…. and 1.8 )

instead of the fractional conversion factors (5/9 and 9/5). The fractional conversion

factors give a more accurate conversion since you do not have to worry about

repeating decimals. (Fortunately, your calculator’s memory chip will handle that for

you.) Unless your project specifies otherwise, it is better to use the conversion

formulas that contain the fractional conversion factors.

Fahrenheit to Celsius Celsius to Fahrenheit

°C = (5/9) x (°F – 32) °F = ((9/5) x °C) + 32

Convert 32°F to Celsius Convert 100°C to Fahrenheit

°C = (5/9) x (32°F – 32) °F = ((9/5) x 100°C) + 32

°C = (5/9) x (0°F) °F = (180°C) + 32

°C = 0° °F = 212°

3.4.5 Converting temperature tolerances. Converting temperature tolerances can be

confusing in that it involves a conversion of a delta range (±5 °F) rather than a

specific temperature value (60 °F). Use the following formulas to convert

temperature tolerances.

Fahrenheit to Celsius Celsius to Fahrenheit

C = (5/9) x °F °F = (9/5) x °C

Convert ±3°F to Celsius Convert ±10°C to Fahrenheit

°C = (5/9) x 3°F °F = (9/5) x 10°C

°C = ± 1.66666…° °F = ± 18°




30 | P a g e

4. Word Style

4.1 Abbreviations and Acronyms

4.1.1 Common abbreviations. Consult a recent Webster’s dictionary or The Chicago

Manual of Style for a list of common abbreviations.

4.1.2 Periods in abbreviations. Eliminate periods in and after most

abbreviations/acronyms.

ANSI COEI ATA lb

UPA SGML rpm oz

The following are exceptions to the preceding rule:

Abbreviations that require periods by convention.

B.C. e.g. U.S.

Dr. Mrs. U.S.A.

Abbreviations that spell a normal word.

in. for inches rather than in

no. for number rather than no

Do not use spaces in abbreviations with periods.

Correct: A.D. (no space)

Incorrect: A. D. (with space)

Use a single period when an abbreviation ends a sentence.

The aluminum tubing should measure 4.75 in. (rather than in..)

4.1.3 Plural abbreviations. Use the same abbreviation for singular and plural units of

measurement.

10 lb and 1 lb

15 ft and 0.5 ft

4.1.4 Abbreviations and units of measure. Only abbreviate units of measurement if used

in conjunction with a number.

Length of tape is measured in inches.

Cut 1.5 in. of heat shrink tubing.




31 | P a g e

4.1.5 Latin abbreviations. Use periods in Latin abbreviations (e.g., etc., and i.e.) and

follow them with a comma.

e.g (for example) all types of hardware (e.g., screws, washers, and nuts)i.e . (that is) four score and seven years (i.e., eighty-seven years)

etc. (and others) Handle parts carefully during removal, cleaning, inspection,

installation, etc., to protect from damage or contamination.

4.1.6 Abbreviations and dates. Do not abbreviate months or days in normal text. Use

abbreviations in chronologies, notes, tables, and charts.

4.1.7 Symbol form of abbreviations. Avoid the symbol form of abbreviations except in

charts, graphs, illustrations, and other visual aids.

3 ft rather than 3’

0.75 in. rather than 0.75”

4.1.8 First usage of an acronym. Spell out an acronym the first time it is used and follow

it with the abbreviated version in parentheses. Use only the acronym thereafter in a

defined section or chapter.

Repair of the Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) may be performed only after

consulting the factory.

NOTE: If the manual has a list of acronyms and abbreviations, and their definitions,

at the front or back of the book, it is not necessary to include the spelled‐out

version in the text.

4.1.9 Acronym usage. Avoid using an acronym unless it is used more than once in the

text.

4.1.10 Articles and acronyms. To determine which article to use before an acronym,

consider the first sound, not the first letter, of the acronym according to how the

acronym is pronounced.

an NVM (en-vee-em) semiconductor an LED (el-ee-dee) display

a NASA (na-sa) astronaut a LAN (lan) connection

4.2 Contractions

4.2.1 Usage.

A

contraction

is

a

shortened

form

of

a

word

or

phrase

in

which

an

apostrophe substitutes for the omitted letter(s).

is not = isn’t do not = don’t he is = he’s

will not = won’t cannot = can’t it is = it’s

4.2.2 Tone. Contractions are normally used to convey an informal tone. Avoid using

them if possible.




32 | P a g e

4.2.3 Contractions and possessives. Do not confuse contractions with possessive

pronouns.

(contraction for “it is”) it’s

(possessive) its

4.3 Plurals

4.3.1 Plurals and acronyms. When letters and numbers are used as nouns, form their

plurals by adding s if this can be done without confusion.

CMMs NHAs

IPLs 1920s

NOTE: Add an apostrophe plus s only if making a possessive, or if adding s makes a

word.

i’s, A’s, p’s

4.3.2 Plurals and compound terms. Add s or es to the most significant word in

compound terms.

bill s of material motion picture s brother s-in-law

cup s ful court s-martial machine screw s

tablespoon s of sugar housewives rite s of passage

4.4 Possessives

4.4.1 Usage. Distinguish between true possessives and descriptive terms.

the lamp’s housing – possessive

the lamp housing – descriptive

NOTE: Both of these are correct, but the latter is preferred.

4.4.2 Joint possession. Use a single apostrophe plus s when joint possession is intended.

Correct: the cam and gearshaft’s weight

Incorrect: the cam’s and the gearshaft’s weights




33 | P a g e

4.5 Prefixes

4.5.1 Prefixes. Avoid using hyphens with most prefixes.

nonmetallic

antiseize

posttest preheat

The following exceptions retain the hyphen after prefixes:

a) The prefix precedes a capitalized word.

un-American

non-Christian

b) There are repeated vowels.

anti-ice

de-energized pre-engineered

co-owner

c) The prefix stands alone.

over- and underused

d) The word might be misleading or difficult to read.

re-mark (meaning “to mark something again”, NOT “to comment on”.)multi-ply (meaning “composed of several plies”, NOT “to increase in number”.)

NOTE: There may be exceptions to the exceptions (e.g., cooperate, no hyphen).

Consult a dictionary when unsure.

4.6 Symbols

4.6.1 Symbols and text. Use the spelled‐out version of signs and symbols in text unless

the nature of the text is such that readers would expect to see the symbols (e.g.,

dollar signs and percent symbols in financial/accounting documents).

15 percent (not 15%)

a + b = c (not a plus b equals c)

raise ramp 45 degrees (not 45° )

store at 45° F (not 45 degrees F)

NOTE: Use symbols in tables, charts, graphs, illustrations, and other visual aids.




34 | P a g e

4.6.2 Symbols in a series. Do not repeat a symbol in a series of numerical values.

-55 to 165° F (-48 to 74° C)

4.6.3 Symbols and spacing. DO NOT insert a space between the symbol and the

numerical value.

32° F rather than 32° F

50% rather than 50 %

±5 rather than ± 5




35 | P a g e

5. Sentence Style

5.1 Actions per Step

5.1.1 Usage. For ease of comprehension, use only one action per step.

Strip insulation from end of wire.

NOTE: There are rare exceptions for practicality.

5.2 Subject/Verb Agreement

5.2.1 Subjects with singular verbs. Subjects connected by either…or, neither…nor, and

not only…but also require a singular verb.

(Uses singular verb) Connector 1 or connector 2 is damaged.

5.2.2 Pronouns with singular verbs. When used as a subject or a modifier of a subject,

each, every, either, neither one, another, much, anybody, anyone, everybody,

everyone, somebody, someone, nobody, and no one require singular verbs.

(Uses singular verb) Every connector is damaged.

(Uses singular verb) Each of these connectors is damaged.

5.2.3 Collective nouns and singular verbs. Use a singular verb with data. Although data

is the plural form of datum, it is widely used as a collective noun much like the word

information.

(Uses singular verb) Make sure the data is correct.

5.2.4 Subjects with plural verbs. Subjects connected by and require a plural verb.

(Uses plural verb) Connector 1 and connector 2 are damaged.

5.2.5 Pronouns with plural verbs. When used as a subject or as a modifier of a subject,

both, few, several, many, and others require plural verbs.

(Uses plural verb) Both types of connectors are damaged.




36 | P a g e

5.3 Articles (a, an, the)

5.3.1 Nonprocedural text. Use articles in descriptive, operational, and theoretical text.

The indicator light consists of a housing assembly, a lamp housing assembly, a circuit

card assembly, and three lamps.

As the cam rotates, it will interrupt the motor circuit across switch S1 and slow the

motor.

5.3.2 Procedural text. Do not use articles in procedural steps unless necessary for clarity.

Install rear enclosure end plate (23) to enclosure (1) using lockwasher (20) and nut (21).

Remove nuts and bolts from compressor stator case horizontal flanges.

NOTE: Use caution when removing articles before words that could act as nouns or

verbs.

(Clear meaning) Remove the clamp and the cover.

(Unclear meaning) Remove clamp and cover.

5.3.3 Articles and acronyms. To determine which article to use before an acronym, see

section 4.1.10.

5.4 Person and Voice

5.4.1 Procedural steps. Use the second person for procedures. The you that is usually

required for text in the second person is implied.

(Actual) Remove damaged lens (45) from inner shell (40).

(Implied) You remove damaged lens (45) from inner shell (40).

5.4.2 Active Voice. In cases when the doer of an action is known, use the active voice.

The circuitry limits startup surge in the power supply.

…rather than…

Startup surge is limited by the circuitry in the power supply.

In this example, we know the doer—the circuitry—so the doer becomes the subject

of the sentence.




37 | P a g e

5.4.3 Passive Voice. In cases when the doer of an action is not known or is insignificant,

the passive voice is used.

The map light is designed to provide illumination in a small area to reduce distracting stray light.

In this example, we do not know the doer—the map light designer—nor is the doer significant.

5.5 Readability

5.5.1 Sentence length. Use clear and concise language to promote better understanding

of the text. There are a number of calculators and formulas that you can use that

will compute a readability index for you. However, a very crude and rough measure

of readability can be achieved by trying to keep most of your sentences between 14

and 22 words in length.

If your average sentence consistently contains more than 22 words, it is likely that

your writing is not clear, or there may be too much detail or content, or you are

trying to perform more than one action within a single step. This makes the writing

appear to be overly complex and may confuse the reader.

If you consistently use less than 14 words per sentence, your writing may still be

difficult to read. Instructions and descriptions may appear choppy and disjointed,

and your ideas may appear broken and discontinuous.

5.6 Syntax

5.6.1 Sentence syntax. Keep the syntax of the sentence as simple as possible to avoid

confusion. Keep subjects close to verbs. Keep modifiers close to the words they

modify. Use conjunctions and transitions to show progress, sequence, connection,

and contrast.




38 | P a g e

6. Document Style

6.1 Lists

6.1.1 Use of lists. Lists are useful because they emphasize certain information in regular

text and can help clarify meaning. Use lists to:

• help readers understand, remember, and review key points;

• help readers follow a sequence of actions or events; and

• break up long stretches of straight text

6.1.2 Numbered lists and bulleted lists. Use numbers or letters to indicate importance of

order in lists. Use bullets to indicate items of equal importance (bulleted items

should not be referenced by number or letter in text).

6.1.3 Lists and colons. Use a colon to introduce a list preceded by a phrase like as follows

or the following.

6.1.4 Lists and punctuation. Do not use periods in lists unless all items form a complete

sentence.

Refer to the Testing and Adjusting manual for the following procedures:1. Determine the length of the connecting rod.

2. Determine the distortion of a connecting rod.

3. Replace the piston pin bearing.

Check the following components for correct operation or damage:

•

Coolant system• Fuel injection pump

• Wastegate

NOTE: Be consistent. If one item has a period, all items must have a period.

6.1.5 Lists and capitalization. Capitalize the first word of each item of a vertical list (set

apart from the paragraph). See example above. Do not capitalize the first word of

each item of a list in a sentence unless each item is a complete sentence or the item

begins with a proper noun.

Check for correct operation or damage in: (1) the coolant system, (2) the fuel

injection system, and (3) the wastegate.




39 | P a g e

6.2 Simplified English

6.2.1 Usage. Simplified English is a controlled general vocabulary and a set of writing

rules developed by the aerospace industry and its customers to help foreign users of

English language documentation understand what they read.

Simplified, not simple. However, do not be misled by the term into thinking that

“simplified English” is the same thing as “simple English.” Many times a very simple

and natural sentence, such as “Turn on the faucet.” must be rewritten to conform to

the requirements of Simplified English as “Turn the faucet handle clockwise to start

the flow of water.”

The vocabulary has sufficient words to express any technical sentence. The words

are chosen for simplicity and ease of recognition to create clear, unambiguous

writing. Many of its rules come from technical writing textbooks: use active voice,

use articles wherever possible, use simple verb tenses, use language consistently,

avoid lengthy compound words, and use short sentences.

Current copies. The most current electronic copy of the ASD Simplified English

manual is named “The current electronic version of the manual is named:

“ASD Simplified Technical English 100 Issue 4 Jan 2007.pdf”

…and is located in the following directory on the L drive:

L:\Projects\QA\Style Guides and Editing Charts\Simplified English

A paper copy of the document is also located in the Binder section of the QC/QA

Reference Library located in the hallway near Quality Assurance.




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7. Appendices: Quick Reference Charts

7.1 Common Proofreading Marks




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7.2 Numerical Compounds Chart

NOTE: This use of hyphens only applies to numerical compounds that are being

used as an adjective. When numerical compounds are used as a dimension,

hyphens are not used in the sentence.

Numerical compound as an adjective: Install the 12-inch-wide panel.

Numerical compound as a dimension: Install the panel that is 12 inches wide.

For more information on numerical compounds, see section 3.3.




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7.3 Commonly Misspelled Words Chart

absence describe immediately paid rhythm

abundance desperate incidentally parallel ridiculous

accessible develop independent particularly sacrifice

accidentally difference inoculate peculiar safety

accommodate dilemma intelligent perceive satellite

achieve disappear interesting perform scissors

acquire disappoint interfere permanent secede

acronym discipline interpretation persevere secretary

across discrepancy interruption personally seize

adapter does invitation persuade separate

address during irrelevant picture sergeant

advertise easily irritable piece shining

advice efficiency island planning similar

algorithm eight jealous pleasant sincerely

among either judgment political soldier

apparent embarrass keyboard possess speech

argument environment knowledge possible stoppingathlete equipped laboratory practical strength

awful equivalent length precede strenuous

balance exaggerate lesson prefer studying

basically excellent library preference succeed

becoming except license prejudice successful

before exercise loneliness presence sufficient

beginning existence losing prevalent surely

believe expect lying privilege surprise

benefit experience maneuver probably susceptible

breathe experiment marriage proceed technique

brilliant explanation mathematics professional temperature

business familiar medicine promise temporary

calendar fascinating millennium proof through

camouflage finally miniature psychology tourniquet

careful fluorescent minute quantity toward

category foreign mysterious quarantine tries

ceiling forfeit naturally quarter truly

cemetery forty necessary quiet twelfth

certain forward necessity quit unanimous

chief friend neighbor quite unnecessary

citizen fundamental neither realize until

coming generally noticeable recede unusual

comparative government occasion receive using

competition grammar occasionally recognize usually

conscientious guarantee occurred recommend vacuum

continuous guerrilla occurrence reference village

convenience guidance official relieving weird

convenience happiness often religious welcome

criticize heroes omission renege wherever

decide humorous operate repetition whether

deferred identity optimism resemblance wholly

definite imaginary original reservoir writing

deposit imitation ought restaurant yield




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7.4 Commonly Confused Words and Expressions

The following words and expressions are frequently confused with each other.

Accept, except. Accept is a verb that means “to receive.” Except is used mostly as a prepositionmeaning “excluding.”

Affect, effect. Affect is always a verb and means “to influence.” Effect is most often used as a nounand means “result.” A lot, a lot of. These expressions are overused and are too informal in most contexts. Try usingoften or frequently for a lot and using many, a great deal, or much for a lot of. There is no such wordas alot. Among, between. Between is the only choice when two persons or objects are involved. It is alsoproper to use between when more than two are involved if you want to express relations taken onepair at a time (Exchanges between the five colleges were not uncommon). Use among when three ormore entities are considered collectively and no close relationship is implied (Funds are dividedamong the eight divisions). Assure, ensure, insure. All three of these verbs mean to make secure or certain. Ensure andinsure are interchangeable, except that insure is generally used in the sense of guaranteeing life orproperty against risk. Assure is the only one of the three that has the sense of setting a person’smind at rest. Cite, sight, site. The verb cite means to mention or quote as an authority or example. The nounsight refers to something that is seen or the power or process of seeing. The noun site means a

particular place.Compose, comprise. Comprise expresses the relation of the larger to the smaller, not the otherway around (think of comprise as meaning to embrace or take in). The whole comprises the parts;the whole is composed of its parts. The parts compose the whole and are comprised in it. Do not usecomprised of; use instead compose, constitute, or make up. (Include is not a synonym for comprise,but comprise has the sense of inclusion.)Farther, further. Farther is best used to indicate distance, further to indicate degree. (He ranfarther than she did. We discussed the issue further.) Fewer, less. Less refers to quantity (less course work); fewer refers to number (fewer courses).Flammable, inflammable. Both words mean easily ignitable and are interchangeable in their literalsense. Use nonflammable or noncombustible to describe something that does not burn.Its, it’s. Its is a possessive pronoun parallel to his, hers, yours, theirs. It’s is a contraction of it is orit has, not a possessive.Lay, lie. Lay means to put, place, or prepare. Lie means to recline or be situated. In sensesinvolving what people do with their bodies, use the forms lie (present), lay (past), lain (pastparticiple), lying (present participle). For what people do with objects, use lay (present), laid (past),

laid (past participle), laying (present participle).Maybe, may be. Maybe is an adverb meaning perhaps. May be is a verb phrase showing possibility.Set, sit. The transitive verb "set" means to put or to place; it takes a direct object, and its principalforms are "set," "set," and "set." The intransitive verb "sit" means to be seated; it does not take adirect object, and its principal forms are "sit," "sat," and "sat." Should, would. Use "should" to express an obligation. Use "would" to express a customary action.Sometime, some time, sometimes. "Sometime" means at an indefinite or unstated time in thefuture. "Some time" means a period of time. "Sometimes" means occasionally, now and then.Than, then. Use "than" to make a comparison. Use "then" when referring to time.Their, there, they're. "Their" is the possessive form of "they." "There" is an adverb (meaning atthat place) and a pronoun used to start a sentence. "They're" is a contraction of "they are."Were, we're, where. "Were" is a past form of the verb "to be." "We're" is a contraction of "we are.""Where" refers to a place.Which, who. The pronoun "which" refers to things; "who" refers to people.Who, whom. Use "who" when a sentence requires a subject pronoun (equivalent to "he" or "she").In formal English, use "whom" when a sentence requires an object pronoun (equivalent to "him" or"her").Whose, who's. “Whose" is the possessive form of "who." "Who's" is the contraction of "who is."Your, you're. "Your" is the possessive form of "you." "You're" is the contraction of "you are."




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7.5 O’Neil Abbreviations and Acronyms

This list includes abbreviations and acronyms from lists compiled by the U.S. Government,

the military, and the O’Neil Quality Assurance Group. Most of the terms are relatively

recent and appropriate for use within the manuals produced here at O’Neil & Associates.

°C ‐‐ degrees Celsius (formerly Centigrade)

°F ‐‐ Degrees Fahrenheit

A ‐‐ Ampere (See also AMP)

A/C ‐‐ Air Conditioning

AA&E ‐‐ Arms, Ammunition and Explosives

AAC ‐‐ Acquisition Advice Code

AAL ‐‐ Additional Authorization List

AC ‐‐ Alternating Current

ACN ‐‐ Administrative Change Notice

ACO ‐‐ Administrative Contracting Officer

ADI ‐‐ Australian Defense Incorporated

ADP ‐‐ Automatic Data Processing

ADPEC ‐‐ Automatic Data Processing

Equipment Code

AFLC ‐‐ Air Force Logistics Command

AFSC ‐‐ Air Force Specialty Code

AFTOMS ‐‐ Air Force Technical Order

Management System

AIC ‐‐ Allowance Item Code

ALC ‐‐ Additional Logistics

ALCNC ‐‐ Alternate LSA Control Number

Code

ALIN ‐‐ Attachment Line Item Number

ALW ‐‐ Allowance

AMC ‐‐ Army Materiel Command

AMCOM ‐‐ Aviation and Missile Command

AMDF ‐‐ Army Master Data File

AMP ‐‐ Amperes (See also A)

AMSA ‐‐ Area Maintenance Support Activity

ANPT ‐‐ Aeronautical Pipe Taper

ANSI ‐‐ American National Standards

Institute

AOA ‐‐ Angle of Attack

AOAP ‐‐ Army Oil Analysis Program

AOR ‐‐ Annual Operating Requirements

AQL ‐‐ Acceptable Quality Level

AR ‐‐ Army Regulations or As required

ARN ‐‐ Additional Reference Number

ARO ‐‐ After Receipt of Order

ASCII ‐‐ American Standard Code for

Information Interchange

ASD ‐‐ Aeronautical Systems Division

ASIOE ‐‐ Associated Support Item of

Equipment

ASL ‐‐ Authorized Stock List ASP ‐‐ Application Service Provider

ASRL ‐‐ Army SGML Registry and Library

ASTM ‐‐ American Society for Testing

Materials

ATE ‐‐ Automatic Test Equipment

ATI ‐‐ Automated Technical Information

ATOS ‐‐ Automated Technical Order System

ATPD ‐‐ Army Tank Purchase Description

AVFUEL ‐‐ Aviation Fuel

AVIM ‐‐ Aviation Intermediate Maintenance

AVUM ‐‐ Aviation Unit Maintenance

BBP ‐‐ Break Bulk Point

BCU ‐‐ Battery Coolant Unit

BDAR ‐‐ Battle Damage Assessment and

Repair

BII ‐‐ Basic Issue Item

BIT ‐‐ Built ‐‐ in Test

BITE ‐‐ Built ‐‐ in Test Equipment

BMO ‐‐ Battalion Maintenance Officer

BO ‐‐ Blackout

BOI ‐‐ Basis of Issue

BOM ‐‐ Bill of Material

BRT ‐‐ Bright

CAD ‐‐ Computer Aided Design

CAGE ‐‐ Commercial and Government Entity

CAGEC ‐‐ Commercial and Government

Entity Code

CALS ‐‐ Computer Aided Acquisition and

Logistics Support

CAM ‐‐ Computer Aided Manufacturing

CARC ‐‐ Chemical Agent Resistant Coating

CAS ‐‐ Caution Advisory

CB ‐‐ Circuit Breaker

CBIL ‐‐ Common and Bulk Item List

CBR ‐‐ Chemical, Biological, Radiological

CBT ‐‐ Common Bridge Transporter or

Computer Based Training

CCA ‐‐ Circuit Card Assembly or Cold

Cranking Amps

CCSS ‐‐ Commodity Command Standard

System

CD ‐‐ Compact Disc

CDA ‐‐ Control Display Assembly

CDR ‐‐ Critical Design Review

CDRL ‐‐ Contract Data Requirements List

CD ‐‐ ROM ‐‐ Compact Disc ‐‐ Read Only

Memory

CEI ‐‐ Components of End Item

CERL ‐‐ Construction Engineering and

Research Laboratory

CES ‐‐ Common Equipment Storage

CFAE ‐‐ Contractor Furnished Airborne

Equipment

CFE ‐‐ Contractor Furnished Equipment

CFI ‐‐ Card Format Identifier cfm ‐‐ Cubic Feet per Minute

CGM ‐‐ Computer Graphics Metafile

CHU ‐‐ Container Handling Unit

CID ‐‐ Cubic Inch Displacement

CIIC ‐‐ Controlled Inventory Item Code

CKT ‐‐ Circuit

CLIN ‐‐ Contract Line Item Number

CLOS ‐‐ Common List Object System

cm ‐‐ Centimeter

CMD ‐‐ Catalog Management Data




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CMM ‐‐ Component Maintenance Manual

COEI ‐‐ Components of End Item

COMSEC ‐‐ Communications Security

CONUS ‐‐ Continental United States

COPAD ‐‐ Contractor Operated Parts Depot

COTPI ‐‐ Change Other Than Product

Improvement

COTR ‐‐ Contracting Officer's Technical

Representative

CP ‐‐ Cannibalization Point

CPC ‐‐ Current Production Code or

Corrosion Prevention and Control

CPI ‐‐ Characters Per Inch

CROP ‐‐ Container Roll ‐‐ in/Out Platform

CSC ‐‐ Card Sequence Code

CSI ‐‐ Critical Safety Item

CST ‐‐ Close Support Tanker

CTA ‐‐ Common Table of Allowance

CTIC ‐‐ Contractor Technical Information

Code

CTIS ‐‐ Central Tire Inflation System

CTRL ‐‐ Control

CZ ‐‐ Command Zone

DA ‐‐ Department of the Army

DAC ‐‐ Days after Contract (Award) or

Document Availability Code

DACM ‐‐ Days after Contract Modification

DAMPL ‐‐ Department of the Army Master

Parts List

DAR ‐‐ Defense Acquisition Regulation

DARCOM ‐‐ Defense Acquisition Regulation

Command

DAS ‐‐ Data Acquisition System

DC ‐‐ Direct Current

DCACAS ‐‐ Data Collection Analysis and

Corrective Action System

DCAS ‐‐ Defense Contract Administration

Service

DCN ‐‐ Design Change Notice

DCNUOC ‐‐ Design Change Notice Usability

on Code

DDN ‐‐ Defense Data Network

DED ‐‐ Data Element Description

DEP ‐‐ Draft Equipment Publication

DESCOM ‐‐ Depot System Command (US

Army)

DFARS ‐‐ Defense Federal Acquisition

Regulation Supplement

DI ‐‐ Data Item

dia ‐‐ diameter

DIC ‐‐ Direct Image Copy or Document

Identifier Code

DID ‐‐ Data Item Description

DIIP ‐‐ Defense Inactive Item Program

DIM ‐‐ Direct Image Master

DLA ‐‐ Defense Logistics Agency

DLIS ‐‐ Defense Logistics Information

Services

DLSC ‐‐ Defense Logistics Service Center

DMIL ‐‐ Demilitarization

DMM ‐‐ Digital Multimeter

DMRL ‐‐ Data Module Requirements List

DMWR ‐‐ Depot Maintenance Work

Requirement

DOD ‐‐ Department of Defense

DODAAC ‐‐ Department of Defense Activity

Address Code

DODAC ‐‐ Department of Defense

Ammunition Code

DODISS ‐‐ Department of Defense Index of

Specifications and Standards

DRP ‐‐ Designated Rework Point

DS ‐‐ Direct Support

DS/GS ‐‐ Direct Support/General Support

DTD ‐‐ Document Type Definition

DX ‐‐ Direct Exchange

EC ‐‐ Essentiality Code

ECM ‐‐ Electronic Countermeasures

ECN ‐‐ Engineering Change Notice

ECO ‐‐ Engineering Change Order

ECP ‐‐ Engineering Change Proposal

ECU ‐‐ Environmental Control Unit

EDFP ‐‐ Engineering Data for Provisioning

EDIF ‐‐ Electronic Design Interchange

Format

EDS ‐‐ Electronic Display System

EDSML ‐‐ Expendable/Durable Support and

Material List

EG ‐‐ Exciter Generator

EGS ‐‐ Electronic Gear Shift

EI ‐‐ End Item

EIAC ‐‐ End Item Acronym Code

EIC ‐‐ End Item Code

EIR ‐‐ Equipment Improvement

Recommendations

EIR MD ‐‐ Equipment Improvement Report

and Maintenance Digest

EIR MS ‐‐ Equipment Improvement Report

and Maintenance Summary

ELIN ‐‐ Exhibit Line Item Number

EMD ‐‐ Engineering Manufacturing

Design/Development

EMI ‐‐ Electromagnetic Interference

EMP ‐‐ Electromagnetic Pulse

EMS ‐‐ Electronic Maintenance System

EO ‐‐ Engineering Order

ERRC ‐‐ Expendability, Recoverability,

Repairability Category

ESD ‐‐ Electrostatic Discharge

ESDS ‐‐ Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive

ESOP ‐‐ Employee Stock Ownership Plan

ETM ‐‐ Electronic Technical Manual

F ‐‐ Fahrenheit

FAA ‐‐ Federal Aviation Administration

FADEC ‐‐ Full Authority Digital Electronic

Controls

FAI ‐‐ First Article Inspection

FAR ‐‐ Federal Acquisition

Regulation/Requirement or Failure Analysis

Report

FAT ‐‐ First Article Test

FBA ‐‐ FET Bridge Assembly

FDEP ‐‐ Final Draft Equipment Publication

FEL ‐‐ Front End Loader

FET ‐‐ Field Effect Transistor

FGC ‐‐ Functional Group Code

FHTV ‐‐ Family of Heavy Tactical Vehicles

FIIG ‐‐ Federal Item Identification Guide

FIPS ‐‐ Federal Information Processing

Standard

fl oz ‐‐ Fluid Ounce




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FLA ‐‐ Front Lift Adapter

FLIS ‐‐ Federal Logistics Information System

FMECA ‐‐ Failure Mode, Effect and

Criticality Analysis

FMS ‐‐ Foreign Military Sales

FOD ‐‐ Foreign Object Damage

FOPS ‐‐ Falling Object Protective Structure

FOSI ‐‐ Formatting Output Specification

Instance

FPVI ‐‐ First Production Vehicle Inspection

FR ‐‐ Flatrack

FRACAS ‐‐ Failure Reporting Analysis and

Corrective Action System

FRC ‐‐ Final Reproducible Copy

FRET ‐‐ Fielding Requirements Data Base

FRS ‐‐ Forward Repair System

FSC ‐‐ Federal Supply Class

FSCAP ‐‐ Flight Safety Critical Aircraft Parts

FSCM ‐‐ Federal Supply Code for

Manufacturers

ft ‐‐ Foot

FTTS ‐‐ Future Tactical Truck System

FUE ‐‐ First Unit Equipped

FWSOV ‐‐ Firewall Shutoff Valve

FY ‐‐ Fiscal Year

FYI ‐‐ For Your Information

gal ‐‐ gallon

GAPL ‐‐ Group Assembly Parts List

GC ‐‐ Gaining Command

GCA ‐‐ Graphic Communication Association

GCU ‐‐ Generator Converter Unit

GCWR ‐‐ Gross Combination Weight Rating

GFE ‐‐ Government Furnished Equipment

GFM ‐‐ Government Furnished Material

GFP ‐‐ Government Furnished Property

GIDEP ‐‐ Government/Industry Data

Exchange Program

GIF ‐‐ Graphics Interchange Format

GL ‐‐ Grade Level

GPFU ‐‐ Gas Particulate Filter Unit

gpm ‐‐ Gallons per Minute

GPS ‐‐ Global Positioning System

GRAPH ‐‐ Graphical Repair/Discard Analysis

Procedures Handbook

GRD ‐‐ Ground

GS ‐‐ General Support

GSA ‐‐ General Services Administration

GSE ‐‐ Ground Support Equipment

GUI ‐‐ Graphical User Interface

GVW ‐‐ Gross Vehicle Weight

GVWR ‐‐ Gross Vehicle Weight Rating

HC ‐‐ Heater Cathode

HCI ‐‐ Hardness Critical Item

HCP ‐‐ Hardness Critical Process

HDI ‐‐ High Definition Information

HEMTT ‐‐ Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical

Truck

HETS ‐‐ Heavy Equipment Transporter

System

HFE ‐‐ Human Factors Engineering

HFEA ‐‐ Human Factors Engineering

Assessment

HHAR ‐‐ Health Hazard Assessment Report

HIMARS ‐‐ High Mobility Artillery Rocket

System

hp ‐‐ Horsepower

HPA ‐‐ High Power Amplifier

HQ ‐‐ Headquarters

HR ‐‐ Hand Receipt

HTML ‐‐ Hypertext Markup Language

HVPS ‐‐ High Voltage Power Supply

HVTA ‐‐ High Voltage Tank Assembly

Hz ‐‐ Hertz

I & S ‐‐ Interchangeability and

Substitutability

I&KP ‐‐ Instructor and Key Personnel

I/O ‐‐ Input/Output

IAW ‐‐ In Accordance With

IC ‐‐ Interchangeability Code

ICC ‐‐ Item Category Code

ID ‐‐ Inside Diameter or Identification

IEC ‐‐ International Electromechanical

Commission

IETM ‐‐ Interactive Electronic Technical

Manual

IFB ‐‐ Invitation for Bid

IGES ‐‐ Initial Graphics Exchange

Specification

IHMEE ‐‐ Interim High Mobility Engineering

Excavator

IL ‐‐ Indenture Level

ILDR ‐‐ Item Logistics Data Record

ILS ‐‐ Integrated Logistics Support

ILSP ‐‐ Integrated Logistics Support Plan

in. ‐‐ Inch

IND CD ‐‐ Indenture Code

IOT&E ‐‐ Initial Operational Test and

Evaluation

IPB ‐‐ Illustrated Parts Breakdown

IPL ‐‐ Illustrated Parts List

IPR ‐‐ In ‐‐ process Review

IPT ‐‐ Initial Production Test

IRCC ‐‐ Integrated Logistics Support

Requirements Category Code

ISC ‐‐ Information Systems Group

ISIL ‐‐ Interim Support Items List

ISO ‐‐ International Organization for

Standardization

ISP ‐‐ Integrated Support Plan

ITAR ‐‐ International Trade in Arms

Regulations

ITML ‐‐ Information Technology Markup

Language

JCP ‐‐ Joint Certification Program

JPEG ‐‐ Joint Photographic Experts Group

JTA ‐‐ Joint Table of Allowances

JTCI ‐‐ Joint Technical Committee for

Information Technology

kg ‐‐ Kilogram

kHz ‐‐ kilohertz

kmh ‐‐ Kilometers per Hour

kPa ‐‐ Kilopascal

kW ‐‐ Kilowatt

L ‐‐ Liter

L/mi ‐‐ Liters per Minute

LAN ‐‐ Local Area Network

lb ‐‐ Pound

lbf ‐‐ Pound Force

lbf/ft ‐‐ Pound Force per Foot

lbf/in ‐‐ Pound Force per Inch

lb ‐‐ ft ‐‐ Pound Foot

lb ‐‐ in ‐‐ Pound ‐‐ Inch




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LCA ‐‐ Logistics Control Activity

LCC ‐‐ Life Cycle Cost

LCN ‐‐ Logistics Control Number

LED ‐‐ Light Emitting Diode

LEP ‐‐ List of Effective Pages

LHS ‐‐ Load Handling System

LIF ‐‐ Logistics Intelligence File

LIN ‐‐ Line Item Number

LISP ‐‐ List Processing Programming Model

LLC ‐‐ Limited Liability Company

LLR ‐‐ Long Life Reusable

LLTIL ‐‐ Long Lead Time Items List

LMI ‐‐ Logistics Management Information

LOAP ‐‐ List of Applicable Publications

LOEP ‐‐ List of Effective Pages

LOGSA ‐‐ Logistics Support Activity

LORA ‐‐ Level of Repair Analysis

LP ‐‐ Liquid Petroleum

LPG ‐‐ Liquefied Petroleum Gas

LRNC ‐‐ Long Reference Number Code

LRU ‐‐ Line Replacement Unit

LSA ‐‐ Logistics Support Analysis

LSAR ‐‐ Logistics Support Analysis Record

m ‐‐ Meter

M3/MIN ‐‐ Cubic Meters per Minute

MA ‐‐ Manprint Assessment

mA ‐‐ milliamp

MAC ‐‐ Maintenance Allocation Chart or

Maintenance Action Code

MANPRINT ‐‐ Manpower Personnel

Integration

MAOT ‐‐ Maximum Allowable Operation

Time

MAP ‐‐ Military Assistance Program

MCFA ‐‐ Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklift

America

MEL ‐‐ Maintenance Expenditure Limit

MFD ‐‐ Multifunction Display

mi ‐‐ Mile

MIPR ‐‐ Military Interdepartmental

Purchase Request

MIS ‐‐ Management Information System

ml ‐‐ Milliliter

MLC ‐‐ Military Load Classification

mm ‐‐ Millimeter

MOC ‐‐ Maintenance Operational Checks

MOE ‐‐ Mission Organizational Entity

MOP ‐‐ MetaObject Protocol

MOS ‐‐ Military Occupational Specialty

MPA ‐‐ MegaPascal

MPC ‐‐ Mission Phase Code

mph ‐‐ Miles Per Hour

MPT ‐‐ Manpower, Personnel and Training

MRB ‐‐ Maintenance Review Board

MRL ‐‐ Materiel Requirements List

MRP ‐‐ Mandatory Replacement Part or

Missile Round Pallet

MRR ‐‐ Maintenance Replacement Rate

MRSA ‐‐ Material Readiness Support

Activity

MRU ‐‐ Minimum Replacement Unit

MSO ‐‐ Marketing Services Organization

MSP ‐‐ Maintenance Support Plan

MST ‐‐ Maintenance Support Team

MTBCM ‐‐ Mean Time Between Corrective

Maintenance

MTBF ‐‐ Mean Time Between (or Before)

Failures

MTD ‐‐ Maintenance Task Distribution

MTF ‐‐ Maintenance Test Flight

MTMC ‐‐ Military Traffic Management

Command or Military Transportation

Movement Command

MTOE ‐‐ Modified Table of Organization and

Equipment

MTTR ‐‐ Mean Time to Repair

MTVR ‐‐ Medium Tactical Vehicle

Replacement

MUX ‐‐ Multiplex

MWO ‐‐ Modification Work Order

N ‐‐ Neuton

N•m ‐‐ Newton Meters

NATO ‐‐ North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NBC ‐‐ Nuclear, Biological, Chemical

NBS ‐‐ National Bureau of Standards

NC ‐‐ Numerical Control

NCB ‐‐ National Codification Bureau

NDTI ‐‐ Nondestructive Testing Inspection

NG ‐‐ Next Generation

NHA ‐‐ Next Higher Assembly

NIIN ‐‐ National Item Identification Number

NPSM ‐‐ National Pipe Straight Mechanical

NPT ‐‐ National Pipe Taper

NPTFF ‐‐ National Pipe Taper Female Fixed

NRTS ‐‐ Not Repairable This Station

NRZI ‐‐ Non Return to Zero Inverted

NSN ‐‐ National Stock Number

NSP ‐‐ Not Separately Priced

NSS ‐‐ Not Serviced Separately

OD ‐‐ Outside Diameter

ODA/ODIF ‐‐ Office Document

Architecture/Interchange Format

ODS ‐‐ Ozone Depleting Substance

OGL ‐‐ Overall Grade Level

OIP ‐‐ Overhaul Inspection Procedure

ORFS ‐‐ O ‐‐ ring Face Seal

ORR ‐‐ Overhaul Replacement Rate

OS ‐‐ Output Specification

OSHA ‐‐ Occupational Safety and Health Act

OTC ‐‐ Oshkosh Truck Corporation

OTS ‐‐ Off the Shelf

oz ‐‐ Ounce

P/N ‐‐ Part Number

PA ‐‐ Provisioning Activity

PAO ‐‐ Polyalphaolefin

PCAM ‐‐ Punch Card Accounting Machine

PCB ‐‐ Printed Circuit Board

PCCN ‐‐ Provisioning Contract Control

Number

PCL ‐‐ Post Conference List

PCM ‐‐ Punch Cards, Mechanized

PCN ‐‐ Parts Change Notice

PDES ‐‐ Product Data Exchange

Specification

PDF ‐‐ Portable Document File

PDL ‐‐ Page Description Language

PE ‐‐ Phase Encoded

PHSMS ‐‐ Pan Head Sheet Metal Screw

PI ‐‐ Parts Information

PII ‐‐ Procurement Instrument Identifier

PIO ‐‐ Provisioned Item Order

PL ‐‐ Parts List or Provisioning List




49 | P a g e

PLC ‐‐ Public Limited Company

PLCC ‐‐ Provisioning List Category Code

PLISN ‐‐ Provisioning List Item Sequence

Number

PLL/ASL ‐‐ Prescribed Load List/Authorized

Stockage List

PLS ‐‐ Palletized Loading System

PLT ‐‐ Production Lead Time

PM ‐‐ Preventive Maintenance

PMA ‐‐ Portable Maintenance Aid

PMAC ‐‐ Preliminary Maintenance

Allocation Chart

PMC ‐‐ Preventive Maintenance Checklist

PMCS ‐‐ Preventive Maintenance Checks

and Services

PMCS ‐‐ Preventive Maintenance Checks

and Services

PMG ‐‐ Permanent Magnet Generator

PMI ‐‐ Phased Maintenance Inspection

PMIC ‐‐ Precious Metal Indicator Code

PMR ‐‐ Parts Master Record or Provisioning

Master Record

PMS ‐‐ Preventive Maintenance Services

POV ‐‐ Privately Owned Vehicle

PPC ‐‐ Power Plant Change

PPHDSMS ‐‐ Pan Head Phillips Drive

Standard Sheet Metal Screw

PPHSMS ‐‐ Pan Head Phillips Drive Sheet

Metal Screw

PPIO ‐‐ Priced Provisioned Item Order

PPL ‐‐ Provisioning Parts List

PPLI ‐‐ Provisioning Parts List Index

PPS ‐‐ Provisioning Performance Schedule

PPSL ‐‐ Program Parts Selection List

PPU ‐‐ Prime Power Unit

PQT ‐‐ Production Quality Test

PR ‐‐ Purchase Request

PRS ‐‐ Provisioning Requirements

Statement

PS/PC ‐‐ Physical Security/Pilferage Code

PSA ‐‐ Preshop Analysis

psi ‐‐ Pound ‐‐ force per Square Inch

psia ‐‐ Pounds per Square Inch Absolute

PSIC ‐‐ Provisioning System Identifier Code

psig ‐‐ Pounds per Square Inch Gauge

PSML ‐‐ Provisioning Services Markup

Language

PSR ‐‐ Provisioning Screening Requests

PST ‐‐ Pre ‐‐ shakedown Test

PSTC ‐‐ Provisioning Services Technical

Committee

PT ‐‐ Pint

PTD ‐‐ Provisioning Technical

Documentation

PTO ‐‐ Power Takeoff

QA ‐‐ Quality Assurance

QAR ‐‐ Quality Assurance Representative

QC ‐‐ Quality Control

QDR ‐‐ Quality Deficiency Report

ONA ‐‐ O'Neil & Associates, Inc.

QPL ‐‐ Quality Products List

qt ‐‐ Quart

qty ‐‐ Quantity

Qty/Assy ‐‐ Quantity per Assembly

QTY/EI ‐‐ Quantity per End Item

QTY/UP ‐‐ Quantity per Unit Pack

R&I ‐‐ Removal and Installation

rad ‐‐ radius

RAM ‐‐ Reliability, Availability, and

Maintainability

RAT ‐‐ Ram ‐‐ Air ‐‐ Turbine

RCM ‐‐ Reliability Centered Maintenance

RCT ‐‐ Repair Cycle Time

RDA ‐‐ Research, Development, and

Acquisition

RDC ‐‐ Reference Designation Code

RDI ‐‐ Radio Frequency Interference

RDOC ‐‐ Reference Designation Overflow

Code

RFI ‐‐ Radio Frequency Interference

RFP ‐‐ Request for Proposal

RFQ ‐‐ Request for Quotation

RGL ‐‐ Reading Grade Level

RID ‐‐ Report Item Discrepancy

RIL ‐‐ Repairable Items List

RISS ‐‐ Recommended Initial System Stock

RLA ‐‐ Repair Level Analysis

RMS ‐‐ Reliability, Maintainability, and

Supportability

RMSS ‐‐ Recommended Minimum System

Stock

RNAAC ‐‐ Regional Network Associated

Analysis Center

RNCC ‐‐ Reference Number Category Code

RNFC ‐‐ Reference Number Format Code

RNJC ‐‐ Reference Number Justification

Code

RNSC ‐‐ Reference Number Status Code

RNVC ‐‐ Reference Number Variation Code

ROPS ‐‐ Rollover Protection Structure

rpm ‐‐ Revolutions per Minute

RPSTL ‐‐ Repair Parts and Special Tools List

RPT ‐‐ Resident Provisioning Team

RSR ‐‐ Repair Survival Rate

RTD ‐‐ Replacement Task Distribution

RTF ‐‐ Rich Text Format

RTLL ‐‐ Recommended Tender Load List

SADC ‐‐ Sequential Analog Digital Code

SAE ‐‐ Society of Automotive Engineers

SAIP ‐‐ Spares Acquisition Integrated with

Production

SAMS ‐‐ Standard Army Maintenance

System

SC ‐‐ Subcommittee

SCAR ‐‐ Supplier Corrective Action Request

SCBA ‐‐ Self ‐‐ Contained Breathing

Apparatus

SCC ‐‐ Submission Control Code

SCPL ‐‐ System Configuration Provisioning

List

SE ‐‐ Support Equipment

SER ‐‐ Service

SERD ‐‐ Support Equipment

Recommendation Data

SERL ‐‐ Support Equipment Requirement

List

SFPPL ‐‐ Short Form Provisioning Parts List

SGML ‐‐ Standard Generalized Markup

Language

SHSC ‐‐ Safety Hazard Severity Code

SIC ‐‐ Standard Industrial Classification

SISC ‐‐ Support Item Sequence Code




50 | P a g e

SL ‐‐ Shelf Life

SLAC ‐‐ Shelf Life Action Code or Support

List Allowance Computation (or Cards)

(produced by CCSS)

SLC ‐‐ Skill Level Code

SLIC ‐‐ Systems and Logistics Integration

Capability

SMCC ‐‐ Special Material Content Code

SML ‐‐ Support Materials List

SMMP ‐‐ System Manprint Management

Plan

SMR ‐‐ Source, Maintenance, and

Recoverability

SOP ‐‐ Standard Operating Procedure

SOW ‐‐ Start of Work, or Statement of

Work, or Scope of Work

SPO ‐‐ Systems Program Offices

SPS ‐‐ Statement of Prior Submission

SPTD ‐‐ Supplementary Provisioning

Technical Documentation (drawings)

SRU ‐‐ Shop Replaceable Unit

SRW ‐‐ Self Recovery Winch

SSAR ‐‐ System Safety Assessment Report

SSP ‐‐ System Support Program

STE/ICE ‐‐ R ‐‐ Simplified Test

Equipment/Internal Combustion Engine –

Reprogrammable

STEP ‐‐ Standard for the Exchange of

Product Model Data

STMDE ‐‐ Special Test, Measurement, and

Diagnostic Equipment

Supply Catalog ‐‐

TACOM ‐‐ U.S. Army Tank ‐‐ automotive

and Armaments Command

TAMMS ‐‐ The Army Maintenance

Management System

TAR ‐‐ Tactical Aircraft Refueler

TBD ‐‐ To Be Determined

TBO ‐‐ Time Between Overhauls

TC ‐‐ Technical Committee

TCP/IP ‐‐ Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet Protocol

TCTO ‐‐ Time Compliance Technical Order

TDP ‐‐ Technical Data Package

TE ‐‐ Test Equipment

TED ‐‐ Tool Equipment Designator

TIC ‐‐ Total Item Change

TIFF ‐‐ Tagged Image File Format

TIO ‐‐ Technical Information Operation

TIR ‐‐ Test Incident Report or Total Item

Record

TM ‐‐ Technical Manual

TMDE ‐‐ Test Measurement and Diagnostic

Equipment

TMP ‐‐ Technical Manual Plan

TO ‐‐ Technical Order

TOCC ‐‐ Type of Change Code

TOE ‐‐ Table of Organization and Equipment

TOMA ‐‐ Technical Order Management

Agency

TOPS ‐‐ Technical Order Page Supplement

TOSS ‐‐ Technical Order Status and

Schedule

TPS ‐‐ Test Program Sets

TQR ‐‐ Total Quantity Recommended

TRADOC ‐‐ U.S. Army Training and Doctrine

Command

TTEL ‐‐ Tools and Test Equipment List

UI ‐‐ Unit of Issue

UIC ‐‐ Unit Identification Code

UM ‐‐ Unit of Measure

UMFP ‐‐ Unit Materiel Fielding Point

UMT ‐‐ Unit Maintenance Team

UOC ‐‐ Useable on Code

UUT ‐‐ Unit Under Test

V ‐‐ volt(s)

VAC ‐‐ Voltage (??) Alternating Current

VDC ‐‐ Voltage (??) Direct Current

VHDL ‐‐ VHSIC Hardware Description

Language

VHSIC ‐‐ Very High Speed Integrated Circuit

VIM ‐‐ Vehicle Interface/Input Module

VR ‐‐ Takeoff Rotation Speed

VRIL ‐‐ Vendor Recoverable Items List

W ‐‐ watt(s)

WBS ‐‐ Work Breakdown Structure

WP ‐‐ Work Package

WUC ‐‐ Work Unit Code

X ‐‐ Country ‐‐ Cross Country

XHD ‐‐ Extra Heavy Duty

XML ‐‐ eXtensible Markup Language




51 | P a g e

7.6 O’Neil Preferred Spellings

A

abrasive‐blast (v)

acid‐etch (v)

acidproof (v/adj)

aerodynamics (n)

aft‐end‐down (adj)

aft‐end‐up (adj)

aftmost (adj)

age‐harden (v)

air‐blast (v)

air‐blow (v)

airborne (adj)

air‐bound (adj)

air brake (n)

airbrush (n/v)

air‐carrying (adj)

air check (n/v)

air‐condition (v)

air‐conditioned (adj)

air‐conditioning (n)

air‐cool (v)

air‐cooled (adj)

aircraft (n)

aircrew (n)

air cube (n)

air‐dried (adj)

air‐driven (adj)

air‐dry (v)

air duct (n)

airfield (n)

airflow (n/adj)

airfoil (n)

airframe (n)

air‐free (adj)

air grinder (n)

airhole (n)

air‐impingement

(adj)

air intake (adj)

air line (tube) (n)

air load (n)

airlock (n)

air‐oil (adj)

airport (n)

airscoop (n)

airseal (n)

airship (n)

airsleeve (n)

airspace (n)

airspeed (n)

air‐start (v/adj)

airstream (n)

airtight (adj)

align (v)

alignment (n/adj)

aline (v) (U.S. Army

only)

all‐purpose (adj)

alphanumeric (adj)

angle‐checking (adj)

angle iron (n)

angle‐setting (n)

anglewise (adj)

anodic coating (n)

antifriction (adj)

anti‐icer (n/adj)

anti‐icing (n/adj)

antirotation (adj)

antiseize (adj)

antitorsion (adj)

arc‐weld (v)

argon (n)

armorplate (n)

artwork (n)

audio frequency (n)

augmentor (n)

autoignition (n)

automatically (adv)

avgas (n)

B

back‐flush (v)

backlash (n/adj)

backoff (adj)

back off (v)

backplate (n)

back‐pressure (n)

backrest (n)

back side (n)

backup (n/adj)

back up (v)

ball‐bearing (adj)

ball bearing (n)

ball‐lock pin (n)

ball peen (hammer)

(n)

ballpoint (n/adj)

bank‐clean (v)

baseblock (n)

baseline (n)

base‐plate (n)

beeswax (n)

bellcrank (n)

bellmouth (n)

benchmark (n)

bench‐mark (v)

bench‐test (v)

benchwork (n/v)

beveled (adj)

bifurcated (adj)

black‐light (adj)

black light (n)

black‐light‐inspect

(v)

black‐light

inspection (n)

black‐oxide (adj)

black oxide (n)

blankoff (n/adj)

blank off (v)

bleed‐through (n)

blowback (n)

blow holes (n)

blowoff (n/adj)

blow off (v)

blowout (n/adj)

blow out (v)

blowup (n)

blueprint (n/v/adj)

bluish (adj)

body‐bound (adj)

bolt‐circle (adj)

bolt circle (n)

bolteye (n)

boltface (n/adj)

bolthead

(n)

bolthole (n)

bombsight (n)

borescope (n/v)

bottom plate (n)

box section (n)

brakedrum (n)

brakeshoe (n)

brake wheel (n)

braze‐repair (v)

braze repair (n)

breakaway (n/adj)

break away (v)

break‐in (n/adj)

break in (v)

breakpoint (n)

breakthrough

(n/adj)

break through (v)

brush‐plating (n)

buildup (n/adj)

build up (v)

built‐in (adj)

built‐up (adj)

bulkhead (n)

bulkhead tee (n)

bulletnose (n)

bulletproof (adj)

burned (adj)

burnout (n)

burn out (v)

burn‐through (n)

bus bar (n)

butt‐ joint (v)

butt joint (n)

butt‐weld (v/adj)

butt weld (n)

bypass (n/v/adj)

C

cableholder (n)

cadmium plate (n)

cadmium‐plated

(adj)

cadmium plating (n)

callout (n)

camel's‐hair (adj)

cam link (n)

camshaft (n)

candlepower (n)

cap bolt (n)

capnut (n)

capscrew (n)

carbon steel (n)

carbon tetrachloride

(n)

case‐harden (v)

case‐hardened (adj)

case hardening (n)

casing‐half (n)

cast‐iron (adj)

cast iron (n)

cast steel (n)

cast‐weld (n/v/adj)

C‐clamp (n)

chafing (n/adj)

chalkline (n)

change‐bar (n)

change‐finger (n)

change‐hand (n)

changeover (adj/n)

chartboard (n)

check‐balance (v)

checklist (n)

checknut (n/adj)

checkoff (adj)




52 | P a g e

check off (v)

checkout (adj/n)

check out (v)

checkpoint (n)

check valve (n)

cheesecloth (n)

chill‐bar (n)

chill‐block (n)

chill‐plug (n)

chill‐strip (n)

chordwise (adj)

chrome‐plate (v)

chrome plate (n)

chrome‐plated (adj)

chrome plating (n)

clamped (v/adj)

clamp plate (n)

clamp ring (n)

cleanup (n/adj)

clean up (v)

clevises (plural) (n)

clockwise (adj/adv)

C‐mark (n)

cockpit (n)

coilbox (n)

cold‐draw (v)

cold‐form (v)

cold‐roll (v)

cold‐work (v)

cold‐worked (adj)

color‐code (n/v)

color‐coded (adj)

combustible (adj)

compressed‐air (adj)

compressed air (n)

concentricity (n)

cone‐shaped (adj)

consistent (adj)

contaminant (adj)

cool‐down (adj)

cool‐grinding (adj)

cooling‐air (adj)

copilot (n)

corrosion‐preventive

(adj)

cotter pin (n)

counterbalance (n/v)

counterbore (n/v)

counterbored (adj)

counterclockwise

(adj/adv)

counter‐rotate (v)

counter‐rotating

(adj)

countersink (n/v)

countersunk (adj)

counterweight (n/v)

cover place (n)

coverplate (n)

cover up (v)

crack repair (n)

crankcase (n)

crank‐handle (n)

crankpin (n)

crankshaft (n)

crisscross (n/v/adj)

crisscrossed (adj)

crocus cloth (n)

crossbleed (adj)

cross brace (n)

crossed out (adj)

crossfeed (n/adj)

cross flow (n)

cross‐hair (n)

cross hatching (n)

crosshatch‐marked

(v/adj)

cross‐ignition (adj)

crossline (n)

crossmember (n)

crossover (n/adj)

crosspiece (n)

cross‐reference (n/v)

cross‐section (v)

cross section (n)

cross‐shaft (n)

cross‐slide (n)

cross‐threaded (adj)

cross‐threading (n)

cross‐tighten (v)

cross‐torque (v)

crowfoot (wrench)

(n)

C‐sump (n)

cure‐dated (v)

cure‐time (n)

cut‐edge (n)

cut‐end (n)

C‐washer (n)

D

damper strip (n)

dashline (n)

deactivate (v)

deaerated (adj)

de‐energize (v)

deep‐throat (adj)

deice (v)

deicing (adj)

deionized (adj)

desiccant (n)

dew point (n)

diagonal‐cutting

(adj)

dip‐rinse (v)

dipstick (n)

direct current (n)

disc (n) –for CDs,

DVDs, etc.

disk (n) – for floppys

diskshaft (n)

dovetail (n/v/adj)

dowel‐aligned (adj)

driftmeter (n)

driftpin (n)

drivebar (n)

drive gear (n)

drive nut (n)

drive pin (n)

drivescrew (n)

drive shaft (n)

drop cloth (n)

drop‐forge (v)

dropout (n/adj)

drop‐test (v)

drop test (n)

drop‐through (v)

dry‐blast (v/n/adj)

dry‐clean (v)

dry cleaner (n)

dry‐cleaning (adj)

dry‐film lubricant

(adj)

duckbill (adj)

dustproof (adj)

dusttight (adj)

dynamically balance

(v)

dynamometer (n)

E

eddy current (n)

edge‐weld (v)

edge weld (n)

electric‐arc‐scribe

(v/adj)

electric‐etch (v)

electric etching (n)

electrochemical‐

etch (v/adj)

electrode (n)

electrolyte (n)

electroplate (v)

e‐mail (n/v/adj)

end‐hold (n)

end‐plate (n)

end‐play (n)

engine‐driven (adj)

epoxied (adj)

epoxy repair (n)

epoxy resin (not

epoxy) (n)

equaling (n)

equally spaced (adj)

equipment (adj)

equipped (v/adj)

equivalent (adj)

even‐numbered

(adj)

existent (adj)

expendable (adj)

explosionproof (adj)

extension (n/adj)

eyebolt (n)

eyedropper (n)

eyepiece (n)

F

faceplate (n)

fail‐

safe

(adj)

fairlead (n)

farmed‐out (adj)

farmout (n)

farm out (v)

feather‐edges (n)

featherweight (adj)

feedback (n/adj)

feedpipe (n)

fiber (n)

fiberglass (n)

fillercap (n)

filler rod (n)

filler‐weld (n/v)

filler wire (n)

fillet‐weld (v)

fillet weld (n)

fillister head (adj)

fill‐tube (n)

fill‐weld (v)

fill weld (n)

final‐machine (v)

fingermark (n)

finger‐pressure (n)

fingerprint (n)

finger‐tight (adj)

finger‐tighten (v)

fingertip (n)

finish‐grind (v)

finish‐ground (adj)

finish‐machine (v)

fireproof (v/adj)

firewall (n)

first stage (adj)

flameholder (n)

flameout (n)

flameproof (v/adj)




53 | P a g e

flammable (adj)

flashback (n)

flashlight (n)

flashover (n)

flashpoint (n)

flathead (n/adj)

flat‐lap (n)

flat washer (n)

flight‐hour (n)

flight‐line (adj)

flight line (n)

floorbeam (n)

floorboard (n)

floorline (n)

flow‐check (n/v)

flow line (n)

flowmeter (n)

flowpath (n)

fluid ounce (n)

flush‐head rivet (n)

flywheel (n)

follow‐up (n/adj)

follow up (v)

foot‐pound (n)

forwardmost (adj)

framework (n)

friction bearing (n)

fuel‐carrying (adj)

fuel line (n)

full‐length (adj)

fuse (n/v)

fuze (detonating

device) (n)

G

gang channel (n/adj)

gearbox (n)

gearcase (n)

gear‐driven (adj)

gear‐locking (adj)

gear ratio (n)

gearshaft (n)

geartooth (n)

gladhand (n) tech

term

glad hand (adj) tech

term

gram‐inch (n)

gray (adj)

greaseproof (adj)

grind‐mark (n)

gritblast (v)

grit‐blast (adj)

grit blast (n)

grit roll (n)

ground‐handling

(adj)

ground‐start (adj)

guncrew (n)

gunfire (n)

gun mount

gunrack (n)

gunsight (n)

H

hacksaw (n)

hairline (n/adj)

half hour (n)

half ‐ring (n)

half ‐speed (adj/adv)

halftone (adj)

half turn (n)

halfway (adj)

handbrake (n)

handcrank (n)

handgrip (n)

hand lever (n)

hand‐pressure (n)

hand pump (n)

handrail (n)

handstamp (n/v)

handtight (adv)

hand‐tight (adj)

hand‐tighten (v)

hand tool (n)

hand valve (n)

handwheel (n)

hardcoat (n)

hard‐coat (v)

harnesses (plural)

(n)

hatchmarks (n)

H‐drop (n/adj)

head‐end (n/adj)

headphone (n)

headpiece (n)

headrest (n)

headset (n)

headwind (n)

heat‐affected (adj)

heat‐checked (adj)

heat‐checking (n)

heat‐created (adj)

heatproof (adj)

heat‐resistant (adj)

heat shield (n)

heat sink (n)

heat‐tint (v)

heat‐treat (v)

heat‐treating (adj)

heat treatment (n)

heavier‐than‐air

(adj)

heavy‐duty (adj)

heck valve (n)

helical (adj)

hertz (n)

hex head (n/adj)

hex key (n)

high‐frequency (adj)

high‐pressure (adj)

high‐temperature

(adj)

holddown (adj)

hold down (v)

honeycomb (n)

hookup (n)

hook up (v)

horsepower (n/adj)

I

I‐beam (n)

inch‐pound (n)

indicator (n)

in‐flight (adj)

infrared (adj)

inhibitor (n)

in‐house (adj)

inkmark (n)

in‐line (adj)

innermost (adj)

in‐process (adj)

input (n)

inrush (n)

inspect (v)

inspection (n)

interchangeable

(adj)

interfering (adj)

interlock (v)

interstage (adj)

interturbine (adj)

isolator (n)

J

jack box (n)

jackscrew (n)

jackshaft (n)

jackstand (n)

jamnut (n)

J‐bolt (n)

jet‐

propelled

(adj)

jet propulsion (n)

jig‐drill (v)

K

keyhole (n)

keyring (n)

key slot (n)

key washer (n)

keyway (n)

kickback (n/adj)

kick back (v)

knockout (n/adj)

knock out (v)

L

labeled (adj)

landing gear (n)

lap joint (n)

lapweld (v)

lap weld (n)

lap‐welded (adj)

lap welding (adj)

layout (n/adj)

lay out (v)

L‐block (n)

leakage (n)

leak‐check (v)

leakproof (adj)

leak‐test (v)

least‐worn (adj)

left‐hand (adj)

leftmost (adj)

left‐sided (adj)

lengthways (adv)

lengthwise (adj/adv)

life‐limited (adj)

life raft (n)

lifteye (n)

lifting eye (n)

light bands (n)

lightoff (n/adj)

light off (v)

lightweight (adj)

like‐parts (n)

limit switch (n)

line‐bore (v)

lined‐out (adj)

line‐drill (v)

line‐drilled (adj)

line out (v)

liner bolt (n)

line‐ream (v)

linerhanger (n)

lineup (n/adj)

line up (v)

linkpin (n)

link‐rod (n)

lint‐free (adj)

lipring (n)

lipwasher (n)

load‐sharing (adj)

load‐test (v)

load test (n)

load‐tested (adj)

locator (n)

lockbolt (n)




54 | P a g e

locking‐pliers (n)

locking strip (n)

locknut (n/adj)

lockpin (n)

lockplate (n)

lockring (n)

lockscrew (n)

lock‐tab (n)

lockwasher (n)

lockwire (n/v/adj)

logbook (n)

longnose (adj)

long‐nosed (adj)

loop‐type (adj)

louver (do not use

louvre) (n)

low‐cycle (adj)

lower half (n)

lowermost (adj)

low‐frequency (adj)

low‐power (adj)

low‐pressure (adj)

low‐smoke (adj)

L‐shaped (adj)

M

machine‐finished

(adj)

magnetic‐particle‐

inspect (v)

magnetic particle

inspection (n)

main crank (n)

mainframe (n)

mainspring (n)

makeup (n/adj)

make up (v)

man‐hour (n)

man‐minute (n)

manometer (n)

markup (n)

mark up (v)

master rod (n)

matchmark (n/v)

matchmarked (adj)

measurable (adj)

megohmmeter (n)

mercury‐vapor lamp

(n)

metal‐spray (v/adj)

metal spray (n)

metal‐stamp (v)

methyl ethyl ketone

(n)

microinch (n)

mid‐bearing (adj)

mid bearing (n)

middle‐sized (adj)

midframe (n)

midpoint (n)

midrange (n)

mid sump (n)

midway (adv)

milligram (n)

milliohm (n)

millivolt (n)

mockup (n)

mock up (v)

moistureproof (adj)

moment weight

(n/v/adj)

motor‐driven

(adj/adv)

movable (adj)

multimeter (n)

multipurpose (adj)

N

nameplate (n)

needle‐nose (adj)

nickel‐graphite (n)

nickelplate (v)

nickel plate (n)

nickel‐plated (adj)

night‐flying (adj)

noncarbon (adj)

noncenter‐vent (n)

noncorrosive (adj)

noncritical (adj)

nonetching (adj)

noninsulated (adj)

non‐low‐smoke (adj)

nonmarring (adj)

nonmatching (adj)

nonmating (adj)

nonradial (adj)

nonserviceable (adj)

nosedive (n)

nose‐down (adj)

nose‐high (adj)

nose‐up (adj)

nutplate (n)

nutrunner (n/adj)

O

odd‐numbered (adj)

offcenter (adj)

offset (n/v/adj)

off ‐the‐shelf (adj)

ohm‐ammeter (n)

ohmmeter (n)

oil‐carrying (adj)

oil‐fed (adj)

oil filter (n)

oil‐free (adj)

oil‐harden (v)

oilhole (n)

oil‐impregnated

(adj)

oil pan (n)

oilproof (v/adj)

oilproofing (n)

oil seal (n)

oiltight (adj)

oil‐wetted (adj)

oil‐wetting (n)

old‐form (v)

one‐half (n/adj)

one‐piece (adj)

one‐way (adj)

onset (n)

on‐wing (adj)

open‐end (adj)

ordnance (n)

O‐ring (n)

out‐of ‐balance (adj)

out‐of ‐contour (adj)

out‐of ‐flat (adj)

out‐of ‐flatness (n)

out‐of ‐limits (adj)

out‐of ‐position (adj)

out‐of ‐round (adj)

out‐of ‐roundness (n)

out‐of ‐the‐way (adj)

output (n)

oven‐dry (v)

overadjusted (adj)

over‐age (v)

overbend (v)

overhead (n)

overheat (v)

overlap (n/v)

overload (n/v)

override (v/adj)

overrun (n/v/adj)

oversize (adj)

oversped (adj)

overspeed (n/v/adj)

overtemperature (n)

overtorque (v)

P

pan‐weigh (v)

pan‐weight (n)

parent‐metal (adj)

parent metal (n)

partway (adv)

patch‐repair (v)

patch repair (n)

pencil‐mark (v)

penetrant method

(n)

penmark (n)

percent (n)

photo mechanical

transfer (PMT)

(n)

pickup (n/adj)

pick up (v)

pin bolt (n)

pin boss (n)

pinhead (n)

pinhole (n)

pinion (n)

pinpunch (n)

pipeline (n)

plasma‐spray (v/adj)

plasma spray (n)

plate nut (n)

plug‐weld (v)

plug weld (n)

plug‐welded (adj)

polyurethane (n)

post‐emulsifiable

fluorescent

penetrant (n)

post‐shutdown (adj)

posttest (n)

pound‐foot (n)

pound‐inch (n)

power‐driven (adj)

power‐operated

(adj)

powerplant (n)

prebend (v)

precede (v)

prechill (v)

predrill (v)

preferred (adj)

preflight (adj)

preground (v)

preheat (v)

preignition (n)

press‐fit (v)

press fit (n)

pressure‐check (v)

pressure check (n)

pressure‐flush (v)

pressure‐measuring

(adj)

pressure‐rinse (n/v)

pressure‐sensing

(adj)

pressure‐test (n/v)

preventive (not

preventative)

(n/adj)




55 | P a g e

prickmark (n)

prick‐punch (v)

prick punch (n)

programmed (adj)

proof ‐pressure‐

testing (n/adj)

puddle‐weld (v)

puddle weld (n)

pull‐check (v)

pull check (n)

pulloff (n)

pull off (v)

pullout (n/adj)

pull out (v)

pullup (n)

pull up (v)

punchmark (n)

push bar (n)

push‐button (adj)

push button (n)

push out (v)

pushpin (n)

push‐pull (adj)

pushrod (n)

Q

quarter‐turn (adv)

quick‐change (v/adj)

quick‐disconnect

(adj)

quick‐release (n/adj)

R

rabbet (n)

raceway (n)

radial‐type (adj)

ramjet (n)

readvance (v)

realign (v)

reassemble (v)

re‐cap (v)

receptacle (n)

re‐enter (v)

referred (v)

referring (v)

re‐form (reshape) (v)

reindex (v)

reinstall

(v)

relief valve (n)

re‐mark (to mark

again) (v)

repair area (n)

repair‐braze (v)

repair‐weld (v)

repair weld (n)

reposition (v)

rerig (v)

re‐run (v)

resecure (v)

reshape (v)

reshot‐peen (v)

resistance‐to‐ground

(adj)

resize (v)

re‐sort (v)

restrictor (n)

restrike (v)

rest run (n)

retorque (v)

retrofit (n/v)

retro‐fit (v)

reusable (adj)

reuse (n/v)

reverse‐flush (v)

rework (n/adj)

re‐work (v)

rigged (adj)

rigging (n/adj)

right‐angle (adj)

right‐hand (adj)

right‐handed (adj)

rig pin (n)

ring‐shaped (adj)

riveted (adj)

rod‐end (n/adj)

rolled over (adj)

roller bearing (n)

roll pin (n)

rotameter (n)

rough‐coat (v)

rough‐cut (v/adj)

rough‐machine (v)

rough‐polish (v)

roundhead (adj)

rundown (n)

run‐in (n/adj)

runoff (n/adj)

run‐on (n/adj)

runout (n/v/adj)

runup (n/adj)

rustproof (adj)

S

safekeeping (n)

safety lock (n)

safety nut (n)

safety screw (n)

safety‐wire (v/adj)

safety wire (n)

sandblast (n/v)

saw‐cut (n/v/adj)

scavenge (v)

screwdown (adj)

screw‐driven (adj)

screwdriver (n)

screwhead (n)

screwhole (n)

screw thread (n)

scribe (v)

scribed (adj)

scriber (n)

seal ring (n)

seam‐weld (v)

seam weld (n)

seam‐welded (adj)

seam‐welding (adj)

self ‐balanced (adj)

self ‐locking (adj)

self ‐sealing (adj)

self ‐supporting (adj)

semiconductor (n)

separate (v/adj)

separator (n)

servocontrol (n)

servomechanism (n)

servomotor (n)

servovalve (n)

setmaster (n)

setscrew (n)

setup (n/adj)

set up (v)

shaft bolt (n)

shaftgear (n)

shank nut (n)

sharp‐edged (adj)

shear bolt (n)

shearpin (n)

sheetmetal (n/adj)

shelf ‐life (n)

shellblasting (n)

shimming (n/v)

shock mount (n)

shockproof (adj)

shop‐made (adj)

short‐circuit (v)

short circuit (n)

shorted out (adj)

short‐to‐ground (n)

shot‐blast (v)

shotpeen (n)

shot‐peen (v)

shotpeening (n)

shoulder pin (n)

shutdown (n/adj)

shut down (v)

shutoff (n/adj)

shut off (v)

side‐cue (adj)

sidecutting (adj)

side‐load (n)

sideplay (n)

silicone (n)

silver‐braze (v)

silverplate (v)

silver plate (n)

silver‐plated (adj)

silver‐plating (adj)

skip‐weld (n/v)

sleeve nut (n)

sleeving (n)

slip‐fit (n)

slip joint (n)

slipring (n)

smoke‐check (v)

smooth‐working

(adj)

snapping (adj)

snapring (n)

snugged (adj)

snugging (n)

snugly (adv)

socket head (adj)

solution‐treat (v)

solution‐treated

(adj)

solution‐treating (n)

solution‐treatment

(n)

soundproof (v/adj)

source‐coded (adj)

spark plug (n)

spin‐test (v)

spin test (n)

spiral‐wrap (n)

splashproof (adj)

splined (adj)

splitline (n/adj)

split‐plate (n)

split ring (n)

spotface (n/adj)

spot‐face (v)

spot‐fluorescent‐

penetrant‐

inspect (v)

spot fluorescent

penetrant

inspection (n)

spotweld (v)

spot weld (n)

spotwelded (adj)

spotwelding (n/adj)

spraybar (n)

spray cone (n)

spray‐rinse (v)

spray‐wash (v)

springback (v/adj)

spring finger (n)

spring‐loaded (adj)




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spring pin (n)

spur gear (n)

square‐faced (adj)

square‐shaped (adj)

stabilize (v)

stackup (n/adj)

stack up (v)

stand‐alone (adj)

standoff (n/adj)

standpipe (n)

starting‐torque (n)

startup (adj)

start‐up (n)

start up (v)

static‐balance (v)

static‐test (v)

stator‐half (n)

steady‐state (adj)

steady state (n)

steam‐clean (v)

steam‐rinse (n/v)

stepdown (adj)

stopcock (n)

stop‐cock (v)

stop‐drill (v)

stop drill (n)

stopnut (n)

stop screw (n)

stop‐to‐stop (adj)

stopwatch (n)

straightedge (n)

straight‐edged (adj)

straight line (n/adj)

straight‐sided (adj)

strapnut (n)

stress fluorescent

penetrant (adj)

stress‐relieve (v)

stress‐relieve‐anneal

(v)

strobotron (n)

strokable (adj)

stub‐shaft (n)

stud extractor (n)

supercharger (n)

supersede (v)

superstructure (n)

surface‐cooled (adj)

swaybar (n)

sway brace (n)

sway‐brace (v)

sweptwing (n)

switchbox (n)

synchronizing (v/adj)

T

tab‐lock (n)

tabwasher (n)

tackweld (v)

tack weld (n)

tackwelded (adj)

tailpiece (n)

tailpipe (n)

tailspin (n)

tailstock (n)

tailwheel (n)

tailwind (n)

takeoff (n/adj)

take off (v)

taper pin (n)

taxied (v)

taxiing (v)

T‐bolt (n)

teardown (n/adj)

tear down (v)

tee (n)

test block (n)

test run (n)

test strip (n)

tetraethyl (n)

T‐fitting (n)

T‐handle (n)

thermal‐spray

(v/adj)

thin‐walled (adj)

thread gauge (n)

three‐piece (adj)

three‐ply (adj)

through bolt (n)

through hole (n)

throughout

(adv/prep)

throwaway (n/adj)

throwout (n/adj)

throw out (v)

thrust nut (n)

thumbnut (n)

thumbscrew (n)

tiebar (n)

tie bolt (n)

tiedown (n/adj)

tie‐down (adj)

tie rod (n)

tight‐fitting (adj)

time‐code (n/v/adj)

time‐coding (n/adj)

timelag (n)

tip‐movement (n)

tipover (adj)

tip‐rub (n)

tip‐shake (n)

toe‐in (n/v/adj)

toluene (n)

tool grinder (n)

toolholder (n)

tool kit (n)

toolmark (n)

torch‐temper (v)

torque (n/v/adj)

touch‐up (n/adj)

touch up (v)

trail‐fit (v)

transferring (v)

transmitter (n)

trial‐assemble (v)

trial assembly (n)

trial‐fit (v)

trichloroethane (n)

trichloroethylene (n)

trichlorotrifluoroeth

ane (n)

troublelight (n)

troubleshoot (v)

troubleshooting

(n/adj)

truing (v)

trunnion (n)

T‐shaped (adj)

T‐slot (n)

tuneup (n/adj)

tune up (v)

turbojet (n)

turboprop (n)

turnaround (n/adj)

turnbuckle (n)

turntable (n)

two‐piece (adj)

two‐speed (adj)

two‐way (adj)

U

ultrahigh frequency

(n)

ultrasonic (adj)

ultraviolet (adj)

undercut (n/v)

underside (n)

undersurface (n)

undertorque (v)

update (v)

upper half (n)

up‐position (adv)

upset (n/v/adj)

upstream (n/adj)

upstroke (n)

up‐to‐date (adj)

upwind (n/adj/adv)

usable (adj)

usage (n)

U‐section (n)

U‐shaped (adj)

V

vacuum‐check (n/v)

vapor‐blast (n/v)

vapor‐degrease (n/v)

V‐band (n)

V‐block (n)

vebropeen (v/adj)

venthole (n)

V‐groove (n/v)

viewfinder (n)

viewport (n)

voltammeter (n)

volt‐ampere (n/adj)

voltmeter (n)

volt‐ohmmeter (n)

V‐roll (n)

V‐shaped (adj)

W

warmup (n/adj)

warm up (v)

warping (v)

water brake (n)

water‐cool (v)

water‐cooled (adj)

water‐flow‐test (v)

water‐flow test (n)

waterline (n)

water pressure (n)

waterproof (n/v/adj)

water‐soluble (adj)

watertight

(n/adj/adv)

water‐wash (v/adj)

water wash (n)

water‐washable

(adj)

water‐washing (n)

waveform (n)

waveguide (n)

wavelength (n)

wavemeter (n)

wear‐in (adj)

wearmetal (n)

wearstrip (n)

wear test (n)

Web

(World

Wide

Web)

Web site (n)

wedge‐shaped (adj)

weld area (n)

weld bead (n)

weld crack (n)

weld‐repair (n/v/adj)

well‐ventilated (adj)

wet‐blast (n/v/adj)




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white‐light‐inspect

(v)

white‐light

inspection (n)

wigglestrip (n)

windspeed (n)

wingbolt (n)

wire‐brush (v)

wire brush (n)

withheld (v)

withhold (v)

workbench (n)

work‐harden (v)

work load (n)

workpiece (n)

workplace (n)

workstand (n)

workstation (n)

worktable (n)

worm gear (n)

wraparound (n)

wrapping (n)

wrench‐arc (n/adj)

wrist pin (n)

write‐up (n/adj)

XYZ

X ray (n) [no

hyphen]

x‐ray (v/adj)

[hyphen]

Y‐adapter (n)

zero‐degree (adj)



O’Neil Technical Writing Style Guide

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Index

a, an, the (articles) .................................................................... 36abbreviations ............................................................................ 30

and dates ............................................................................ 31and periods ......................................................................... 30and the symbol form ........................................................... 31and units of measure .......................................................... 30in Latin ................................................................................ 31

single and plural references ................................................ 30acronyms .................................................................................. 30

and articles ......................................................................... 31first usage of ....................................................................... 31spelling out ......................................................................... 31usage of .............................................................................. 31

actions per step ........................................................................ 35apostrophe

and contractions ................................................................. 17and omissions ..................................................................... 17and plurals .......................................................................... 16and possessives ................................................................. 17and time expressions .......................................................... 16use of .................................................................................. 16

apostrophes .............................................................................. 16articles ...................................................................................... 36

and nonprocedural text ....................................................... 36and procedural text ............................................................. 36and unclear terms ............................................................... 36

brackets .................................................................................... 16use of .................................................................................. 16versus parentheses ............................................................ 16

capitalization ............................................................................. 19and computer terms ............................................................ 20and equipment names ........................................................ 20and proper names............................................................... 20and titles ............................................................................. 19and units of measure .......................................................... 20overview ............................................................................. 19sentence case .................................................................... 19title case ............................................................................. 19uppercase ........................................................................... 19

charts, quick-referenceCommon Proofreader’s Marks ............................................ 41Commonly Confused Words and Expressions ................... 44

Commonly Misspelled Words ............................................. 43Numerical Compounds ....................................................... 42O’Neil Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................... 45O’Neil Preferred Spellings .................................................. 51

colon ......................................................................................... 11expressing a ratio ............................................................... 11expressing time................................................................... 11introducing a list .................................................................. 11use of .................................................................................. 11with introductory phrase ...................................................... 11

comma........................................................................................ 9consecutive adjectives ........................................................ 10introductory phrase ............................................................... 9parenthetical information ...................................................... 9setting off a year ................................................................. 10setting off supplementary material ...................................... 10three or more items ............................................................... 9two complete thoughts and a conjunction ............................. 9

use of .................................................................................... 9contractions .............................................................................. 31

and possessives ................................................................. 32and usage ........................................................................... 31definition of ......................................................................... 31

conversions, listing ofInternational System ........................................................... 26U.S. Customary system ...................................................... 26

dashem dash .............................................................................. 13en dash ............................................................................... 13use of .................................................................................. 13use of longer ....................................................................... 13

dashes ...................................................................................... 13decimal sign

International System ........................................................... 25U.S. Customary system ...................................................... 25

document style ......................................................................... 38lists ..................................................................................... 38Simplified English ............................................................... 39

em dashuse of .................................................................................. 13

en dashuse of .................................................................................. 13

English systemsee U.S. Cutomary system ................................................. 25

exclamation point ..................................................................... 12use of .................................................................................. 12

fractionsbuilt ..................................................................................... 22case .................................................................................... 22decimal ............................................................................... 23mixing case and text fractions ............................................ 22text ...................................................................................... 22

grammar versus usage ............................................................... 3hyphens .................................................................................... 13

and adverb-adjective compounds ....................................... 14and descriptive compounds ................................................ 14and new compounds........................................................... 14and numbered compounds ................................................. 14and prefixes .................................................................. 15, 33and single-letter compounds ............................................... 14and the hyphen test ............................................................ 14use of .................................................................................. 13

International Systembackground ......................................................................... 25decimal sign ........................................................................ 25grouping of digits ................................................................ 26listing conversions .............................................................. 26

International System of Units (SI) ............................................. 25lists ........................................................................................... 38

and capitalization ................................................................ 38and periods ......................................................................... 38bulleted lists ........................................................................ 38introducing .......................................................................... 38

numbered lists .................................................................... 38use of .................................................................................. 38metric system

see International System of Units ....................................... 25names....................................................................................... 20numbers ................................................................................... 21

and case fractions............................................................... 22and consistency .................................................................. 21and dates ............................................................................ 23and decimal fractions .......................................................... 23and fractions ....................................................................... 22and mathematical notations ................................................ 25and military divisions ........................................................... 24and numerical compounds .................................................. 24and percentages ................................................................. 23and publication identifiers ................................................... 23and punctuation .................................................................. 21and rounding ....................................................................... 24

and text fractions ................................................................ 22beginning a sentence .......................................................... 21decimal values .................................................................... 22rule for spelling out ............................................................. 21

numerical compounds ........................................................ 26, 27additional information .......................................................... 27and customer standards ..................................................... 27overview ............................................................................. 26simple compounds .............................................................. 26using the Rule of Reason ................................................... 27with decimals ...................................................................... 27with fractions ....................................................................... 27with item descriptions ......................................................... 27




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with numeric directions ....................................................... 27numerical conversions

converting a range of numbers ........................................... 28converting specific temperature values ............................... 29converting temperature tolerances ..................................... 29using significant digits ......................................................... 27

O’Neil Style Guide usage ........................................................... 3parentheses .............................................................................. 15

acronyms ............................................................................ 15

and brackets ....................................................................... 16and commas ....................................................................... 16figure callouts ..................................................................... 15including additional information .......................................... 15including entire sentences .................................................. 15index numbers .................................................................... 15measurement equivalencies ............................................... 15use of .................................................................................. 15versus brackets................................................................... 16

period ......................................................................................... 9use of .................................................................................... 9

person ...................................................................................... 36person, second

and procedural steps .......................................................... 36plurals ....................................................................................... 32

and apostrophes ................................................................. 32and compound terms .......................................................... 32of acronyms ........................................................................ 32of characters ....................................................................... 32

possessives .............................................................................. 32and descriptive terms .......................................................... 32

joint possession .................................................................. 32prefixes ..................................................................................... 33punctuation ................................................................................. 9punctuation, use of

apostrophes ........................................................................ 16brackets .............................................................................. 16colons ................................................................................. 11commas ................................................................................ 9em dashes .......................................................................... 13en dashes ........................................................................... 13exclamation points .............................................................. 12hyphens .............................................................................. 13longer dashes ..................................................................... 13parentheses ........................................................................ 15

periods .................................................................................. 9question marks ................................................................... 11quotation marks .................................................................. 12semicolons .......................................................................... 10serial comma ........................................................................ 9slashes ............................................................................... 17

punctuation,use ofintroductory phrase ............................................................... 9

QC/QA Reference Library .......................................................... 4question mark ........................................................................... 11

use of .................................................................................. 11quick-reference charts .............................................................. 41quotation marks ........................................................................ 12

citing another source .......................................................... 12incorrect usage of ............................................................... 12use of .................................................................................. 12

readability ................................................................................. 37sentence length .................................................................. 37

reference libraryQC/QA reference materials .................................................. 4

semicolon ................................................................................. 10three or more items with commas ....................................... 10two complete thoughts with a transition .............................. 11two complete thoughts without a conjunction ..................... 10

use of .................................................................................. 10sentence style .......................................................................... 35

actions per step .................................................................. 35articles ................................................................................ 36person ............ ............. ............ ............ ............. ............ ....... 36readability ........................................................................... 37subject agreement .............................................................. 35syntax ................................................................................. 37voice ................................................................................... 36

Simplified English ..................................................................... 39slash

and abbreviations ............................................................... 17and dates ............................................................................ 18and fractions ....................................................................... 17and technical usage ............................................................ 17backslash ............................................................................ 17computer terms ................................................................... 18forward slash ...................................................................... 17Internet terms ..................................................................... 18signifying alternatives ......................................................... 17use of .................................................................................. 17

slashes ..................................................................................... 17subject agreement .................................................................... 35

and collective nouns ........................................................... 35and plural pronouns ............................................................ 35and plural verbs .................................................................. 35and singular pronouns ........................................................ 35and singular verbs .............................................................. 35

symbols .................................................................................... 33and spacing ........................................................................ 34repeating symbols in a series ............................................. 34usage in tables and charts .................................................. 33usage in text ....................................................................... 33

syntax ....................................................................................... 37sentence ............................................................................. 37

systemEnglish ................................................................................ 25International System of Units (SI) ....................................... 25metric .................................................................................. 25U.S. Customary .................................................................. 25

title caseand articles ......................................................................... 19and conjunctions ................................................................. 19and hyphenated words ....................................................... 20

and main words .................................................................. 19and prepositions ................................................................. 19titles .......................................................................................... 19

and capitalization ................................................................ 19sentence case .................................................................... 19title case ............................................................................. 19uppercase ........................................................................... 19

U.S. Customary system ............................................................ 25background ......................................................................... 25decimal sign ........................................................................ 25listing conversions .............................................................. 26

units of measure ....................................................................... 21usage versus grammar ............................................................... 3voice ......................................................................................... 36

passive ............................................................................... 37voice, active .............................................................................. 36word style ................................................................................. 30

abbreviations ...................................................................... 30

acronyms ............................................................................ 30contractions ........................................................................ 31plurals ................................................................................. 32possessives ........................................................................ 32prefixes ............................................................................... 33symbols .............................................................................. 33




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