Origins of the Cold War~ Ideological Differences, mutual suspicion and fear, wartime allies to enemies

Nature of the Cold War Ideological Opposition, Superpowers spheres of influence, alliances and diplomacy in the

Cold War Development and impact of the Cold War

Global spread from its European origin, Cold War policies of containment, brinkmanship, peaceful coexistence, détente, role of significant leaders, arms race, proliferation, and limitation, social structure and economic impact

End of the Cold War Break up of the Soviet Union, breakdown of Soviet control over Central and E. Europe

Material you SHOULD ANSWER: Wartime Conferences: Yalta and Potsdam; US policies and developments in Europe: Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO, Soviet policies – Sovietization of E. Europe, and Central Europe, COMECON & Warsaw Pact; Germany ~ Berlin, Korea, Afghanistan, Cuba, Vietnam, Castro, Gorbachev, Kennedy, Mao, Reagan, Stalin, Truman

Material you SHOULD STAY away from: Sino Soviet Relations, US Chinese Relations, Congo

Topic #5 ~ The Cold War

Cold War Long Term Overview1941 – 45: Co-operation in WWII ~ USA & USSR work

together to defeat Germany1946 – 53: The First Cold War ~ disagreements between

USA & USSR over Germany & E. Europe and the developing nuclear arms race lead to growing tensions

1954 – 68: Fluctuating Relations: Relations between the two superpowers go through a period of antagonism and retreat

1969 – 79: Détente: Period in which the USA & USSR reach several agreements in an effort to avoid a war

1979 – 85: Second Cold War: Relations decline again over developments in the Developing World and nuclear weapons although a stalemate is reached

1985 – 91 Final Stages of the Cold War: A New period of co-operation, ending with the break – up of the Soviet Union

The First Cold War

Different origins / start

& ideology that

contributed to the Cold War

What is a Cold War???Term used to describe the tension between

the USA & USSR between 1945 & & 1991. Term was popularized by US journalist Walter Lippmann in 1946-1947

50 year struggle between two rival states – US vs. USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) and their allies: West vs. East…2 remaining superpowers after WWII

The two main protagonist never actually fought each other directly (did drive economic & foreign policy)

Contest developed between the two (not always scene as a contest between equals)

Origins of the Cold War Coexistence with other political & social

system was impossibleIntense Arms RaceAlly themselves with regimes and

movements that went along with their stated political ideology and beliefs

Intense Propaganda ~ West depict USSR as a totalitarian equivalent of Nazi Germany while USSR painted capitalism as warmongering system

Features / Reasons of Cold War Russian Menace ~

Russian expansionism & Soviet communism, which west struggled to contain

US Imperialism ~ US spreading capitalism around the world and willing to use military force to achieve objectives

West – West Conflict Theory ~ US used Soviet Union as a smokescreen to place blame for problems and US need to “help” and develop W. Europe, Japan, & Asia to prevent these areas to falling under the ‘evil empire’

Ideals of Capitalism & CommunismCapitalism

Business privately owned & run by individuals, families or companies

Not restricted by stateFree competitionWealth created by

companies & wealthy individuals will create new jobs & trickle down to benefit the poorer sections of society

CommunismClassless societyEqual chances &

opportunityMost important

parts of economy should be controlled by state or local councils

The Rival Camps ~ Political & Military Alliances NATO ~ North

Atlantic Treaty Organization – Military alliance organized by the West in response to the perceived threat from the Soviet Union, following its takeover of E. Europe

Warsaw Pact – This was the defensive military alliance formed six years after the formation of NATO. Established after W. Germany was allowed to join NATO & rearm in 1955. This alarmed the USSR prompting an alliance with its satellite states in E. Europe

Iron Curtain

Term used to describe the boundary between cap capitalist W. Europe and communist E. Europe. As the Cold War intensified, the frontiers – especially in Germany – became physical & visible to both sides

Hot War & Third World ‘Hot War was

avoided between US & USSR but both sides were keen to establish alliances

Third World ~ First used to describe those countries in the Americas, Asia, & Africa that were economically underdeveloped.

First World ~ economically advanced, capitalist states in Europe & US

Second World ~ Mainly E. Europe in the communist block

Cold War & United Nations Roosevelt & Churchill signed the Atlantic

Charter in 1941 prior to US entry into WWII & desired a organization to replace the League of Nations = United Nations

During Cold War both superpowers used their place in UN Security Council (US, USSR, Britain, China, & France) & their allies in the General Assembly to block decisions they didn’t like, and to protect their allies

Truman Doctrine (Containment)

Containment: U.S policy to stop the spread of Communism

Truman DoctrineGave economic and military

aid to Greece and TurkeyNew national security

organizations set-upCIANSC (National Security Council)

The Marshall Plan

George Marshall (Secretary of State)Economic assistance to rebuildEconomic Recovery Program

(ERP)Offered to all nations in EuropeGrants and loansEastern nations EXCEPT

Czechoslovakia rejected loansSoviets replaced Czech govt.

Viewed as “dollar imperialism”

Origins of the Cold WarOverview

Distrust bet. Capitalist West & communist Soviet Union

When Germany invaded the SU in 1941 these differences had been put aside against the common threat of Nazi Germany

Tehran Conference ~ Stalin unhappy with delay of opening second front in the west & disagreements over post war features of Germany & Poland

Yalta & Potsdam Conference ~ differences depended especially when Truman became president

Tensions over Germany ~ growing Soviet domination of Eastern Europe ~ US drops atomic bombs on Japan and refuses to share technology with USSR

Long-term causes, 1917 -1941Bolshevik Revolution Nov. 1917 ~ brought

to power the Bol. Party under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin & Leon Trotsky = world’s first workers state based on Marxist ideology

Great Contest ~ global conflict between two rival social systems of capitalism & socialism

Short lived Communist Revolutions in Germany & Hungary led Wilson, Clemenceau, & George to isolate the Soviet Union economically & diplomatically

Great Contest ~ Early Conflicts 1918 - 1921 Lenin & Trotsky openly called for revolution

in Europe Consequently from 1918 to 1921 the new

Soviet state faced military intervention in the Russian Civil War….armies from US, Britain, France, & Japan gave supplies and assistance to the opponents of the Bolsheviks

US & Wilson refused to recognize the new communist gov’t led by the Bolshevik’s in SU

Soviet Weakness during the 20’sUS economy flourished after WWIEconomic backwardness of Russia from

tsarist days, Civil War, foreign intervention combined to weaken the SU

Treaty of Brest – Litovsk imposed by Germany = loss of territory & resources

Failures of collectives in agriculture

Co-operation 1929 – 1941 Stalin’s rise to power in 1929 and desire to

ensure security of the SU by building ‘Socialism in One Country’…Lenin called for ‘world revolution’

Great depression in the capitalist west meant ‘Great Contest’ was less important than economic survival

Threat of WWII and rise of Hitler in 1933 improved relations bet. the west and SU…US finally recognizes the SU in 1933…1935 – 1938 Great Purge & Great Terror in SU strengthened anti-Soviet attitudes in the US

Co-Operation & WWIIFDR believed the Nazi Germany to be more

expansionist that the SUBelieved that a weakened post-war SU could be

persuaded to drop the idea of communism in return for security & economic reconstruction

Stalin saw the refusal of Britain & France to join an anti-Nazi alliance, appeasement @ Munich, as encouragement for Nazi-Germany to attack the USSR

The West saw the war against Finland and annexation of Baltic states as evidence of Soviet Expansion

Grand Alliance When the USSR was attacked by Germany in June

1941 & then US by Japan in December, the US and Britain soon joined with the SU

Now saw Hitler as more serious threatOutbreak of WWII seemed temporarily to end

US/West v. USSR rivalry Soviet’s had restrictions for Allied service personnel

operating on Soviet territory Stalin considered inadequate Allied aid, given most

Axis forces were fighting in the Eastern frontStalin even feared at times allies would make

compromise with Hitler & launch a joint attack vs. SU

Characteristics of the first Cold War

1. Military build-up, particularly of the nuclear type on both sides 2. Intense propaganda campaigns between two camps, try to

denigrate each other 3. No successful negotiations between the USA and USSR on issues

of mutual concern in Europe or in the rest of the world (iron curtain)

 4. Conflict between capitalism and communism found expression in

third world situations 5. Tightening of controls within the capitalist and communist camps 6. East-West confrontation came to dominate or condition other

conflicts

Issues of First Cold War

1. Poland’s future2. the question of Germany3. spheres of influence4. military insecurity

Poland’s futureDisputes over Yalta

Stalin’s fears/concerns: no invasion, resources needed, rebuilding requires control, fear of capitalist encirclement, inevitability of war with capitalists, impossibility of disarmament

- Communist manipulation of elections ensured a communist victory

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At the Potsdam Conference in 1945, it was decided by the four victorious powers of World War II - Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States of America that the territory of the former German Empire as defined by the borders of 1937 was to be divided into four zones of occupation.

What to do with Germany?

http://www.dhm.de/ENGLISH/ausstellungen/breakthrough/S1.htm

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Division of Germany and Berlin

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The Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany, was formally created in September 1949. October 7th 1949 The German Democratic Republic, East Germany was set up by the Soviets

Germany-Two Countries - 1949

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Berlin-Deep in Soviet Germany

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The three western sections of Germany and Berlin and created a West German government and announced a new currency.

Stalin responded on June 24, 1948 by attempting to force the western allies out of Berlin altogether. He cut off rail and road access to the western side of the city and turned off electricity.

Berlin Blockade: 24 June 1948 -12 May 1949

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The United States and Great Britain mounted a massive airlift to keep the western sectors supplied with the 5000 tons of food per day and fuel that the city needed…and chocolate for children!

Berlin Airlift Begins: June 25, 1948

Lt. Halvorsen dropping candy. He became known as the “candy bomber”.

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Berlin Airlift

277,264 flights and 1.5 million tons of aid.

Spheres of Influence As early as February 1946, the USSR had

been attempting to increase influence in ‘its’ zone or sphere of influence in E. Europe

Stalin was desperate to rebuild the SU war devastated economy

In response to the Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan Soviet influence and control in E. Europe was stepped up resulting in increasingly communist – dominated governments in Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Albania

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Greek Government vs Greek Communists

Truman requested that Congress provide $400,000,000 worth of aid to both the Greek and Turks to stave off communism in the region

Truman argued that a Communist victory in the Greek Civil War would endanger the political stability of Turkey, which would undermine the political stability of the Middle East.

This could not be allowed in light of the region's immense strategic importance to U.S. national security.

Truman Doctrine: Background

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The United States was compelled to assist "free peoples" in their struggles against "totalitarian regimes" because the spread of authoritarianism would "undermine the foundations of international peace and hence the security of the United States."

The Truman Doctrine committed the United States to actively offering assistance to preserve the political integrity of democratic nations when such an offer was deemed to be in the best interest of the United States.

Truman Doctrine 1947

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Truman Doctrine: Legacy

In the words of the Truman Doctrine, it became "the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."The Truman Doctrine effectively reoriented U.S. foreign policy, away from withdrawal and isolation to one of possible intervention in far away conflicts.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmQD_W8Pcxg&feature=PlayList&p=2287E59C541E7692&index=5

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“The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.” ~ George Marshall

Marshall Plan 1948: Rebuild War-torn Europe

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A great humanitarian effort. Secretary of State Marshall became

the only military general ever to receive a Nobel Prize for peace.

The Marshall Plan also institutionalized and legitimized the concept of U.S. foreign aid programs, which have become a integral part of U.S. foreign policy.

Marshall Plan: Legacy

Developments in Asia & Indochina

At first US had not been worried about Chinese Civil War between the nationalist Guomindang (GMD) & Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Japanese aggression first against Manchuria and then against mainland China led US gov’t to increase support for Jiang Jieshi’s nationalist gov’t after 1941

1945 – US & USSR hoped China could form a coalition gov’t

Truce broke in early 1946 US continued support of Jiang Jieshi and as communist victory seemed imminent, US began to slow aid

Communist China was seen as a defeat of Truman’s policy of containment

1950 – Sino Soviet Treaty increased US concerns and contributed to the McCarthy ‘witch hunts’

Mao Zedong & China

US attitude toward communism in ChinaEarly Soviet

Involvement1921 CCP (Chinese

Communist Party) is formed & advised by the Bolshevik gov’t of SU..Sun Yat-sen would pass away in 1925 & Jiang Jieshi succeeded Sun Yat-sen & moves the country to the right (democratic)

1937 US had not placed much importance on events in China

Japan’s invasion of China causes concern because of US interest in Pacific region

China would be liberated from Japenese control with the dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki

US Involvement in China US does not want

CCP to take control – send aid and troops to key cities

Marshall Mission – create a coalition gov’t backed by US & SU

Civil War between CCP & GMD 1946

US sent $200 million in aid to China and Jiang Jieshi to fight off CCP but in 1947 Jiang flees to Taiwan as capital city Nanjing falls to CCP & Mao proclaims the birth of the new People’s Republic of China

Impact of communist victory in ChinaAugust 1949 – SU explodes first atomic

deviceOne month later China falls to communismNo longer threat of nuclear monopoly

enough to contain communismTruman’s gov’t scene as weakMao & Stalin sign 30 Year Treaty of

Friendship, Alliance & Mutual Assistance

McCarthyism Senator Joseph

McCarthy’s anti-communist crusade within the US

‘Red Scare’ – suspicions of people working within our country to aid SU

McCarthy claimed he had a list of 205 State Department officials who were members of the Communist Party

Later he would reduce # to 57

Red Scare became more hysterical after the start of the Korean War

Korean War

Korean War Cold War tensions in

Asia shifted from China to Korea, which had been divided in 1945 at the 38th Parallel (for purpose of dealing with Japanese troops)

North Korea – Kim Il Sung supported by SU

South Korea – Syngman Rhee supported by US

Communist North attacks the South in attempt to reunify country

SU had been boycotting participation in UN Security Council…UN agrees to send army to help South

North had early victories…pushed back by US General Douglas MacArthur

Korean WarAs US / UN forces

drive up the peninsula and invade North Korea China sends in army to aid North

MacArthur calls for nuclear weapons vs. China

Stalemate in the war sets in and an armistice is signed in 1953

US begun to arrange a series of military alliances in the Pacific, designed to secure what it called Defensive Perimeter

Crucial to this was the reconstruction of Japan – vast industrial potential…US gave $500 million in aid to rebuild

Treaties ANZUS Pact – US support against

communist activities in Pacific Region while Australia and New Zealand promised to help US against any military aggression

Korean War Impacts – increased military spending, becomes global phenomenon, US takes role as global ‘policeman’ against communism

Fluctuating Relations

1954 – 68

1953 - 1955: The early thaw

Stalin diedcommittee formed to take power (no all powerful leader)

The Thaw - 1953 one of the reasons why an armistice was signed in July 1953 in Korea

Arms Race continues – US exploded first H – Bomb in November 1952, USSR followed in July 1953Nikita Khrushchev emerges as

the leader of the U.S.SR (1955)Pushed for

Eisenhower vs. Khrushchev

Eisenhower Khrushchev

• “New Look” talk of massive retaliation (known as brinkmanship)

• Secretary of State John Dulles:• Called communism

“immoral”• US should adopt a

much a much more confrontational aggressive stance towards the USSR & China

• “Rolling Back” policy of communism – abandoned Truman’s policy of containment

• Acknowledged devastation of WWII, and the risk of nuclear war

• “Peaceful Coexistence”• Believed that socialism

and communism would eventually prove better

• Inconsistent - did try to achieve real détente between the East and West to avoid the risk of a devastating war

• Competitive Element – believed that socialist system would prove to be economically superior

• Formation of the Warsaw Pact 1955 after West Germany became member of NATO

Germany becomes a hot spot…again

Feb. 1954: Soviets offered to unify Germany…rejected by west

Soviets offer to join NATO…rejected by the west

May 1955-West Germany joins NATO“Spirit of Geneva” (July 1955) – Nuclear

weapons & Germany were the main items of the agendaDespite lack of concrete progress in areas at

least two sides were talking which was an improvement from Truman & Stalin

BUT…. disarmament, disbanding of NATO and Warsaw Pact, withdrawal of all troops from Europe was rejected

Rejected USSR offer to resolve German question by free elections for a reunited Germany

“Secret Speech” (1956)Criticized Stalin – called for peaceful coexistence

in the new nuclear ageAccepted various models of socialism

Example - Yugoslavia Cominform disbanded -

The intended purpose of Cominform was to coordinate actions between Communist parties under Soviet direction

Rumors of the speech circulated through Europe – gave hope to Eastern European satellites to reform communist and non communist who sought a reduction in Soviet control in their country

Revolt and reform in Poland, 1956 Protests by Polish factory workers over

increased production quotas turned into a serious riot

Soviet leadership feared the consequences of a Poland independent of Soviet control

The Hungarian Revolt

Following Khrushchev’s secret speech and developments in Poland, protests became increasingly widespread

Illegal demonstrations beganarmed revolt broke out

Initially Soviets attempt a peaceful solutionImre Nagy formed new government

Allowed opposition partiesTalked of quitting the Warsaw Pact Soviets angry ~ no longer going to peaceful

Soviets intervened with its military, pro-Soviet government established

Sputnik & Its Impact Soviet Union launched the world’s first

satellite Sputnik into spaceThe launch of Sputnik gave Eisenhower the

opportunity to support the establishment of NASA

2nd Berlin Crisis Nov. 27th 1958 Khrushchev issued his first

Berlin UltimatumAttempt to push West into concluding a

formal peace with Germany and agreeing that West Berlin should become an international and demilitarized area

Khrushchev wanted to reopen negotiations over future of Germany & limit NATO’s attempt at making West Germany a nuclear power

Attempts to ease tensionsCamp David – Sept. 1959 ~ Khrushchev and

Eisenhower meet at Camp David in US over tensions in Germany

Paris Summit – May 1960 ~ just before Paris Summit US U-2 spy plane shot down over USSR soil = doomed Parris Summit failure Germany – USSR wanted a West & East Germany with

allowing to leave their respective military alliances (NATO & Warsaw Pact)…The West wanted a united Germany…West was keen to resist moves of USSR because Berlin was important propaganda, & intelligence base behind the Iron Curtain

As discussion dragged on East Germans migrated to West Germany (200,000 a year)

Vienna Summit, June 1961Kennedy now President of the US refused to

make concessions on Berlin or GermanyMoved away from Eisenhower’s idea of

massive retaliation, Kennedy still determined to contain communism

Berlin Wall, August 1961# of East German refugees fleeing to West

Berlin increased to 20,000 a monthKhrushchev orders to secure border between

West & East Berlin – first a barbed wire fence was erected, by the end of August authorities rapidly began building the Berlin Wall

Remained a very visible image of the Cold War division between East & West until it was pulled down in Nov. 1989…did remove Germany as key issue in the Cold War & focus moved from Europe

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http://www.cs.utah.edu/~hatch/images/europe/berlin.buildwall.jpg

Khrushchev fall, Oct. 1964Oct. 1964 opponents were unhappy with his foreign

policy actions (Cuban Missile Crisis) Opponents able to secure a majority in the Central

Committee for his removal = shared power at first between Leonid Brezhnev & Alexei Kosygin…would be much more conservative Khrushchev = (de-Stalinisation)

Pursued détente = achieve peaceful coexistence with the capitalist West

Hoped détente with the West would stabilize and gain acceptance of their Eastern European bloc and help prevent any US-China alliance directed towards Soviet Union

Czechoslovakia & the ‘Prague Spring’ 1968 Refers to the attempt in late 1960s by reform

communist in Czechoslovakia to liberalize and develop a democratic communist state …leader was Alexander Dubcek

Set an example for domestic reforms elsewhere in the Eastern Block…SU worried about US reaction

Warsaw Letter – sent from SU, GDR, Hungary, Poland, and Bulgaria – claimed Dubcek policies were encouraging revolutionary ideas to spread

Prague Spring would end when the 5 Warsaw Letter heads sent military force to Czechoslovakia to end the reform movement = success

Brezhnev Doctrine Brezhnev issued what became known as the

Brezhnev Doctrine’ at a congress of the Polish Communist Party “When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn

the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries”

In practice, the policy meant that limited independence of the satellite states' communist parties was allowed. However, no country would be allowed to compromise the cohesiveness of the Eastern bloc in any way.

Vietnam War

Since the Truman Doctrine US policy toward communism was containment

After 1949 US policy was based on the Domino Theory – idea that when one country fell to communist, bordering countries would soon follow

Eisenhower supported anti-communist governments in SE Asia – especially in Vietnam…Kennedy would support this as well

Why did the US get involved in Vietnam after 1954

Before WWII Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) had been part of the French empire

During the war, the region had been taken over by Japan but, after 1945, the French were keen to return and regain their SE Asian colonies

PROBLEM = strong opposition from the Viet Minh, communist nationalist movement wanting independence

Led by communist Ho Chi Minh, the Viet Minh had liberated much of the country from Japanese occupation before 1945, and at end of the war they announced formation of Democratic republic of Vietnam

French & Indochina

Where is Vietnam?

Why Did the United States Fight a War in Vietnam?

Basically to hold the line against the spread of world Communism. America paid for the war the French fought against Communist Vietnam as a part of the Truman Doctrine (1947) “to help free peoples to maintain their free institutions and their national integrity against … totalitarian regimes.” In the 1950’s, America became involved again.

US defends it’s support and aid to the French and then getting involved entirely in Vietnam by stressing possibility of the Domino Theory

Soviet Union – China – Korea - Vietnam

Domino Theory

Opposition to Geneva AccordsThe United States prevented the elections that

were promised under the Geneva conference because it knew that the Communists would win. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles thought the Geneva

Accords granted too much power to the Communist Party of Vietnam. – He and President Dwight

D. Eisenhower supported the creation of a counter-revolutionary alternative south of the 17th parallel.

• This was accomplished through formation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).

A New Nation in the SouthUsing SEATO for political cover, the

Eisenhower administration helped create a new nation in southern Vietnam.

In 1955, with the help of massive amounts of American military, political, and economic aid, the government of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) was born.

The following year, Ngo Dinh Diem, a staunchly anti-Communist figure from the South, won a dubious election that made him president of South Vietnam

South Vietnam Under DiemDiem claimed that his newly

created government was under attack from Communists in the north.

In late 1957, with American military aid, Diem began to counterattack. He used the help of the CIA (through

Operation Phoenix) to identify those who sought to bring his government down and arrested thousands.

He passed a repressive series of acts known as Law 10/59 that made it legal to hold suspected Communists in jail without bringing formal charges.

Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations Ho Chi Minh formed a new guerrilla army

including some south Vietnamese called the Vietcong

US sent military advisors to train S Vietnam

But the Vietcong were too powerful

Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations

Diem with urging from the US establishedstrategic hamlets Basically containment camps to keep S..Vietnamese in and safe; and from helpiingthe Vietcong

Strategic Hamlets

Corrupt administration ~ Very unpopular

~ Discriminated against Buddhism one of the most popular religions in Vietnam

9 people were killed by Diem’s police during

religious protests Vietnamese Generals assassinated Diem

with the support off the US

Diem’s reign off Terror

However unpopular Diem had been the unifying for force of South Vietnam

Was also a strong political leader Without Diem South Vietnam collapses US must get more involved

Diem’s assassination

However unpopular Diem had been the unifying for force of South Vietnam

Was also a strong political leader Without Diem South Vietnam collapses US must get more involved

Diem’s assassination

The Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionThe Johnson

administration used the August 4 attack to obtain a Congressional resolution, now known as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, that gave the president broad war powers.

The Resolution was followed by limited reprisal air attacks against North Vietnam.

Operation Rolling ThunderIn early 1965, the NLF attacked two U.S.

army installations in South Vietnam, and as a result, Johnson ordered sustained bombing missions over North Vietnam.

The bombing missions, known as “Operation Rolling Thunder,” caused the Communist Party to reassess its own war strategy

How did the North VietnameseFight Back Against the U.S. Invaders?

The North Vietnamese used classic Maoist guerrilla tactics. “Guerrillas must move through the peasants like fish through sea,” i.e., the peasants will support them as much as they can with shelter, food, weapons, storage, intelligence, recruits.

Search & Destroy TacticsThe United States

countered with “Search and Destroy” tactics. In areas where the NLF were thought to be operating, troops went in and checked for weapons. If they found them,

they rounded up the villagers and burned the villages down.

• This often alienated the peasants from the American/South Vietnamese cause. – As one marine said – “If they

weren’t Vietcong before we got there, they sure as hell were by the time we left”.

– The NFL often helped the villager’s re-build their homes and bury their dead.

Protracted War StrategyAfter “Operation Rolling

Thunder,” the Communist Party moved to a protracted war strategy: the idea was to get the United States bogged down ina war that it could not win militarily and create unfavorable conditions for political victory.

The Tet OffensiveBy 1968, things had gone from bad to

worse for the Johnson administration. In late January, North Vietnam and the NLF launched coordinated attacks against major southern cities.

These attacks, known as the Tet Offensive, were designed to force the Johnson administration to the bargaining table.

A Secret Plan to End the WarIn late March 1968, a disgraced

Lyndon Johnson announced that he would not seek the Democratic Party's re-nomination for president and hinted that he would go to the bargaining table with the Communists to end the war.

Negotiations began in the spring of 1968, but the Democratic Party could not rescue the presidency from Republican challenger Richard Nixon who claimed he had a secret plan to end the war.

Vietnamization

Nixon's secret plan involved a process called “Vietnamization.” This strategy brought American troops home while increasing the air war over North Vietnam and relying more on the South Vietnamese army for ground attacks.

Expansion to Laos & CambodiaThe Nixon years also saw the expansion of

the war into neighboring Laos and Cambodia, violating the international rights of these countries in secret campaigns, as the White House tried desperately to rout out Communist sanctuaries and supply routes.

The Christmas BombingsIn December 1972, the Nixon

administration unleashed a series of deadly bombing raids against targets in North Vietnam’s largest cities, Hanoi and Haiphong.

These attacks, now known as the Christmas bombings, brought immediate condemnation from the international community and forced the Nixon administration to reconsider its tactics and negotiation strategy.

The Paris Peace AgreementIn early January 1973, the Nixon

White House convinced Saigon that they would not abandon the South Vietnamese army if they signed the peace accord.

On January 23, therefore, the final draft was initialed, ending open hostilities between the United States and North Vietnam.

The Paris Peace Agreement did not end the conflict in Vietnam, however, as Saigon continued to battle Communist forces.

The Fall to CommunismFrom March 1973 until the

fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975, the South Vietnamese army tried desperately to save the South from political and military collapse.

The end finally came when North Vietnamese tanks rolled south along National Highway One.

On the morning of April 30, Communist forces captured the presidential palace in Saigon, ending the Vietnam War.

Cuba & Castro

Why did us consider cuba so important?Latin America & Caribbean = America

backyardMonroe Doctrine 1823 ~ no other Eastern

Hemisphere country could colonize country in Western Hemisphere

Roosevelt Corollary ~ Teddy Roosevelt ~ protect private property, maintain order or to protect American lives in Latin & Central America

Good Neighbor policy

Impact of the Cold War As soon as Cold War began US take steps

to ensure that no communist or pro-communist state could be established in the Americas Rio Pact – 1947 ~ included almost all nations

of Central & S. America = attack on any country on the American continent would be treated as an attack on all (military pact)

Organization of American States (OAS) – designed to facilitate political relations ~ also included statement condemning “international communism or any totalitarianism”

US in Guatemala First challenge to US policy in region was

presented in Central American state Guatemala

Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzman elected president ~ creates land reform policy to nationalize uncultivated areas of land

Eisenhower & Dulles worry if Arbenz brings communism to Guatemala domino theory would take place Guatemala

US asks OAS to take action = decline = US sends in CIA to overthrow government

Importance of CUBA90 miles off of the coast of Florida 1901 Platt Amendment – 1934 stated US

had right to oversee Cuban economy, veto any international agreements & intervene in Cuba’s domestic policies

1934 – 1959 Military Dictator General Fulgencio Batista ~ supported by US ~ allowed increasing US control of Cuban economy & political developments

US retained important naval base at Guantanamo

Fidel CastroUnhappy with Batista’s regime and Cuba

being little more then a US satellite Castro was son of wealthy plantation ownerStood for congress in 1952Led attack on the army’s Moncada Barracks

in 1953 = failure (July 26th Movement)Imprisoned / released in 1955 / exile in

Mexico December 1956 – leads small force of

revolutionaries and lands in Cuba – US places embargo not shipping weapons to both sides – Guerrilla War ensued - Batista flees Cuba for Dominican Republic

Castro’s revolution Fidel Castro looked for US aid initiallyUS looks at Castro as similar to Arbenz in Guatemala

with his plans for land, health, and welfare reform1959 CIA using Cuban exiles and hatching plans to

disrupt the Cuban economy and destabilize Castro’s gov’t

Cuba nationalized almost all US-owned companies = US suspends Cuba sugar imports and US placed an embargo on virtually all trade

Cuba signed a trade agreement in 1960 with SU which gave Cuba credit for $100 million credit to purchase equipment while SU promises to purchase 2 million tons of sugar a year for next 4 years

Castro also signs trade agreement with communist China

Castro & Bay of Pigs invasion By 1960 Castro had nationalized the

economy and came to rely on Cuban Communist Party to provide administration for reform programmers

Castro established trade relations with every communist state including SU, China, N. Korea and N. Vietnam

CIA convinced Eisenhower to approve training of an invasion force of right-wing Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro

April 15th, 1961 Kennedy authorized Cuban exiles with CIA pilots to carry out air raids to knock out Cuban air force

Castro’s responseNext day Castro announced Cuba intended

to follow ‘socialist’ road in order to complete revolution

SU sending large aid packages, including weapons

April 17th 1961 – 1400 Cuban exiles land invasion at the Bay of Pigs

Attempted invasion was quickly defeated = US humiliated

Why does Cuban missile Crisis happen Kennedy remained determined to

overthrow CastroAttempted assassination, planes to bomb or

napalm sugar and tobacco fields, CIA agents sabotaging oil refineries, and sank Cuban merchant ships

Castro fearing another invasion asks Khrushchev for protection…May 1962 Soviet weapons on the rise

The missile gap & Soviet concernsSU growing increasingly concerned with US

nuclear weapons placed in Turkey & ItalyBy putting missiles in Cuba would counter

the threat posed by the US missiles in Turkey & Italy

Rumors of US nuclear strike, tension in Berlin, criticism from Soviet Communist Party pushed Khrushchev to install and equip missile sites in Cuba in Sept. 1962

Khrushchev hoped this would remain a secret

Kennedy promised US would prevent installation by ‘whatever means necessary’

Cuban Missile CrisisOct. 14th 1962 US U-2 spy plane returned

with images of missile sites under construction & Soviet missiles had arrived

‘The Thirteen Days’ – closest US and SU come to war

Kennedy Two ResponsesUS would mount a naval blockade of Cuba

then US troops would invade island Khrushchev issued a reply that Soviet ships

would not respect blockadeOctober 28th Khrushchev pulls missiles out of

Cuba and 18 SU ships turn around and go home

Compromises Khrushchev sends personal letter to KennedyLetter offered:

Oct. 26th Withdrawal of Soviet missiles from Cuba on condition US lifted its blockade of Cuba and promised not to invade island

Oct 27th Khrushchev sends 2nd letter – asks US to remove missiles from Turkey

Oct. 27th Kennedy responds to the first letter – US would remove blockade if SU missiles withdrawn from Cuba…Kennedy agreed US missiles would be removed from Turkey (would not go public)If this doesn’t happen US invades Cuba the next day

ResultsOct. 28th – Khrushchev agrees to dealEvent adds to reason why Khrushchev is

removed from office in 1964China continued to develop independent

foreign policy because event portrayed SU unwilling to stand up to US

Western Europe was angry…US did not inform them of event until days later…France urged W. Europe to form own independent foreign policy and leave NATO

Hotline and Test – Ban theory Both sides shocked at how close they came

to nuclear warCuban Missile Crisis = Turning Point

‘Hotline’ installed – special telephone for direct communication between Kremlin (SU leader) and White House (President)

Test – Ban Treaty = did not limit or reduce the building and deployment of nuclear weapons but did attempt to control the testing of such devices

Cuban Revolution & Cold War As early as 1963 US continued trying to

assassinate Castro Castro hoped that Cuban Revolution would

inspire other countries in Central & Latin America and Caribbean to revolt

US = feared thisCastro felt USSR used Cuba in its Global

Contest and differences between the two would follow

1968 Castro would publicly support the Warsaw Pact & invasion of Czechoslovakia

Détente

Did détente mark the end of the First Cold War?Détente, 1969 –

1979 (relaxation of tensions)

By late 1960s both sides desired improved Cold War relations

Détente was just an easing, not the end, of the main underlying Cold War tensions

Détente and the USRichard Nixon won presidential election in 1968US support for Vietnam called for a withdrawalWas prepared to limit the US policy of containing

communism if the overall consequences benefited the US = American withdrawal from Vietnam

Vietnam had a negative impact on ability to keep military and economic advantage over SU

Henry Kissinger (National Security Advisor) thought US placed to much emphasis on Vietnam

Nixon flew to China to meet with Mao in 1972 ~ caused concerns from SU

Détente & the USSRThree factors

1) Economic Reasons ~ Soviet economy showing signs of being stagnate ~ Brezhnev advocated to increase trade with the west

2) Fear ~ genuine fear of a nuclear war 3) Foreign Relation Issues ~ Sino – Soviet Split

SU feared anti-soviet alliance between US & China

SALT I ~ Strategic Arms Limitations Talks1969 series of negotiations ~ Relations

between US, SU, & China improve with the signing of SALT I – Anti – Ballistic Missile Treaty ARMS CONTROL – Not reductionFreeze was put in place on the advancement

of some weapons

East – West trade was on the rise and agreed to SALT II 1972 - 1979Agreed to reduction of Nuclear Weapons & both

sides agree to contact each other if any crisis seemed likely to threaten nuclear war

Helsinki Conference & Accords 1971 Warsaw Pact proposed a conference

on European securityThree Agreements

Recognize current bordersCalled for closer ties & collaboration across

economic, science, and culture issuesHuman Rights

1972 Final Quadripartite Protocol ~ saw the SU accept West German links with West Berlin December 1972 ~ signed Basic Treaty accepting

two German states

Second Cold War Afghanistan& events in

Europe

Soooo….Why does the Second Cold War begin in 1979Soviet Union wanted to extend its influence

in the Developing World = limited in comparison to US

SU wanted to acquire allies with naval bases…only had 6 operational bases….USSR could only operate 6 aircraft carriers compared to NATO’s 20 due to allies around the world

Leaders of détente fallNixon resignation over WatergateBrezhnev’s health deteriorated

SU & Middle East SU had developed relationship with several Arab

statesIn a 1967 war between Egypt & Israel SU supplied

Egypt with weapons and military advisors and as a result were granted ports and airbases

Détente continued to crumble as the US made it clear its intention to maintain its global power baseWave of revolutions break out in Developing World,

especially in Middle East, Africa, and Central America.USSR saw this as opportunity to improve international position

Second Cold War vs. First Cold War

Détente comes to a close with the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan SU sends Red Army

to the support the new pro-soviet Afghan gov’t

SU considered action to be inline with Brezhnev Doctrine

Results of Intervention In 1978, the USSR invaded Afghanistan and tried to set up a friendly government. It became the USSR’s Vietnam, a long war with no clear victory possible and many casualties and high costs.The US supported the Afghani rebels known as the Mujahideen. In 1989 the Soviets finally withdrew. Islamic extremists used the opportunity to take over the country. The defeat weakened the Soviet’s economy and morale.

US reaction to Soviet intervention in Afghanistan1980 President Jimmy Carter blocked

various exports to USSR = sanctions…included much needed grain deliveries

Called for USA’s non-ratificaiton of SALT II & called for boycott of 1980 summer Olympics in Moscow

The Carter Doctrine – proclaimed the Persian Gulf to be a vital strategic area for US interests

US agreed to supply China with military equipment

Reagan and the Second Cold WarRonald Reagan was elected president in

Nov. 1980 The New Right (a coalition of Rep. and

Conservative Democrats) claimed US was now militarily inferior to the SU)

New Right dominated Congress and was allied with Pentagon and arms manufactures

As a result military spending once again increases

Reagan administration begins talks of ‘surgical’ nuclear strikes

Poland Polish government imposed martial law in

an attempt to stop the growth of the independent Solidarity Trade Union Movement – Led by Lech Walsea was the first non-communist party controlled trade union in the Warsaw Pact

Party constituted nearly 1/3 of working population

US provided nearly $50 million to the Solidarity party

Poland Direct Soviet military intervention in Poland was

ruled outMoscow put pressure on Polish leadership for a

tough responseMoscow feared if Poland was able to develop more

democratic system, other Eastern European states would follow

Rigid Soviet stance stemmed from view of Poland as important part of Warsaw Pact & Soviet defense in Europe

US responded to SU attitude toward Poland by imposing economic and trade sanctions on both countries

End of the

Cold War

THE SU & Gorbachev Years of 1982 – 1985 the SU was going through

a tense political transitionYuri AndroPov had succeeded Brezhnev in Nov.

1982 but that would not last as Yuri would die in Feb. 1984…Nikolai Cherenko took over but would die a year later

These rapid leadership changes and trying to keep up with US military spending was derailing the SU economy

By late 1980s SU economy was more like a developing economy

Technological gap between US and SU widened

Mikhail Gorbachev Would take over in March 11 1985 and would

turn out to be the beginning of the end of the Cold War

His thinking included removing ‘Marxist-Leninist’ ideology

Gorbachev’s main concern was to end the stagnation of the Soviet economy

Realized the burden of maintaining the military power of the SU was too great, and that its effect on the SU economy and on the living standards of consumers would ultimately undermine Soviet security

Gorbachev & the end of the Cold War“We can no longer go on living like this”Gorbachev had few ties to the Soviet military

elite and had grown close to reform – minded experts = stressed local issues rather than global ideological considerations

Gorbachev wanted to remove ‘Marxist-Leninist’ ideology

Main goal was to end the stagnation of the Soviet economy

Financial burden of maintaining military power was to great

Gorbachev’s ‘New Thinking’Glasnost – Policy of ‘openness’..wanted past

mistakes and current problems in the SU to be voiced in public, including criticism of the leadership of the Communist Party and policies in the MEDIA

Perestroika – policy of restructuring and modernizing the SU including the economic system and increase productivity

Demokratizatsiya – Attempt to make Soviet political system more democratic…elections were reformed to give voters greater choice to the voters

US response and Reagan’s roleReagan's main contribution to the process

was his willingness to move from his strong anti-communist and anti-Soviet position (evil empire) instead prepared to engage and negotiate with Gorbachev

US strategy moved from containment and then détente to a policy beyond containment which showed its refusal to coexist due to its greater economic, technological, and military strength = demanded changed

Four Summits 1985 - 1988Geneva 1985 – First meeting in six years….no

agreements in arms control reached…relations would deteriorate after US aggression in Libya and Afghanistan

Reykjavik 1986 – once again not a success…USA’s Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was the main item of contention…agreed to cut nuclear weapons by 50% & medium range nuclear weapons be withdrawn from Europe…Reagan refused to withdraw SDI, negotiations over and no actual agreements reached

In Feb 1987 Gorbachev agreed to NATO’s terms of removing missiles in Europe = HUGE CONCESSION

Nov. Gorbachev acknowledged that human rights needed to be improved in the Soviet bloc and that the ‘Iron Curtain’ should be lifted

Four Summits 1985 - 1988Washington 1987 – As a result of Gorbachev offer

Reagan and Gorbachev would meetINF Treaty ( Intermediate Nuclear Forces) all land

based missiles would be withdrawn from Europe Treaty also included access to data and witnessing of

weapons destruction Moscow 1988 – Prior to Moscow summit Gorbachev

announced that SU would remove forces from Afghanistan without insisting on any type of government – also hints at Soviet troops being removed from E. Europe

In Moscow little was achieved due to arguments over US Star Wars program

Reagan to BushJuly 1989 Bush met Gorbachev and was

reassured that SU had no desire to challenge US global dominance

Thaw in Soviet & US relations would resume

James Baker (US Secretary of State) and Eduard Shevardnadze (Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs) develop diplomatic relationship

Gorbachev Doctrine Policy of disengaging from involvement in

the Developing World – in order to avoid confrontation with the US

Collapse of Eastern European regimes Eastern Europe played a key role in ending the

Cold WarEmergence of nationalism in many Soviet Union

European satellitesPoland was the first to show dissatisfaction and

strikes due to poor economic situationGorbachev abandons the Brezhnev Doctrine =

Soviet troops would not be sent in to a E. European country to crush a communist revolt

Soon E. Europe saw the rise of mass movements which called for economic reform, demanded greater democracy

How Important was the collapse of Eastern Europe regimes in ending the Cold War

Gorbachev public announcement of abandonment of the Brezhnev Doctrine in March 1985 = made it clear Soviet military would not stop reform movements

December 1988 Gorbachev makes speech to United Nations – Soviet troops committed to the Warsaw Pact would be & Soviet Army would not maintain control of satellite countriesReinforced policies of Perestroika, Glasnost, &

Demokratizasiya

Effects of Gorbachev’s Announcement Eastern Europe saw a rise in mass

movements calling for economic reformDemanded greater democracy Some mass movements called to re-

establish power of Church & restore capitalism

Events of 1989 Poland

Solidarity was legalized in Jan 1989

Agreed to political & economic reform

Elections heldAugust 1989 new

Polish parliament elect first non-communist prime minister in 40 years

SU DID NOT INTERVENE = rest of E. Europe will follow

Hungary 1989 multi-party

elections Developments in

German Democratic Republic (GDR) or (East Germany) accelerate the pace of change in E. Europe

People were fleeing E. Germany via Hungary & Austria resulting in an economic crisis

Events of 1989 East Germany

E. Germany economy was relatively successful (cheap transportation, electricity & gas) but living standards were well below those enjoyed in W. Germany

Nov. 1989 Gorbachev announces E. Germany should for closer ties with W. Germany because SU could no longer subsidies its economy

November 8th 1989 opened the Berlin wall and people from both sides of the cities began tearing down the wall

Czechoslovakia & Bulgaria ~ Mass demonstrations led to gov’t resignation and multi-party democracy parties rose

Czechoslovakia reminded of the Prague Spring were promised never to be interfered with again

Romania ~ Nicolae Ceausescu tried to use security forces to crush rebellion

Soviets refused to intervene and the Cold War was virtually over

The Final Act Dec. 1989 -1991Collapse of E. European regimes (buffer

zone) played a HUGE role in ending the Cold War

Malta Summit ~ Bush & Gorbachev meet and Gorbachev announces he no longer sees the US as an enemy

Germany Gorbachev accepted that it was up the

Germans to decide whether they would want reunification

October 3 1990 East & West Germany reunified Gorbachev worried about NATO extending its

borders to Soviet borderSymbolized the end of division of Europe

itself which had existed since 1949

Collapse of the Soviet UnionSU broke up into 15 republics and USSR

(Russia) was the largest led by Boris YeltsinUS insisted would not send economic aid

unless moved to a market or capitalist economy

1991 Warsaw Pact dissolved = NATO unchallenged

Gorbachev remained Soviet president but Yeltsin used control of Russia to rise to power…Gorbachev would resign in 1991 leaving Yeltsin in charge

1.Armenia2.Azerbaijan3.Belarus4.Estonia5.Georgia6.Kazakhstan7.Kyrgyzstan8.Latvia9.Lithuania10.Moldova11.Russia12.Tajikistan13.Turkmenist

an14.Ukraine15.Uzbekistan

Final Stages of the Cold War1) Ideological Cold War ended with

Gorbachev’s speech to the UN in December 1988

2) The military Cold War ended with the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) signed by Bush & and Gorbachev with the Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty 1990

3) Economic cold war ended at the Malta Summit in Dec. 1989