TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING

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Technologies for energy efficient design

and thermal comfort in buildings Stuttgart - Munich - New York

TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING

SMART GREEN 20. August 2010, Bad Nauheim

AUSSENKOMFORT UND KLIMABEWERTUNG Dr. Wolfgang Kessling, Martin Engelhardt www.transsolar.com

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Außenkomfort, Bewertung und Konzepte zur Verbesserung in feucht heißen Klimazonen

Inhalt

•  Grundlagen Außenkomfort: –  7 Komfortparameter

–  Klimabedingungen

–  Human Biometerological Comfort Chart

•  Projektbeispiele: –  FIFA World Cup Qatar

–  MASDAR Central Plaza

–  Bundesgartenschau Koblenz

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Luftbewegung oder Verschattung zur Verbesserung des Außenkomforts?

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Verbessert Verdunstungskühlung den Komfort in feucht-heißem Klima?

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Wie verbessert Strahlungskühlung den Außenkomfort bei Tag und Nacht?

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wind

direct solar radiation

diffuse radiation

infrared radiation air temperature

air humidity

air temperature

infrared radiation

outdoor indoor

Human Comfort Parameters

activity clothing

activity clothing

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Perceived Temperature, PT For comfort evaluation in hot and humid environments the comfort index of the Perceived Temperature (PT) has been developed*. The PT considers all relevant parameters such as the mean radiant temperature (solar radiation and infrared radiation), air temperature, air velocity, air humidity, clothing, and activity of person. The PT considers the physiological relevance of skin wetness and sweat on the thermal comfort. * German Industry Standard VDI 3787, November 2008

extreme cold stress very cold PT ≤ –39

great cold stress cold –39 < PT ≤ –26

slight cold stress cool –26 < PT ≤ –13

slight cold stress slightly cool –13 < PT ≤ 14

comfort possible comfortable 14 < PT < +20

slight heat stress slightly warm +20 ≤ PT < +26

moderate heat stress warm +26 ≤ PT < +32

great heat stress hot +32 ≤ PT < +38

extreme heat stress very hot PT ≥ +38

Thermo-physiological stress

Thermal perception

Perceived temperature PT in °C

What is considered as good outdoor conditions depends on climate conditions of the site.

Perceived Temperature, PT: Comfort index for warm and humid environments

In hot and humid climates perceived temperatures of 32°C and lower are rated as excellent for outdoor comfort.

In cold and moderate climates a PT between 14°C and 31°C can be considered as good outdoor comfort conditions.

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26 Evaluation of outdoor comfort strategies

1. Solar Radiation

2. Infrared Radiation

3. Air Velocity

4. Air Temperature

5. Air Humidity

1. No sun shade

Outdoor Comfort: L

no sun-shade

1. Solar Radiation

23%

42%

35%warm hot very hot

1. Solar Radiation

2. Infrared Radiation

3. Air Velocity

4. Air Temperature

5. Air Humidity

2. Partly sun shaded

Parameter

2. Infrared Radiation

K

partly sun-shaded

1. Solar Radiation 1. Solar Radiation

2. Infrared Radiation

3. Air Velocity

4. Air Temperature

5. Air Humidity

3. Air Velocity

no wind-shade

2. Infrared Radiation

1. Solar Radiation

Comfort

Comfort key:

2. Infrared Radiation 56%

7%7%

36%

very hothotwarm98%

0%2%

very hothotwarm

3. Sun shaded, wind exposed

Parameter Comfort Parameter Comfort

Outdoor Comfort: Outdoor Comfort: K

38%

23%

38%

very hothotwarm

best passive best passive

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27 Evaluation of outdoor comfort strategies

4. Best passive design

Outdoor Comfort:

1. Solar Radiation

2. Infrared Radiation

3. Air Velocity

4. Air Temperature

5. Air Humidity

5. Best passive design and radiant cooling

Parameter

1. Solar Radiation 1. Solar Radiation

2. Infrared Radiation

3. Air Velocity

4. Air Temperature

5. Air Humidity

no wind-shade

1. Solar Radiation

Comfort

6. Best passive, radiant cooling and soft conditioing

Parameter Comfort Parameter Comfort

Outdoor Comfort: Outdoor Comfort:

1. Solar Radiation

2. Infrared Radiation

3. Air Velocity

4. Air Temperature

5. Air Humidity

3. Air Velocity

J

fully wind-shaded

2. Infrared Radiation

1. Solar Radiation 31%

25%

44%

very hothotwarm 3. Air Velocity

2. Infrared Radiation

3. Air Velocity

2. Infrared Radiation

4. Air Temperature

5. Air Humidity

2. Infrared Radiation

51%

41%

8%8% very hothotwarm 100%

0%0%

very hothotwarm

J J

23%

42%

35%warm hot very hot

Comfort key: active measures active measures active measures

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Projekt Vorlage

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Projekt Vorlage

Outdoor Comfort in Football Stadiums for FIFA 2022 World Cup, Qatar

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> 4.0

0

0.7

1.0

0.3

1.7

2.3

3.0

3.7

3.3

2.7

2.0

1.3

sun shine hours [h]

Sun shine hours – 13th of June 2 pm to 7 pm

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32°C

33.5°C 41°C

39.5°C

> 44.0

26.0

29.0

30.5

27.5

33.5

36.5

39.5

43.5

41.0

38.0

35.0

32.0

PT [°C]

without radiant cooling

PT – 13th of June 2.00 pm

32°C 38°C

36.5°C 30.5°C

with radiant cooling

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39 Cooling concept stadium

Temporary Stadium - soft air conditioning - return air cooling - low thermal mass

Permanent Stadium - soft air conditioning - floor cooling

high reflective materials

wind protection photo voltaic layer high reflective membrane low-e layer shading

Pitch - return air cooling - floor cooling

CCH CCH AHU

AHU

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landscape  

Inspiration Oassis

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5 Star Hotel

Long Stay Hotel

Conference Centre

Retail Centre

Entertainment Centre

ADFEG HQ

Ensemble plaza and buildings

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Sunflower umbrellas solar elements

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Oasis of the future public space in a desert climate

Copyright LAVA

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69 Landscape, Public areas and quality of stay

Soft conditioned areas

Arcade

Family street life Dining

Circulation

Dining Cinema

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70 Quality of stay, conditioning the outdoor space

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Solar radiation [W/m²]

21. June 12:00 With umbrellas Without umbrellas Umbrella arrangement

Shading of umbrellas

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72 Quality of stay, conditioning the outdoor space

VCCNH3

ARCADE DINING FAMILY GET-TOGETHER

CIRCULATION STREET LIFE

low-e coating PV panels

floor cooling air conditioning

cooling water generation

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73 Umbrellas opened for solar shading and renewable energy production at day time

Copyright LAVA

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74 Umbrellas closed for clear sky cooling at night time

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T_amb T_mr nicht öffenbar (T_sky nach Debowski)

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

T_amb [°C]

T_m

r [°C

]

T_mr_reference 6-17 dayT_mr_reference 18-5 night

day time umbrellas open

night time umbrellas open

6pm – 6am 6am – 6pm

Fixed umbrellas, shading but reduced cooling effect

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T_amb T_mr öffenbar (T_sky nach Dibowski)

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

T_amb [°C]

T_m

r [°C

]

T_mr day 6-17 dayT_mr day 18-5 night

6pm – 6am 6am – 6pm

MRT significant reduction during night because of IR radiation exchange with the sky

day time umbrellas open

night time umbrellas closed

MRT reduction during day

because of cooling down of the basement

during night

Shading and night cooling effect of operable umbrellas

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Copyright LAVA