Operating SystemsReview

Part One: Overview

Part Two: Process Management

Part Three: Memory Management

Part Four: Storage Management

Part One: Overview

操作系统的发展 批处理系统

分时系统

实时系统

操作系统特点

重要概念： 操作系统（ Operating Systems ）

多道程序设计 (Multi Programming)

系统调用 （ System Call ）

微内核技术 (Micro Kernel)

Part Two: Process Management

Chapter 3: ProcessesProcess

Comparison between Process and Program 进程与程序的

比较

Process State

Process Control Block (PCB)

Process SchedulingLong-term scheduler (or job scheduler) 长程调度（作

业调度）Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler ， Process

scheduler) 短程调度（ CPU 调度、进程调度）medium － term scheduler 中程调度degree of multiprogramming 多道程序度 I/O-bound process I/O 型进程CPU-bound process CPU 型进程context switch 上下文切换

Operations on Processes

InterProcess-Communication (IPC)

Direct Communication

Indirect Communication

Communication in Client-Server Systems

Sockets

Remote Procedure Calls--RPC

Remote Method Invocation --RMI

Threads线程

Thread (LWP --lightweight process)

User threads

Kernel threads

Multithreading Models

CPU Scheduling 概念

CPU-I/O Burst Cycle CPU-I/O 区间周期CPU Scheduler CPU 调度程序Preemptive Scheduling & nonpreemptive

scheduling

Dispatcher 分派程序CPU utilization, Throughput, Turnaround time ,

Waiting time , Response time

Scheduling Algorithms

Process Synchronization 概念

Race condition

Critical Resource 临界资源 Critical Section 临界区 Synchronization & mutually exclusive （互斥）

Solution to Critical-Section Problem( 要求 )

Synchronization Hardware TestAndSet

Swap

Semaphores

Monitor

DEADLOCKS Deadlock

Necessary Conditions

Deadlock prevention

Deadlock avoidance

Deadlock Detection & Recovery

Part Three-- Memory Management

Main Memory

概念Logical vs. Physical AddressMemory-Management Unit (MMU)Dynamic LoadingDynamic LinkingSwapping

Contiguous AllocationSingle-partition allocationMultiple-partition allocation

Hole Dynamic Storage-Allocation Algorithms Fragmentation

External FragmentationInternal FragmentationCompaction

PagingFrame ， Page ， page table

Page-table base register (PTBR)

Page-table length register (PRLR)

associative memory or translation look-aside

buffers (TLBs)

Effective Access Time

Hierarchical Paging 分级分页

Segmentation

Virtual Memory

Virtual memory

Page Fault

Pure demand paging

Page Fault Rate

Effective Access Time (EAT)( for a demand-paged

memory)

Page-replacement algorithm

Frame-allocation algorithm

Thrashing

working set

Page-Fault Frequency

Part Four: Storage Management

Access time

Seek time 寻道时间

Rotational latency 旋转延迟

Transfer time ( 传输时间 )

Disk Scheduling 磁盘调度

RAID

File-System Interface file

directory structure;

Partitions

Access Methods

Directory Structure

File-System Implementation File control block （ FCB ） 文件控制块

On-disk and in-memory structures used to

implement a file system

Open a file

Close a file

Virtual File Systems (VFS)

Directory Implementation 目录实现

Linear list 线性表

Hash Table 哈希表

Allocation Methods

Contiguous allocation 连续分配

Linked allocation 链接分配

Indexed allocation 索引分配

Free-Space Management

Bit vector (bit map) 位向量（位映象）

Linked list (free list)

Grouping 分组（成组链接法）

Counting 计数

I/O Systems Port （端口） Bus （总线） Controller （控制器）

Interaction between the host and a controller主机与控制器之间的交互

Polling （轮询）

Interrupts （中断）

Direct Memory Access （ DMA －－直接内存访问）

I/O subsystem improves the efficiency of the

computer

scheduling I/O operations

using storage space in main memory or on disk, via

techniques called buffering, caching, and SPOOLing.

End of Review