o u ~ r r u ~ c n ~ ~ r s ~ m i l ~ r n l ~ ~ r r l r m m ~ d m~emw7 d ~ c a r m m j ~ . wxrq&l~rn~m m d a m

&Orfh236I7? ~ ~ 3 6 ) ~ 3 9 2 (1130(llla) ~m16)PJ @dU76I?XDT36)@ T T U O O U ~ ( ~ E ~ & W ~ ~ M ~ ~ " c l l ~ d

m l m m o m j r m m i . noleild"l(r5 f l~9njnroml~dmlswl~d m s m l a a m j w ~ r u ~ m m l m 8

an~mxdanu3 13 ~~361m3gl s r n ~ ~ j & n g ~~)mrn~mp-G.~ o u o r n x n ~ m a d - zp~orn

omda3&mo (Straight Speech), m ~ ~ r r ~ ~ m o (Crooked Speech), rno~crmlhrn3a (Lan-

guage of Spells) ~cmlrnarn rndrn3d milmlmoo.

arnd~~&smamra, m o d m m m m 3 g ? 1 n n 3 G d h n o (News or Gossip),

I . n8)o.d. rtn&m~mrm~mlml, !noasas3 d m o c n ' l w o ( G ~ ~ ~ S Q U O : rwl.0~1. mj&m", 200ojz1~.

2 . C?arol Fleisher Feldman, "Oral meta language." Literacy and Oralitv cd. David K. Olson ant1 Nancy Torrance (Canibridgc: Cambridge UP, 1991)5 1.

.m~uscmru~cruW (suweys 01 Aluo u~ouy YS!YM SUO!~P:)OAUI) pwPmcFcru uuPw

ccm~omcei)cm ~~w~ocrutaolrn '(uaurAel Aq 2u! pay 40 a3!~.1as i>ql u! suo!le~onul) ~wPra

cFcro rap uulw~cncctn~ru~~a~cms~w~~]p~w~yc pTwPom ~~gejcmccw '(sas~n3) ~WWF

rorcm '(s~uatua~unouo~d PUP s~seoq paz! lewoj pue par! yeuo!luanuos XI yS! y) otraw

su mrocwl;cu~7 ~Pruurswca Fumscrucs mcm?roop~ulruT~ o?ruarurnc~& o?wpp

'(ssa~o~d 2u !iunq peay jo slseoq) pmoru ~Eomscrucs ~~oa @B?rucw

?smcspcvcs ram p~gcnncw ~puasoaawru ,mw _m?arku[gmuwca ~LCQU~CVI

'60-LC IZH~I 'nanrllsm :y~o~mo~ pue uopuo~) p~o~ 34130 hao1ouq3a~ au :hneJJl!~ put! Al!leig -8uo ~J~RM 'P

'68-99 (lh6~ 'dn n4p11qwe:) :aYp!~qureg) asueuol XJUPN pue uosl~ ,a IIIAPQ -pa X~I~PJ~ PUP n>elni!l ,,uo!lez!leulxa1uo3ap aleJal!l pule ajnlln3 u! iq3noq1 \euo!w,, 'Auuaa .wad I 'Z L

g i j ~ r n m r n ~ / m ~ ~ c ~ m m ~ ~ , (integration / differentiation) rrumd~mdmmm~/mra~ou

mdomcndmmmo (contextual isation / decontextual isat ion) nb)mlnr gjg~i13 a m p jdm

(!3JG$azlJ0 m s l ~ s m ~ a s m ~ ~ ~ ~ m d a q m.gi rru~~ou'~~cal~m~cail rn~nn~orrua~~~lrol

mamd-

-snp se uo!punj) ~cBunscrucmoru, wpm ~~Gwcru~mru, TCI~BCFO ' L'Z'G' L'ZT

mom, mldmmlm~cmmlm~ L d r u D r n ~ e . ~ m n n ? 2 j l ~ ~ m o ~ m 0 . ' ~ c ~ ~ w w s ~ M ) ~ ~ ) s d o m

mm"Is~rm~mrm' dnaz13m3d~ngd; mold mmlorn c s P l ~ m c m ~ m ~ m 1 m " I d ~ ~ ~ (amplify)

d ~ m 9 cjjrnpw ~ s n r ~ c u ~ s r n w l ~ ~ ~ pd rn~eI&mm, l n e r n~~mIrritmcm&d m~~'l~lrolmmoo. m~m~qm~cr"~mmrnmm7dmm~d, w7mva3mS~mnlrorn~mr mmmlmldmmrmm~d n e ) o r n d m l s ~ nl3n

rnler~ggpcmmfi n i l r n d v ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e m ~ h l e r ~ o (Kate Millet, Sexual Politics (New york: Avon Books, 1 971 ) I 1 0) dl~n~n~cmcuonlmm mrnpfmmle~ p d d m l d&cb3crusm&~nl~~ m a g d m l o ~ m l d ~ m n t m ~ ~ m s r n 9 a I ~ c m s l ~ mgglm~m~mmil~. ou'~m-17 d ~ q w r r n ~ d ~ s l m s m W R J

&ow nm3wlm8 m l ~ w r o ~ o-ii~tnh~as ~ ~ s l m m m l o e r ~ " cnaulqmjad~se~, mmmmps ormoruws mow ng)LdA3@0 nr~mlml~mm~~3m9dm~ ng)# &is1 ~~l~uuo~l~~n~~onm~srii. ~ m n n t o o momJ wmmd onrmLm msrrnlgilg (Denny 70)

15. Denny 76

16. Dcnny 73

3.2.1.1 1.2. mrnjdmmau~as m q w ~ & ~ ~ r n m l n i mimi: rn3nngdlad mldcqcrdlm

a g s I 0 ~ ~ . (i) 6 o a d r n o ( i i ) 6hounlrnm~o rmoudrnmj~. (i i i j o u n e r ~ r n ~ . ' % ~ ~ ~ r n m ~ r m

rn3mpw3m3, r u 3 m p g ~ ~ s Lhrno, amgo, rruom"l~ ~m4tllmosm' ~ ~ ~ w m r n ~ ~ s j c m t n ~

mm?. ~d3d lnm&d, dqj&d, d ~ 6 ) r n 3 ~ 1 & d n6)m71r216)rm5~30 @D a3@3~&~86 @n~nno

18. ou3wmm am&, i ~ ~ m m l ~ m w ~ r n r n ~ ~ l d ~ m 7 c n 5 mjsmil, ~ ~ W J O q ' P i l a ~ ~ & 3 1 ~ ~ 3 a ~ m l & d o j wmm ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ m l d r n ~ c m t m ~ m r i . .g)g)rmotaa n~rn~rrunmrprcn. f i r rn~$i rmamcpm, ry)milmom g p r n x q d~cm7ca dnn~rmamrm~o pdamom~d &wlm~m cru~rn~m~rn~m, osnnuiwsrnm3& m ~ ~ m r m w j s s od~m~mn0om&m. p~ cruz~cs%mI& mInj&& rnpu~rnoau~o ~ r ~ ~ d r o r m l ~ ~ m , o l d m3cm~~f ipomri pnilms d m o 9 ~ m 7 m ~ m & . mmm3wl 11~carmr~~~mmgUa0~6)s smj m3althml& ni)o~w3w1 il~~mpmj og)mmod p p ! ~ m3rm$&&gps mcdolmam. (R. Narasimhan, "Literacy: Its Characterization aii~l implications". Literacy and Oraiitv ed. David. K. Olson rid Nancy Tor- rance (Cambridge: Canlbridge UP, 199 1) I 87)

21. Ludwik Stcrnbach, l ~ d i a n Riddles: A Foraottcn Chaptcr in the History of Sanskrit literature (Hoshiapur: : Visllveahvaranat~d vcdic research Institute, 1475) f 7.