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32007 HIvtSm_¿2007 HIvtSm_¿2007 HIvtSm_¿2007 HIvtSm_¿2007 HIvtSm_¿

ap°m¬ \q‰m≠v ]n∂n´ ae-bm-f-Ønse GI CkvemanI ]kn-≤o-I-cWwap°m¬ \q‰m≠v ]n∂n´ ae-bm-f-Ønse GI CkvemanI ]kn-≤o-I-cWwap°m¬ \q‰m≠v ]n∂n´ ae-bm-f-Ønse GI CkvemanI ]kn-≤o-I-cWwap°m¬ \q‰m≠v ]n∂n´ ae-bm-f-Ønse GI CkvemanI ]kn-≤o-I-cWwap°m¬ \q‰m≠v ]n∂n´ ae-bm-f-Ønse GI CkvemanI ]kn-≤o-I-cWw

Printed & Published by M.A. Muhammed, for the Kerala Ahmadiyya Jama-at at Geethanjali Offset Press, Feroke, Calicut.Edited by A. M. Muhammed Salim. Typeset, Layout & Cover Design : Victory Creations, CLT - 1.

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HIvtSm-_¿ 2007CJmAv 1386

dwkm≥ i∆m¬ 1428

No^v FUn-‰¿No^v FUn-‰¿No^v FUn-‰¿No^v FUn-‰¿No^v FUn-‰¿

auehn apl-ΩZv Ckvambn¬

FUn-‰¿FUn-‰¿FUn-‰¿FUn-‰¿FUn-‰¿G. Fw. apl-ΩZv kenw

FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ t_m¿UvFUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ t_m¿UvFUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ t_m¿UvFUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ t_m¿UvFUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ t_m¿Uv

s]m^. alvaqZv AlvaZv

(sN-b¿am≥)

sI.-hn. Cuk-t°mb

sI. hn. l ≥ tImb

]n. Fw. _jo¿ AlvaZv

sF. sI. AlvaZvIp´n

amt\-P¿amt\-P¿amt\-P¿amt\-P¿amt\-P¿

Fw.-sI. Cºn-®n-t°m-b´n

skI- dnskI- dnskI- dnskI- dnskI- dn

]n. Fw. AlvaZv l ≥

k¿°p-te-j≥ amt\-P¿k¿°p-te-j≥ amt\-P¿k¿°p-te-j≥ amt\-P¿k¿°p-te-j≥ amt\-P¿k¿°p-te-j≥ amt\-P¿

Fkv. apl-ΩZv kenw

hcn-kwJy ˛ 120 I.

H‰-]Xn ˛ 12 I.

hnemkw

kXy-Zq-X≥kXy-Zq-X≥kXy-Zq-X≥kXy-Zq-X≥kXy-Zq-X≥

Pn. F®v. tdmUv, tImgn-t°m-Sv.Pn. F®v. tdmUv, tImgn-t°m-Sv.Pn. F®v. tdmUv, tImgn-t°m-Sv.Pn. F®v. tdmUv, tImgn-t°m-Sv.Pn. F®v. tdmUv, tImgn-t°m-Sv.

t^m¨ : t^m¨ : t^m¨ : t^m¨ : t^m¨ : 0495 (Mob.) þ 0495 (Mob.) þ 0495 (Mob.) þ 0495 (Mob.) þ 0495 (Mob.) þ 6520733 6520733 6520733 6520733 6520733

95495 (Land) 95495 (Land) 95495 (Land) 95495 (Land) 95495 (Land) mIvkv^mIvkv^mIvkv^mIvkv^mIvkv : 0495 - 27216090495 - 27216090495 - 27216090495 - 27216090495 - 2721609

e-mail: [email protected]

ÿm]nXwÿm]nXwÿm]nXwÿm]nXwÿm]nXw

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456

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bpK-i_vZwbpK-i_vZwbpK-i_vZwbpK-i_vZwbpK-i_vZw

apJ-°p-dn∏vapJ-°p-dn∏vapJ-°p-dn∏vapJ-°p-dn∏vapJ-°p-dn∏v

A√m-lp-hns‚ AkvXnXzwA√m-lp-hns‚ AkvXnXzwA√m-lp-hns‚ AkvXnXzwA√m-lp-hns‚ AkvXnXzwA√m-lp-hns‚ AkvXnXzw

lZvdØv AlvaZv (A)

JpXzv_JpXzv_JpXzv_JpXzv_JpXzv_

s]cp-∂m-fm-tLm-jn-°m-\p≈ A¿lXs]cp-∂m-fm-tLm-jn-°m-\p≈ A¿lXs]cp-∂m-fm-tLm-jn-°m-\p≈ A¿lXs]cp-∂m-fm-tLm-jn-°m-\p≈ A¿lXs]cp-∂m-fm-tLm-jn-°m-\p≈ A¿lX

Jeo-^-Øp¬ akolv ˛ IIteJ\wteJ\wteJ\wteJ\wteJ\w

"Pn∂v"Pn∂v"Pn∂v"Pn∂v"Pn∂v ' F¥mWv?' F¥mWv?' F¥mWv?' F¥mWv?' F¥mWv?

lZvdØv an¿km Xzmln¿ AlvaZv

Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-Iƒ hgn ⁄m\-]-ImiwZnhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-Iƒ hgn ⁄m\-]-ImiwZnhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-Iƒ hgn ⁄m\-]-ImiwZnhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-Iƒ hgn ⁄m\-]-ImiwZnhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-Iƒ hgn ⁄m\-]-Imiw

lZvdØv an¿km Kpemw AlvaZv (A)

`mjbpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw`mjbpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw`mjbpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw`mjbpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw`mjbpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw

G.-Fw. apl-ΩZv kenw

Hcp kqtcym-Zbw ImØn-cn-°p∂ ]›n-a-N-I-hmfwHcp kqtcym-Zbw ImØn-cn-°p∂ ]›n-a-N-I-hmfwHcp kqtcym-Zbw ImØn-cn-°p∂ ]›n-a-N-I-hmfwHcp kqtcym-Zbw ImØn-cn-°p∂ ]›n-a-N-I-hmfwHcp kqtcym-Zbw ImØn-cn-°p∂ ]›n-a-N-I-hmfw

apl-ΩZp Da¿ F®v.-F.

CkvemanI ]¿±CkvemanI ]¿±CkvemanI ]¿±CkvemanI ]¿±CkvemanI ]¿±

Bcn^v apl-ΩZv _n.-Fw.

"_dm-los\ AlvaZnø' Hcp Znhy-KŸw"_dm-los\ AlvaZnø' Hcp Znhy-KŸw"_dm-los\ AlvaZnø' Hcp Znhy-KŸw"_dm-los\ AlvaZnø' Hcp Znhy-KŸw"_dm-los\ AlvaZnø' Hcp Znhy-KŸw

G.-Iyp. alvZn

IΩo-j≥ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn® Dd-hn-S-ßƒIΩo-j≥ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn® Dd-hn-S-ßƒIΩo-j≥ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn® Dd-hn-S-ßƒIΩo-j≥ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn® Dd-hn-S-ßƒIΩo-j≥ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn® Dd-hn-S-ßƒ

tUm. tPm\-X≥ F≥k¿, bp.-sI.

apl-ΩZv \_n(-k)sb \ncm-I-cn®v Jp¿-Bs\ kzoI-cn-°mtam?apl-ΩZv \_n(-k)sb \ncm-I-cn®v Jp¿-Bs\ kzoI-cn-°mtam?apl-ΩZv \_n(-k)sb \ncm-I-cn®v Jp¿-Bs\ kzoI-cn-°mtam?apl-ΩZv \_n(-k)sb \ncm-I-cn®v Jp¿-Bs\ kzoI-cn-°mtam?apl-ΩZv \_n(-k)sb \ncm-I-cn®v Jp¿-Bs\ kzoI-cn-°mtam?

sI. A_vZpƒ l°ow, Ikph

⁄m\m-ar-X-Øn\v ap∂n¬ ssI°p-ºn-fp-ambn⁄m\m-ar-X-Øn\v ap∂n¬ ssI°p-ºn-fp-ambn⁄m\m-ar-X-Øn\v ap∂n¬ ssI°p-ºn-fp-ambn⁄m\m-ar-X-Øn\v ap∂n¬ ssI°p-ºn-fp-ambn⁄m\m-ar-X-Øn\v ap∂n¬ ssI°p-ºn-fp-ambn

s]m^. _n. alvaqZv AlvaZv

tÃm°v am¿°-‰pw _nkn-\ v tIm¿]-td-j-\p-IfpwtÃm°v am¿°-‰pw _nkn-\ v tIm¿]-td-j-\p-IfpwtÃm°v am¿°-‰pw _nkn-\ v tIm¿]-td-j-\p-IfpwtÃm°v am¿°-‰pw _nkn-\ v tIm¿]-td-j-\p-IfpwtÃm°v am¿°-‰pw _nkn-\ v tIm¿]-td-j-\p-Ifpw

lmjnw AlvaZv

IhnXIhnXIhnXIhnXIhnX

ssaXnssaXnssaXnssaXnssaXn

Fkv.-hn. ssk\p-±o≥

]pkvX-I-]-cn-Nbw]pkvX-I-]-cn-Nbw]pkvX-I-]-cn-Nbw]pkvX-I-]-cn-Nbw]pkvX-I-]-cn-Nbw

JmZn-bm≥: lrZ-b-Npw-_\w G‰p-hm-ßp∂ ]pWy-tZiwJmZn-bm≥: lrZ-b-Npw-_\w G‰p-hm-ßp∂ ]pWy-tZiwJmZn-bm≥: lrZ-b-Npw-_\w G‰p-hm-ßp∂ ]pWy-tZiwJmZn-bm≥: lrZ-b-Npw-_\w G‰p-hm-ßp∂ ]pWy-tZiwJmZn-bm≥: lrZ-b-Npw-_\w G‰p-hm-ßp∂ ]pWy-tZiw

G.-Fw.

Ipdn-∏p-IƒIpdn-∏p-IƒIpdn-∏p-IƒIpdn-∏p-IƒIpdn-∏p-Iƒ

imkvXhpw CXn-lm-khpw G‰p-ap-´p-tºmƒimkvXhpw CXn-lm-khpw G‰p-ap-´p-tºmƒimkvXhpw CXn-lm-khpw G‰p-ap-´p-tºmƒimkvXhpw CXn-lm-khpw G‰p-ap-´p-tºmƒimkvXhpw CXn-lm-khpw G‰p-ap-´p-tºmƒ

hm¿Ø-Iƒ, A\pkvacWwhm¿Ø-Iƒ, A\pkvacWwhm¿Ø-Iƒ, A\pkvacWwhm¿Ø-Iƒ, A\pkvacWwhm¿Ø-Iƒ, A\pkvacWw

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Ckvemans‚ B`y-¥c ÿnXnsb kw_-‘n®v bmsXm-cmƒ°pw Xr]vX-\m-Im≥ km[y-

a-√. Ckveman-∂p-t\-sc-bp≈ ]pd-ta-\n-∂p-ap≈ BI-aWw AXo-h-Kp-cp-X-c-am-Wv. Ckvemans\

thtcmsS ]ngp-sX-dn-bp-∂Xv t]mse-bp-≈-Xm-W-Xv. ssZhw Ckvemans\ ]n¥p-Wbv°m≥

th≠n Hcmsf Ab-t°≠ kµ¿`-an-Xt√? Ckvemw F∂ \uI-bpsS \nb-¥W-ta-s‰-Sp-

°m≥ Hcp ]cn-jvI¿Øm-hns\ ssZhw Ab-°m-Xn-cn-°ptam? (]-Xn-\m-emw) \q‰m≠v XpS°w

Ipdn®p Ign-™p. ]t£, F√m hmKvZm-\-ßfpw km£m-XvI-cn-°-s∏-SmsX Ccn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. AXv ImcWw Cu ImeØv t]mepw ssZhw Ckvemans‚ kwc-£-W-ta-s‰-Sp-

°p∂nt√ F∂v \nßƒ tNmZn-°pw. CXn-t\-°mƒ `bm-\-Ihpw Iem-]-I-ep-jn-X-hp-amb

Hcp Ime-L´w Ckveman\v hcm-\pt≠m? Ckvemw Pohs‚ Hcwiw t]mepw Ah-ti-jn-

°m-Ø-hn[w ]q¿W-ambpw \in-®-Xn-\vtijw ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øn-\mbn Hcmƒ hcp-sa-

∂mtWm \nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂Xv? Aßs\ Hcmƒ h∂Xv sIm≠v F¥mWv ]tbm-P\w?

AXns‚ Dt±-i-hp-sa-¥mWv?

Hm¿°pI, Rm≥ Hcp hymP-hm-Zn-bm-sW-¶n¬ CkvemwaXhpw hymP-am-Wv. a‰p≈ aX-

ß-sf-t∏mse Ckvemapw Hcp acn® aX-am-sW-¶n¬ Ckvemans‚ alXzw ]ns∂-sb-¥mWv?

AXns‚ hyXn-cn-‡X ]ns∂sb¥mWv? (a¬^q-kmØv thm. 10 t]. 304) (a¬^q-kmØv thm. 10 t]. 304) (a¬^q-kmØv thm. 10 t]. 304) (a¬^q-kmØv thm. 10 t]. 304) (a¬^q-kmØv thm. 10 t]. 304)

408


CuZp¬^nXz v¿CuZp¬^nXz v¿CuZp¬^nXz v¿CuZp¬^nXz v¿CuZp¬^nXz v¿

Imcp-Wy-Øns‚ kpZn\wImcp-Wy-Øns‚ kpZn\wImcp-Wy-Øns‚ kpZn\wImcp-Wy-Øns‚ kpZn\wImcp-Wy-Øns‚ kpZn\w

hm\-∏-c-∏n¬ Nµ-°-e-bpsS AS-bm-f-hp-ambn CuZp¬ nXzv¿ kam-K-X-am-hp-I-bm-Wv. Hcp

amksØ hX-ip≤n hnizm-kn-I-fpsS Bflm-hnepw ico-c-Ønepw krjvSn® Bflob tXP-

ns‚ BtLm-j-amWv CuZp¬ nXzv¿.

kjvSm-hmb ssZh-Øns‚ GI-Xzhpw Hu∂-Xyhpw Bh¿Øn-®m-h¿Øn®v hmgvØn-s°m≠v

XIv_o¿ [z\n-I-tfmsS Bcw- n-°p∂ CuZp kpZn\w aX-]-c-amb BtLm-j-ß-fpsS DØ-a-am-

Xr-I-bm-Wv. kt¥m-j-Øn-t‚bpw BÀm-Z-Øn-t‚bpw B Zn\-Øn¬ Hcp a\pjy\pw ]´n-Wn-

°m-ct\m Zmcn-Zy-Øm¬ ZpxJn-Xt\m Bbn-cn-°m≥ ]mSp-≈-X-√. AXn-∂mWv da-Zm-\n¬ hni-

∏ns‚ thZ-\bpw ]mc-h-iyhpw A\p- -hn-®-dn™ hnizm-kn-I-tfmSv ]mh-ßƒ°v th≠n nXzv¿

k°mØv F∂ \n¿_‘ Zm\w \¬Im≥ Ckvemw \njvI¿jn-®-Xv. Ckvemanse \n¿_-‘-

Zm-\-amb k°mØv hnX-c-W-Øn\v ]cn-ip≤ da-Zm-s\-bmWv hnizm-kn-Iƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.

IqSmsX t\msº-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h¿ ]mb-›nØambn "^nZnb' \¬Im\pw a‰p Zm\-[¿Ω-

ßƒ \n¿∆-ln-°m\pw Ckvemw Blzm\w sNøp-∂p. da-Zms‚ Ah-km-\-\m-fp-I-fn¬ ]N-

fi-am-cp-X-s\-t∏mse Imcp-Wy-hm-∑m-cn¬ Imcp-Wy-hm-\mb dkq¬ Xncp-ta\n (k) DZm-c-\m-hp-

am-bn-cp -∂p. ]cn-ip≤ Ckvemans‚ kl-P-amb a\pjy-kvt\-l-Øns‚ ktµiw

CuZp¬^nXzvdns\ Imcp-Wy-Øns‚ Hcp alm-kp-Zn-\-am°n am‰p-∂p.

BtLm-j-th-f-I-fn¬ aXn-a-d∂p√kn-°pI F∂Xv a\p-jys‚ Zu¿_-ey-am-Wv. hnth-N-\-

t_m-[-tØm-sS-bp≈ hnt\mZ]Z-amb Bkzm-Z-\-ß-tfbpw kt¥m-j-ß-tfbpw Ckvemw AwKo-

I-cn-°p∂p. ]t£, \∑bpw k¬]-hrØn-I-fpw sNøp-tºmƒ a\p-jym-flmhv A\p- -hn-°p∂

kt¥m-jhpw kwXr-]vXn-bp-amWv Ckvemw Bflm¿∞-ambpw Imw£n-°p-∂-Xv. dkq¬ Xncp-ta-

\n(-k) aZo-\-bn¬ sN∂-t∏mƒ hnt\m-Z-Øn\pw D√m-k-Øn\pw h¿j-Øn¬ c≠p Znhkw

\o°n-sh®v aZo-\m-hm-kn-Iƒ D’-h-ambn BtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂p. Ahn-Sp∂v Ah-tcmSv Acp-fn:

""""""\nß-fpsS C"\nß-fpsS C"\nß-fpsS C"\nß-fpsS C"\nß-fpsS Cu c≠v Znh-k-Øn\p ]Icw A√mlp \nßƒ°v a‰p c≠v Znhkw \n›-bn-u c≠v Znh-k-Øn\p ]Icw A√mlp \nßƒ°v a‰p c≠v Znhkw \n›-bn-u c≠v Znh-k-Øn\p ]Icw A√mlp \nßƒ°v a‰p c≠v Znhkw \n›-bn-u c≠v Znh-k-Øn\p ]Icw A√mlp \nßƒ°v a‰p c≠v Znhkw \n›-bn-u c≠v Znh-k-Øn\p ]Icw A√mlp \nßƒ°v a‰p c≠v Znhkw \n›-bn-

®p-X-∂n-cn-°p-∂p. CuZp¬ nXzv¿ Zn\hpw CuZp¬ AZvlm Zn\hpw (A-_q-Zm-hq-Zv).®p-X-∂n-cn-°p-∂p. CuZp¬ nXzv¿ Zn\hpw CuZp¬ AZvlm Zn\hpw (A-_q-Zm-hq-Zv).®p-X-∂n-cn-°p-∂p. CuZp¬ nXzv¿ Zn\hpw CuZp¬ AZvlm Zn\hpw (A-_q-Zm-hq-Zv).®p-X-∂n-cn-°p-∂p. CuZp¬ nXzv¿ Zn\hpw CuZp¬ AZvlm Zn\hpw (A-_q-Zm-hq-Zv).®p-X-∂n-cn-°p-∂p. CuZp¬ nXzv¿ Zn\hpw CuZp¬ AZvlm Zn\hpw (A-_q-Zm-hq-Zv).

a\p-jys‚ BtLm-j-ßƒ°v Bflob ssNX\yw ]I¿∂v sIm≠v ho≠pw ho≠pw hs∂-

Øp∂ CuZp¬ ^nXz-vdn\v kzmKXw.

F√m hmb-\-°m¿°pw kXy-Zq-Xs‚ CuZp¬^nXzv¿ Biw-k-Iƒ.F√m hmb-\-°m¿°pw kXy-Zq-Xs‚ CuZp¬^nXzv¿ Biw-k-Iƒ.F√m hmb-\-°m¿°pw kXy-Zq-Xs‚ CuZp¬^nXzv¿ Biw-k-Iƒ.F√m hmb-\-°m¿°pw kXy-Zq-Xs‚ CuZp¬^nXzv¿ Biw-k-Iƒ.F√m hmb-\-°m¿°pw kXy-Zq-Xs‚ CuZp¬^nXzv¿ Biw-k-Iƒ.

apJ-°p-dn∏v apJ-°p-dn∏v apJ-°p-dn∏v apJ-°p-dn∏v apJ-°p-dn∏v

409


hnhnhnhnhnip≤ Jp¿-Bs‚ ]mT-a-\p-k-

cn®v A√mlp BIm-i-Øn-ep-≈-Xp-

t]mse `qan-bnepw Ds≠-∂p-≈Xv

\nßƒ a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Jp¿-

B≥ ]d-bp∂p: """"""`qan -bn -ep≈"`qan -bn -ep≈"`qan -bn -ep≈"`qan -bn -ep≈"`qan -bn -ep≈

AtX ssZhw Xs∂-bmWv BIm-AtX ssZhw Xs∂-bmWv BIm-AtX ssZhw Xs∂-bmWv BIm-AtX ssZhw Xs∂-bmWv BIm-AtX ssZhw Xs∂-bmWv BIm-

i-Øp-≈-Xpw.'i-Øp-≈-Xpw.'i-Øp-≈-Xpw.'i-Øp-≈-Xpw.'i-Øp-≈-Xpw.'' (43:85)' (43:85)' (43:85)' (43:85)' (43:85) ho≠pw ]d-

bp-∂p: "aq∂v t]c-S-ßp∂ GsX-"aq∂v t]c-S-ßp∂ GsX-"aq∂v t]c-S-ßp∂ GsX-"aq∂v t]c-S-ßp∂ GsX-"aq∂v t]c-S-ßp∂ GsX-

¶nepw Hcp clky IqSn-bm-tem-N-¶nepw Hcp clky IqSn-bm-tem-N-¶nepw Hcp clky IqSn-bm-tem-N-¶nepw Hcp clky IqSn-bm-tem-N-¶nepw Hcp clky IqSn-bm-tem-N-

\-bn¬ \mem-a-\mbn A√m-lphpw\-bn¬ \mem-a-\mbn A√m-lphpw\-bn¬ \mem-a-\mbn A√m-lphpw\-bn¬ \mem-a-\mbn A√m-lphpw\-bn¬ \mem-a-\mbn A√m-lphpw

Ah-tcm-sSm-∏-ap-≠v. (58:8)Ah-tcm-sSm-∏-ap-≠v. (58:8)Ah-tcm-sSm-∏-ap-≠v. (58:8)Ah-tcm-sSm-∏-ap-≠v. (58:8)Ah-tcm-sSm-∏-ap-≠v. (58:8) A√mlp

as‰m-cn-SØv ]d-bp-∂p: """"""ZrjvSn-Iƒ"ZrjvSn-Iƒ"ZrjvSn-Iƒ"ZrjvSn-Iƒ"ZrjvSn-Iƒ

Ah -\ n - te°v FØp -I -b n -√ .Ah -\ n - te°v FØp -I -b n -√ .Ah -\ n - te°v FØp -I -b n -√ .Ah -\ n - te°v FØp -I -b n -√ .Ah -\ n - te°v FØp -I -b n -√ .

F∂m¬ Ah≥ Zrjv-Sn-I-fn-te°vF∂m¬ Ah≥ Zrjv-Sn-I-fn-te°vF∂m¬ Ah≥ Zrjv-Sn-I-fn-te°vF∂m¬ Ah≥ Zrjv-Sn-I-fn-te°vF∂m¬ Ah≥ Zrjv-Sn-I-fn-te°v

FØp-∂p.'FØp-∂p.'FØp-∂p.'FØp-∂p.'FØp-∂p.'' (6:104)'' (6:104)'' (6:104)'' (6:104)'' (6:104)'''''' CX-\p-k-cn®v

Ah≥ A]-cn-an-X-\m-Ip-∂p. AXp-

t]mse Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp-∂p. """"""\mw"\mw"\mw"\mw"\mw

Poh-\m-Un-tb-°mƒ Ah-\p-ambnPoh-\m-Un-tb-°mƒ Ah-\p-ambnPoh-\m-Un-tb-°mƒ Ah-\p-ambnPoh-\m-Un-tb-°mƒ Ah-\p-ambnPoh-\m-Un-tb-°mƒ Ah-\p-ambn

ASp-Øm-Wv.'ASp-Øm-Wv.'ASp-Øm-Wv.'ASp-Øm-Wv.'ASp-Øm-Wv.'' (5' (5' (5' (5' (50:17) 0:17) 0:17) 0:17) 0:17) thsdm-cn-SØv

Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp-∂p: ""A√mlp"A√mlp"A√mlp"A√mlp"A√mlp

k¿∆ hkvXp-°-fpsS taepw hek¿∆ hkvXp-°-fpsS taepw hek¿∆ hkvXp-°-fpsS taepw hek¿∆ hkvXp-°-fpsS taepw hek¿∆ hkvXp-°-fpsS taepw he

bw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-h-\m-Ip-∂p:bw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-h-\m-Ip-∂p:bw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-h-\m-Ip-∂p:bw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-h-\m-Ip-∂p:bw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-h-\m-Ip-∂p:

Xo¿®-bmbpw a\-jy\pw Ahs‚Xo¿®-bmbpw a\-jy\pw Ahs‚Xo¿®-bmbpw a\-jy\pw Ahs‚Xo¿®-bmbpw a\-jy\pw Ahs‚Xo¿®-bmbpw a\-jy\pw Ahs‚

lrZ-b-Øn-\p-an-S-bn¬ A√mlp ad-lrZ-b-Øn-\p-an-S-bn¬ A√mlp ad-lrZ-b-Øn-\p-an-S-bn¬ A√mlp ad-lrZ-b-Øn-\p-an-S-bn¬ A√mlp ad-lrZ-b-Øn-\p-an-S-bn¬ A√mlp ad-

bmbn \n¬ °p∂p (8:25).bmbn \n¬ °p∂p (8:25).bmbn \n¬ °p∂p (8:25).bmbn \n¬ °p∂p (8:25).bmbn \n¬ °p∂p (8:25). ho≠pw

]d-bp-∂p: ""A√mlp BIm-i-ß-fp-

tSbpw qan-bp-tSbpw ]Im-i-amWv ''

(24:36) ho≠pw Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p:

""BIm-i-`q-an-I-fpsS ]Imiw Ah"BIm-i-`q-an-I-fpsS ]Imiw Ah"BIm-i-`q-an-I-fpsS ]Imiw Ah"BIm-i-`q-an-I-fpsS ]Imiw Ah"BIm-i-`q-an-I-fpsS ]Imiw Ah

s‚ apJ-Øns‚ Xnf -°-am -Wv.s‚ apJ-Øns‚ Xnf -°-am -Wv.s‚ apJ-Øns‚ Xnf -°-am -Wv.s‚ apJ-Øns‚ Xnf -°-am -Wv.s‚ apJ-Øns‚ Xnf -°-am -Wv.

CsXm-gnsI _m°n-sb√mw A‘-CsXm-gnsI _m°n-sb√mw A‘-CsXm-gnsI _m°n-sb√mw A‘-CsXm-gnsI _m°n-sb√mw A‘-CsXm-gnsI _m°n-sb√mw A‘-

Im-c-am-Ip-∂p.'Im-c-am-Ip-∂p.'Im-c-am-Ip-∂p.'Im-c-am-Ip-∂p.'Im-c-am-Ip-∂p.'''''' ho≠pw ]d-bp-∂p.

""""""F√m hkvXp-°fpw \iz-c-hpw,"F√m hkvXp-°fpw \iz-c-hpw,"F√m hkvXp-°fpw \iz-c-hpw,"F√m hkvXp-°fpw \iz-c-hpw,"F√m hkvXp-°fpw \iz-c-hpw,

]cn -h¿Ø-\ -hn -t[ -b -hp -am -Wv .]cn -h¿Ø-\ -hn -t[ -b -hp -am -Wv .]cn -h¿Ø-\ -hn -t[ -b -hp -am -Wv .]cn -h¿Ø-\ -hn -t[ -b -hp -am -Wv .]cn -h¿Ø-\ -hn -t[ -b -hp -am -Wv .

imiz-X-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂-h≥imiz-X-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂-h≥imiz-X-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂-h≥imiz-X-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂-h≥imiz-X-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂-h≥

ssZhw amX-am-Wv'ssZhw amX-am-Wv'ssZhw amX-am-Wv'ssZhw amX-am-Wv'ssZhw amX-am-Wv'' (55:27)' (55:27)' (55:27)' (55:27)' (55:27) AXm-

bXv F√m hkvXp-°fpw ac-W-

tØbpw am‰-tØbpw kzoI-cn-°p-

∂p. F∂m¬ k¿∆-h-kvXp-°-fnepw

\mihpw ]cn-h¿Ø-\hpw kwPm-X-

am-Ip-tºmƒ Cu BIm-i-`q-an-bn¬

bmsXm-cp-hn[ \mi-Øn\pw ]cn-

h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw hnt[-b-am-ImsX

AtX Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Xs∂ \ne-\n-

ev°p∂ Hcp kØ-bp-s≠∂v AwKo-

I-cn-°m≥ a\p-jy-]-IrXw \n¿_-‘n-

X-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. Ah-\mWv ssZhw.

F∂m¬ ]m]-ßfpw Aip-≤-amb

I¿Ω-ßfpw Cu qan-bn¬ ]I-S-am-

Ip-∂p. A√m-lp-hns\ qan-bn¬ amX-

ambn ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h¿ Ah-

km\w lnµp-°-sf-t∏mse krjvSn-

]q-P-I-cpw, hnK-lm-cm-[-Icpw Bbn-

Xo-cp-∂p. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Jp¿-B≥ Hcp

`mKØv ssZh-Øn\v Xs‚ krjvSn-

I-fp-ambn i‡-amb _‘w Ds≠

∂pw Ah≥ Poh-\p≈ kI-e

hkvXp-°-fp-tSbpw Poh-\m-sW∂pw

Hmtcm hkvXphpw Ahs‚ Bi-b-

Øn-em-sW∂pw hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-

∂p. adp-`m-KØv a\p-jy-cp-am-bp≈

Ahs‚ _‘-Øn¬ \n∂v, a\p-

jy≥ kzbw ssZh-am-sW∂v thZm-

¥n-Iƒ a\- n-em-°n-b-Xp-t]mse

Hcmfpw a\- n-em-°m-Xn-cn-°m-\pw,

CØcw sX‰n¬ \n∂pw kwc-£n-®p-

\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\pw-th-≠n, Ah≥

F√m-Øn-t\-°mƒ D]-cn-bpw, k¿∆-

kr-jvSn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw AXn-hn-Zq-c-

amb ÿm\Øv \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-h-\m-

sW∂pw ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. ico-A-

Øns‚ kmt¶-Xn-I-`m-j-bn¬ Cu

ÿm\-sØ-bmWv A¿iv F∂p ]d-

bp-∂-Xv. A¿iv krjvSn-°-s∏´ Hcp

hkvXp-h-√. adn®v AXn-hn-Zq-c-X-bn-

ep≈ AXo-µn-amb Hcp ÿm\-

Øns‚ t]cm-W-Xv. a\p-jy≥ Ccn-°p-

∂-Xp-t]mse AXn¬ta¬ ssZhw

Ccn-°p-∂p-sh∂v k¶¬]n-°m-hp∂

Hcp knwlm-k-\-a√ AXv. adn®v ]c-

a-]-cn-ip-≤hpw, ]hn-X-hpw, krjvSn-

I-fn¬ \n∂v AXn-hn-Zq-c-X-bn-ep≈

Xpamb ÿm\sØbmWv A¿iv

F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. hnip≤ Jp¿B≥

]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]m-se, A√mlp F√m-

h-cp-am-bn v kjvSm-hpw, krjvSn-Ifpw

F∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ _‘sØ \ne-

\n¿Øn -b -Xn -\p -tijw Ah≥

A¿in¬ \ne-bp-d-∏n-®p. AXm-bXv

krjvSn-I-fp-am-bn v CS-I-e-cmsX k¿-

∆-_-‘-ßƒ°v tijhpw Ah≥

thdn v Xs∂-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

sOivsa aAvcn^Øv t]Pv 89, 90sOivsa aAvcn^Øv t]Pv 89, 90sOivsa aAvcn^Øv t]Pv 89, 90sOivsa aAvcn^Øv t]Pv 89, 90sOivsa aAvcn^Øv t]Pv 89, 90

hnh: Fw.-F≥. Jm≥, hmg-°mehnh: Fw.-F≥. Jm≥, hmg-°mehnh: Fw.-F≥. Jm≥, hmg-°mehnh: Fw.-F≥. Jm≥, hmg-°mehnh: Fw.-F≥. Jm≥, hmg-°me

A√m-lp-hns‚ AkvXnXzw

lZvdØv AlvaZv (A)lZvdØv AlvaZv (A)lZvdØv AlvaZv (A)lZvdØv AlvaZv (A)lZvdØv AlvaZv (A)

410


s]cp-∂m-fm-tLm-jn-°m-\p≈ A¿lXs]cp-∂m-fm-tLm-jn-°m-\p≈ A¿lXs]cp-∂m-fm-tLm-jn-°m-\p≈ A¿lXs]cp-∂m-fm-tLm-jn-°m-\p≈ A¿lXs]cp-∂m-fm-tLm-jn-°m-\p≈ A¿lX

JpXzv_, _bvØp¬ ^pXq-lv, e≠≥JpXzv_, _bvØp¬ ^pXq-lv, e≠≥JpXzv_, _bvØp¬ ^pXq-lv, e≠≥JpXzv_, _bvØp¬ ^pXq-lv, e≠≥JpXzv_, _bvØp¬ ^pXq-lv, e≠≥

lZvdØv an¿km _io-dp-±o≥ alvaqZv AlvaZv (d)lZvdØv an¿km _io-dp-±o≥ alvaqZv AlvaZv (d)lZvdØv an¿km _io-dp-±o≥ alvaqZv AlvaZv (d)lZvdØv an¿km _io-dp-±o≥ alvaqZv AlvaZv (d)lZvdØv an¿km _io-dp-±o≥ alvaqZv AlvaZv (d)

Jeo-^-Øp¬ akolv Jeo-^-Øp¬ akolv Jeo-^-Øp¬ akolv Jeo-^-Øp¬ akolv Jeo-^-Øp¬ akolv II

CuCuCuCuCuZv AYhm s]cp-∂mƒ ]mT-

ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-sW∂v

CXn\v aptºbpw ]e Ah-k-c-ß-

fnepw \nß-tfmSv Rm≥ ]d-™n-´p-

f-f-Xm-Wv. D]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS apI-fn-

eqsS \S-°p-Ibpw F∂m¬ AXn¬

\n∂v D]-tZiw kzoI-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-

Ibpw sNøp∂ a\p-jy≥ H∂n\pw

sIm≈m-Ø-h-\m-Wv. kt¥m-j-I-c-

amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v D]-tZiw

kzoI-cn -°m -Ø-hs\ A√mlp

k¥m]w sIm≠v ]mTw ]Tn-∏n-°p-

∂p. kXy-hn-izmkn G‰hpw D∂-X-

amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v KpW-]mTw

kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-bn¬ NneXv

\nß-tfmSv ]d-bm≥ Rm\m-K-ln-°p-

I-bm-Wv. \nßƒ AXn¬ \n∂v e-

sa-Sp-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ \nß-fn¬

al-Ømb am‰-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.

FX-tØm-f-sa-∂m¬, bYm¿∞-amb

s]cp-∂mƒ sIm≠mSpw-hn-[-ap≈

hºn® ]cn-h¿Ø\w ]I-S-am-Ip-∂-

Xm-Wv.

a\- n\v kt¥m-j-an-s√-¶n¬

s]cp-∂mƒ D≠m-Ip-I-bn-√. ac-W-ho-

ń¬ s]cp-∂mƒ BtLm-jn-°m≥

Ign-bptam? aønØv InS-°p∂ hoń¬

s]cp-∂m-fn-√. temI-cpsS kt¥m

jw Ah¿°v kt¥mjw \evIpI-

bn-√. Xs‚ ¿Øm-hns‚ tNX-\-b‰

icocw I≠psIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kvXo

bpsS apºn¬, temI-Øp≈ F√m

cmPm-°-∑mcpw kwL-Sn®v kt¥m

jw sIm≠m-Sn-bmepw Xß-fpsS

B\-µm-c-h-ßƒ sIm≠v BIm-i-

tØ°v Db¿Øn-bmepw Ah-fpsS

hnem-]-i-_vZsØ AS-°n-\n-dp-Øm≥

Ign-bn-√. ImcWw Ahƒ°v ZpxJ-

am-Wv. C]-Imcw Xs∂ ]nXm-hns‚

arX-i-co-c-Øn-∂-cn-In¬ Ccn-°p∂

Ipńbv°v uXn-I-amb Hcp kt¥m-

jhpw tXm∂pIbn-√. a\ v apdn-

hp-sIm≠v ]nS-bv°p-∂-h\v Hcp

kt¥m-jhpw A-\p- -h-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√.

Bbn-c-°-W-°n-\m-fpIƒ kZm

Np‰pw IqSp-Ibpw Pohn-X-Øn\v

F√m-hn[ kuI-cy-ß-fpw e`n-°p

Ibpw sNbvXn- p≈ knwlm-k-\m-cq-

V-\mb Hcm-fpsS ta¬ bm-\-I-amb

BI-aWw hcn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬, Cu

hcm≥ t]mIp∂ \miw t]Sn-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂ cq]-Øn¬ Abm-fpsS kam-

[m\w sISp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. B A]-

ISw Bk-∂-ambn \ne-\n-ev°p-

tºmƒ H∂pw Abmsf kt¥m-jn-

∏n-°p-I-bn-√.

CuZv a\x-k-t¥m-j-Øns‚

t]cm-Wv. a\- n\v kt¥m-j-an-√m-

Øh\v s]cp-∂m-fn-√. C\n Rm≥

\nß-tfmSv Hdp tNmZyw tNmZn-°p-I-

bm-Wv. \nßƒ C∂v kt¥m-j-hm-

∑m-cm-Wv. \nß-fn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw

C∂v s]cp-∂m-fm-sW∂v ]d-bpw.

C∂-tØbpw C∂-se-tØbpw Zn\-

ßƒ XΩn¬ \nßƒ°v h√ hyXym-

k-hp-apt≠m? C∂-e-tØ-Xp-t]m-se-

X-s∂-bmWv C∂pw; C∂-esØ

AtX Ah-ÿ. ]pXnb hkvX-ßƒ

AWn-™-Xp-sIm≠pw \√ £Ww

D≠m-°n -b -Xp -sIm -≠p -amtWm

kt¥m-jn-°p-∂-Xv. CXp-sIm-≠mWv

kt¥m-jn-°p∂sX-¶n¬ C∂se

]pXnb hkvXw AWn-bm\pw \√

`£Ww D≠m-°m\pw Ign-bp-am-bn-

cp-∂nt√? ]ns∂-¥n\v \nßƒ C∂v

kt¥m-j-hm-∑m-cm-bXv? Bfp-I-

sf√mw HØp-tN¿∂-Xp -sIm -

≠mtWm? C∂-sebpw HØp-tN-cm-

am-bn-cp-∂t√? C\n \nßƒ kt¥m-

jn-°m\p≈ Imc-W-sa-¥m-sW∂v

\nßƒ°-dn-bptam? A√mlp \nß-

fn¬ Hcp Imcyw \n¿_-‘-am-°n-bn-

cp∂p, AXv \nßƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb

Imc-W-Øm-emWv \nßƒ C∂v

kt¥m-jn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv \nßƒ

FX-tØmfw BtLm-jn-°p-I-bm-

sW-¶nepw AXv A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv.

A√m-lp-hns‚ Iev]-\sb \nd-th-‰n-

b-ht\ CuZv kt¥mjw ]I-cp-I-bp-

≈q. da-km-\n¬ t\mºp ]nSn-°m≥

Iev]n-®n-cp-∂p. Hcp ]tXyI kabw

sXm´p ]tXyI kabw hsc

`£Ww Ign-°-cp-sX∂v hne-°n-bn-

cp-∂p. A\p-h-Zn® ka-b-Ø-√msX

`mcy-bpsS ASpØv t]mI-cp-sX∂pw

Iev]n-®n-cp-∂p. \nßƒ A√m-lp-hn-

t\mSv ]m¿∞n-°-W-sa∂pw Ahs\

IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ Bcm-[n-°-W-

sa∂pw \n¿_-‘-km-l-Ncyw D≠m-

bm-sem-gnsI t\mºv Hgn-hm-°-cp-

X∂pw Ah≥ BK-ln-®n-cp-∂p. Cu

Iev ]\ \nd-th-‰m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw

411


A∂-]m-\o-b-ßƒ Hcp ]tXyI ka-

b-tØ°v Dt]-£n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw

A√m-lp-hn-t\mSv ]m¿∞n-°m-Xn-cn-

°p-Ibpw Bcm-[-\m-I¿Ω-ß-fn¬

kabw sNe-h-gn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvX-h¿ Fßs\ kt¥m-jn-°m-

\mWv. F¥p-Im-c -W-Øm-emWv

Ah≥ kt¥m-jn-°p-∂-Xv. A\hk-

c-Øn¬ A\m-h-iy-ambn kt¥m-jn-

°p-∂h≥ `m¥-\m-Wv. JmZn-bm≥

I¿j-I-cn¬s]´ Hcp kvXo D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. Jeo-^-Øp¬ akolv

H∂m-as‚-b-Sp-°¬ Rm≥ ]Tn-°m≥

t]mbn-cp∂ Imew. B kvXo Ahn

sS h∂p. At∏mƒ Rm≥ \n\°v

Hcp Imcyw ]d-™p-X-cm-sa∂v Ahn-

S∂v Ft∂mSv ]d-™p. F∂n´v B

kvXotbmSv \ns‚ ktlm-Z-cs‚

hnti-j-sa-¥m-sW∂v Ahn-S∂v

tNmZn-®p. Ah¿ Nncn-°m≥ XpS-ßn.

Nncn®v Nncn®v IÆo¿ s]mgn-°m≥

XpS-ßn. F∂n´v Ah≥ acn-®p-t]m-

sb∂v Nncn-®p-sIm-≠pXs∂ ]d-

™p. CXn¬ Nncn-°m-s\-¥n-cn-°p-

∂p-sh-t∂m¿Øv Rm≥ B›-cy-s∏-

´p. ]n∂oSv Jeo- -Øp¬ A∆¬ (d)

Ah-cpsS as‰mcp _‘p-hn-s\-°p-

dn®v tNmZn-®p. At∏mgpw BZy-sØ-

t∏mse acn-®p-t]m-sb∂v Nncn-®p-

sIm≠v ]d-™p. lZvdØv Jeo-^-

Øp¬ akolv A∆¬(-d) Ft∂mSp

]d™p: Ah¿°v tcmK-ap-≠v. Nncn-

bpsS `m¥mWv Ah-cpsS tcmKw.

A\-h-k-c-Øn-ep≈ kt¥mjw `m

¥ns‚ e£-W-am-Wv. Xs‚ ]mTw

lrZn-ÿ-am-°n-bn- n-√mØ hnZym¿∞n

]co£ Xebv°p aosX hcp-tºmƒ

kt¥m-jn-°p-I-bn-√. ]mTw lrZn-ÿ-

am-°n-bn- p≈ hnZym¿∞n-bmWv kvIq

fn¬ t]mIp-∂-Xnepw ]co£ Fgp-

Xp-∂Xnepw kt¥m-jn-°p-∂-Xv.

Rm≥ ]mTw tIƒ∏n-°p-tºmƒ

A≤ym-]-I≥ kt¥m-jn-°p-sa∂pw

Xs∂ ]pI-gvØp-sa∂pw Ah-\-dn-

bmw. F∂m¬ ]mTw lrZn-ÿ-am-°m-

Ø-h≥ kt¥m-jn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬

`m¥-\m-bn-cn-°pw.

A√m-lp-hns‚ Iev]-\-Isf

\nd-th-‰n-bh\v C∂v kt¥m-j-

Øns‚ Zn\-am-Wv. F∂m¬, Iev]-\-

Isf ]men-°m-Ø-h\v ZpxJ-Øns‚

Zn\-am-Wv. F¥p-sIm-s≠∂m¬, CXv

hnNm-c-W-bpsS Zn\-am-Wv. P\-ß-sf-

√m-hcpw HØp-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah¿

IW°v t_m[n-∏n-°m≥ h∂-Xm-

sW∂v Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw hkvX

hpw Ah-ÿbpw hnfn-t®m-Xn-s°m-

≠n-cn-°p-∂p. C∂v IW-s°-Sp∏v

\mfm-Wv. Cu Ahÿ ]p\-cp-∞m-

\-\m-fns‚ Zriyw krjvSn-®n-cn-°p-I-

bm-Wv. I¿Ω-ßƒ H∂pw sNøm-Xn-

cn-°p-Ibpw Iev]-\-Iƒ ]men-°m-Xn-

cn-°pIbpw sNbvX-h\v Ic-®n-ens‚

Znh-k-am-Wn-∂v. Ah\v C∂v kt¥m-

j-Øns‚ Zn\-a-√. BcmtWm Cu

Iev]-\-Iƒ ]men-®-Xv Ah\p

Xs∂bmWv bYm¿∞ s]cp-∂m-

sf∂pw Ahs‚ kt¥m-j-amWv

bYm¿∞ kt¥m-j-sa∂pw Rm≥

\nß-tfmSv ]d-bp-∂p.

s]cp-∂m-fn¬ Bflo-b-amb

A`n-hr-≤n-°p≈ am¿§-ß-fp-s≠∂

Imcyw Hm¿°p-I. AXn¬ Bflo-bm-

`n-hr-≤n°p th≠p∂ ]cn-io-e\w

sNøn-°p-∂p. h¿jw apgp-h≥ Xl-

÷qZv \nkvI-cn-°m≥ km[n-°m-Ø-

h¿ Ipd-™-]£w da-km-\n¬ \n¿_-

‘-ambpw Xl-÷qZv \nkvI-cn-°p-

∂p. Ah-cpsS Hcp amksØ Xl-

÷qZv \nkvIm-cw, Xl-÷qZv \nkvIm

cw ]bm-k-ap≈ Imcy-a-s√-∂-Xn\v

Ah¿s°-Xn-cn¬ km£n-bm-bn-Øo-cp-

∂p. cmXn Fgp-t∂-ev°m≥ km[n-

°m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v Xl-÷qZv \nkvI-

cn-°m-Ø-h-cpw, XWp∏pImeØv 14

aWn-°q¿ ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ cmXn-I-fn¬

InS-°-bn¬ Ign-®p-Iq- p-∂-h-cpw, Fgp-

t∂‰v Xl-÷qZv \nkvI-cn-°m-Ø-

hcpw A√m-lp-hns‚ ]°¬ Ip‰-hm-

fn-bm-Wv. DjvW-Im-esØ 8 aWn-°q-

dp≈ cmXn-I-fn¬ amk-ß-tfmfw

Fgp-t∂-‰p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Bƒ°v

F¥p-sIm≠v 14 aWn-°q¿ ssZ¿Ly-

ap≈ cmXn-bn¬ Fgp-t∂-ev°m≥

Ign-bp-∂n-√. 8 aWn-°q¿ ssZ¿Ly-

ap≈ cmXn-bn¬ CS-b-Øm-g-Øn\v

DW-cp-Ibpw Xl-÷qZv \nkvI-cn-°p-

Ibpw sNbvX Hcmƒ°v, 15 aWn-°q¿

ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ cmXn-bn¬ Fgp-t∂-

ev°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-s√∂v ]d-

bm≥ Ign-bptam? \nßƒ°v DW-

cm≥ km[n-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ F´p aWn-

°q-dp≈ cmXn-bn¬ \nß-sf-ßs\

DW¿∂p. C]-Imcw \nßƒ A√m-

lp-hns‚ Xncp-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ Ip‰w

kΩ-Xn-°p-∂-h-cm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.

AXp-sIm-≠mWv Rm≥ ]d-™-

Xv, da-km-\n¬ \n∂pw s]cp-∂m-fn¬

\n∂pw ]mTw ]Tn-°pI F∂v. BZy-

sØ-t]mse C∂v cmXn-bnepw Fgp-

t∂-ev°m\pw Xl-÷qZv \nkvI-cn-

°m\pw ZpB sNøm\pw Rm\n-

∂se (\n-ß-tfm-Sv) \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂p.

GsX-¶nepw ]pWy-I¿Ωw sNbvXp-

I-gn-™m¬ ho≠pw AXm-h¿Øn-

°pI F∂Xv \ΩpsS alm-flm-°-

fpsS kº-Zm-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXns‚

irwJe s]m´n-t∏m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

s]mXpsh P\-ßƒ s]cp-∂m-fns‚

cmXn IqSp-X¬ Dd-ßp-∂p. hmkvX-

h-Øn¬ B cmXn-bn¬ IqSp-X¬

DW¿∂n-cn-t°≠ Bh-iy-ap-≠v.

lZvdØv Jeo-^-Øp¬ akolv

A∆¬ (d) hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ HmXn

]q¿Øn-bm-bn-°-gn-™m¬ IÆn

A‰p-t]m-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ DSs\ kqdx-

^m-Ønlm HmXp-am-bn-cp-∂p. C]-

Imcw c≠m-asØ IW°v Bcw-`n-

°p∂-Xn-\m-bn, da-km≥ Ign™v

i∆m¬ XpS-ßn-bm¬ da-km-\p-

tijw i∆m-ens‚ BZy-Zn-hkw P\-

ßsf Fgp-t∂-ev]n-°-W-sa∂v Rm≥

BK-ln-®p. \∑-bpsS IÆn-ap-dn-bm¬

]mSn-√. da-km-\ns‚ ap∏Xv Znh-k-

Øn\p ]pdsa i∆m-ens‚ Hcp Znh-

khpw \nßƒ DW¿∂t√m. Aß

s\ 31 Znh-k-ambn C\n _m°n-bp≈

]Xn-s\m∂v amkw tcmK-ap-≠m-bm-

sem-gnsI cmXn-bn¬ Fgp-t∂-ev

°m≥ \nßƒs°¥v ]bm-k-am-Wp-

≈-Xv. tcmKm-h-ÿ-bn¬ \nkvIm-c-

Øns‚ ^¿kp-Ifpw Pw B-°m≥

A\p-hm-Z-ap-≠v.

hnh: apl-ΩZv Ckvam-bo¬ F®v.-F.hnh: apl-ΩZv Ckvam-bo¬ F®v.-F.hnh: apl-ΩZv Ckvam-bo¬ F®v.-F.hnh: apl-ΩZv Ckvam-bo¬ F®v.-F.hnh: apl-ΩZv Ckvam-bo¬ F®v.-F.

412


"Pn∂v' F¥mWv?"Pn∂v' F¥mWv?"Pn∂v' F¥mWv?"Pn∂v' F¥mWv?"Pn∂v' F¥mWv?lZvdØv an¿km Xzmln¿ AlvaZvlZvdØv an¿km Xzmln¿ AlvaZvlZvdØv an¿km Xzmln¿ AlvaZvlZvdØv an¿km Xzmln¿ AlvaZvlZvdØv an¿km Xzmln¿ AlvaZv

"Pn∂v"Pn∂v"Pn∂v"Pn∂v"Pn∂v ' F∂ ]Zw ]e A¿∞ß-fnepw Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]tbm-Kn-®n´p-' F∂ ]Zw ]e A¿∞ß-fnepw Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]tbm-Kn-®n´p-' F∂ ]Zw ]e A¿∞ß-fnepw Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]tbm-Kn-®n´p-' F∂ ]Zw ]e A¿∞ß-fnepw Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]tbm-Kn-®n´p-' F∂ ]Zw ]e A¿∞ß-fnepw Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]tbm-Kn-®n´p-

≠v. ChnsS `qan-bnse Pohs‚ BZn-cq-]-am-bn-´mWv Pn∂v hnh-cn-°-≠v. ChnsS `qan-bnse Pohs‚ BZn-cq-]-am-bn-´mWv Pn∂v hnh-cn-°-≠v. ChnsS `qan-bnse Pohs‚ BZn-cq-]-am-bn-´mWv Pn∂v hnh-cn-°-≠v. ChnsS `qan-bnse Pohs‚ BZn-cq-]-am-bn-´mWv Pn∂v hnh-cn-°-≠v. ChnsS `qan-bnse Pohs‚ BZn-cq-]-am-bn-´mWv Pn∂v hnh-cn-°-

s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. "B¿°mbo _mIvSo-cnb' F∂ Cu BZy ssPh-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. "B¿°mbo _mIvSo-cnb' F∂ Cu BZy ssPh-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. "B¿°mbo _mIvSo-cnb' F∂ Cu BZy ssPh-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. "B¿°mbo _mIvSo-cnb' F∂ Cu BZy ssPh-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. "B¿°mbo _mIvSo-cnb' F∂ Cu BZy ssPh-

cq]w amXr-tIm-i-ß-fn-√m-ØXpw an∂-en¬ \n∂pw tImkvanIv-c-ivan-cq]w amXr-tIm-i-ß-fn-√m-ØXpw an∂-en¬ \n∂pw tImkvanIv-c-ivan-cq]w amXr-tIm-i-ß-fn-√m-ØXpw an∂-en¬ \n∂pw tImkvanIv-c-ivan-cq]w amXr-tIm-i-ß-fn-√m-ØXpw an∂-en¬ \n∂pw tImkvanIv-c-ivan-cq]w amXr-tIm-i-ß-fn-√m-ØXpw an∂-en¬ \n∂pw tImkvanIv-c-ivan-

I-fn¬ \n∂pw t\cn´v Du¿÷w kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-h-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.I-fn¬ \n∂pw t\cn´v Du¿÷w kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-h-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.I-fn¬ \n∂pw t\cn´v Du¿÷w kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-h-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.I-fn¬ \n∂pw t\cn´v Du¿÷w kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-h-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.I-fn¬ \n∂pw t\cn´v Du¿÷w kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-h-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & TruthRevelation, Rationality, Knowledge & TruthRevelation, Rationality, Knowledge & TruthRevelation, Rationality, Knowledge & TruthRevelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth

PnPnPnPnPn∂ns‚ ]Ir-Xnbpw ]tXy-I-Xbpw a\- n-em-°m≥ th≠n imkvXob

ho£-W-Øns‚ Nnd-Ip-I-fn-tedn AXn-]p-cm-X\ Ime-L-´-Øn-te°v Hcp

bmX°v Ct∏mƒ Xøm-dm-hp-I. Ad-_n-`m-j-bn¬ "Pn∂v' F∂ ]Z-Øn\v

Xmsg ImWp∂ i_vZm¿∞-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. ad-™n-cn°¬, AZr-iy-X, AI-

∂n-cn-°¬ H‰-Xn-cn-™n-cn-°¬ F∂n-h-bmWv. Pn∂v F∂ ]Z-Øn\v Cu

e£ym¿∞-ßƒ. IqSmsX I\Ø \ng¬, ISpØ Omb F∂o A¿∞-ß-

fp-ap-≠v. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Jp¿-B-\n¬ kz¿§sØ kqNn-∏n-°m≥ "P∂Øv'

("Pn∂v' F∂ aqe-]ZØn¬ \n∂p-Xs∂ \njv]-∂-am-bXv) F∂ ]Zw D]-

tbm-Kn-®-Xv. AXm-bXv kz¿§w, \ndsb CS-Xq¿∂ hr£-Om-b-I-fp≈ Bcm-

a-am-Wv. "Pn∂v' F∂ ]Zw ]mºn\pw ]d-bm-dp-≠v. AXv kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw

s]mXp-Zr-jvSn-bn¬ \n∂pw ad-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv sIm≠pw a‰p arK-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw

AI-∂p-amdn ]md-bpsS s]mØn-\-ItØm aÆnse amf-Øn-\-ItØm Ign-

bp-∂Xv sIm≠p-amWv Aßs\ hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. kvXoIƒ s]mXpsh hn´p-

\n¬°p-∂-h-cm-bXv sIm≠v Ah¿°pw, P\-a-≤y-Øn¬ \n∂pw AI∂p amdn-

°-gn-bp-∂Xv sIm≠v P\-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿°pw "Pn∂v' F∂ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂p. A]-Imcw A]m-]y-amb hnZqc-Zn-°p-I-fn-ep≈ ae-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ign-

bp∂ Bfp-Iƒ°pw "Pn∂v' F∂ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. km[m-cW

ZrjvSn°v A∏p-d-Øp-≈Xpw \·-Zr-jvSn°v ImWm≥ Ign-bm-ØXp-amb F√m-

‰n-t\bpw Cu hm°p-sIm≠v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

"Pn∂v' F∂ ]Z-Øn\v Cu sbmcp A¿∞-I-ev]\ dkq¬ Xncp-ta-\n(-

k)-bpsS hN-\-ß-fnepw ]q¿Æ-ambpw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. NmW-I-

Øns‚ I´ sImt≠m, NØ arK-ß-fpsS F√p-sImt≠m ae-aq-X-hn-k¿P-

\-Øn\v tijw iuNyw sNø-cpXv F∂v dkq¬ Xncp-ta-\n(-k) P\-ßsf

i‡-ambn hne-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ImcWw Ahsb√mw Pn∂ns‚ £-W-am-

sW∂pw dkq¬ Xncp-ta\n (k) Acp-fn. \mw C°m-eØv tSmbve‰v t]∏¿

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv t]mse ]≠v ImeØv aÏ-´, I√v, ssIbn¬ In´p∂

a‰p DW-ßnb GsX-¶nepw ]Zm¿∞-

ßƒ F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p iuNyw

sNøm≥ Bfp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-

Xv. ChnsS dkq¬ Xncp-ta-\n(-k)

]d™ "Pn∂v' F∂Xv sIm≠v

A¿∞-am-°n-bXv F√nepw ImjvS-

Øn-ep-ap-≠m-Ip∂ AZr-iy-amb

kq£va-tcm-Km-Wp-°-f-√msX as‰m-

∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√ F∂ Imcyw hfsc

hy‡-am-Wv. Hm¿°pI _m IvSo-cn-bm-

bp-tSbpw sshd-kn-t‚bpw k¶ev]w

A°m-eØv Bhn¿`-hn-®n-cp-∂n√.

A°m-eØv B¿°pw Xs∂ AØ-

c-Øn-ep≈ kq£vahpw AZr-iy-hp-

amb Pohn-I-sf-°p-dn®v t\cnb

Bibw t]mepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

dkq¬ Xncp-ta-\n(k) C°mcyw ]cm-

a¿in-®n-cp∂p F∂Xv A¤p-X-I-c-am-

Wv. CXns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°m≥ Ad-

_n-`m-j-bn¬ "Pn∂v' F∂ ]Z-sØ-

°mƒ DNn-X-amb as‰mcp ]Z-an√.

Pn∂ns‚ krjvSn-∏ns\ kw_-

‘n-®p≈ Jp¿-Bs‚ as‰mcp \nco-

£Ww Cßn-s\-bm-Wv.

CXn\v apºv (a-\p-jy-kr-jvSn-CXn\v apºv (a-\p-jy-kr-jvSn-CXn\v apºv (a-\p-jy-kr-jvSn-CXn\v apºv (a-\p-jy-kr-jvSn-CXn\v apºv (a-\p-jy-kr-jvSn-

∏n\p apºv) NqSp-Im-‰ns‚ A·n∏n\p apºv) NqSp-Im-‰ns‚ A·n∏n\p apºv) NqSp-Im-‰ns‚ A·n∏n\p apºv) NqSp-Im-‰ns‚ A·n∏n\p apºv) NqSp-Im-‰ns‚ A·n

413


(\mcn kaqw)-bn¬ \n∂pw \mw Pn∂ns\ krjvSn®p (15:28)(\mcn kaqw)-bn¬ \n∂pw \mw Pn∂ns\ krjvSn®p (15:28)(\mcn kaqw)-bn¬ \n∂pw \mw Pn∂ns\ krjvSn®p (15:28)(\mcn kaqw)-bn¬ \n∂pw \mw Pn∂ns\ krjvSn®p (15:28)(\mcn kaqw)-bn¬ \n∂pw \mw Pn∂ns\ krjvSn®p (15:28)

ChnsS Pn∂v krjvSn-°-s∏´ A·nsb Ipdn®v hnh-cn-°m≥ "kaqw'

F∂ Hcp ]tXyI hnti-jW ]Z-amWv D]tbmKn-®n- p-≈-Xv. AXn-\¿∞w

]pI-bn-√mØ Pzen-°p∂ A·n, ]pI-bn-√mØ NpSp-Im‰v Fs∂m-s°-bm-

Wv.(1) CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ as‰mcp Jp¿-B-≥ hN-\hpw ImWmw.

Pn∂p-Isf A·n-bpsS Pzme-bn¬ \n∂pw Ah≥ krjvSn®p (55:16)Pn∂p-Isf A·n-bpsS Pzme-bn¬ \n∂pw Ah≥ krjvSn®p (55:16)Pn∂p-Isf A·n-bpsS Pzme-bn¬ \n∂pw Ah≥ krjvSn®p (55:16)Pn∂p-Isf A·n-bpsS Pzme-bn¬ \n∂pw Ah≥ krjvSn®p (55:16)Pn∂p-Isf A·n-bpsS Pzme-bn¬ \n∂pw Ah≥ krjvSn®p (55:16)

Pn∂v F∂ ]Zw Nne kq£va-Po-hn-I-fmb _mIvSo-cn-b-I-sf-]-‰n-bmWv

ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv F∂v ÿm]n-®-Xn\v tijw \ap°v ho≠pw

Cu hN-\-Øn-te°v i≤ Xncn-°mw. Cu hN-\-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏Sp∂-

h-cnse ]Ya ÿm\m¿∞n an∂-ens‚ NqSn-¬ \n∂pw tImkvanIv civan-I-

fn¬ \n∂pw t\cn v krjvSn-°-s∏´ AXn-kq-£va-ß-fmb ssPh-cq-]-am-sW∂v

ImWmw.

UntI-gvk¨ (Dickerson) G‰hpw ]m‡-\-amb Poh-cq-]-sØ-]‰n Ai-

≤-am-bn- m-sW-¶nepw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-tºmƒ Jp¿-B-\nI hN-\-ß-fp-ambn AXv

HØp-t]m-hp-∂Xv ImWp-I.

.......-an-∂-en-t‚bpw AƒSm-h-b-e‰v tdUn-tb-j-t‚bpw Du¿÷-Øn-.......-an-∂-en-t‚bpw AƒSm-h-b-e‰v tdUn-tb-j-t‚bpw Du¿÷-Øn-.......-an-∂-en-t‚bpw AƒSm-h-b-e‰v tdUn-tb-j-t‚bpw Du¿÷-Øn-.......-an-∂-en-t‚bpw AƒSm-h-b-e‰v tdUn-tb-j-t‚bpw Du¿÷-Øn-.......-an-∂-en-t‚bpw AƒSm-h-b-e‰v tdUn-tb-j-t‚bpw Du¿÷-Øn-

em-bn-cp-∂n-cn°mw Ah Pohn-®-Xv....(2)em-bn-cp-∂n-cn°mw Ah Pohn-®-Xv....(2)em-bn-cp-∂n-cn°mw Ah Pohn-®-Xv....(2)em-bn-cp-∂n-cn°mw Ah Pohn-®-Xv....(2)em-bn-cp-∂n-cn°mw Ah Pohn-®-Xv....(2)

ssPh]q¿∆ _mIvSo-cn-b-Isf (Pre biotic Bacteria) kw_-‘n®p≈ Kth-

j-W-ß-sf-]‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-tºmƒ a‰p imkvX-⁄-∑m-cmcpw tIm kvanIv

tdUn-tb-js\°pdn®v ]tXy-I-ambn ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂n-√. ]t£ ssPh ]cn-

Wm-a-Øn\v (Biotic evolution) apºv \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ GsXmcp ssPh-cq-]hpw

NqSn¬ \n∂pw t\cn- m-bn-cp∂p Ah°v th≠ Du¿Pw BKn-cWw sNbvXXv

F∂ Bi-bsØ a‰p imkvX-⁄-∑mcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v. _mIvSo-cn-

bm-bn¬ sh®v G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-amb _mIvSo-cn-b-Isf s]mIm-cn-tbm´v

(Prokaryote) F∂pw bqIm-cn-tbm´v (Eukaryote) F∂pw c≠mbn ap≥X-e-ap-d-

bnse imkvX-⁄-∑m¿ Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-´p-≠v. F¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw icn Imƒ

B¿. thm-bokns‚bpw (Karl R. Woese) At±-l-Øns‚ kl-]-h¿Ø-I-cp-

tSbpw A`n-]m-bsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n thK-Øn¬ \ap-s°mcp \nK-a-\-

Øn-se-Ømw. Ah-cpsS \nco-£Ww C]-Im-c-am-Wv.

""""""efn-X-amb Imc-W-an-Xm-Wv. kq£va-am-b-X-e-Øn¬ "efn-X-amb Imc-W-an-Xm-Wv. kq£va-am-b-X-e-Øn¬ "efn-X-amb Imc-W-an-Xm-Wv. kq£va-am-b-X-e-Øn¬ "efn-X-amb Imc-W-an-Xm-Wv. kq£va-am-b-X-e-Øn¬ "efn-X-amb Imc-W-an-Xm-Wv. kq£va-am-b-X-e-Øn¬ (Microscopic(Microscopic(Microscopic(Microscopic(Microscopiclevel) level) level) level) level) Ah (_m-IvSo-c-b-bpsS BZn-cq-]-ßƒ) c≠v Xc-Øn-ep≈ tImi-Ah (_m-IvSo-c-b-bpsS BZn-cq-]-ßƒ) c≠v Xc-Øn-ep≈ tImi-Ah (_m-IvSo-c-b-bpsS BZn-cq-]-ßƒ) c≠v Xc-Øn-ep≈ tImi-Ah (_m-IvSo-c-b-bpsS BZn-cq-]-ßƒ) c≠v Xc-Øn-ep≈ tImi-Ah (_m-IvSo-c-b-bpsS BZn-cq-]-ßƒ) c≠v Xc-Øn-ep≈ tImi-

ß-fmWv. ]t£ Pohm-Wp-X-e-Øn¬ ß-fmWv. ]t£ Pohm-Wp-X-e-Øn¬ ß-fmWv. ]t£ Pohm-Wp-X-e-Øn¬ ß-fmWv. ]t£ Pohm-Wp-X-e-Øn¬ ß-fmWv. ]t£ Pohm-Wp-X-e-Øn¬ (Molecular level) (Molecular level) (Molecular level) (Molecular level) (Molecular level) Ah c≠v XcwAh c≠v XcwAh c≠v XcwAh c≠v XcwAh c≠v Xcw

amXtabp≈q-sh∂ coXn icn-bm-bn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n-√.'amXtabp≈q-sh∂ coXn icn-bm-bn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n-√.'amXtabp≈q-sh∂ coXn icn-bm-bn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n-√.'amXtabp≈q-sh∂ coXn icn-bm-bn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n-√.'amXtabp≈q-sh∂ coXn icn-bm-bn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n-√.'' (3)' (3)' (3)' (3)' (3)

km[m-cW hmb-\-°m¿°v th≠n s]mIm-cn-tbm- v, bqIm-cn-tbm v F∂o

c≠p _mIvSo-cn-b-I-fpsS hyXym-k-ßƒ efn-X-amb coXn-bn¬ ChnsS ]Xn-

]m-Zn-°mw. B _mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒ°-I-Øp≈ \yq¢n-b- ns‚ km∂n-≤y-tØbpw

\yq¢n-b- ns‚ Akm-∂n-≤y-tØbpw ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Cu hn`-

P-\w. s]mIm-cn-tbm v ssS∏v _mIvSo-c-b°v hfsc hy‡-amb tImi- nØn

Ds≠-¶nepw Ah-°-IØv \yq¢n-bkv C√. F∂m¬ bqIm-cn-tbm v _mIvSo-

cn-b°v hfsc efn-X-amb tImi- n-Ønbpw Hmtcm tImi-Øn-\-IØpw \∂mbn

hnI-kn-X-amb Hcp \yq¢n-b- p-ap-≠v.

a‰p≈ Poh-cq-]-ßƒ°v P∑w sImSp-ØXv Cu c≠v AXn-]p-cm-X\

_mIvSo-cn-b-I-fm-sW∂v IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Pohs‚ ]q¿∆-Km-an-Iƒ F∂v

hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Ch-bmWv ]n∂oSv a‰p Poh-cq-]-ß-fmbn ]cn-W-an-®-

Xv. 1981 PqWn-emWv thmbnko Xs‚ Kth-j-W- -e-ßƒ Scientific America

F∂ tP¿W-en¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv.

AXn¬ B¿°mbo _mIvSo-cnb

(Archaebacteria) BWv bYm¿∞

Øn¬ Pohs‚ BZn-cq]w F∂v Ah-

Im-i-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-sW∂v hmZn-®n-cp-

∂p. BZn _mIvSo-cn-b-bpsS Imcy-

Øn¬ At±-lhpw At±-l-Øns‚

kl-]-h¿Ø-Icpw IqSn Xßƒ°v

as‰-√m-‰n-t\bpw AXn¿h¿Øn-°p∂

hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp aq∂m-asØ coXn-

apt∂m´v sh°m-\ps≠∂v imkvX-

k-aq-lsØ Adn-bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

Bb-Xn-\m¬ AXns\ Pohs‚ G‰

hpw ]q¿∆-Km-an-Iƒ F∂ ÿm\w

Ah¿ \¬In. thmbo-knbpw At±-

l-Øns‚ kl-]-h¿Ø-Icpw Cu

I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-Øn-te°v \nc-h[n

sXfn-hp-Iƒ \¬Inbn-´p≠v. Aß

s\ lnam-\n-bpsS apIƒ]-c-∏nse

a™p-cp-Im≥ XpS-ßn. thmbokn

Fgp-Xp-∂p.

"B¿°mbn _mIvSo-cnb D∂-

X¿In -S -bn -ep≈ Hcp ]tXyI

KWsØ ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂p F∂

Rß-fpsS Bibw s]mXpth

kzoI-cn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. AtX-

k-abw GXm\pw Nne Poh-im-kvX-

⁄-∑m¿ Rß-fpsS hymJym-\-ß-

fp-ambn X¿°n-°p-I-bm-Wv. (4)

ho≠pw At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p:

saX-t\m-ssP≥ (Methanogens)F∂Xv G‰hpw ]g-°-ap-≈tXm

As√-¶n¬ GsX-¶nepw _mIvSo-cnb

Kq∏n-t\-°mfpw ]pcm-X-\tam BWv

F∂ hkvXpX IqSn CXn¬ AS-ßn-

bn-cn-°p-∂p. (4)

Hutchinson Dictionary ofScience¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

B¿°mbo _mIvSo -cnb

Pohs‚ G‰hpw ]m‡\ cq]-ß-fp-

ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. 4 e£w

tImSn h¿j-ßƒ°v apºv qan-bpsS

A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Aev]w amXw

HmIvkn-P≥ D≠m-bn-cp∂ Ime

ØmWv B¿°mbn _mIvSo-cnb

]Xy-£-s∏- Xv .(5)

(tijw 17˛ ¬)

414


AAAAA[nI XØz-⁄m-\n -Ifpw

]Ir-Xn-hm-Zn-Ifpw _“-k-am-Pn-Ifpw

C¬lm-ans\ AY-hm, ssZhnI sh

fn-]m-Sp-Isf \ntj[n-°p-∂p-h-cm-bn-

Øo¿∂n-´p≈ hn\mi-I-c-amb Hcp

Ime-L-´-am-Wn-Xv. CtX \ntj-[-

Øn¬ Xs∂ Ht´sd t]¿ Cu tem

IØv \n∂v Xntcm-[m\w sNbvIbpw

sNbvXp. bmYm¿∞yw Fs¥-∂m¬,

temIw apgp-h\pw \ntj-[n®p F∂p-

h-∂mepw kXyw kXy-am-bn-Ø-s∂-

bn-cn°pw F∂p-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p. temIw

apgp-h\pw kXy-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmepw

Ifhv Ifhv Xs∂-bm-Wv. ssZh-

Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw Ahs\

]]-©-Øns‚ Bkq-X-I≥ Bbn

hnNm-cn-°p-Ibpw Ahs\ ImWp-∂-

h\pw tIƒ°p∂-h\pw Adn-bp-∂-h-

\p-ambn a\- n-em-°pIbpw sNøp-∂-

h≥ CsXm-s°bpw G‰p-]-d-bp-∂p-

≠m-bn´pw ssZh-Øns‚ kwkm-

csØ \ntj-[n-°p-∂Xv Ah-cpsS

XnI™ hnUvVn-Ø-am-sWt∂ ]d-

bm-\m-hq. ImWp-Ibpw Adn-bpIbpw

sNøp-∂-h-\v, BcpsS ⁄m\w im

co-cn-tIm-]m-[n-Iƒ H∂pw IqSmsX

Hmtcm AWp-°-sfbpw hebw sN

bvXn-cn-°p-∂pthm Ah\v kwkm-cn-

°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-s√-t∂m, Ah\v

kwkm-c-tijn ]≠p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-

¶nepw Ct∏mƒ AXv \ne-®p-t]m-bn-

Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-Iƒ hgn ⁄m\-]-Imiw

lZvdØv an¿km Kpemw AlvaZv(-A)lZvdØv an¿km Kpemw AlvaZv(-A)lZvdØv an¿km Kpemw AlvaZv(-A)lZvdØv an¿km Kpemw AlvaZv(-A)lZvdØv an¿km Kpemw AlvaZv(-A)

(hm-KvZ-Ø -alvZo ako-lv)(hm-KvZ-Ø -alvZo ako-lv)(hm-KvZ-Ø -alvZo ako-lv)(hm-KvZ-Ø -alvZo ako-lv)(hm-KvZ-Ø -alvZo ako-lv)

Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-I-fmWv ssZh-hp-am-bp≈ a\p-jys‚ _‘sØ kPo-h-am-°n-Øo¿°p∂Xv.Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-I-fmWv ssZh-hp-am-bp≈ a\p-jys‚ _‘sØ kPo-h-am-°n-Øo¿°p∂Xv.Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-I-fmWv ssZh-hp-am-bp≈ a\p-jys‚ _‘sØ kPo-h-am-°n-Øo¿°p∂Xv.Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-I-fmWv ssZh-hp-am-bp≈ a\p-jys‚ _‘sØ kPo-h-am-°n-Øo¿°p∂Xv.Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-I-fmWv ssZh-hp-am-bp≈ a\p-jys‚ _‘sØ kPo-h-am-°n-Øo¿°p∂Xv.

shfn-]m-Sp-I-fn-s√-¶n¬ aXw sI´p-I-Y-Ifpw anYym-hn-izm-k-ß-fp-ambnØocpwshfn-]m-Sp-I-fn-s√-¶n¬ aXw sI´p-I-Y-Ifpw anYym-hn-izm-k-ß-fp-ambnØocpwshfn-]m-Sp-I-fn-s√-¶n¬ aXw sI´p-I-Y-Ifpw anYym-hn-izm-k-ß-fp-ambnØocpwshfn-]m-Sp-I-fn-s√-¶n¬ aXw sI´p-I-Y-Ifpw anYym-hn-izm-k-ß-fp-ambnØocpwshfn-]m-Sp-I-fn-s√-¶n¬ aXw sI´p-I-Y-Ifpw anYym-hn-izm-k-ß-fp-ambnØocpw

cn-°p∂p Ft∂m ]d-bp-∂Xv sX‰m-

Wv. Ahs‚ kwkm-c-KpWw mhn-bn-

ep-≠m-I-bn-√ AXv qX-Im-e-tØ°v

amX-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p F∂v ]d-bp-∂-

Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wn-Xv. F∂m¬ CXv

henb C—m- w-K-am-Wp-≠m-°p-∂-Xv.

ssZh-Øns‚ Nne KpW-ßƒ Ipd-

®p-Imew hsc \ne-\n-∂-tijw

]n∂o-SXv \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-IpIbpw

AXns‚ AS-bmfw t]mepw _m°n-

bm-ImsX hcp-∂-Xp-am-sW-¶n¬ ]n

s∂ Ah-\n¬ Ah-ti-jn-°p∂

KpW-ßfpw kwi-b-K-kvX-ß-fm-bn-

Xo-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. CØcw Nn¥-I-sfbpw

hnizm-k-ß-sfbpw Ipdn®v ]cn-X-]n-

°p-I-b-√msX F¥p-]-d-bm≥? ssZh-

Øns‚ F√m KpW-ß-fnepw hniz-

kn-°sh Hcp IØnbpw Iøn-te¥n

Ah-bn¬ ][m-\-s∏´ Hcwiw apdn-

®p-\o-°p-I-bm-Wn-h¿ sNøp-∂-Xv.

IjvSw! Bcym-°ƒ thZ-ß-fpsS

Ah-Xm-c-tØm-Sp-IqSn ssZh-Øns‚

`mj-W-Øn\v apZ-h-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

InkvXym-\n-Ifpw ssZhn-I- shfn-]m-

Sp -Iƒ°v koe-Sn -°m-Xn-cp-∂n-√.

akolv hscbpw a\p-jy¿°v Bflo-

b-amb Dƒ°mgv-Nbpw Znhy-⁄m-\-

ßfpw B¿Pn-°p-∂Xn\v Zriym-\p- -

h-]-c-amb shfn-]m-Sp-I-fpsS Bh-iy-

ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw mhn-k-¥m-

\-ßƒ Ah \jvS-s∏´ \ne-bn¬

\n¿`m-Ky-hm-∑m-cm-bn-t∏m-bn-cn-°p∂p

F∂m-W-h-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sv. hmkvX-

h-sa-s¥-∂m¬, a\p-jy≥ F°m-

ehpw shfn-]m-Sp-Ifpw Bflo-bamb

Dƒ°m-gvNbpw Bh-iy-am-bn- p-≈-h-

\m-Ip-∂p. ssZh-Øns‚ KpW-ßƒ

Ft∏mgpw ]pXnb ]pXnb an∂-em- -

ßƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn°p-

t∂-S-tØmfw amXta aXw ⁄m\-

cq-]-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-I-bp-≈p.

A√m-Ø-]£w shdpw sI´p-I-Y-I-

fmbn amdn hf-sc-thKw Ah \in-

®p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. ssZh-`m-j-W-

ßfpw henb henb AS-bm-f-ßfpw

IqSmsX Hcp ]Im-c-Ønepw ]q¿Øo-

I-cn-°m-\m-hmØ \ne-bn¬ ]q¿W-

amb ssZh-⁄m-\-Øns‚ Bhiyw

\ap-°p-s≠∂v D≈n¬ X´nb A\p-

-h-ßƒ hgn Adn-bp-am-dm-Ip-tºmƒ

ssZh-Øns‚ ImcpWyw \ΩpsS

apºn¬ B shfn-]m-Sp-I-fpsS hm

Xn¬ sIm´n-b-S-°p-∂-sX-ßs\? Cu

Ime-L- -Øn¬ \ΩpsS a\ v as‰m-

∂mbn amdn-t∏mtbm? AtXm ssZhw

Xs∂ as‰m∂mbn-Øo¿∂pthm? Hcp

Ime-L- -Øn¬ Hcmƒ°v D≠m-Ip∂

C¬lmw e£-°-W-°mb Bfp-I-

fn¬ ssZhn-I-⁄m-\sØ DtØ-Pn-

∏n-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-am-sW∂pw B

Hmtcm hy‡n-bnepw AXv shfn-s∏-

415


tS≠ Bh-iy-an-s√∂pw \mw Aw-Ko-

I-cn -°p-∂p. F∂m¬, C¬lmw

Xs∂ ASn-bn-f-°-s∏-Sp-I-sb-∂Xpw

\mw t\cn´v I≠-dn-™n-ń-√mØ

shdpw IY-I-fmWv \ΩpsS ]°-ep-

≈-sX∂pw ]d-bp-∂Xv \ap°v kzoI-

cn-°m-\m-hn-√. Hcp Imcyw \qdp-I-W-

°mb sIm√-ß-fmbn IY-I-fpsS

cq]-Øn¬ amXw XpS¿∂p-h-∂n-cn-

°bpw AXns‚ kXy-h¬°-c-W-Øn-

\mbn ]pXp-Xm-bp≈ amXr-I-Iƒ

krjvSn-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°bpw BsW-

¶n¬ Zm¿i-\nI ho£-W-ap≈ A[n-

I-am-fp-Ifpw _e-h-Ømb a‰p sXfn-

hp-Iƒ C√m-Ø-]£w Cu IYIƒ

hniz-kn-°m≥ Iq´m-°p-I-bn -√.

\ΩpsS Ime-L-´ -Øn¬ AXv

bp‡n-hn-cp-≤-amb Imcy-ambn Btcm-

]n-°-s∏- -t∏mƒ ]tXy-In®pw. CXp-

sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bmWv Iptd-°mew

Ign™v Zm¿i-\n-I-_p-≤n-Iƒ- A-

Øcw A¤p-X -Zr-jvSm-¥-ßsf Ifn-

bm -°n -t∏m -∂n -´p -≈-X v . Ah¿

AXns\ kwi-bn-°-Ø-°-Xm-bn-´p-

t]mepw Icp-Xp-∂n-√. Ahsc kw_-

‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Aßs\ Icp-Xm≥

\ymb-ap-≠vXm-\pw. F¥p-sIm-s≠-

∂m¬ Htc ssZh-am-bn-cn-s°, Htc

"kn^'ØpIƒ Xs∂-bm-bn-cns°

\ΩpsS Bh-iy-ßfpw Htc Xc-Øn-

ep-≈-Xm-bn-cns° shfn-]m-Sp-I-fpsS

]c-ºc F¥p-sIm≠v \ne-®p-t]mbn

F∂n-ßs\ Ah-cpsS a\- n¬

tNmZy-ap-b-cp-∂p. Xßƒ°pw ]pXnb

]pXnb ssZhn-I-⁄m-\-ßƒ e`n-

t°-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-sW∂v Bflm-°ƒ

hne-]n®p ]d-bp-∂p. C°-cm-W-Øm¬

Xs∂-bmWv lnµp-°-fn¬ e£-°W-

°n-\m-fp-Iƒ \mkvXn-I-cmbn Na-

™Xv. tImSn-°-W-°mb sIm√-ß-

fmbn Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-Ifpw ssZh- m-

j-W-ßfpw \ne-®p-t]m-bn-cn-°p∂p

F∂mWv lnµp-]-fin-X-∑m¿ ASn-

°Sn Ahsc ]Tn-∏n-®p-t]m-∂n-´p-≈-

Xv. sshZn-I-Im-esØ At]-£n®v

\ΩpsS Ime-L- -amWv ]c-ta-iz-cs‚

]pXnb shfn-]m-Sp-Iƒ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-

∂-sX∂ kwibw Ah-cpsS lrZ-

b-ß-fn¬ A¶p-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.

Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-Iƒ Hcp kXy-amb

bmYm¿∞yw Xs∂-sb-¶n¬, thZ-

Øn-\p-tijw B ]c-ºc F¥p-

sIm≠v \ne-\n-∂n√? CtX ImcW-

Øm¬ Xs∂bmWv Bcym-h¿Ø-

Øn¬ \mkvXn-I-hmZw ]c-°p-am-dm-

b-Xv. thZ-ßsf ]cn-l-kn-°p-Ibpw

\nµn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-hcpw thZ-

ßsf kzoI-cn-°m-Ø-hcpw \qdp-I-W-

°n¬ I£n-Iƒ lnµp-°-fn¬ DS-se-

Sp-Øn- p-≈Xpw CtX Imc-W-Øm¬

Xs∂-bm-Wv. AXp-]-Im-c-ap≈ Hcp

I£n-bmWv ssP\-a-X-°m¿. bYm¿

∞-Øn¬ kn°p-Im-cpsS I£nbpw

CtX Nn¥-Iƒ sIm≠p-X-s∂-bmWv

lnµp-°-fn¬ \n∂v thdn- p-t]m-b-Xv.

lnµp-a-X-Øn¬, Cu temI-Ønse

\qdp-I-W-°n¬ hkvXp-°ƒ ssZh-

tØmSv Iqń-t®¿°-s∏-ń-cn-°-bm¬

]c-ta-iz-c-s\-°p-dn®v H∂pw Adn-bm≥

Ign-bmØ \ne-bn-em-Wp-≈-Xv. ]ns∂

thZw C¬lman BsW∂ hmZsØ

kw_-‘n-®m-sW-¶n¬ AXv bmsXm-

c-Sn-ÿm-\-hp-an-√mØ Hcp IY amX-

am-Wv. e£-°W°mb sIm√w apºv

AhX-cn-®-Xm-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

]pXp-Xm-bp≈ sXfn-shm∂p-an-√-Xm-

\pw. C°m-c-W-Øm¬ Xs∂-bmWv

]q¿W kn°p-Im-cm-bn- p-≈-h¿ thZ-

ß-fn¬ hniz-kn-°m-Xn-cp-°p-∂-Xv.

1898 sk]vXw_¿ 26mw \v em

tlm-dnse "AJv_msd Bw' F∂

]X-Øn¬ CtX hnj-b-I-ambn Hcp

teJ\w ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏- n- p-≠v.

Jm¬k hn`mKw thZ-ß-fn¬ hniz-

kn-°p-∂n-s√∂pw thZ-ß-fn¬ Hcn-

°epw hniz-kn-°-cp-sX∂v Kpcp-°-

∑m-cpsS am¿K\n¿t±-i-ap-s≠∂pw

D≈ Imcy-Øn¬ KŸvkm-ln-_nse

i_vZw AXm-bXv KoXw Xs∂bpw

Fgp-Xn-t®¿Øn-cn-°p∂p. thZ-ß-

fn¬ Xosc hniz-kn-°-cp-sX∂v Xs∂-

bmWv AXn¬ \n∂v kn≤n-°p-∂-Xv.

Xßƒ thZ-ßsf ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-h-c-

s√∂pw AXns\ kzoI-cn-°p-∂n-

s√∂pw ]Jym-]n-®n-cn-°-bp-am-Wv.

Xßƒ Jp¿-Bs\ ]n¥p-S-cp-∂p-

sh∂v Ah¿ ]Jym-]n-®n- n-s√-∂Xpw

t\cp Xs∂. kn°p-Im¿°v Ckv

emans\°pdn®v H∂pw Adn-™p-Iq-

sS-∂-XmWv CXn\v ImcWw. k¿∆-

i-‡\pw (Jm-Zn¿) Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂-

h\pw (Jøpw) Bb ssZhw Ckvem

an¬ h®n-´p≈ ]Im-i-sØ-°p-dn-®-

h¿°v hnh-c-an-√. hnip≤ Jp¿-B-\n¬

\nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ ]Im-i-sØ-°p-

dn-®p≈ APvRXbpw iXp-Xbpw

\nanØw Ah¿°v AX-dn-bm≥ Ign-

™n-√. F∂p-am-X-a-√, kmap-Zm-bn-I-

ambn lnµp-°-tfmSv ]pe¿Øp∂

_‘w Ah¿ apkvenwI-fp-ambn

]pe¿Øp-∂p-an-√. tNmem kmln-

_n¬ _m_m-\m-\°v Fgp-Xn-h-®n- p-

≈-sXt¥m B HkyØv ]Imcw

Ah¿ ]h¿Øn-®m¬ aXn-bm-bn-cp-

∂p. Ckvemw A√msX as‰mcp

aXhpw icntbm kXytam As√-

∂mWv tNmem-km-ln-_n¬ tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Øn- p-≈-Xv. C]-Im-c-ap≈ \m\Iv

Kpcp-hns‚ CXbpw ][m-\-s∏´

imk-\sØ X≈n-°-f -bp -∂Xv

AXy¥w tJZ-I-c-amb Imcy-a-sX.

_m_m-\m-\m-°ns‚ Isø-gpØv

kvamc-I-ambn Jm¬km kmln-_p-am-

cpsS ]°¬ Cu Hscm‰ tNmem

kmln_v amXsa D≈p-Xm-\pw.

KŸ kmln-_nse i_vZ-ßƒ (Ko-

X-ßƒ) hfsc ]n∂oSv tImUo-I-cn-

®n- p-≈-Xs-X. AXn¬ Kth-j-I¿°v

hf-sc-tbsd A`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-

ßfp≠v Xm\pw. AXn¬ Fs¥m

s° am‰-ß-fmWv D≠m-b-sX∂pw

Bcp-sS-sbms° hm°p-I-fpsS ti

J-c-am-W-sX∂pw ssZh-Øn-\p-am-

Xsa Adn-bq. GXm-bmepw Cu IY

ChnsS hnh-cn-t°≠ Bh-iy-an-√.

a\p-jy-h¿K-Øns‚ hnizm-

ksØ ]pXp-°n-bp-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-

\mbn ]pXp-Xm-bp≈ shfn-]m-Sp-I-

fpsS Bhiyw F∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-

∂p-s≠-∂-XmWv \ΩpsS Ak¬

hnj-bw. Cu shfn-]m-Sp-Iƒ ]`m-h-

416


i‡n aptJ\ Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-

Wv. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ ssZh-Øn-

∂-√msX ssiØmt∂m Pn∂nt\m

`qX-Ønt\m Cu ]`m-h-i‡n kzmb-

Ø-a√ Xs∂. Cam-ap- -ams‚ shfn-

]m-Sp-Iƒ aptJ-\-bmWv a‰p shfn-]m-

Sp-I-fpsS kXym-k-Xy-ßƒ \n¿W-bn-

°-s∏-Sp-I.

"Cam-ap- -am≥' Bbn- p≈ Bfp

sS ]Ir-Xn-bn¬Xs∂ t\Xr-i‡n

AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v Rm≥ hnh-cn-

®p-h-t√m. IqSm-sX, ssZhn-I-i‡n

At±-l-Øn¬ GXv Imcy-Øn\pw

ap≥ssI FSp-°m-\p≈ ]tXy-I-

KpWw \nt£-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ssZhw

a\p-jysc n∂n® \ne-bn¬ hn´p-I-

f-bm≥ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√-∂Xv Ah

s‚ kp∂-Øm-Ip-∂p. kuc-bq-Y-

Øn¬ At\Iw \£-X-ßsf

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. kqcy\v Cu

hyh-ÿ-bpsS cmPXzw \¬In A\p-

K-ln-®-Xp-t]mse kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-

sf-sb√mw \£-X-ß-sf-sb-∂-t]m

se AXm-Xns‚ ÿm\-I-a-a-\p-k-

cn®v \n¿Øn-bn´v Ahbv°v ]Im-

isØ ]Zm\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v

"Cam-ap- -ams\' Ah-cpsS kqcy-\m-

°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tX\o-®-I-fnepw Ah-

bpsS ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ Cu ssZhnI

hyhÿ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ah-°n-

S-bnepw cmPmhv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂

Hcp Camw D≠v. uXn-I- -c-W-Ønepw

ssZhw Dt±-in-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂Xv Hcp

P\-X-bn¬ Hcp Aaotdm cmPmthm

D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv. `n∂n-∏p-

≠m-°m≥ BK-ln-°p-∂-h-cnepw

Aao-dns‚ Iev]\°v hgn-s∏-Sm-Ø-

h-cnepw ssZh-Øns‚ im]-ap-≠m-Ip-

∂p. k¿∆-i-‡-\mb A√mlp ]d-

bp-∂-Xv.

""A√m-lp-hn-s\bpw Ahs‚

dkq-en-s\bpw \nß-fn¬ \n∂p≈

\nß-fpsS Dep¬-Aw-dn-s\bpw A\p-

k-cn-°p-hn≥' F∂m-Wv. Dep¬Awdv

F∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w ùXn-I-\n-e-

bn¬ cmPmhv AYhm c-W-I¿Ømhv

F∂pw Bflo-b-\n-e-bn¬ "Cam-ap- -

am≥' F∂pw BIp-∂p. ùXn-I-\n-

e-bn¬ \ΩpsS e£y-ßsf FXn¿

°m-Ø-hcpw aX-]-c-ambn \ap°v

]tbm-P\w D≈hpw \Ωn¬s]-´-h-

cm-Ip-∂p. CXp-sIm≠v Xs∂-bmWv

Cw•ojv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf \nß-

fpsS Deq¬-Aw-dn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-W-

sa∂pw lrZ-b-]q¿∆w Ahsc A\p-

k-cn-°-W-sa∂pw Rm≥ Fs‚ Pam-

A-Øns\ D]-tZ-in-®p-t]m-∂n- p-≈-Xv.

F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ Ah¿ \ΩpsS

aX-Øns‚ e£y-ßsf XS-bp-∂-h-

c-√. adn-®v, Ah-cpsS km∂n≤yw

aptJ\ \ap°v Bizmkw e`n-®n-cn-

°p-∂p. Cw•ojv c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ

\ΩpsS Zo\ns\ klm-bn-®n-´p≠v

F∂pw C¥y-bnse apkvenw cmPm-

°-∑m¿°p t]mepw km[y-am-bn-ń-

√mØ Xc-Øn-ep≈ klm-b-ß-

fmWv Ah-sb∂pw \mw kΩXn®p

]d-bp-hm-s\m-cp-ßp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ \mw

h-©\ ]h¿Øn-°p-I-bm-hpw-. C¥y-

bnse Nne apkvenw cmPm-°-∑m¿

Ah-cpsS òcpXzw sIm≠p-Xs∂

]©m_v kwÿm-\sØ Isøm-gn®p

If-™n-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS Aew- mhw

ImcWw kn°p-Im-cmb hnhn[ `c-

W-I¿Øm-°-fpsS ImeØv \ap°pw

\ΩpsS Zo\n\pw At\Iw IjvS-\-

jvS-ßƒ Ah-cn¬ \n∂pw t\cn-

tS≠n h∂p. ]≈nI-fn¬ sh®v

kwL-\-a-kvImcw A\p-jvTn-°p-

hmt\m D®-Øn¬ _m¶v apg-°p-

hmt\m A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√. ]©m-

_n¬ Zo\p¬ Ckvemw acn-®-t]mse

Bbn-Øo¿∂n-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv Cw•o-

jp-Im¿ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂-t∏mƒ

\ΩpsS ku`mKyw Xncn-®p-In-ń.

Ah¿ Ckvemw Zo-\ns\ ]n¥p-W-®p.

aX-[¿Ω-ßƒ A\p-jvTn-°p∂ Imcy-

Øn¬ Ah¿ \ap°v kºq¿Æ-

kzmX¥yw \¬In. AtXmsS

\ΩpsS ]≈n-Iƒ ]h¿ Ø-\-£-a-

ß-fm-bn. Gsd-°m-e-Øn-\p-tijw

]©m-_n¬ Ckvemans‚ AS-bm-f-

ßƒ Zriy-ß-fm-bn-Øp-S-ßn. Cu

A\p-K-l-ßƒ Hm¿Ωn-°-s∏-tS-≠-h-

bt√? kXy-an-Xm-Wv. òcp-°-fmb

apkvenw cmPm-°-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS DZm-

ko-\X ImcWw \sΩ Ip^vdv

ÿm\n-te°v X≈n-°-f-™n-cp-∂p.

Cw•o-jp-Im-cmWv \sΩ ssI]n-Sn®v

AXn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-∂-

Xv. AXp-sIm≠v Cw•o-jp-Im¿s°-

Xnsc cmPy-tZm-l-Øns‚ Idn-sh-°p-

∂Xv ssZh-Øns‚ A\p-K-l-ßsf

hnkva-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Xpey-am-bn-cn-°pw.

Rm≥ aqe-hn-j-b-Øn-te°v

Xs∂ Xncn-b-s´. ùXn-I-]-cn-jvI-c-

W-Øn\v Hcp `c-W-I¿Øm-hns‚

I¬]-\bv°v hnt[-b-cmbn Pohn-

°m≥ hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Du∂n-∏-

d™ncn°p-∂-Xn≥]-Imcw Xs∂.

Bflob ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-∂mbpw

CXp-Xs∂ I¬]n-®n -cn -°p∂p.

A√mlp

ClvZn-\- n-dm-Ø¬ apkvXJow

kndm-Ø-√-Zo\ A≥ AwX

Asselnw

F∂ ]m¿∞\ ]Tn-∏n-®n-cn-

°p∂Xv CXn-te-°p≈ kqN\

\¬Ip-∂p. C]-Imcw bmsXmcp

kXy-hn-izm-knbpw F∂-√, bmsXmcp

Poh-P-¥phpw Xs∂ A√m-lp-hns‚

A\p-K-l-Øn¬ \n∂v Hgn-™n- n-s√-

¶n¬ Ah-sb-sb√mw ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-

Xn\v th≠n-bmWv A√mlp Cu

I¬]\ \¬In-b-sX∂v ]d-bm≥

km[y-a-√. ]q¿Whpw kmam-]vXn-I-

hp-amb \ne-bn¬ Bflo-b-amb A\p-

K-l-ß-fpsS s]cp-ag Bcn¬ tImcn-

s®m-cn-™pthm Ah-cpsS am¿K-

Øn¬ Ncn-°p-am-dm-Im-\p≈ `mKyw

X∂-cp-tf-W-ta F∂mWv Cu Bb-

Øns‚ A¿∞w. \nßƒ "Cam-ap-

am's‚ H∏-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂-Xn-te-

°mWv Cu BbØv kqN\ \¬Ip-

∂-Xv. ssZh-Øns‚ krjv-Sn-I-fpsS

am¿K-Z¿i-\-Øn\pw in£-W-Øn-\p-

ambn \nbp-‡-cm-bn- n-√mØh¿, B

]q¿W-X-Iƒ B¿°v \¬I-s∏-ń-ń-

√tbm Ah¿, "hen' Bbmepw "A_-

Zm¬' Bbmepw Cam-ap- -am≥ F∂p

]d-b-s∏Smh-X-√.

(kq-d-Øp¬ Camw)(kq-d-Øp¬ Camw)(kq-d-Øp¬ Camw)(kq-d-Øp¬ Camw)(kq-d-Øp¬ Camw)

hnh: F≥. A_vZp-dlowhnh: F≥. A_vZp-dlowhnh: F≥. A_vZp-dlowhnh: F≥. A_vZp-dlowhnh: F≥. A_vZp-dlow

417


`mjbpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw

G.-Fw. apl-ΩZv kenwG.-Fw. apl-ΩZv kenwG.-Fw. apl-ΩZv kenwG.-Fw. apl-ΩZv kenwG.-Fw. apl-ΩZv kenw

a\p-jy≥ kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw Fßs\a\p-jy≥ kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw Fßs\a\p-jy≥ kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw Fßs\a\p-jy≥ kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw Fßs\a\p-jy≥ kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw Fßs\

kw`-hn-°p∂p F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ hni-Zo-I-cWwkw`-hn-°p∂p F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ hni-Zo-I-cWwkw`-hn-°p∂p F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ hni-Zo-I-cWwkw`-hn-°p∂p F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ hni-Zo-I-cWwkw`-hn-°p∂p F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ hni-Zo-I-cWw

`mj-bp-tSbpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-t‚bpw DZv`hw 3`mj-bp-tSbpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-t‚bpw DZv`hw 3`mj-bp-tSbpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-t‚bpw DZv`hw 3`mj-bp-tSbpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-t‚bpw DZv`hw 3`mj-bp-tSbpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-t‚bpw DZv`hw 3

aaaaa\pjy `mj-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bw

F∂m¬ -a\p-jys‚ D®m-c-Wm-h-b-h-ß-fp]tbm-Kn®v D®-

cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AXv timXm-hv tI´v Kln°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂ ]In-b-bm-Wv.

a\pjy≥ mj-W-Øn-te¿s∏Sp tºmƒ AwK-hn-

t£-]w, apJ- m-hw, imco-cn-Im-h-ÿ AYhm ico-c- mj

F∂n-h-sb√mw mjm hn\n-a-b-Øn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-

Øp∂p. AXp-t]mse Ic-®nepw Nncnbpw au\hpw Nne

Bi-b-ßƒ hn\n-abw sNøm-dp-≠v. AwK-hn-t£-]-ßƒ

sIm≠v (Sign language) amX-ambpw a\p-jy\v Bi-b-hn-

\n-abw \S-Øm≥ km[n-°pw. aqIcpw _[n-ccpw Cu

hn[-am-Wt√m Bi-b-hn-\n-abw sNøp-∂Xv. AXp-t]mse

Nne kqN-\-Ifpw ]Xo-I-ßfpap]-tbm-Kn®pw a\p-jy\v

Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øm\mhpw. Zqsc \n∂pw ]pI

I≠m¬ AhnsS Xobp-s≠∂pw ˛ sdbn¬th tÃj-

\n¬ ]® hnf°v I≠m¬ h≠n ]pd-s∏-Sm≥ ka-b-ambn

F∂p-ap≈ Bibw hn\n-abw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]t£

CsXm∂pw Xs∂ mjm-i-_vZ-ßƒ (kz-\w) D]-tbm-Kn-

®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]q¿W-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ß-tfmSv InS-

\n¬°p∂n-√. a\p-jys‚ t_m[-a-fi-e-Øn-ep-Zn-°p∂

F√m Bi-b-ßƒ°pw IrXyhpw A¿∞-h-Øp-amb kz\-

hn-\ym-k-Øn-eqsS mjm-hn-jvImcw \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. a\p-

jy-\n¬ Ahs‚, krjvSn-bn¬ Xs∂ P\n-XI]c-ambn

`mj-W-kn≤n k∂n-th-in-∏n®n´p-≠v F∂v B[p-\nI

`mjm-imkvXw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

"Ah≥ a\pjys\ krjvSn ®p Ahs\ `mj-Ah≥ a\pjys\ krjvSn ®p Ahs\ `mj-Ah≥ a\pjys\ krjvSn ®p Ahs\ `mj-Ah≥ a\pjys\ krjvSn ®p Ahs\ `mj-Ah≥ a\pjys\ krjvSn ®p Ahs\ `mj-

W-kn-≤n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb Bi-b-]-I-S-\-coXn ]Tn-W-kn-≤n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb Bi-b-]-I-S-\-coXn ]Tn-W-kn-≤n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb Bi-b-]-I-S-\-coXn ]Tn-W-kn-≤n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb Bi-b-]-I-S-\-coXn ]Tn-W-kn-≤n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb Bi-b-]-I-S-\-coXn ]Tn-

∏n®psImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. (5: 3,4). ∏n®psImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. (5: 3,4). ∏n®psImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. (5: 3,4). ∏n®psImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. (5: 3,4). ∏n®psImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. (5: 3,4). F∂ Jp¿-

B-\nI hN-\-Øn-epw mjm-kn≤n a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-∏n¬

Xs∂ DƒtN¿Ø Hcp P∑-PmX hc-Zm-\am-sW∂v hy‡-

am-°p-∂p.

t\mw tNmwkvInt\mw tNmwkvInt\mw tNmwkvInt\mw tNmwkvInt\mw tNmwkvIn

Ata-cn-°-bnse hniz-]-ikvX mjm-]-fin-X\pw

hµy-h-tbm-[n-I-\p-amb t\mw tNmkvIn-bpsS A`n-]m-b-

]-Imcw mjm-kn≤n a\p-jy-\n¬ Aaq¿Øhpw ssPhn-

I-hp-ambn DƒtN¿∂ Hcp Ah-b-hw-t]m-se-bm-sW-∂m-

Wv. tNmwkvIn-bpsS cwK-]-th-iw mjm-im-kvX-cw-KØv

kaq-e-amb Hcp hnπ-h-amWv krjvSn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. temI-

Øn¬ a\p-jy≥ kwkm-cn-°p∂ F√m `mj-Iƒ°pw

_m[-I-amb tNmwkvInbpsS km¿∆-eu-InI mjm-hym-

I-cWw it≤-b-am-Wv. a\p-jy-a-kvXn-jvI-Øn¬ Xs∂

eo\-ambn InS-°p∂ `mj-bpsS km¿∆-Xn-I-amb LS-

IsØbmWv At±lw mj-bpsS hymI-cWw F∂v hnfn-

°p-∂-Xv. `mj-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ hymI-c-W-km-[p-X-bp≈

FÆ-a‰ hmIy-ßƒ Fßs\ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂p

F∂ \nbaw IqSn hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ hymI-c-W-Øn\v Ign-

b-Ww. \mw kwkm-cn-°p∂ hyh-lm-c- m-j-bnse _mly-

L-S-I-ßsf hnh-cn-°p-∂Xpw \mw km[m-cW D]-tbm-

Kn-°p-∂-Xp-amb hnh-c-Wm-flI hymI-c-W -(Descriptivegrammar) Øn\v auen-I-amb Cu mjm-]iv\w hni-Zo-

I-cn-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-a-√. Cßs\ hymI-cW km[p-X-bp≈

`mjm-]-Z-ßsf hyp¬]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ km[n-°p∂ Hcp

t^m¿ape t\mwtNmwkvIn Is≠-Øn. AXmWv At±-

l-Øns‚ ]i-kvX-amb ]P-\-\m-flI hymI-c-Ww (Gen-erative grammar). tNmwkvIn \S-Ønb Kl-\hpw

k¶o¿Æ-hp-amb ]T-\-ßƒ a\p-jy- m-j-sb-°p-dn®v AKm-

[-amb Dƒ°m-gvN-bmWv \¬Ip-∂Xv. Ad-_n-`m-jsb

418


B[m-c-am-°n-bp-≈ lZvdØv AlvaZn (A)s‚ km¿∆-

eu-In-I`m-jm-hm-Z k¶-ev]-Øn-te°v hnc¬ Nq≠p-

∂XmWv tNmwkvIn-bpsS Nne `mjm-im-kvX-k-¶-ev]-

ßƒ.

tNmwkvIn-bpsS cwK-]-th-i-\-Øn\v apºv `mjm-

imkvXw _ntlhn-b-dn-Ãp-Iƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ hkvXp-

\n-jvTm-hm-Zn-I-fmb `mjm-]-fin-X-∑m-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-

Øn\p Iogn-em-bn-cp-∂p. mjm-im-kvX-Ønse uXn-I-

hm-Zn-I-fmWv _ntl-hn-b-dn-Ãp-Iƒ. a‰p Pohn-Iƒ _mly-

t]-c-W-I-tfmSp \SØp∂ ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ t]mse a\p-

jys‚ `mj tIhew _mly-amb Hcp ]h¿Ø-\-am-

sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p _ntl-hn-b-dn-Ãp-I-fpsS kao-]-\w. a\p-

jy≥ Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p-∂p- F∂ Aaq¿Øhpw AXo-

µn-b-hp-amb Xe-Øn-te°v t\m°p-∂-Xn\v ]Icw

Fßns\ s]cp-am-dp-∂p-sh∂ aq¿Øhpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-

hp-amb Xe-Øn-te-°mWv mjm-K-th-jWw i≤ tIµo-

I-cn-t°-≠Xv F∂m-bn-cp∂p _ntl-hn-b-dn-Ãp-I-fpsS \ne-

]m-Sv. t\cn´v \nco-£-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-a-√mØ H∂pw

_ntl-hn-b-dnkw imkvXo-b-amb ]T-\--Øn-epƒs∏-Sp-Øp-

I-bn-√. `mjm-im-kvXsØ kw_-‘n® _ntl-hn-b-dn-

Ãp-I-fpsS ipjv°-amb Cu \ne-]m-Sns\ XI¿Øp-sIm-

≠mWv t\mw tNmwkvIn IS-∂p-h-∂-Xv.

`mjW kn≤n Hcp Ah-bhw t]mse a\p-jy-kr-

jvSn-∏n¬ P\n-X-I-]-c-ambn k∂n-th-in-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xpw

akvXn-jvI-Øn¬ AXv apZWw sNbvXn-´p≈-Xp-

amsW∂pw tNmwkvIn ]d-bp-∂p:

"a\pjy akvXn-jv°-Ønse Hcp ]tXyI LSIw

(A-Xns\ mjm-kn≤n þ - Language faculty F∂v hnfn-

°mw) mj°v th≠n ka¿∏n-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂v

Ct∏mƒ bp‡n-]-c-ambn ÿm]n-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.....

InUv\n, c‡-Nw-I-aW hyhÿ F∂o a\p-jy-i-co-c-

Ønse Ah-b-h-ß-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v th≠nbp≈

akvXn-jv°-Øn-se ]mY-anI tIµßƒ t]mse a\pjy

akvXn-jvI-Øn¬ Hcp D]hyh-ÿ-bmbn (Sub system)`mjm-kn≤n (as‰m-c¿∞-Øn¬ "a\- v') P\n-X-I-]-c-ambn

tcJ-s∏- p-In-S-°p-∂p. akvXn-jv°-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏- p-In-S-

°p∂ mj°v th≠n-bp≈ Cu ]mY-anI hyh-ÿsb

kw_-‘n® ]T\w, ]mc-ºcy km¿∆-eu-InI hymI-c-

W-Øns‚ ka-Im-eo\ cq]-am-Wv.

a‰p Ah-bh hyh-ÿ-I-fp-tSXv t]mse `mjm-kn-

≤n-°p≈ Ign-hp-Ifpw (Language faculty) Pohn-X-Øns‚

BZy-L-´-Øn¬ \n∂pw ssii-h-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-h-cp-

∂p. Xmc-X-ta\y ]mb-]q¿Øn-sb-Øp-tºmƒ Hcp ]Iz-

\ne (Steady state) ssIh-cn-°p-∂p. CXmWv mjm¿P-\-

Øns‚ ]In-b-bpsS L´w. Nne-t∏mƒ CXns\ mjm-

]-T-\- (Language learning) L´w F∂v sX‰n-≤-cn-°m-dp-≠v.

Cu ]In-b°v "]Tn-°pI' F∂ hrØn-bp-ambn hfsc

t\cnb kmayX amX-ta-bp-≈q. a\p-jy-\n¬ ]mb-

]q¿Øn FØp-∂-Xn\v aptº Cu hf¿® ÿncX ssIh-

cn-°p-∂p. Hcp-]t£ 6 apX¬ 8 hb- n-∂p-≈n¬ Cu

ÿncX ssIh-cn-°p-sa∂v Nne Kth-j-I¿ hnizkn-°p-

∂p. Cu Ah-bh hyh-ÿ-I-sf√mw ÿncX ssIh-cn-

®-Xn\v tijhpw am‰-ßƒ D≠m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]t£ AXv

]pXnb hm°p-IfpsS B¿P-\w, kmaq-ln-I -\-S-∏n-\-\p-

k-cn® mjm-]-tbm-K-ßƒ apX-emb sNdnb am‰-ß-fn¬

amXw ]cn-an-X-am-Wv. CXvt]mse Xs∂-bmWv a\p-jys‚

a‰v Ah-b-h-ß-fpsS hnI-k-\-hpw.'' (Power and prospects- language and thought - Noam Chomsky - P. 13)

Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-°p-∂-sX-ßs\Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-°p-∂-sX-ßs\Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-°p-∂-sX-ßs\Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-°p-∂-sX-ßs\Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-°p-∂-sX-ßs\

C\n `mj kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ timXmhv AXv

Fß-s\-bmWv tI´p a\- n-em-°p-∂Xv F∂-Xns\ ]‰n

Nn¥n-°mw. `mj-Is‚ AYhm hm‡m-hn-s‚bpw

timXm-hn-s‚bpw ÿm\Øv c≠p t]¿ ]c-kv]cw amdn-

amdn \S-Øp∂ mjm-]-In-b-bmWv Bi-b-hn-\n-abw

Fßs\-bmWv Ah kw`-hn-°p-∂-sX∂v t\m°mw.

c≠m-fp-Iƒ XΩn¬ mjWØn-eqsS Bib-hn-\n-abw

\S-°p-tºmƒ kwkm-cn-°p-∂-bmƒ Nn¥m-a-fi-e-Øn¬

sh®v Bi-b-cq-]o-I-cWw \S-Øp-∂p. (Ideation) Cu

afiew Aaq¿Øhpw AXoµnb-hp-am-sW∂v ]d-bmw.

Nn¥m-cq-]o-I-c-W-Ø-n\m-[m-c-ambn ico-c-Øn¬ ]tXyI

tImitam Ie-Itfm Ah-b-htam C√. \ΩpsS Nn¥-

Iƒ°v uXn-I-ambn ico-c-Øn¬ aq¿Ø-am-sbmcp A[n-

jvTm\w Is≠-Øm≥ imkvX-tem-I-Øn\v km[n-®n-´n-

√. Nn¥m-a-fiew Ct∏mgpw imkvX-Øn-\-⁄m-X-amb

Hcp \nKqV taJ-e-bm-Wv. ]t£ ÿqe-amb akvXn-

jv°hpw Nn¥ bpambp≈ ]c-kv]c _‘w At -Zyhpw

A\n-tj-[y-hp-am-Wv.

Nn¥m-a-fi-e-Øn¬ \n∂pw AYhm a\- n¬

\n∂pw cq]w-sIm-≈p∂ Nn¥m ]Inb, akvXn-jv°-

Øn¬ ]h¿Ø-\-am-cw- n-°p-∂p. kw`m-jW kµ¿ -Øn-

\-\p-k-cn®v mj-W-Øns‚ eLp amXIƒ DNn-X-ambn

ASp-°n-sh®v ]Z-ßfpw ]Z-kw-ln-X-Ifpw Iq´n-tN¿Øv

hmIyßfm°n sRmSn-bn-S-°p-≈n¬ a\pjy≥ ]tbm-

Kn-°p-∂p. akvXn-jv°-Øn-ep≈ Nn¥-Iƒ AtX-]Sn

hm‡m-hn\v timXm-hn-te°v hn\n-abw sNøm≥ km[y-

a-√. AXns\ mjbn-te°v kt¶-X\w (Encode) sNø-

Ww. Aßs\ kt¶-X\w sNbvXp Ign™ `mjm

i_vZ-ßƒ (Speech sound) ]n∂oSv D®m-cWmh-b-h-ß-

fn-eq-sS- D®-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ChnSw apX-emWv `mj Hcp

aq¿Ø-cq]w ]m]n-°p-∂-Xv. hmbpw aq°pw sXm≠bpw

izmk-tIm-i-ß-fp-amWv mjWØn\v ]I-S-ambpw ]s¶-

Sp°p∂ imco-cn-Im-h-b-h-ßƒ.

Cßs\ hmbn-eqsS D®-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ mj-W-i-_vZ-

419


ßƒ i_vZ-X-cw-K-ß-fmbn A¥-co-£-hm-bp-hn-te°v

t]jWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. A¥-co-£-hm-bp-hn-eqsS k©-

cn-°p∂ Cu i_vZ-X-cw-K-ßƒ D¤-h-ÿm-\Øv \n∂pw

]m]y-ÿm-\-amb timXm-hns‚ sNhn-bn¬ FØn-tN-

cp-∂p.

sNhn-bpsS A¤p-X-ßƒsNhn-bpsS A¤p-X-ßƒsNhn-bpsS A¤p-X-ßƒsNhn-bpsS A¤p-X-ßƒsNhn-bpsS A¤p-X-ßƒ

\ΩpsS Xe°v Ccp-h-i-ß-fn-ep-ambn Fgp-∂p-\n-

ev°p∂ sNhn F∂ Ah-b-h-Øns‚ A¤p-X-ßƒ

FÆn-bm-sem-Sp-ßm-Ø-Xm-Wv. I¿Wmh-b-h-Øns‚ hnkva-

b-ßƒ ]Tn-®-dn™v A√m-lp-hn\v IrX-⁄X tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v Jp¿-B≥ Blzm\w sNøp-∂p.

"\nßƒ H∂pw Adn-™p-Iq-SmØ Ah-ÿ-bn¬"\nßƒ H∂pw Adn-™p-Iq-SmØ Ah-ÿ-bn¬"\nßƒ H∂pw Adn-™p-Iq-SmØ Ah-ÿ-bn¬"\nßƒ H∂pw Adn-™p-Iq-SmØ Ah-ÿ-bn¬"\nßƒ H∂pw Adn-™p-Iq-SmØ Ah-ÿ-bn¬

A√mlp \nßsf \nß-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS DZ-A√mlp \nßsf \nß-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS DZ-A√mlp \nßsf \nß-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS DZ-A√mlp \nßsf \nß-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS DZ-A√mlp \nßsf \nß-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS DZ-

c -ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-∂p. Ah≥c-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-∂p. Ah≥c-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-∂p. Ah≥c-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-∂p. Ah≥c-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-∂p. Ah≥

\nßƒ°v sNhn-Ifpw IÆp-Ifpw lrZ-b-ßfpw\nßƒ°v sNhn-Ifpw IÆp-Ifpw lrZ-b-ßfpw\nßƒ°v sNhn-Ifpw IÆp-Ifpw lrZ-b-ßfpw\nßƒ°v sNhn-Ifpw IÆp-Ifpw lrZ-b-ßfpw\nßƒ°v sNhn-Ifpw IÆp-Ifpw lrZ-b-ßfpw

D≠m°nØcn-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. \nßƒ IrX-D≠m°nØcn-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. \nßƒ IrX-D≠m°nØcn-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. \nßƒ IrX-D≠m°nØcn-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. \nßƒ IrX-D≠m°nØcn-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. \nßƒ IrX-

⁄X ImWn-°m≥ th≠n (16:79)⁄X ImWn-°m≥ th≠n (16:79)⁄X ImWn-°m≥ th≠n (16:79)⁄X ImWn-°m≥ th≠n (16:79)⁄X ImWn-°m≥ th≠n (16:79)

Jp¿-B≥ ChnsS sNhn-tbbpw IÆn-t\bpw akvXn-

jv°-hp-am-b√ _‘n-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv. "a\ v' F∂

e£ym¿∞-ap≈ lrZ-b-hp-am-bmWv _‘n∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-

Xv. a\ v F∂ ]Xn- m-k-Øns‚ ]`m-h-Øn\v Cu Ah-

b-h-ßfpw t\cn´p hnt[-b-am-sW-∂-Xn-te°v CXv kqN\

\¬Ip-∂nt√?

a\p-jys‚ sNhn mj-W-i-_vZ-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bpI

F∂ [¿Ω-Øn\p ]pdsa a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øns‚ _me≥kv

\ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xnepw Hcp kp]-[m\ ]¶p hln-°p-∂p.

\ΩpsS hmb `£Ww Ign-°p-∂-Xn\pw AXp-t]mse

kwkm-cn-°p-∂n\pw D]-tbm-Kn°p∂Xv t]mse sNhn-

bpsS Cu _lp-apJ ]h¿Ø\w A√m-lp-hns‚

krjvSn-ssh- -hsØ hnfn-t®m-Xp-∂p. \nh¿∂p \S-°p∂

\ΩpsS ico-c-N-e-\-ßƒ apt∂m´pw ]nd-tIm´pw hi-ß-

fn-te°pw Nm™pw Ncn™pw t]mhp-tºmƒ \sΩ

\new-]-Xn-°msX \ne-\n¿Øp∂Xv. DƒsN-hn-bnse

_me≥knßv sa°m-\n-k-am-Wv. AXm-bXv icocw Nen-

°p-tºmƒ DƒsN-hn-bnse kmµ-Zm-h-I-Øn-t\mSp _‘-

s∏´ \mUn-Iƒ akvXn-jv°sØ kn·-ep-Iƒ \¬In

Adn-bn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ akvXn-jv°w -i-co-c-N-e-\-ßsf

]p\¿I-ao-I-cn®v _me≥kv \ne-\n¿Øn t\sc \n¿Øp-

∂p. sNhn-bpsS _me≥knßv ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ hni-

Zmw-i-ß-fn-te°v t]mhp-∂n-√. sNhn Fßs\ \ΩpsS

`mj-W-i-_vZ-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p F∂-XmWv \ΩpsS

hnj-bw.

sNhn°v ][m-\-ambpw aq∂v Ah-b-h-ß-fp-≠v. ]pdw-

sNhn (Outer ear), CSw-sNhn (Middle ear), DƒsNhn (In-ner ear) DƒsN-hn-bn-te°v \bn-°p∂ Ipºnƒ t]mse-

bp≈ Ipgepw I¿Æ]mfnbpw tN¿∂-XmWv ]pdw sNhn.

`mj-Is‚ i_vZ-X-cw-K-ßƒ timXm-hns‚ sNhn-bnse

I¿Æ-]m-fnsb (Ear drum) ]I-ºn-X-am-°p-∂p. I¿W-]m-

fn-tbmSv tN¿∂v ico-c-Ønse G‰hpw teme-amb Hcp

Aÿn-irw-J-e-bp-≠v. AXn-t\mSv tN¿∂v AWvVm-Ir-

Xn-bn-ep-≈ Hcp PmeIw (Oval window) hgn i_vZ-X-cw-

K-ßƒ DƒsN-hnbnse tIm¢nbbnep≈ kmµ-Zm-h-I-

Øn-te°v IS-°p-∂p. Npcp-fm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ Cu Ah-b-

h-amWv tIƒhn-bpsS ][m\ [¿Ωw \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xv.

i_vZ-X-cw-K-ß-fpsS Cu k©m-c-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ Ne-\-ß-

fpsS Afhv Ipd™v hcn-Ibpw XohX Gdn-h-cn-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. B hn[-Øn-emWv teme-amb Cu Ah-b-h-

ß-fpsS LS-\. IqSmsX Ahn-Nm-cn-X-am-bp-≠m-Ip∂ ITn-

\-i-_vZ-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw sNhnsb c£n-°m-\p≈ kwhn-

[m-\hpw CXn-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

kmµ-Zm-hIw \nd-°-s∏´ tImIvfn-b°v \Sp-hn¬

Hcp hn`m-P-I- n-Øn- (Diaphram) bp-≠v. ]e Xc-Øn-ep≈

`mjm-i-_vZ-X-cw-K-ßƒ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v Cu

hn`m-P-I- nØn ]e-hn-[-Øn¬ kv]µn-°p-∂p. ][m-\-s∏´

Imcyw, mj-W-i-_vZ-ß-fpsS ]mY-an-Im-]-K-Y\hpw Xncn-

®-dn-bepw Cu Ah-b-h-Øn¬ sh®p-Xs∂ \S-°p∂p

F∂-XmWv. AXv ]n∂oSv ih-W-\m-Un-Iƒ (Auditorynerve) hgn \mUob tNmZ-\-ß-fmbn (Neural impulse)akvXn-jv°-Øn-se-Øp-∂p. sNhn-Iƒ t]mkkv sNbvX

\mUob tNmZ-\-Isf akvXnjv°w mj-Iƒ°m-bp≈

hnhn[ LS-I-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. CXmWv

timXm-hns‚ `mjm-K-l-W-Øn¬ GI-tZiw kw`-hn-

°p-∂-Xv. AXm-bXv Hcmƒ kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ Abm-

fpsS Nn¥-Isf AYhm Bi-b-ßsf `mjm-i_vZß-

fmbn kt¶-X\w (Encode) sNøs∏SpI-bm-Wt√m sNøp-

∂-Xv. Cu `mjm-i-_vZ-ßƒ hmbp-hn-eqsS k©-cn®v

timXm-hn¬ Xe-Xn-cn®v ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. AXm-bXv

`mjm-i-_vZ-ßsf hnkt¶-X\w (Decode) sNbvXv Bi-

b-ß-fm°n am‰p∂ ]In-b-bmWv sNhnbpw akvXn-

jv°hpw IqSn \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂Xv.

i_vZ-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bpI F∂Xv sNhn-bpsS A¤p-

X-I-c-amb as‰mcp ]hrØn-bm-Wv. \ap°v ]cn-Nn-X-cmb

Bfp-I-fpsS i_vZ-ßƒ Abmƒ \ΩpsS I¨sh- -Øn-

en-s√-¶nepw h¿j-ßƒ Ign-™mepw \mw Xncn-®-dn-bp-

∂p. Hcp hy‡n-bpsS i_vZw as‰m-cm-fns‚ i_vZ-Øn¬

\n∂pw GsX√mw LS-I-ß-fn-emWv hyXy-kvX-ambncn°p-

∂-sX∂pw AsX-ßs\ sNhn Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p-sh∂pw

CXv hsc imkvXw ]q¿Æ-ambpw a\- n-em-°n-bn- n√.

\nc-h[n i_vZ-ßƒ \ΩpsS sNhn-bn¬ h∂-e-°p-

tºmƒ Hcp i_vZ-Øn¬ amXw i≤ tIµo-I-cn-°m\pw

AXv Kln-°m\pw \ap°v km[n-°p-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ \mw

Hcm-fp-ambn kw`m-jWw \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ

as‰m-cm-fpsS mj-W-Øn¬ i≤ tIµo-I-cn®v ]nSn-s®-

420


Sp-°m-\p≈ hncpXv ]I-Sn-∏n-°m-dp-≠-t√m.

as‰mcp ]tXy-IX \mw Hcm-fp-ambn kw`m-jWw

\S-Øp-tºmƒ CS-hn- n-S-hn v mj-I\pw timXm hpambn-

Øo-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ kq£va-ambn Nn¥n-®m¬ \mw mj-

I-\m-hp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Xs∂ \ΩpsS kz¥w mj-

W-Øns‚ timXmhv IqSn-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. A]-Imcw

as‰m-cm-fpsS mj-W-Øns‚ timXm-hmIp∂ Ah-k-c-

Øn¬ Xs∂ \mw tIƒ°p∂ `mj-W-Øns‚ `mj-I-

\p-ambn amdp-∂p. kp]-cn-Nn-X-amb mj tIƒ°p-tºmƒ

`mj-Is‚ h‡r-N-e-\-ßƒ Gsd-°ptd At_m-[-mfl-

I-ambn timXmhv X∂n¬ X∑-bo-`-hn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv

sNøp-∂Xv. GXm-s≠mcp ]c-Imb ]thiw t]mse-

bmWv mjI timXm-°-fpsS _‘w F∂v imkvXw

Xncn-®-dn-™n- p-≠v.

kw`m-jWw ]ptcm-K-an-°p-tºmƒ AXv icn-bmb

coXn-bn-emtWm \S-°p-∂Xv F∂v \mw At_m-[m-fl-I-

ambn ]cn-tim-[n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. kz¥w D®m-c-Wm-

h-b-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ kz\-ßƒ Ah-\-h≥

Xs∂ tIƒ°p-∂Xv aptJ-\-bm-Wv Cu ]cn-tim-[\ \S-

°p-∂Xpw \ap°v \n¿hnLv\w kwkm-cn-°m≥ km[n-

°p-∂Xpw. Cu ]Xn-`m-k-Øn\v sNhn-bpsS ih-W-]p-

\¿\n-thiw (Auditory feed back) F∂mWv ]d-bp-I.

i_vZw tIƒ°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w \ΩpsS sNhn Z-

ambn AS-®p-]n-Sn-®m¬ Gsd-t\cw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn coXn-

bn¬ kwkm-cn-°m≥ \ap°v km[y-a-√. Ipd-s®ms°

kwkm-cn-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂Xv Xs∂ AIsØ Iº-\-

ß-fn-eqsS \mw kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv Adn-bp-∂Xv sIm≠m-

Wv. \mw ]d-bp∂ Imcyw Aev]w sshIn®v tIƒ∏n-

®mtem As√-¶n¬ \mw ]d-bp-tºmƒ AXv tIƒ°m-

Xn-cn-°-Ø-°-hÆw Cb¿t^m¨ aptJ\ as‰mcp i_vZw

\ΩpsS sNhn-°p-≈n¬ tIƒ∏n-®mtem \ap°v kwkm-

cn -°m≥ km[y-a-√msX hcpw. AXp-sIm-≠mWv

tIƒ°m≥ Ign-hn-√mØ _[n-c-∑m¿°v Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb

D®m-c-Wm-h-b-h-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´pw kwkm-cn-°m≥ Ign-

bmsX aqI-∑m-cmbn t]mhp-∂-Xv. ]n¬Im-eØv _m[ncyw

_m[n-®-h¿°pw ]n∂oSv mj-W-ssh-I-ey-ßƒ A\p- -

h-s∏-Sp∂Xpw sNhn-bpsS "ih-W -]p-\¿\n-th-i\' ]Xn-

`mkw \S-°m-ØXv aqeamWv (Xp-S-cpw)

F∂m¬ Genitics a MolecularApproach F∂ IrXn -bpsS

I¿Ømhv ]d-bp-∂p.

1977\v tijw B¿°mbn

_mIvSo-cn-bmbpw a‰p t]mIm-cn-tbm v

_mIvSo-cn-bmbpw XΩn¬ IqSp-X¬

IqSp-X¬ hyXym-k-ßƒ I≠p XpS-

ßn. B¿°mbn F∂ ]Zw ssatIm

_tbm-fPnÃpIƒ°v IqSp-X¬ IqSp-

X¬ kp]-cn-Nn-X-ambn. a‰p _mIvSo-

cn -b-I-fn¬ \n∂pw B¿°mbo

_mIvSo-cn-b-bpsS hyXy-kvX-X°v

IqSp-X¬ Du∂¬ \¬I-s∏-´p. (6)

Jp¿-B-\nI hN-\-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-

]m-Zn® "Pn∂v' F∂ ]Zw ta¬hn-h-c-

W-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-sW∂v

ImWmw. F∂m¬ Cu _mIvSo-cnb

Xm]-Øn¬ \n∂v t\cn´v Du¿÷w

kzoI-cn-°m≥ Ign-hp-≈-h-bm-sW-

∂mWv imkvX-⁄-∑m¿ GI-I-

WvtTy\ hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Unt°-

gvk¨ Hgn-sI-bp≈ imkvX-⁄-

∑m-cmcpw Xs∂ Cu _mIvSo-cnb

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ tImkvanIv civan-

bn¬ \n∂pw an∂ens‚ Xm]-Øn¬

\n∂p-amWv krjvSn-°-s∏- -sX∂v ]d-

™n-´n-√. a‰p-≈-h¿ CXns‚ \nKq-

V-c-l-ky-ß-f-dn-bm≥ IqSp-X¬ Kth-

j-W-ßfn¬ G¿s∏- n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

IS¬ Xd-bnse AKm-[-K¿Ø-

ß-fnep≈ NqSp≈ \oscm-gp-°p-I-

fn¬, Nmhp-I-S-en¬, D∏p-]m-fn-I-fn¬

\ne-\n-ev°m≥ Ign-bmØ D]-cn-X-e-

ß-fn¬ t]mepw (im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿

At\z-jWw XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv) (7)

]ucm-Wn-I-X-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬

B¿°mbo _mIvSo-cnb G‰hpw

]mY-anI ssPh-cq -]-am -sW∂v

thmbo -kn°pw kl-] -h¿Ø-

I¿°pw bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-an√.

AtX-k-abw Adn -b -s∏ -SmØ

GtXm ]nXr-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂p-amWv

Ah cq]w sIm≠sX∂pw Nne

imkvX-⁄-∑m¿ Icp-Xp-∂p.

CØcw hnj-b-ßƒ Cu N¿®-

bpsS ]cn-[n°v ]pd-ØmWv a‰p

_mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒ AXns‚ ]q¿∆-Km-

an-I-fn¬ \n∂pw cq]w sIm≠tXm

A√tbm F∂Xv Cu N¿®sb

kw_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw A]-k-‡-

am-Wv. ]k-‡-amb Imcyw G‰hpwG‰hpwG‰hpwG‰hpwG‰hpw

]pcm-X-\-amb _mIvSo-cnb AXn]pcm-X-\-amb _mIvSo-cnb AXn]pcm-X-\-amb _mIvSo-cnb AXn]pcm-X-\-amb _mIvSo-cnb AXn]pcm-X-\-amb _mIvSo-cnb AXn

s‚ Du¿÷w BKn-cWw sNbvXXvs‚ Du¿÷w BKn-cWw sNbvXXvs‚ Du¿÷w BKn-cWw sNbvXXvs‚ Du¿÷w BKn-cWw sNbvXXvs‚ Du¿÷w BKn-cWw sNbvXXv

Xm]-Øn¬ \n∂pw t\cn -´m -bn -Xm]-Øn¬ \n∂pw t\cn -´m -bn -Xm]-Øn¬ \n∂pw t\cn -´m -bn -Xm]-Øn¬ \n∂pw t\cn -´m -bn -Xm]-Øn¬ \n∂pw t\cn -´m -bn -

cp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. cp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. cp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. cp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. cp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. ]Xn-\mev \q‰m-

≠p-Iƒ°v apºv ]Jym-]n-°-s∏´

Jp¿-B-\nI hN-\-ßƒ°v CXv Af-

h‰ coXn-bn¬ ]m_eyw \¬Ip-∂p.

CXn\v apºv (a-\p-jy-kr-jvSn-CXn\v apºv (a-\p-jy-kr-jvSn-CXn\v apºv (a-\p-jy-kr-jvSn-CXn\v apºv (a-\p-jy-kr-jvSn-CXn\v apºv (a-\p-jy-kr-jvSn-

∏n\v apºv) NqSp-Im-‰ns‚ A·n-∏n\v apºv) NqSp-Im-‰ns‚ A·n-∏n\v apºv) NqSp-Im-‰ns‚ A·n-∏n\v apºv) NqSp-Im-‰ns‚ A·n-∏n\v apºv) NqSp-Im-‰ns‚ A·n-

bn¬ (\mcnkaqw) \n∂pw \mwbn¬ (\mcnkaqw) \n∂pw \mwbn¬ (\mcnkaqw) \n∂pw \mwbn¬ (\mcnkaqw) \n∂pw \mwbn¬ (\mcnkaqw) \n∂pw \mw

Pn∂ns\ krjvSn-®p. (15:28)Pn∂ns\ krjvSn-®p. (15:28)Pn∂ns\ krjvSn-®p. (15:28)Pn∂ns\ krjvSn-®p. (15:28)Pn∂ns\ krjvSn-®p. (15:28)

A·n-bn¬ \n∂pw t\cn-´p≈

Xm]w ssPh-]q¿∆ Pohn-cq-]-ß-fpsS

(Pre Biotic Organism) krjvSn-∏n¬

i‡-amb Hcp ]¶v \n¿∆-ln-®n- p≠v

F∂m-Wv. AwKo-IrX imkvXob

]T-\-ßƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv. hmkvX-h-

Øn¬ Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬ Du¿÷-

Øns‚ cq]m-¥-c-W-Øn-\p≈ GI

kwL-SnX cq]w CsXm-∂p-am-X-am-bn-

cp -∂p. hyJym-\n-°m≥ ]‰mØ

GtXm Imc-W-Øm¬ tImSm-\p-

tImSn h¿j-ßƒ sIm≠v Ah

s]cp-In. Ah-bpsS Iq -a-cWw kap-

(10-˛¬ \n∂v XpScv®)

(tijw 22 ˛ ¬)

421


Hcp kqtcym-Zbw ImØn-cn-°p∂Hcp kqtcym-Zbw ImØn-cn-°p∂Hcp kqtcym-Zbw ImØn-cn-°p∂Hcp kqtcym-Zbw ImØn-cn-°p∂Hcp kqtcym-Zbw ImØn-cn-°p∂

]›n-a-N-I-hmfw]›n-a-N-I-hmfw]›n-a-N-I-hmfw]›n-a-N-I-hmfw]›n-a-N-I-hmfw

apl-ΩZp Da¿ F®v.-F.apl-ΩZp Da¿ F®v.-F.apl-ΩZp Da¿ F®v.-F.apl-ΩZp Da¿ F®v.-F.apl-ΩZp Da¿ F®v.-F.

\mkn¿ Ckvemslm C¿imZp JmZn-bm≥\mkn¿ Ckvemslm C¿imZp JmZn-bm≥\mkn¿ Ckvemslm C¿imZp JmZn-bm≥\mkn¿ Ckvemslm C¿imZp JmZn-bm≥\mkn¿ Ckvemslm C¿imZp JmZn-bm≥

Cw•-≠nepw P¿Ω-\n-bnepw sh®v \S∂ c≠v AlvaZnøm A¥¿tZ-iob ktΩ-f-\-ßfn¬Cw•-≠nepw P¿Ω-\n-bnepw sh®v \S∂ c≠v AlvaZnøm A¥¿tZ-iob ktΩ-f-\-ßfn¬Cw•-≠nepw P¿Ω-\n-bnepw sh®v \S∂ c≠v AlvaZnøm A¥¿tZ-iob ktΩ-f-\-ßfn¬Cw•-≠nepw P¿Ω-\n-bnepw sh®v \S∂ c≠v AlvaZnøm A¥¿tZ-iob ktΩ-f-\-ßfn¬Cw•-≠nepw P¿Ω-\n-bnepw sh®v \S∂ c≠v AlvaZnøm A¥¿tZ-iob ktΩ-f-\-ßfn¬

]`m-j-I-\mbn kw_-‘n® teJ-Is‚ A\p-`-h-°p-dn∏v ]`m-j-I-\mbn kw_-‘n® teJ-Is‚ A\p-`-h-°p-dn∏v ]`m-j-I-\mbn kw_-‘n® teJ-Is‚ A\p-`-h-°p-dn∏v ]`m-j-I-\mbn kw_-‘n® teJ-Is‚ A\p-`-h-°p-dn∏v ]`m-j-I-\mbn kw_-‘n® teJ-Is‚ A\p-`-h-°p-dn∏v

A√m-lp-hns‚ A\p-K-l-Øm¬

lZvdØv Jeo- -Øp¬ akolv Aø-

Z-lp-√m-lpØ-B-e-bpsS \n¿t±-i-a-

\p-k-cn®v Cu hn\o-X∂v _n -\nepw

P¿Ω-\n-bnepw \S∂ hm¿jnI

ktΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-hm\pw

]`m-jWw \S-Øp-hm\pw D≈

ku`mKyw e`n-®p. Cu ]cy-S--\-Øn¬

`mcybpw IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu

]cy-S-\-Øn¬ bqtdm-∏nse Nne

anjy≥ tIµ-ßƒ kµ¿in-°p-hm-

\p-≈ `mKyhpw e`n-®p. bp.-sI.

ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-hm≥

Rß-tfm-sSm∏w 20 t]tcm-f-ap-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. IqSmsX 70¬]cw ktlm-

Z-cn-k-tlm-Z-c-∑m¿ JmZn-bm-\n¬

\n∂p hnhn[ Xnø-Xn-I-fn-embn e≠-

\n-te°v ]pd-s∏- n-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬

\n∂pw P\m_v AlvaZp I_o¿

kmln_v (F-d-Wm-Ip-fw) Peo¬

AlvaZp kmln_v (I-cp-\m-K-∏-≈n)

Fkv. apl-ΩZv keow kmln_v

(tIm-gn-t°m-Sv) F∂n-hcpw Zpss_-

bn¬ \n∂pw Nne ae-bmfn kplr-

Øp-°fpw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p.

JmZn-bm-\n¬ \n∂pw Rß-

fpsS bmX 21-˛7 -˛07\v U¬ln

am¿§w Bcw- n-®p.

U¬ln-an-jy≥U¬ln-an-jy≥U¬ln-an-jy≥U¬ln-an-jy≥U¬ln-an-jy≥

A√m-lp -hns‚ A\p-K-l-

Øm¬ U¬ln-bn¬ PamAØn∂v

hfsc at\m-l-chpw ]uV-Kw- o-c-hp-

amb akvPnZpw AtXm-S-\p-_-‘n®v

F√m kuI-cy-ßfpap≈ KÃp

lukpw D≠v. 2000 NXp-ci ASn

hnkvXo¿Æ-ap≈ Cu ÿew 1984¬

Pam-AØv hmßp-Ibpw 1988¬

lZvdØv an¿km hknw AlvaZv

kmln_v akvPn-Zn-\p≈ in-em-ÿm-

]\w sNøp-Ibpw 1991¬ lZvdØv

Jeo- -Øp¬ akolv dm_n-Av(dlv)

D¬Lm-S\ I¿Ωw \n¿∆-ln-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. at\m-l-c-amb an\m-

chpw anjy≥ lukpw kvXoIƒ°m-

bp≈ Kme-dnbpw sse_-dnbpw

FIvkn-_n-j≥ lmfpw AXn-Yn-a-µn-

chpw AS-ßnb Cu sIń-S-k-ap-®bw

C¥y-bpsS Xe-ÿm\\K-cn-bn¬

A√mlp AlvaZnøm Pam-A-Øn∂p

\¬Inb Hcp hc-]-km-Z-am-Ip-∂p.

AlvaZnøm Pam-A-Øns\ kw_-

‘n-t®-S-tØmfw Hc-`n-am\ kvXw`-

amWo akvPnZv!

Ccp -]Xv AwK-ß-f -S -ßnb

Rß-fpsS kwLw Pqembn 23-˛mw

XnbXn cmhnse Ggc aWn°v

tPm¿Um≥ Fb¿sse-\ns‚ hnam-\-

Øn¬ ]pd-s∏- p. ]¥-≠c aWn°p

AΩm-\n-se-Øn. c≠c aWn-°q¿

Xma-k-Øn-∂p-tijw aq∂p aWn°p

]pd-s∏-´p. C¥y≥ kabw cmXn

Fć aWn°p e≠-\nse lotXm

Fb¿t]m¿ń-se-Øn. At∏mƒ bp.-

e≠-\nse ss_Øp¬ ^pØqlve≠-\nse ss_Øp¬ ^pØqlve≠-\nse ss_Øp¬ ^pØqlve≠-\nse ss_Øp¬ ^pØqlve≠-\nse ss_Øp¬ ^pØqlv

tamkv°n\p-ap-ºn¬ teJ-I≥tamkv°n\p-ap-ºn¬ teJ-I≥tamkv°n\p-ap-ºn¬ teJ-I≥tamkv°n\p-ap-ºn¬ teJ-I≥tamkv°n\p-ap-ºn¬ teJ-I≥

422


sI. kabw sshIp-t∂cw 4 aWn-bm-

bn -cp -∂p. hnam -\ -Øm-h-f -Øn¬

Rßsf kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ bp.-sI.

Pam-A-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ

FØn-t®¿∂n-cp-∂p.

bp.-sI. ktΩ-f\w Pqembv 27,

28, 29 Xnø-Xn-I-fn-emWv \S-Øn-bn-cp-

∂-Xv. AXn-\n-S-bn¬ Pam-A-Øns‚

]e ]apJ hy‡n-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-

Sm\pw ]e Hmô-kp-Im-cy-ßƒ \n¿h-

ln-°p-hm\pw D≈ kµ¿`w e`n-®p.

XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ Pmanøm Alv

aZn-ø-bpsS s]m -kdpw ]e-kvXo≥

Imc\pw Fs‚ Bfl-kp-lr-Øp-amb

s]m^-k¿ kem-lp-±o≥ kmln-_p-

ambn kulrZw ]pXp -°p -hm≥

km[n®p.

Im\-Um-an-j≥Im\-Um-an-j≥Im\-Um-an-j≥Im\-Um-an-j≥Im\-Um-an-j≥

I\-U-bn¬ Nne h¿j-ßƒ°p

apºv sSmdt≠m F∂ ÿeØv

]uV-Kw- o-chpw at\m-l-chpw Bb

akvPnZpw anjy≥ lukpw \n¿Ωn-®n-

cp-∂p. AtXm-S-\p-_-‘n®v \qdp-I-W-

°n¬ hoSp-I-f-S-ßnb ]okv Su¨

F∂ t]cn¬ hnim-e-amb tImf-\nbpw

\n¿Ωn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p. AXn-∂p-tijw

Im¬Kcn F∂ ÿeØv as‰mcp al-

Ømb akvPnZp \n¿ΩmWw ]q¿Øo-

I-c-W-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-L-´-Øn-em-

Wp-≈-Xv. ct≠-ap -°m¬ G°¿

ÿeØv 48,000 NXp-ci ASn

hnkvXo¿Æ-Øn¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ Cu

sIń-S-k-ap-®-b-Øn¬ 7400 NXp-ci

ASn-bn¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ akvPn-Zn¬ 97

ASn Db-c-Øn-ep≈ an\mcw at\m-l-

c-amb Zriyw Xs∂-bm-Wv.

7400 NXp-ci ASn-bn¬ c≠p-hn-

im-e-amb lmfp-Iƒ, 500 t]¿°n-cp-

∂p `£Ww Ign -°p -hm -\p≈

ssU\nwKv lmƒ, 9 Hmôkp apdn-

Iƒ, 5 ¢m p dqap-Iƒ, anjy-\dn

Izm¿t´¿kv, sse_-dn, _p°v

tÃm¿kv, Fw. -Sn. -F. ÃpUntbm

F∂nh Cu sIń-S-Øn-ep-≠v. 300

Imdp-Iƒ°p ]m¿°nw-Kn-∂p≈ kuI-

cyhpw D≠v. ss_Øp-∂q¿ F∂p

\ma-I-cWw sNø-s∏´ Cu akvPn-

Zns‚ inem-ÿm-]\w 2005 Pq¨

18mw XnøXn lZvdØv Jeo- -Øp¬

akolv \n¿∆ln-®p. 2007 HIvtSm-

_-dn¬ lpkq¿ Xncp-a-\ p Xs∂

D¬Lm-S\w sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv. C≥im

A√mlv. Cu sIńSw ]q¿Øn-bm-

bm¬ CXv hSs° Ata-cn-°-bnse

G‰hpw henb akvPn-Zm-bn-cn-°pw.

akvPnZp ^k¬, e≠≥akvPnZp ^k¬, e≠≥akvPnZp ^k¬, e≠≥akvPnZp ^k¬, e≠≥akvPnZp ^k¬, e≠≥

e≠-\nse kuØv

ô¬Un¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ Cu

akvPnZv e≠-\nse H∂m-asØ

akvPn-Zm-Wv. 1920 BKkvXv amk-

Øn¬ Pam-AØv Htc-°¬ \new

hne°p hmßn. 1924 HIvtSm-_-dn¬

lZvdØv Jeo-^-Øp¬ akolv

kv\m\n(d) inem -ÿm-]\w

sNbvXp. 1925 k]vXw-_-dn¬ ]≈n

\n¿ΩmWamcw-`n-°p-Ibpw ]Øp-

amkw sIm≠p ]q¿Øn-bm-hpIbpw

sNbvXp. Cu akvPnZp \ne-sIm-

≈p∂ ÿe-Øn-∂-Sp-Øp-X-s∂-

bmWv F√m Hmô-kp-Ifpw \ne-

sIm-≈p-∂v. kuØv o¬Uv Gcn-

b-bn¬ 250¬]cw AlvaZn IpSpw-

_-ßƒ hkn-®p-h-cp∂p F∂Xv Hcp

]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. lZvdØv Jeo- -

Øp¬ ako-lns‚ Bÿm-\hpw

Jnem- -Øp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hmô-

kp-Ifpw ChnsS \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.

Ckvemam-_mZvCkvemam-_mZvCkvemam-_mZvCkvemam-_mZvCkvemam-_mZv

hm¿jnI ktΩ-f-\-Øn-∂mbpw

] v, tlman-tbm-∏Xn Unkv]≥k-

dn, ]ªn-t°-j-≥ F∂n-hbp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbpw

Nne h¿j-ßƒ°p-apºv Sn¬t^m¿

Uv Gcn-b-bn¬ Pam-AØv 25 G°¿

\new hmßp-Ibpw AXn∂p Ckv

emam-_mZp F∂p \ma-I-cWw sN

øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. A∂p-sXm´p 2005

hsc hm¿jnI ktΩ-f\w ChnsS

sh®mWv \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ ]e

Aku-I-cy-ßfpw ÿe-]-cn-an-Xnbpw

ImcWw hm¿jnI ktΩ-f-\-Øn-

∂mbpw a‰p Pam-AØv ]h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ°mbpw hnim-e-amb as‰mcp

ÿew Is≠-Øp-Ibpw hne°p

hmßp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

lZo-J-Øp¬ alvZn F∂v \ma-

I-cWw sNø-s∏´ 208 G°¿ hnim-

e-amb Cu ÿe-ØmWv 2006epw

2007epw hm¿jn-I-k-tΩ-f\w \S-

∂Xv.

hm¿jnI ktΩf-\whm¿jnI ktΩf-\whm¿jnI ktΩf-\whm¿jnI ktΩf-\whm¿jnI ktΩf-\w

bp.-sI. AlvaZnøm apkvenw

Pam-A-Øns‚ 41˛mw hm¿jnI

ktΩ-f\w 2007 Pqembv 27˛mw

XnbXn sshIp-t∂cw 4.25\v lpkq¿

Xncp-a-\ v AlvaZnøm ]XmI

Db¿Øn-b-tXm-Sp-IqSn kam-cw-`n-®p.

1984 apX¬ Ime-Øns‚ Jeo-^-am-

cpsS km∂n[yw ImcWw e≠-\n¬

sh®p \S-°p∂ hm¿jn-I-k-tΩ-f-\-

Øn∂v Hcm-tKmf cq]w ssIh-cn-°-

bp-≠m-bn.

aq∂p Znh-k-ß-fn-embn lZvdØv

Jeo-^-Øp¬ akolv Xncp-a-\-

ns‚ D¬Lm-S-\, kam-]\ ]`m-

j-W-ßƒ°p-]p-dsa 23˛mw XnøXn

AlvaZnøm alnfm kam-P-Øns‚

hm¿jnI ktΩ-f-\-Øn-epw kpZo¿

L-amb ]`m-jWw \S-Øn. IqSm

sX, Ign™ Hcp h¿jw Pam-A-

Øn∂p BtKm-fm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-CuÃv shÃv e≠≥ Pam-A-Øv \¬InbCuÃv shÃv e≠≥ Pam-A-Øv \¬InbCuÃv shÃv e≠≥ Pam-A-Øv \¬InbCuÃv shÃv e≠≥ Pam-A-Øv \¬InbCuÃv shÃv e≠≥ Pam-A-Øv \¬Inb

kzoI-c-W-Øn¬ teJ-I≥ ]kw-Kn-°p∂pkzoI-c-W-Øn¬ teJ-I≥ ]kw-Kn-°p∂pkzoI-c-W-Øn¬ teJ-I≥ ]kw-Kn-°p∂pkzoI-c-W-Øn¬ teJ-I≥ ]kw-Kn-°p∂pkzoI-c-W-Øn¬ teJ-I≥ ]kw-Kn-°p∂p

423


≠mb t\ -ßfpw ssZhn-Im-\p-K-l-

ßfpw hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈

kpZo¿ L-amb ]kw-Khpw D≠m-bn-

cp-∂p.

aq∂p Znh-k-ß-fn-embn \S∂

s]mXp-tbm-K-ß-fn¬ _w•m-tZ-in¬

AlvaZn-øm Pam-A-Øn-∂p-≠m-bn-

s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ ]ptcm-K-Xn-Iƒ,

lZvdØv hmKvZØ ako-lns‚ A√m-

lp-hp-am-bp≈ kpZr-V-_-‘w, CJm-

a-Øp- z-emØv, Ah-km-\-Im-e-sØ-

°p-dn-®p-≈ lZvdØv dkq¬ Xncp-ta-

\n(-k)-bpsS ]h-N-\-ßƒ, Alv

aZnøm Pam-A-Øn-∂p-≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-

cn -°p∂ ssZhn-I-k-lm-b-ßƒ,

apkvenw temI-Øp-≈ ]iv\-ßfpw

]cn-lm-c-am¿§-ßfpw F∂o hnj-b-

ßsf°pdn®p bYm-Iaw auem\m

A_vZp¬ A∆¬ Jm≥ kmln-_v,

No v anjy-\dn _w•m-tZ-iv, P\m_v

_nem¬ Ggv°≥k≥, auem\m

AXm-hp¬ apPo_v kmln_v Camw,

akvPnZp ^k¬, e≠≥, auem\m

C_mlnw AlvaZp-\q-\≥, No^v

anjy-\dn Ab¿em‚ v, apl-ΩZp Da¿,

\mkn¿ Ckvemslm C¿imZp JmZn-

bm≥, P\m_v d^oJv AlvaZp

lbmØv kml-n_v Aao¿ Pam-

AØv bp.-sI. F∂n-h¿ ]`m-jWw

\S-Øn.

c≠mw Znhkw lpkq¿ Xncp-a-

\ p sNbvX ]`m-j-W-Øn¬ Cu

h¿jw BtKm-fm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

AlvaZnøm Pam-A-Øn-∂p-≠mb

t\´-ß-tfbpw ssZhnIm-\p-K-l-ß-

tfbpw Ipdn®p hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I-bp-

≠m-bn. Cu h¿jw 4 cmjvS-ß-fn¬

Pam-AØv ÿm]n-X-am-b-tXm-Sp-IqSn

CXp-hsc 189 cmPy-ß-fn¬ Alv

aZnøm Pam-AØv thcq-∂p-I-bp-≠m-

bn. 653 ]pXnb ÿe-ß-fn¬ Pam-

A-Øp-I-fp-≠mbn. 239 akvPn-Zp-Iƒ

Pam-A-Øn∂p e`n-®p. Ch-bn¬ 130

akvPn-Zp-Iƒ Pam-A-Øn∂v kuP-\y-

ambn e`n-®-h-bm-Wv. Cu h¿jw 186

]pXnb anjy≥lu-kp-Iƒ ÿm]n-

X-am-bn. Ign-™-h¿j-ß-fn¬ 97

\mSp-I-fn-embn 1869 anjy≥ lukp-

Iƒ Pam-A-Øn\v \n¿Ωn-°p-hm≥

km[n-®p. Cu h¿jw Jp¿-B≥

aPoZv 18 mj-I-fn¬ ]cn- mj ]q¿Øn-

bm-bn. 12 `mj-I-fn¬ X¿÷a \S-

∂p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. CtXm-Sp-IqSn 64

`mj-I-fn¬ X¿÷a ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-cn-

°p-I-bm-Wv.

aq∂m-asØ Znhkw hnhn[

]tZ-i-ß-fnse tab¿amcpw B^n-

°-bn¬ \n∂p h∂ AlvaZn-Ifpw

A√m-Ø-h-cp-amb hnhn[ cmPy-ß-

fnse a¥n-amcpw ]e \b-X-¥-]-Xn-

\n-[n-Ifpw Biw-km-]-kw-K-ßƒ

\S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

Cu ktΩ-f-Øn¬ \S∂ ]`m-

j-W-ßƒ Cw•o-jp, ^©v, P¿Ω≥,

Ad-_n-Iv, t_mkv\n-b≥, Ct‚m-t\-

jy≥, djy≥, _wKfm, S¿°n-jv,

kv]m\njv F∂o mj-I-fn¬ X¬k-

ab]cn-`mj tIƒ∏n-°p-hm-\p≈

kwhn-[m-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

BtKmf ss_AØvBtKmf ss_AØvBtKmf ss_AØvBtKmf ss_AØvBtKmf ss_AØv

BtKm-fm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Cu

h¿jw 2,61,969 ss_A-Øp-Iƒ \S-

∂p. 29- 7- 07∂v Hcp aWn°p G‰hpw

`‡n-\n¿ -chpw Cuam∂p i‡n-tb-

Ip-∂p-amb BtKmf ss_AØv \S-

∂p. Cu BtKm-f-ss_-A-Øn¬

C¥ysb ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°m-\p≈

`mKyw hn\o-X∂p e`n®p.

ePv\-bpsS hm¿jn-I-ePv\-bpsS hm¿jn-I-ePv\-bpsS hm¿jn-I-ePv\-bpsS hm¿jn-I-ePv\-bpsS hm¿jn-I-tbmKwtbmKwtbmKwtbmKwtbmKw

2007 Pqembv 28mw XnbXn ePv\

Cam-bn-√m-bpsS hm¿jnI ktΩ-f\w

lpkq¿ Xncp -a -\- ns‚ ]Xv\n

lZvdØv kbnZm Aa-Øp- p-_qlv

t_Kw kmln-_-bpsS A≤y-£-X-

bn¬ \S-∂p. ]kvXpX ktΩ-f-\-

Øn¬ kmaqly ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-∂m-

bp≈ Ckveman-Im-≤ym-]-\-ßfpw

\ΩpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw, kmXzn-

I-cp-am-bp≈ kl-hm-kw, F∂o

hnj-b-ßsf A[n-I-cn®p ]`m-j-W-

ßƒ \S-∂p. apJy-]-`m -jWw

lpkq¿ Xncp-a-\- ns‚Xmbn-cp-∂p.

Ggmw C‚¿\m-j-\¬Ggmw C‚¿\m-j-\¬Ggmw C‚¿\m-j-\¬Ggmw C‚¿\m-j-\¬Ggmw C‚¿\m-j-\¬

X_veoKv X¿_n-bØvX_veoKv X¿_n-bØvX_veoKv X¿_n-bØvX_veoKv X¿_n-bØvX_veoKv X¿_n-bØv

skan\m¿skan\m¿skan\m¿skan\m¿skan\m¿

Pqembv 26mw XnbXn \S∂ Cu

skan-\m-dn¬ ASp-Ø-h¿jw Cu

cwK-ß-fn¬ A\p-h¿Øn-t°-≠p∂

\b-ß-tfbpw Imcy-I-a-ßtfbpw

Ipdn-®p≈ hni-Zo-I-cn® N¿®-Iƒ

\S-∂p. 25˛mw XnbXn Cu hn\o-X\pw

`mcy°pw lpkq¿ Xncp-a-\- p-ambn

apem-Jm-Øn-∂p≈ ku`mKyw e`n-®p.

lZvdØv Jeo-^-Øp¬lZvdØv Jeo-^-Øp¬lZvdØv Jeo-^-Øp¬lZvdØv Jeo-^-Øp¬lZvdØv Jeo-^-Øp¬

ako-lns‚ hncp∂pako-lns‚ hncp∂pako-lns‚ hncp∂pako-lns‚ hncp∂pako-lns‚ hncp∂p

26mw XnbXn lZvdØv Jeo-^-

Øp¬ akolv (A-ø-Z-lp) P¬k-

bn¬ ]s¶-SpØ Pam-A-Øns‚ taep-

tZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿°v hn -h-k-ar-≤-amb

hncp∂p \¬In-b-\p-K-ln-®p. CXn¬

]s¶-Sp-°m-\p≈ ku`mKyw hn\o-

X∂pw P: indmkv AlvaZp kmln-

_n∂pw e`n®p

AJne temI anjy-\dnAJne temI anjy-\dnAJne temI anjy-\dnAJne temI anjy-\dnAJne temI anjy-\dn

ktΩ-f\wktΩ-f\wktΩ-f\wktΩ-f\wktΩ-f\w

4˛8- 07\v cmhnse ]Xn-s\m-∂c

aWn apX¬ H∂c aWn hsc lpkq¿

Xncp-a-\- ns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn¬

temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬

]h¿Ø-\-\n-c-X-cmb anjy-\-dn-am-cpsS

ktΩ-f\w \S-∂p. XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬

\mkn¿ Ckvemslm C¿imZp F∂

\ne-bn¬ C¥ysb ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-

°m≥ Cubp-≈-h∂p km[n-®p.

C¥y-bnse X_veoKv ]h¿Ø-\-ß-

sf-°p-dn®pw Pq_nen t]mKm-ap-I-sf-

°p-dn-®pw D≈ hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬In.

Bdp -t\mºvBdp -t\mºvBdp -t\mºvBdp -t\mºvBdp -t\mºv

dwkm-\n¬ apgp-h≥ Hcmƒ

t\msº-Sp-°p-Ibpw i∆m-ens‚

BZysØ Bdp-Zn-hkw IqSn

(s]-cp -∂m-fn\v tij-ap -≈)

t\msº-SpØv AXv XpS-cp-Ibpw

sNbvXm¬ Abmƒ Hcp-h¿jw

apg-p-h≥ t\msº-SpØXv t]mse-

bmbn (apkvenw)(apkvenw)(apkvenw)(apkvenw)(apkvenw)

424


CkvemanI ]¿±CkvemanI ]¿±CkvemanI ]¿±CkvemanI ]¿±CkvemanI ]¿±Bcn^v apl-ΩZv _n.-Fw.Bcn^v apl-ΩZv _n.-Fw.Bcn^v apl-ΩZv _n.-Fw.Bcn^v apl-ΩZv _n.-Fw.Bcn^v apl-ΩZv _n.-Fw.

"C"C"C"C"CkvemanI ]¿±' Hcp N¿®m-hn-

j-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

apkvenw kvXoIƒ ]¿± [cn-°-W-

sa∂v Jp¿-B-\n-en-s√∂pw k¶p-NnX

a\-kvI-cmb Nne De-am-°-fpsS

Zp¿hym-Jym-\-Øns‚ A\-¥-c-^-e-

amWv ]¿±-sb-∂p-amWv apkvenwI-

fn¬ Xs∂bp≈ Nne-cpsS A`n-

]mbw: hmkvX-h-Øn¬ kvXobpsS

A¥ pw Ipeo-\-Xzhpw h¿≤n-∏n-

°p∂ Hcp DØ-a -h-kvX[m-c-W-co-

Xn-bmWv ]¿±.

Ckveman¬, kvXobpw ]pcp-j-

∑mcpw ]c-kv]cw ]men-t°≠

\n›nX AI-e-sØbpw ad-hn-t\-bp-

amWv hmkvX-h-Øn¬ ]¿± F∂p ]d-

bp-∂-Xv. ]ckvXo ]pcp-j-∑m¿ ]c-

kv]cw CS-I-e-cp-∂-Xns\ hntcm-[n-

°pIbpw CS-]-g-tI≠ L´-Øn¬

Nne \nb-¥-W-ßƒ \njvI¿jn-

°pIpw sNøp∂ Ckveman\v a\p-

jys‚ ss\k¿Kn-I-amb i‡n-

tbbpw Zu¿_-ey-tØbpw Ipdn®v

]q¿Æ-t_m-≤y-ap-≠v. a\p-jy-cn¬

ss]im-Nn-I-]-h-W-X-Iƒ krjvSn-

°p∂ kml-N-cy-ßƒ hnth-I-

]q¿∆w Hgn-hm-°p-I-bmWv Ckvemw

sNøp-∂-Xv. ]m]-ß-fpsS kml-N-cy-

ß-sfbpw D¤-h-sØbpw Xncn-®-

dn™v AXns\ \nb-¥n-°m-\p≈

]mtbm-KnI am¿§-ßƒ temI-Øn\v

apºmsI sh°pI hgn Nm]-ey-ß-

fn-te°v hgn-sX-‰n-t∏m-hp∂ kml-

Ncyw C√m-Xm-Ip-∂p. kvXo ]pcp-j-

∑msc CS-I-e-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°m-Ø-

Xp-sIm≠v Ckvemw kvXobpsS

Ah-Im-i-ßsf ASn-®-a¿Øp-I-bm-

sW∂v hcp-∂n-√, kvXo]p-cp-j-∑m¿

\n¿_m[w IqSn°-ecp-∂-Xn\v A\p-

h-Zn-°mØ Ckvemw aln-X-am-sbmcp

[m¿ΩnI kwkvImcw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-

°m-\m-K-ln-°p∂p. amwk-\n-_-≤-

amb kvssXW-h-X-bpsS ]Z¿i-\-

]-cX ]pcp-j-∑m-cn¬ [m¿ΩnI hncp-

≤hpw kmXzn-IX°v \nc-°mØ-Ø-

Xp-amb Zp¿∆n-Nm-c-ßƒ krjvSn°pw

F∂Xv Hcp ssPhnI bmYm¿∞y-

am-Wv. Cu bmYm¿∞ysØ Ah-K-

Wn-°p-∂Xv Im]-Sy-am-Wv. CXns‚

AXn]-kcw D≠m-°p∂ IpSpw-_-

]-chpw kmaq-ln-I-amb BLm-X-

ßƒ C∂v ]m›m-Xy-k-aq-l-ß-fn¬

Zriy-am-Wv. kpZr-V-ambXpw kp

Zo¿L-hp-amb ZmºXyw C∂v AhnsS

aco-Nn-I-bmbn amdn-°-gn-™p. inYn-

e-amb IpSpw-_-_-‘-ßƒ°v \Sp-

hn¬ hf-cp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS ÿnXn

F¥m-bn-cn-°pw. ]mivNmXy temI-

Øns‚ Zmcp-W-amb IpSpw-_-Ø-

I¿® \ΩpsS apºn¬ Hcp ]mT-ambn

Ah-ti-jn -®n -c ns° Ckvemw

\njvI¿jn-°p∂ U-kvtImUpw

s]cp-am-‰-®-´-ßfpw ka-K-amb Hcp

kZm-Nm-c-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ Ahn-`mPy

LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. AXn¬ ][m-\-s∏´

H∂mWv ]¿±. kvXoIƒ°v amX-a√

]pcp-j-∑m¿°pw Ckvemw \nb-¥-W-

ßƒ sh®n-´p-≠v. Jp¿-B≥ ]d-

bp∂p:

""""" "kXy -h n - i z m -k n -I - f mb"kXy -h n - i z m -k n -I - f mb"kXy -h n - i z m -k n -I - f mb"kXy -h n - i z m -k n -I - f mb"kXy -h n - i z m -k n -I - f mb

]pcpj ∑m-tcmSv ]d-bpI; Ah¿]pcpj ∑m-tcmSv ]d-bpI; Ah¿]pcpj ∑m-tcmSv ]d-bpI; Ah¿]pcpj ∑m-tcmSv ]d-bpI; Ah¿]pcpj ∑m-tcmSv ]d-bpI; Ah¿

Xß-fpsS IÆp-Iƒ (Zr-jvSn-Iƒ)Xß-fpsS IÆp-Iƒ (Zr-jvSn-Iƒ)Xß-fpsS IÆp-Iƒ (Zr-jvSn-Iƒ)Xß-fpsS IÆp-Iƒ (Zr-jvSn-Iƒ)Xß-fpsS IÆp-Iƒ (Zr-jvSn-Iƒ)

XmgvØp-Ibpw (\n-b-¥n-°p-I-bpw)XmgvØp-Ibpw (\n-b-¥n-°p-I-bpw)XmgvØp-Ibpw (\n-b-¥n-°p-I-bpw)XmgvØp-Ibpw (\n-b-¥n-°p-I-bpw)XmgvØp-Ibpw (\n-b-¥n-°p-I-bpw)

Xß-f psS Kplr -ÿm -\ -ßƒXß-fpsS Kplr -ÿm -\ -ßƒXß-fpsS Kplr -ÿm -\ -ßƒXß-fpsS Kplr -ÿm -\ -ßƒXß-fpsS Kplr -ÿm -\ -ßƒ

kq£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≈-kq£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≈-kq£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≈-kq£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≈-kq£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≈-

s´. AXv Ah¿°v G‰hpw ]cn-ip-s´. AXv Ah¿°v G‰hpw ]cn-ip-s´. AXv Ah¿°v G‰hpw ]cn-ip-s´. AXv Ah¿°v G‰hpw ]cn-ip-s´. AXv Ah¿°v G‰hpw ]cn-ip-

≤ -amb am¿K-am -Wv . A√mlp≤-amb am¿K-am -Wv . A√mlp≤-amb am¿K-am -Wv . A√mlp≤-amb am¿K-am -Wv . A√mlp≤-amb am¿K-am -Wv . A√mlp

Ah¿ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-Ah¿ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-Ah¿ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-Ah¿ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-Ah¿ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-

dn®v kq£va-ambn Adn-dn®v kq£va-ambn Adn-dn®v kq£va-ambn Adn-dn®v kq£va-ambn Adn-dn®v kq£va-ambn Adn--bp-∂-h-\m--bp-∂-h-\m--bp-∂-h-\m--bp-∂-h-\m--bp-∂-h-\m-

Ip-∂p. (24:Ip-∂p. (24:Ip-∂p. (24:Ip-∂p. (24:Ip-∂p. (24:3) '3) '3) '3) '3) '''''' kvXoIfpsS hkvX-

[m-c-WsØ kw_‘n®v Jp¿-B≥

]d-bp-∂p. """"""kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-tfmSv"kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-tfmSv"kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-tfmSv"kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-tfmSv"kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-tfmSv

]d-bp-I. Ah¿ Xß-fpsS IÆp-]d-bp-I. Ah¿ Xß-fpsS IÆp-]d-bp-I. Ah¿ Xß-fpsS IÆp-]d-bp-I. Ah¿ Xß-fpsS IÆp-]d-bp-I. Ah¿ Xß-fpsS IÆp-

Iƒ Xmg vØp -Iƒ Xmg vØp -Iƒ Xmg vØp -Iƒ Xmg vØp -Iƒ Xmg vØp -Ibpw Ah-cpsSIbpw Ah-cpsSIbpw Ah-cpsSIbpw Ah-cpsSIbpw Ah-cpsS

Kply -ÿm-\ -ßƒ kq£n -°p -Kply -ÿm-\ -ßƒ kq£n -°p -Kply -ÿm-\ -ßƒ kq£n -°p -Kply -ÿm-\ -ßƒ kq£n -°p -Kply -ÿm-\ -ßƒ kq£n -°p -

Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≈-s´. Ah-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≈-s´. Ah-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≈-s´. Ah-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≈-s´. Ah-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≈-s´. Ah-

cpsS kuµ-cyw Ah¿ shfn-s∏-Sp-cpsS kuµ-cyw Ah¿ shfn-s∏-Sp-cpsS kuµ-cyw Ah¿ shfn-s∏-Sp-cpsS kuµ-cyw Ah¿ shfn-s∏-Sp-cpsS kuµ-cyw Ah¿ shfn-s∏-Sp-

Ø-cpXv; AXn¬Ø-cpXv; AXn¬Ø-cpXv; AXn¬Ø-cpXv; AXn¬Ø-cpXv; AXn¬ \n∂v kzbw \n∂v kzbw \n∂v kzbw \n∂v kzbw \n∂v kzbw

kvXo ]¿± [cn-°p-∂Xv sIm≠v Ahƒ°v kpc£n-X-XzhpwkvXo ]¿± [cn-°p-∂Xv sIm≠v Ahƒ°v kpc£n-X-XzhpwkvXo ]¿± [cn-°p-∂Xv sIm≠v Ahƒ°v kpc£n-X-XzhpwkvXo ]¿± [cn-°p-∂Xv sIm≠v Ahƒ°v kpc£n-X-XzhpwkvXo ]¿± [cn-°p-∂Xv sIm≠v Ahƒ°v kpc£n-X-Xzhpw

Ipeo-\-Xbpw ]cn-ip-≤-Xbpw e`n-°p∂pIpeo-\-Xbpw ]cn-ip-≤-Xbpw e`n-°p∂pIpeo-\-Xbpw ]cn-ip-≤-Xbpw e`n-°p∂pIpeo-\-Xbpw ]cn-ip-≤-Xbpw e`n-°p∂pIpeo-\-Xbpw ]cn-ip-≤-Xbpw e`n-°p∂p

425


shfn -s∏´v t]mIp -∂-X-√m -sX,shfn -s∏´v t]mIp -∂-X-√m -sX,shfn -s∏´v t]mIp -∂-X-√m -sX,shfn -s∏´v t]mIp -∂-X-√m -sX,shfn -s∏´v t]mIp -∂-X-√m -sX,

Ah¿ Xß-fpsS intcm-hkvXwAh¿ Xß-fpsS intcm-hkvXwAh¿ Xß-fpsS intcm-hkvXwAh¿ Xß-fpsS intcm-hkvXwAh¿ Xß-fpsS intcm-hkvXw

sIm≠v Xß-fpsS amdn -S -Øn≥sIm≠v Xß-fpsS amdn -S -Øn≥sIm≠v Xß-fpsS amdn -S -Øn≥sIm≠v Xß-fpsS amdn -S -Øn≥sIm≠v Xß-fpsS amdn -S -Øn≥

ta¬ XmgvØn-bn´v amSn-∏p-X-t°-≠-ta¬ XmgvØn-bn´v amSn-∏p-X-t°-≠-ta¬ XmgvØn-bn´v amSn-∏p-X-t°-≠-ta¬ XmgvØn-bn´v amSn-∏p-X-t°-≠-ta¬ XmgvØn-bn´v amSn-∏p-X-t°-≠-

Xm-Wv. (kqd: A∂q¿ 31, 32).Xm-Wv. (kqd: A∂q¿ 31, 32).Xm-Wv. (kqd: A∂q¿ 31, 32).Xm-Wv. (kqd: A∂q¿ 31, 32).Xm-Wv. (kqd: A∂q¿ 31, 32).

taep-≤-cn® ssZhnI hN-\-ß-

fn¬ \n∂v aq∂p-Im-cy-ß-fmWv a\- n-

em-Ip-∂-Xv.

(1) ]c˛kvXo ]pcp-j-∑m¿

ZrjvSn-I¬ XmgvØ-Ww.

(2) kvXoIƒ Ah-cpsS ku

µcyw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-Xv. AXm-bXv

ad-°-Ww, kzbw shfn-s∏´v t]mIp-

∂-sXm-gn-®v.

(3) kvXoIƒ Xß-fpsS

intcm-hkvXw sIm≠v Xß-fpsS

amdn-S-Øn≥ ta¬ XmgvØn-bn´v amSn-

∏p-X-°-Ww.

]pcp-j-∑m-tcmSpw kvXoI-tfm

Spw ZrjvSn-Iƒ XmgvØ-W-sa∂v ]d-

™n-´p-≈-Xn¬ \n∂v Xs∂ hoń¬

AS®v ]qń-bn-cn-°p-hm≥ Ckvemw

\n¿t±-in-°p-∂n√ F∂v hy‡-am-Ip-

∂-Xm-Wv. kvXo kZm hoń¬ Xs∂-

bn-cn-°p-I-bm-sW¶n¬ Cu Jp¿B-

\nI hmIy-ßƒ Aÿm-\-Øm-

sW∂p hcpw, ]¿±-bpsS Bhiyw

Xs∂ Ahƒ°v ]c-]p-cp-j-∑m-cp≈

ÿe-ß-fn¬ k©-cn-°p-tºm-gp≈

kwc-£n-X-amb Hcp hkvX-[m-cWw

F∂ \ne-bn-emWv. Xs∂-bp-a√

dkq¬ Icow (k)-bpsS ImeØv

kvXoIƒ bp≤-ß-fn¬ hsc ]s¶-

Sp-Øn- p-s≠-∂Xn\v CkvemanI Ncn

Xw Xs∂ km£n-bm-Wv. lZvdØv

Bbn-im(-d) t]mepw bp≤-Øn¬

]s¶-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. IqSmsX bp≤-th-

f-bn¬ apdn-hp-]-‰nb klm-_m-°sf

ipiq -jn -°m -\mbn kvXoIƒ

cwKØv D≠mbn-cp-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬

Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw ]pdØv t]mIp-

∂-Xn¬ Ckvemw kvXoIsf XS-bp-

∂n√ F∂-XmWv hmkvX-hw.

taep-≤-cn® Jp¿-B-\nI hN-\-

ß-fnse ][m\ `mKw ""Ah-cpsS

kuµcyw Ah¿ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øcp-Xv.

AXn¬ \n∂v kzbw shfn-s∏´v

t]mhp-∂-X-√msX'' F∂-XmWv.

hnip≤ Jp¿-B-\n¬ as‰m-cn-SØv ]d-

bp-∂p.

""""""Hm \_o, \ns‚ `mcy-am-"Hm \_o, \ns‚ `mcy-am-"Hm \_o, \ns‚ `mcy-am-"Hm \_o, \ns‚ `mcy-am-"Hm \_o, \ns‚ `mcy-am-

tcmSpw ]pXn-am-tcmSpw kXy-hn-izm-tcmSpw ]pXn-am-tcmSpw kXy-hn-izm-tcmSpw ]pXn-am-tcmSpw kXy-hn-izm-tcmSpw ]pXn-am-tcmSpw kXy-hn-izm-tcmSpw ]pXn-am-tcmSpw kXy-hn-izm-

kn-I-fpsS kvXoI-tfmSpw (Ah¿kn-I-fpsS kvXoI-tfmSpw (Ah¿kn-I-fpsS kvXoI-tfmSpw (Ah¿kn-I-fpsS kvXoI-tfmSpw (Ah¿kn-I-fpsS kvXoI-tfmSpw (Ah¿

]pd-Øn-d-ßp-tºmƒ) Ah-cpsS]pd-Øn-d-ßp-tºmƒ) Ah-cpsS]pd-Øn-d-ßp-tºmƒ) Ah-cpsS]pd-Øn-d-ßp-tºmƒ) Ah-cpsS]pd-Øn-d-ßp-tºmƒ) Ah-cpsS

ta¬ hkvXta¬ hkvXta¬ hkvXta¬ hkvXta¬ hkvX-ßƒ Xß-fpsS ico--ßƒ Xß-fpsS ico--ßƒ Xß-fpsS ico--ßƒ Xß-fpsS ico--ßƒ Xß-fpsS ico-

c-ß-fn¬ ta¬ aqSn-∏p-X-t°-≠-Xm-c-ß-fn¬ ta¬ aqSn-∏p-X-t°-≠-Xm-c-ß-fn¬ ta¬ aqSn-∏p-X-t°-≠-Xm-c-ß-fn¬ ta¬ aqSn-∏p-X-t°-≠-Xm-c-ß-fn¬ ta¬ aqSn-∏p-X-t°-≠-Xm-

sW∂p ]d-bp-I. Ahsc Xncn-®-sW∂p ]d-bp-I. Ahsc Xncn-®-sW∂p ]d-bp-I. Ahsc Xncn-®-sW∂p ]d-bp-I. Ahsc Xncn-®-sW∂p ]d-bp-I. Ahsc Xncn-®-

dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw Aß-s\, Ahscdn-bp-∂-Xn\pw Aß-s\, Ahscdn-bp-∂-Xn\pw Aß-s\, Ahscdn-bp-∂-Xn\pw Aß-s\, Ahscdn-bp-∂-Xn\pw Aß-s\, Ahsc

(B-cpw) iey-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-(B-cpw) iey-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-(B-cpw) iey-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-(B-cpw) iey-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-(B-cpw) iey-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-

Xn\pw G‰hpw D]-bp -‡-ambXn\pw G‰hpw D]-bp -‡-ambXn\pw G‰hpw D]-bp -‡-ambXn\pw G‰hpw D]-bp -‡-ambXn\pw G‰hpw D]-bp -‡-amb

am¿K-am-Wn-Xv. A√mlp k¿hYmam¿K-am-Wn-Xv. A√mlp k¿hYmam¿K-am-Wn-Xv. A√mlp k¿hYmam¿K-am-Wn-Xv. A√mlp k¿hYmam¿K-am-Wn-Xv. A√mlp k¿hYm

s]mdp-°p-∂-h\pw Icp-Wm-a-b-\p-s]mdp-°p-∂-h\pw Icp-Wm-a-b-\p-s]mdp-°p-∂-h\pw Icp-Wm-a-b-\p-s]mdp-°p-∂-h\pw Icp-Wm-a-b-\p-s]mdp-°p-∂-h\pw Icp-Wm-a-b-\p-

am-Ip-∂p. (kqd: A¬-A-lvkm_vam-Ip-∂p. (kqd: A¬-A-lvkm_vam-Ip-∂p. (kqd: A¬-A-lvkm_vam-Ip-∂p. (kqd: A¬-A-lvkm_vam-Ip-∂p. (kqd: A¬-A-lvkm_v

60).60).60).60).60).

Hcn-SØv kvXoI-tfmSv Ah-cpsS

kuµcyw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-sX∂v ]d-

bp-tºmƒ as‰m-cn-SØv Ah¿ D]-tbm-

Kn-t°≠ hkvX-sØ-°p-dn®p \n¿t±-

in-°p∂p. Pn¬-km_v [cn-°p-hm-

\mWv Jp¿-B-\n¬ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.

Pn¬km_v F∂m¬ henb Ip∏m-b-

Øn-\mWv ]d-bp-I. kvXoIƒ [cn-

°p∂ _p¿° Cu Bhiyw \nh¿

Øn-°p-∂p.

apJhpw kvXobpsS kuµ-cy-

Øns‚ ][m\ `mK-am-b-Xn-\m¬

\nßƒ \nß-fpsS kuµcyw shfn-

s∏-Sp-Ø-cpXv F∂ ssZhnI Iev]-

\-I-fn¬ apJw ad-°epw Dƒs∏-Sp-

∂-Xm-sW∂ Imcyw Hm¿t°-≠-

XmWv.

kvXo ]¿Z [cn-°p-∂Xv sIm

≠v Ahƒ°v F¥mWv \jvS-s∏-

SpI? bmsXm∂pw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.

]Icw Ahƒ°v am\yhpw Ipeo-

\hpw kpc-£n-X-hp-amb Hcp ÿm\-

amWv e`n-°p-I. ]¿± Dt]-£n-°p∂

kvXobpsS hkvX-[m-cWw FhnsS

hsc BImw F∂-Xn\v bmsXmcp

AXn¿Ønbpw \n¿Æ-bn-®n- n-√. ]¿±

[cn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI F∂Xv k`y-X-bm-

sW-¶n¬ AXn\v bp‡n-]-c-amb

bmsXmcp AXn¿Ønbpw \n¿Æ-bn-

°m≥ km[y-a-√. Ime-L-´-Øns‚

]h-W-X-Iƒ°pw a\pjys‚ amwk-

\n-_≤-amb Bkzm-Z-\-ßƒ°pw

hiw-h-Z-ambn A\n-b-¥n-X-ambn B

hkvX-[m-c-W-coXn apt∂m- p-t]m-Ip-

∂-Xm-bn-Im-Wmw. a\p-jys‚ Bflo-

bhpw kZm-Nm-c-]-c-hp-amb \mi-Øn-

te-°mWv AXv h∂p ]Xn-°p-I.

AXn-\p-]-Icw Ckvemw hkvX-[m-c-

W-Ønepw kvXo]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS CS-

s]-S-ep-I-fnepw sh® I¿i-\-amb

\njv°¿j-Iƒ a\p-jy-k-aq -l-

Øns‚ Xs∂ t£asØ e£yw

sh®p-sIm-≠p-≈-Xm-sW∂v Ime-

L´w Xncn-®-dn-bpI Xs∂ sNøpw.

Z-P-esØ aen-\o-I-cn -°p-Ibpw

Po¿Æ\w aqew Ah s^¿ta-t‚j\v

(]pfn-∏n-°¬) hnt[-b-ambn IS¬

Hcp ]mIr-X-Zm-h-I-Ip-gºv (Primor-dial Soup) Bbn Xocp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

ReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReference1. LANE E.W (1984) Arabic English

Lexicon Islamic Text Society, Wil-liam & Norgate Cambridge.

2. Dickerson R.E. (Sept. 1978)Chemical Evolution and the ori-

gin of Life. Scientific America. P.80.

3. WORSE C.R. (June 1981)Archaebacteria. Scientific Ameri-can, P. 104.

4. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Sci-ence (1993)

5. Ibid6. BROWN T.A. (1992) Genetics A

molecular Approach P. 245.7. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Sci-

ence (1993)

(17-˛¬ \n∂v XpS¿®)

426


hmKvZØ ako-lns‚ Poh-nXNnXw: teJ\ ]c-ºc 7.hmKvZØ ako-lns‚ Poh-nXNnXw: teJ\ ]c-ºc 7.hmKvZØ ako-lns‚ Poh-nXNnXw: teJ\ ]c-ºc 7.hmKvZØ ako-lns‚ Poh-nXNnXw: teJ\ ]c-ºc 7.hmKvZØ ako-lns‚ Poh-nXNnXw: teJ\ ]c-ºc 7.

"_dm -los\ AlvaZnø' ˛ Hcp Znhy -KŸw"_dm-los\ AlvaZnø' ˛ Hcp Znhy -KŸw"_dm-los\ AlvaZnø' ˛ Hcp Znhy -KŸw"_dm-los\ AlvaZnø' ˛ Hcp Znhy -KŸw"_dm-los\ AlvaZnø' ˛ Hcp Znhy -KŸwG. Iyp alvZnG. Iyp alvZnG. Iyp alvZnG. Iyp alvZnG. Iyp alvZn

"_"_"_"_"_dmlos\ AlvaZnø'

]kn≤w sNbvX-t∏mƒ apkvenw aX-

]-fin-X-∑m¿ AXns\ kl¿jw

kzmKXw sNøp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.

lZvdØv AlvaZn(A)s‚ Bflo-bm-

\p- q-Xn-Isf ]cn-l-kn-°p∂ Nne-sc

√mw A∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw

At\Iw apkvenwIƒ B alm

flmhn¬ Hcp am¿§-Z¿i-Is\ Is≠-

Øn. Ckvemw aX-Øn-s\-Xnsc

B™-Sn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ i‡n-I-sf,

XmXzn-I-ambn ]mtS tXm¬∏n-®p-sIm

≠p apt∂-dnb Cu Bflo-b-t\-Xm-

hns\ kzoI-cn-°m\pw A`n-hm-Z\w

A¿∏n-°m\pw hf-sc-b-[nIw t]¿

apt∂m´p h∂p. Cu al¬KŸw

apkvenw P\-km-am-\y-Øns‚ at\m-

ho-cysØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ,

Ahn-izm-kn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ CXv sR -

ep-f-hm-°n. hn`m-h\w sNbvX KŸ-

Øns‚ Xosc sNdn-b, Hc-]q¿Æ-

`mKw amXta ]kn≤w sNbvXp-≈q-

sh-¶n-epw, H´msI shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-

t±-in® 300 sXfn-hp-I-fn¬ tIhew

H∂p amXta ]Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p-

≈q-sh-¶n-epw, C¥y-bn-e-tßm-f-an-

tßmfw AXv al-Ømb ]Xn-I-c-

Wß-f-pf-hm-°pI Xs∂ sNbvXp.

B ]pkvX-I-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≠mb

\ncq-]-W--ßƒ i≤n-®m¬ Imew B

Znhym-flm-hn¬ \n∂v F¥mWv ]Xo-

£n-®n-cp-∂-sX-∂Xv hy‡-am-Ipw.

""P\-ß-fpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬,

Cu KŸw C°m-e-Øv, C∂sØ

]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬,

Ckveman¬ Ct∂mfw ]kn≤w sN

ø-s∏-ń-ń-√m-Ø-hn[w AXp-ey-amb

Hcp KŸw Xs∂. [\w sIm≠pw

tZlw sIm≠pw XqenI sIm≠pw

hmbp sIm≠pw ]hr-Øn-sIm≠pw

Ckveman-\p-th≠n Cu KŸ-I¿

Øm-hns\t∏mse tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-

®n´p-≈-h¿ ]q¿∆nI apkvenwI-fn¬

t]mepw hfsc hnc-f-amtb ImW-

s∏Sq''

Cu A`n-]mbw ]d-™-Xv,

Alvse lZokv I£n-°m-cpsS

]ikvX t\Xm-hpw, ]n¬°m-eØv

Camw alvZn(-A)bpsS iXp-hp-am-bn-

Øo¿∂ auehn apl-ΩZv lpssk≥

kmln_v _´m-ehn BWv. Xs‚

"Cim AØ-p p∂' F∂ ]X-

ØnemWv Cu A`n-]m-b-]-I-S\w

At±lw \S-Øn-b-Xv.

auehn apl-ΩZv lpssk≥

_´m-e-hn XpS¿∂p ]d-bp-∂p: ""Rß-

fpsS Cu hm°p-Isf Gjy-°m-cpsS

AXn-i-tbm-‡n-bmbn Bsc-¶nepw

Icp-Xp-∂p-sh-¶n¬, Ckvemans‚

iXp-°-sf, ]tXy-In®v Bcy-k-am-

P-tØbpw _“-k-am-PtØ-bpw,

CXbpw i‡n-bp‡w FXn¿Øp

t\cn-ń-´p≈ at‰-sX-¶nepw KŸw

Ah¿ ImWn-®p-X-c-s´. [\w sIm

≠pw tZlw sIm≠pw, XqenI sIm

≠pw \mhp-sIm≠pw k¿t∆m-]cn

Pohn-X-co-Xn-sIm≠pw Ckvemans‚

iXp-°tfbpw "C¬lm'ans‚ \ntj-

[n-Itfbpw FXn¿°p-Ibpw kwi-

bm-ep-°sf Xs‚-b-Sp-°¬ h∂v

A\p-`-h-km£yw kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-

≈m≥ Blzm\w sNøpIbpw

sNbvXn- p-ff a‰m-sc-sb-¶nepw Nq≠n-

°m-Wn®p Xcm≥ Ign-bp-tam....?''

sXs° C≥Uy-bnse _mw•q-

cn¬ \n∂v ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ "a≥iqsd

apl-ΩZn' F∂ ]X-Øn-eqsS au

em\m apl-ΩZv ico^v kmln_v

C]-Imcw Fgp-Xn:

""Ckvemanse ]fin-X-∑m-cn¬

aX-tk-h-I-cmb mKymflm°-fn-em-sc-

¶nepw Cu ImeL- -Ønse ]cn-Xx-

ÿn-Xn-Iƒ°p tbmPn-®Xpw hnip≤

Jp¿Bs‚ Znhy-Xz-tØbpw Xncp-\-

_n-bpsS kXy-tØbpw sXfn-bn-°p-

∂, _p≤n-]-c-amb tcJ-Ifpw Ncn-X-

]-c-amb km£y-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p-

∂, Hcp KŸw cNn®v ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-

Øp-am-dm-Is´ F∂v hf-sc-°m-e-ambn

Rßƒ BK-ln-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. A√m-lp-hn\p A]m-c-

amb \µn. Cu BKlw CXm

km[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu KŸ-Øn¬

D∂-bn® kXy-km-£y-ßtfbpw

apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Nn¥m-a-fi-esØ Cf-°n-a-dn®apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Nn¥m-a-fi-esØ Cf-°n-a-dn®apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Nn¥m-a-fi-esØ Cf-°n-a-dn®apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Nn¥m-a-fi-esØ Cf-°n-a-dn®apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Nn¥m-a-fi-esØ Cf-°n-a-dn®

lZvdØv AlvaZn(A)s‚ Znhy-K-Ÿ-am-bn-cp∂p _dm-los\ AlvaZnømlZvdØv AlvaZn(A)s‚ Znhy-K-Ÿ-am-bn-cp∂p _dm-los\ AlvaZnømlZvdØv AlvaZn(A)s‚ Znhy-K-Ÿ-am-bn-cp∂p _dm-los\ AlvaZnømlZvdØv AlvaZn(A)s‚ Znhy-K-Ÿ-am-bn-cp∂p _dm-los\ AlvaZnømlZvdØv AlvaZn(A)s‚ Znhy-K-Ÿ-am-bn-cp∂p _dm-los\ AlvaZnøm

427


\ymb-hm-Z-ß-tfbpw Jfin-°p-∂-

h¿°v Hcp h≥XpI kΩm-\-ambn

\¬Ip-∂-Xmbn hnfw-_-c-ap-≠m-bn´v

\mtf-sd-bm-sb-¶nepw B¿°pw CXp-

hsc AXn\p Ign-™n- n-√....''

\nc-h[n ]X-ßƒ "_dm-los\

AlvaZnø'sb∏‰n CØcw A`n-]m-

b-ßƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xn\p ]pd-sa,

]e kap-∂X hy‡n-Ifpw CsX-∏‰n

]iw-kn®v Fgp-Xp-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn.

Ch-cn-sem-cm-fmWv ep[n-bm\ \nhm-

knbpw Hcp henb ‡\pw ⁄m\n-

bp-am-bn-cp∂ lZvdØv kq^n Alv

aZvPm≥ kmln_v (d). hfsc henb

injy-k-ºØp≈ Hcp aX-t\-Xm-hp-

Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. At±lw

]d-™Xv C]-Im-c-am-Wv:

""CXv, Ckvemw aX-Ønt‚bpw

apl-ΩZv \_n (k)-bpsS ]hm-N-I-

Xz-Ønt‚bpw kXy-sØ, i‡n-a-

Ømb bp‡n-\ym-b-ß-fm¬ sXfn-bn-

®p-Im- p∂ Hc-]q¿∆ KŸ-am-Ip-∂p.

Cu \q‰m-≠n¬ "_dm-los\ Alv

aZnø' t]msemcp KŸ-Øns‚

X¬I¿Ømhpw Xs‚ Kpcp-h-tc

Wy\p-amb lZvdØv an¿km Kpemw

AlvaZv kmln-_ns\t∏mep≈ Hcp

apP-±n-Zns‚ Bh-iy-ap-s≠-∂-Xn¬

bmsXmcp X¿°-hp-an-√-X-s∂.''

"_dm-lo≥' aq∂mw mKw ]kn-

≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-h-scbpw lZvdØv

AlvaZn\v bmsXmcp Znhy-hm-Zhpw

D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂Xp kvac-Wo-b-am-

Wv. A°m-eØp Xs∂ lZvdØv

kq^n AlvaZv Pm≥ kmln-_n-s\-

t∏m-ep≈ `‡-P-\-ßƒ B alm-

flm-hns‚ ]hn-X-Po-hn-X-Øn-te°pw

XymK-]q¿Æ-amb tkh-\-ßfn-

te°pw BIr-jvS-cmbncp∂p.

Alvse lZokv I£n-bnse

]Jym-X-\mb Hcp ]fin-X\pw Hcp

KŸ-Im-c-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p, \hm_v

kn±oJv lk≥ Jm≥ kmln-_v.

t`m]m¬ cmP-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ \n∂m-

bn-cp∂p At±lw hnhmlw Ign-®n-

cp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ \mńepw kap-Zm-

b-Ønepw At±lw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂

Hcm-fmbncp∂p. A∂sØ _nójv

Kh¨sa‚ v At±-l-Øn\v ]e

_lp-a-Xn-∏- -ßfpw \¬In BZ-cn-®n-

cp-∂p. hen-sbmcp ⁄m\nbpw ‡-

\p-ambn Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp∂ Ct±lw

]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠nse apP-±nZm-

sW∂p hsc Nne Alvse lZokv

I£n-°m¿ ]N-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.

lZvdØv AlvaZn (A)s‚

_dm-los\ AlvaZn-ø-bpsS ]Øn-

cp-]Xp tIm∏n-Iƒ Xm≥ kzoI-cn-®p-

sIm-≈m-sa∂p At±lw lpkq¿

Xncp-a-\- n-s\-gp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬,

s]mSp-∂s\ Cu hmKvZm-\-Øn¬

\n∂v At±lw t_m[-]q¿∆w ]n≥

hm-ßn-°-f-™p. CXn-\-Iw, KŸ-

Øns‚ BZy aq∂p `mK-ßƒ, lZv

dØv AlvaZv (A) X]m-en¬ At±-

l-Øn\v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp-sh-¶nepw

B a\p-jy≥ Ah Xncn-®-b-°p-I-

bmWv sNbvX-Xv. A‘-amb _nó

jv ‡n-bmWv At±-lsØ AXn\p

t]cn-∏n-®-sX∂p sXfn-™p. In

kvXp-a-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hna¿i-

\hpw In kvXo-b-hm-Z-J-fi-\hpw

B KŸ-Øn¬ AS-ßn-bnc-p∂-Xn-

\m¬, anX hm-Z-]-c-amb AØ-c-samcp

IrXn°v Xm≥ t]m’m-l-\hpw

]Nm-chpw \¬Ip-∂Xv _nó-jvIm-

cmb Xs‚ taem-f-cpsS A\njvSw

kºm-Zn-°m-\n-S-h-cp-sa∂p I-cp-Xn-

bmWv At±-lam ]pkvX-I- m-K-ßƒ

XncnsI Ab-®-Xv. X]m-en¬ h∂

]pkvX-I-s°´v At±lw s]mfn®p

hmbn-®-Xn-\p-tijw ]n∂oSv ho≠pw

]m°v sNbvXv XncnsI Ab-°p-I-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]pkvXIw apjn-™-pw,

t]Pp -Iƒ Iodn -∏ -dn -™-p -amWv

lZvdØv AlvaZn\p XncnsI Inń-

b-Xv. kn±oJv lk≥Jm-s\-°p-dn®p

XpS-°-Øn¬ \s√mcp A`n-]m-b-

amWv lZvdØv AlvaZn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-

∂-Xv. F∂m¬, ]Xo-£°p hncp-≤-

ambn \hm_v kmln_v hm°p amdp-

I-bpw, Cu A]-a-cymZ Im´p-Ibpw

sNbvX-t∏mƒ lZvdØv AlvaZn\v

hf-sc-b-[nIw at\m-Zpx-Jhpw, shdp

∏pw tXm∂n. amX-a-√, CØcw KŸ-

ß-fpsS ]Nm-c-Øn\v Xs∂ ]Xo-

£n-°≠ F∂p B hy‡n IsØ-

gp -XpI t]mepw sNbvXp.

Ckvemans‚ kXyX ÿm]n-®p-

sIm≠pw Ckvemans‚ iXp-°-fpsS

hmZ-ßƒ Jfin-®p-sIm≠pw Xms\-

gp-Xnb KŸ-Øn\p t\sc, Ckvem-

anI hnizm-khpw aXm-`n-am-\hpw

Ds≠∂p Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ Hcmƒ,

k¿°m-cns\ ]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ th

≠n amXw Cßs\-sbmcp A\m-Z-

chv ImWn-®-t∏mƒ B alm-flm-hn\v

AXp kln-°m≥ Ign-™n-√.

""icn, \nßƒ k¿°m-cns\ ]o

Xn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≈pI....'' lZvdØv

AlvaZv (A) ]d-™p. F]-Imcw

A√mam kn±oJv l ≥Jm≥, _dm-

lo≥ Iodn-∏-dn™ \ne-bn¬ XncnsI

Ab®p-thm, A]-Imcw Xs∂ At±-

l-Øns‚ ÿm\-am-\-ßfpw ]n®n-

®o-¥-s∏-Sp-sa∂v lZvdØv AlvaZv

]h-Nn-®p. IqSm-sX, _dm-lo≥ \m

emw- mKw ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ

AXns‚ apJ-hp-c-bn¬ Xs∂ \hm

_v kmln-_ns‚ s]cp-am-‰tØ-bpw,

]hrØn-tbbpw ]‰n hnIm-c-]q¿∆w

lZvdØv AlvaZv Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sN

bvXn-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬, ssZh-Øns‚ Hcp

`‡-Zm-ks‚ A]oXn ssZh-Øn-

s‚bpw A]oXn-bm-W-t√m. GsXm

cp k¿°m-cns\ ]oWn-∏n°m\m

tWm \hm_v kmln_v hm°p-am-dp-

Ibpw Cu A\m-Z-chp ImWn-°bpw

sNbvXXv, AtX k¿°m¿ ˛ _n

ójv k¿°m¿ ˛ GXm\pw amk-

ßƒ°p-≈n¬ At±-l-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-

bn-Øo¿∂p-sh-∂Xv Hcp hn[n-ssh-]-

cn-Xy-sat∂ ]d-tb-≠q. k¿°m¿

At±-l-Øn¬ cmPy-tZm-l-°p‰w

Npa-Øn. kpUm-\nse alvZn°v

klm-b-ß-sf-Øn-®p-sh∂pw Xs‚

KŸ-ßƒ hgn Kh¨sa‚n-s\-Xn-

cmbn hnπ-h-Øn\p t]cW sNep-

Øn-sb∂pw a‰p-ap≈ Btcm-]-W-

ßƒ D∂-bn-°-s∏-´p. Hcp At\z-j-

W-°-Ωo-js\ hsc CXn-\mbn \nb-

(tijw t]Pv 40 ¬)

428


IΩo-j≥ ˛ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®IΩo-j≥ ˛ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®IΩo-j≥ ˛ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®IΩo-j≥ ˛ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®IΩo-j≥ ˛ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®Dd-hn-S-ßƒDd-hn-S-ßƒDd-hn-S-ßƒDd-hn-S-ßƒDd-hn-S-ßƒ

tUm. tPm\-X≥ F≥k¿, bp.-sI.tUm. tPm\-X≥ F≥k¿, bp.-sI.tUm. tPm\-X≥ F≥k¿, bp.-sI.tUm. tPm\-X≥ F≥k¿, bp.-sI.tUm. tPm\-X≥ F≥k¿, bp.-sI.

d_vh c‡-km-£yß-fpsS ]pWy-ÿen 2d_vh c‡-km-£yß-fpsS ]pWy-ÿen 2d_vh c‡-km-£yß-fpsS ]pWy-ÿen 2d_vh c‡-km-£yß-fpsS ]pWy-ÿen 2d_vh c‡-km-£yß-fpsS ]pWy-ÿen 2

]mIn-kvXm-\nse AlvaZn-Iƒ°v t\sc-bp≈ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-hn-[zw-k\-ß-sf-]mIn-kvXm-\nse AlvaZn-Iƒ°v t\sc-bp≈ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-hn-[zw-k\-ß-sf-]mIn-kvXm-\nse AlvaZn-Iƒ°v t\sc-bp≈ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-hn-[zw-k\-ß-sf-]mIn-kvXm-\nse AlvaZn-Iƒ°v t\sc-bp≈ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-hn-[zw-k\-ß-sf-]mIn-kvXm-\nse AlvaZn-Iƒ°v t\sc-bp≈ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-hn-[zw-k\-ß-sf-

°pdn®v At\z-jn® bp.-sI. ]m¿e-sa‚dn lyqa≥ ssd‰vkv IΩo-j≥°pdn®v At\z-jn® bp.-sI. ]m¿e-sa‚dn lyqa≥ ssd‰vkv IΩo-j≥°pdn®v At\z-jn® bp.-sI. ]m¿e-sa‚dn lyqa≥ ssd‰vkv IΩo-j≥°pdn®v At\z-jn® bp.-sI. ]m¿e-sa‚dn lyqa≥ ssd‰vkv IΩo-j≥°pdn®v At\z-jn® bp.-sI. ]m¿e-sa‚dn lyqa≥ ssd‰vkv IΩo-j≥

AwK-ßƒ kao-]n®hsc∏‰n-bp≈ hnh-c-ßƒAwK-ßƒ kao-]n®hsc∏‰n-bp≈ hnh-c-ßƒAwK-ßƒ kao-]n®hsc∏‰n-bp≈ hnh-c-ßƒAwK-ßƒ kao-]n®hsc∏‰n-bp≈ hnh-c-ßƒAwK-ßƒ kao-]n®hsc∏‰n-bp≈ hnh-c-ßƒ

1999¬ "d_vh' (D-b¿∂ ka-

Xew F∂¿∞w) -bpsS t]cv

]©m_v Kh¨sa‚ v "No\m_v

\K¿' (No-\m_v \Zn-bpsS kao-]-am-

b-Xn-\m¬) F∂m°n HutZym-Kn-I-

ambn am‰n. Cu \o°w AlvaZnøm

Pam-A-Øns‚ A`n-em-j-ßƒs°-Xn-

cm-bn-cp-∂p. AlvaZn-Iƒ Ct∏mgpw

]´-WsØ "d_vh' F∂p Xs∂-

bmWv hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Nne Kh¨sa‚ v

dnt∏m¿´p-I-fn¬ ]pXnb t]cv tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń -´p -s≠-¶nepw Cu

dnt∏m¿´pIfnep-S-\ofw "d_vh' F∂p

Xs∂-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏- n- p-≈-

Xv. AlvaZn-I-fpsS C¥y-bn-ep≈

Bflo-b-tKlw F∂ \ne-bn¬

"JmZn-bm\p'ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-

s°m≠v AlvaZn-Iƒ "JmZn-bm-

\nIƒ' F∂mWv Nnecm¬ ]cm-a¿in-

°-s∏-Sm-dp-≈-Xv. Alv aZn-Iƒ Cu

A`n-kw-t_m-[\ hfsc tami-am-bn-

´mWv KWn-°m-dp-≈-Xv. AXn-\m¬

Cu dnt∏m¿ń¬ AlvaZn-F∂ ]Z-

amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xv.

k¿°m-cns‚ HutZymKnI IW-°-

\p-k-cn®v ]mIn-kvXm-\nse AlvaZn-

I-fpsS FÆw GI-tZiw 70000

BWv. 1974 apX-ep≈ Im-t\-jp-am-cn-bn¬ AlvaZn-Iƒ Xßsf kzbw Xcw-

Xn-cn-®n- p-≈Xv "apkvenw' F∂m-bn- m-Wv. As√-¶n¬ ]ns∂ Xßsf kzbw

"Aapkvenw' F∂v Xcw-Xn-cn-t°≠n hcpw. AXn-\m¬ k¿°m¿ IW-°p-

Iƒ Xosc IrXy-X-bn-√m-Ø-Xm-Wv. anjy\v \¬I-s∏- n- p-≈ IW-°p-]-Imcw

]mIn-kvXm-\n-ep≈ AlvaZn-I-fpsS FÆw 20 e£-Øn\pw 50 e£-Øn\pw

CS-bv°mWv.

AlvaZnøm Pam-A-Ønse Nne AwK-ßƒ°v t\cn-tS≠n h∂n-´p≈

kml-Ncyßƒ, ]mIn-kvXm-\n¬ \n∂v ]em-b\w sNbvXp bp.-sI.-bn¬

A`bw tXSm≥ Ahsc t]cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. CØcw tI p-I-fn¬ Xocp-am-\-

sa-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Bh¿Øn-®m-h¿Øn®v ]d-b-s∏-ń-´p≈ Imcyw, Ah¿°v

B`y-¥cambn Xs∂ ]em-b\w sNøm≥ km[n°pw F∂m-Wv. d_vhbn-

te°v \oßn-s°m≠v ]oUn-X-\mb HclvaZn°v ]mIn-kvXm≥ hn´p-t]m-

hmsXØs∂ kwc-£Ww t\Sm≥ Ignbpw F∂mWv ]d-b-s∏-Sm-dp-≈-Xv.

]mIn-kvXm-\nse a‰n-S-ß-fn¬ ]oU-\-a-\p- -hn-°p∂ AlvaZnIƒ°v AlvaZn-

Iƒ `qcn-]-£-ap≈ d_vhbn¬ kwc-£Ww e`n°pw F∂ A\p-am-\-Øn-

emWv Cu hne-bn-cp-Ø¬. ]m¿en-sa‚ns‚ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-Kq∏v Cu A\p-

am-\-sØ, A`bw tNmZn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ At]-£-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xn\v

\nZm-\-am-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ kXy-k-‘X ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

d_vh sb tIµo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]mIn-kvXm-\n-te-°p≈ Hcp anjy-\m-

bn-cp∂p AXp-sIm-≠p≠mb ew.

dnt∏m¿´v : ]cn-[nbpw LS-\bpwdnt∏m¿´v : ]cn-[nbpw LS-\bpwdnt∏m¿´v : ]cn-[nbpw LS-\bpwdnt∏m¿´v : ]cn-[nbpw LS-\bpwdnt∏m¿´v : ]cn-[nbpw LS-\bpw

d_vhbn-te-°p≈ B`y-¥c˛]-em-b\ km[y-X-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´

]iv\-ß-fn-emWv - anj≥ ]q¿Æ-ambn i≤ tIµo-I-cn-®-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Cu

]iv\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`y-am-°m-\mWv Cu dnt∏m¿´p-sIm-

≠p-t±-in-°-s∏- n- p-≈-Xv. F∂n-cn-°-epw, ]mIn-kvXm-\n¬ AlvaZn-Iƒ AXn-

Po-hn®pt]m-cp∂ kmaq-lyhpw cmjvSo-b-hp-amb hnim-e-amb kml-NcyØn¬

429


\n∂pw d_vhtbbpw B`y-¥-c-]-em-

b-\-tØbpw \n¿Ωp-‡-am-°m≥

km[y-a√ F∂v anjys‚ ]h¿Ø-

\-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ hfsc thK-Øn¬

Xs∂ hy‡-am-bn. AXns‚ e-am-

bn, ]mIn-kvXm-\n-ep-S-\ofw AlvaZn-

Iƒ Ct∏mƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ah-ÿbpw

Cu dnt∏m¿ńse Nne hIp-∏-I-fn¬

]cn-K-Wn-®n- p-≠v. hn]p-e-amb hrØ-

ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏- n- p-s≠-∂-Xn-\m¬

dnt∏m¿ v IrXy-X-bp≈-Xm-sW¶nepw

]mIn-kvXm-\nse AlvaZn-I-sf-

°pdn®p≈ Hcp ka-K-]-T\w F∂v

Cu dnt∏m¿ń-s\-°p-dn®p Icp-Xm-hp-

∂tXm B \ne-bn¬ dnt∏m¿´v D]-

tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂tXm A√. ]mIn-

kvXm-\n¬ km[y-am-tb-S-tØmfw

A`n-]m-b-am-cm-bm≥ F√m ia-ßfpw

\S-Øn-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw Cu hnj-b-

Øn¬ ]cn-]q¿Æ-amb ]mXn-\n[yw

e`y-am-°m-sa∂v Hcp anjy\pw ]Xo-

£n-°m-h-X-s√∂v anjy≥ AwK-ßƒ

kΩ-Xn-°p-Ibpw Du∂n-∏-d-bp-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p.

Cu dnt∏m¿ńs‚ injvS-`mKw

Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Ø -hn-[-am-Wv kwL-Sn-

∏n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. anjy≥ ssI

s°m≠ coXn»mkvXsØ kw_-

‘n® Hcp ]kvXm-h-\-tbmsS apJ-

hpc kam-]n-°p-∂p. anjy≥ A`n-]m-

b-am-cm™ As√-¶n¬ A`n-]m-b-am-

cm-bm≥ ian® ]mIn-kvXm-\nse

hrØ-ß-fpsS Hcp ]ń-Ibpw apJ-hp-

cbn-ep-≠v. dnt∏m¿ńs‚ apJy-`mKw

Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv ]mIn-kvXm-\nse

AlvaZn-I-fpsS Ah-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-

®p≈ \ncq-]-W-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. apI-

fn¬ kqNn-∏n® ]Imcw AXn-√msX

_m°n hIp-∏p-Iƒ a\- n-em-°m≥

km[y-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ AXpw Dƒs∏-

Sp-Øn-b-XmWv. k¿°m-cn-t‚tbm

t]meo-knt‚tbm mK-Øp-\n-∂p≈

Ip‰w Nm¿Ø-s∏-SmsX AlvaZn-I-

fpsS ta¬ AIaw sNøm-hp∂ hn[-

Øn¬ AlvaZn-Iƒs°-Xnscbp≈

hnth-N\w Fßs\ FØn-t®¿∂p-

sh∂v Cu hIp∏v \sΩ a\- n-em-

°n-Ø-cp-∂p. AdÃp sNøm≥ ]Ya hnh-c-dn-t∏m¿´pw "ssZh-\n-µm-\n-

ba'ßfpw t]mse AlvaZnøm hncp≤ kwL-S-\-bmb "JØ-ap-∂p-_p-∆Øv'

hln® ]tXyI ]¶pw dnt∏m¿ń¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. d_vhbnse

AlvaZn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ i‡-amb hn]¬km-[y-Xm-L-S-I-ß-sf- w-_-‘n®v

anjy≥ tiJ-cn® sXfn-hp-I-fmWv sk£≥ 3 Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Ch-

bn¬ ssZh-\n-µm-\n-b-a-ßƒ, AlvaZnøm hnizmkw BN-cn-°¬ AYhm

]I-Sn-∏n-°¬, AlvaZn-Iƒ \S-Øp∂ ]t_m-[\w, oj-Wn-Ifpw imco-cn-

Im-I-a-W-hpw, kzØn-t∑-ep≈ Itø-‰w, F∂n-h-b-S-ßp-∂p. Ah-km-\-am-

bn, sk£≥ 4 d_vhbn¬ AlvaZn-Iƒ°v e`y-amb kwc-£Ww hne-bn-cp-

Øp-∂p. aq∂p-hn-[-Øn-ep≈ kwc-£-W-amWv a\- n-em-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kmap-

Zm-bn-I-kw-c-£-Ww, AXm-bXv AlvaZn-Iƒ qcn-]-£-ap≈ ] -W-Øn¬ Pohn-

°p-∂-Xns‚ e-ambn AlvaZn-Iƒ°v e`n°p∂ kwc-£-Ww. d_vh bnse

AlvaZn-Isf kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ \nb-a-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bp-tSbpw t]meo-kn-

t‚bpw ]tbm-K-£-a-X-b-S-ßp∂ c-W-IqSØns‚ kwc-£-Ww; d_vh \nhm-

kn-I-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-XsØ \n¿∆-Nn-°p∂ kmaq-lyhpw kmº-Øn-

I-hp-amb Ah-ÿ-Iƒ. B`y-¥c ]em-b-\-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-

Øp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ, Inńb sXfnhv IrXy-ambpw e`y-am-°p∂ coXn-bn¬

]p\¿e- y-am-°pI F∂ Dt±iyw anjy-\p-≈-Xn-\m¬ Cu dnt∏m¿ń¬ \nK-a-

\-ß-sfm∂pw \S-Øn-bn- n-√. c≠m-aXp ]d™ Imcyw A -bm- y¿∞-\-bn¬

Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p∂h¿ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

IΩo-j≥ ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ coXn-»mkvXwIΩo-j≥ ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ coXn-»mkvXwIΩo-j≥ ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ coXn-»mkvXwIΩo-j≥ ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ coXn-»mkvXwIΩo-j≥ ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ coXn-»mkvXw

anj≥ 2006 HIvtSm-_¿ 8\v ]mIn-kvXm-\n¬ FØp-Ibpw F´p-Zn-hkw

AhnsS Xßp-Ibpw sN bvXp. Cu Znh-k-ßƒ ]e-bn-S-ß-fn-embn sNe-h-

gn-°-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. d_vhbn-tebpw QwKn-tebpw hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®

tIµ-ßƒ Is≠-Øm≥ ss^kem-_m-Zn¬ aq∂p Znhkw bmX sNbvXp.

c≠p Znhkw emtlm-dnepw c≠p Znhkw Ckvemam-_m-Znepw sNe-h-gn-®p.

BZy-Zn-hkw ss^k-em-_m-Zn¬ \n∂pw Ckvemam-_m-Zn-te-°p≈ bmX-

bv°mbn sNe-h-gn®p. an°-hmdpw tbmK-ßƒ anjys‚ ]tXyI \n¿t±-i-

]-Imcw bmXbv°v apºp-Xs∂ G¿∏mSp sNbvX-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. hnh-c-ßƒ

tiJ-cn-®-h-tcmsSm-∏-ap≈ tbmK-ßƒ A¿≤kz`m-h-Ønep≈ IqSn-°m-gvN-

Ifm-bn-cp∂p. anjy≥ bmX sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv Hcp-Iq´w tNmZym-h-en-tbm-Sp-Iq-

Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p. tNmZy-ß-fpsS Xe-hm-N-Ißƒ C]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. AlvaZn-

I-fpsS aX-]-c-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, ]Ya hnhc dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw ssZh-\n-

µ-bpw, d_vhbnse kwc-£-Ww, d_vh°v ]p\¿ÿm-\ \n¿Æ-bw.

d_vhbnse PohnXw F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu tNmZy-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am-

°n-bm-bn-cp∂p I≠p-ap- n-b-h-cp-am-bp≈ dnt∏m¿ v tiJ-cWw. ]Xn-I-c-W-ß-

sf√mw anjy≥ AwK-ß-sf√mw enJn-X-cq-]-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. Cu ]Xn-

I-c-W-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ HIvtSm-_¿ ˛ Unkw-_¿ ImeØv dnt∏m¿´v

Xøm-dm-°n. X¿÷a Bh-iy-ap≈t∏msg√mw sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv bp.-sI.

AlvaZnøm Pam-A-Ønse kenw amen°v Bbn-cp-∂p. t]cv shfn-s∏-Sp-

Øm-sX-Xs∂ ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Ah-kcw hnhcw \¬In-

b-h¿°v sImSp-Øp.

anj≥ AwK-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ^m≥knkv A√≥

(_m-cn-Ã¿ 12 HmƒUv kvIzb¿) ssa°¬ F¬am≥ (tkm-fn-kn-‰¿, sNb¿

Hm^v tkmfn-kn-t‰¿kv C‚¿ \m-j-\¿ lyqa≥ ssd‰vkv Kq∏v, Hmô-k¿

Hm^v Zn C‚¿\m-j-W¬ t_m¿Uv Hm^v Zn C‚¿\m-j-\¬ sÛ-td-j≥

t^m¿ lyqa≥ ssd‰vkv FIDH)

430


tUm. tPm\-X≥ F≥k¿ (ko-

\n-b¿ dnk¿®v Hmô-k¿, CΩn-tK-

j≥ AssUz-kdn k¿∆o-kv)

hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®

Dd-hn-S-ßƒDd-hn-S-ßƒDd-hn-S-ßƒDd-hn-S-ßƒDd-hn-S-ßƒXmsg ]d-bp∂ hy‡n-I-tfbpw

Kq∏p-I-tfbpw anjy≥ C‚¿hyq

sNbvXp. IqSp-X-em-bp≈ hnh-c-ßƒ

kµ¿`m-\p-k-cWw Ah¿ \evIn.

AXv dnt∏m¿ń¬ ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏- n-

´p-≠v. A\p-_‘w Bbn¬ Cu hnh-

c-ß-fpsS tIm∏n- Im-Wmw. hnh-c-

ßƒ \¬Inb hrØ-ß-fn¬ \n∂v

t\cn-´p≈ D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ D≤-c-Wn-

Nn”ß-tfmsS dnt∏m¿ń¬ sImSp-

Øn- p-≠v.

ko\n-b¿ Kh¨sa≥dvko\n-b¿ Kh¨sa≥dvko\n-b¿ Kh¨sa≥dvko\n-b¿ Kh¨sa≥dvko\n-b¿ Kh¨sa≥dv

AssUz-k¿AssUz-k¿AssUz-k¿AssUz-k¿AssUz-k¿

Hcp Xe-ap-Xn¿∂ k¿°m¿ D]-

tZ-iIs\ anj≥ C‚¿hyq sNbvXp.

At±lw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏´ Hcp Ckv

emw aX-Im-cy-hn-Z-Kv≤-\m-Wv. hfsc

kzX-¥ambn kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v

Xs‚ t]cpw ]Z-hnbpw tKm]y-am-°n-

sh-°-W-sa∂v Ct±lw A`y¿∞n-

®p. Cu dnt∏m¿ ns‚ h‡m-°ƒ°v

At±-l-Øns‚ t]cpw ]Z-hnbpw

Adn-bmw.

JXvsa \p_p-∆ØvJXvsa \p_p-∆ØvJXvsa \p_p-∆ØvJXvsa \p_p-∆ØvJXvsa \p_p-∆Øv

(Ckvemam-_mZv LS-Iw)(Ckvemam-_mZv LS-Iw)(Ckvemam-_mZv LS-Iw)(Ckvemam-_mZv LS-Iw)(Ckvemam-_mZv LS-Iw)

JXvsa \p_p-∆Øv Ckvemam-

_mZv LS-I-Øns‚ ]kn-U≠v

A_vZp-d-Du-^n-t\bpw Hmôkv

amt\-P¿ apl-ΩZv Xzøn-_nt\bpw

saº¿am-cmb ap vXn A_vZp-d-io-Zv,

_mcn A_vZp-d-io-Zv, C_mlnw

dioZv F∂n-h-tcbpw anj≥ C‚¿hyq

sNbvXp.

ap√m A√mlvbm¿ A¿im-Zv,ap√m A√mlvbm¿ A¿im-Zv,ap√m A√mlvbm¿ A¿im-Zv,ap√m A√mlvbm¿ A¿im-Zv,ap√m A√mlvbm¿ A¿im-Zv,

d_vhbnse JXvsa \p_p-∆-d_vhbnse JXvsa \p_p-∆-d_vhbnse JXvsa \p_p-∆-d_vhbnse JXvsa \p_p-∆-d_vhbnse JXvsa \p_p-∆-

Øns‚ ]kn-U≠v (ap√mØns‚ ]kn-U≠v (ap√mØns‚ ]kn-U≠v (ap√mØns‚ ]kn-U≠v (ap√mØns‚ ]kn-U≠v (ap√m

A¿im-Zv)A¿im-Zv)A¿im-Zv)A¿im-Zv)A¿im-Zv)

ap√m A¿imZv d_vhbn¬ 30

h¿jw Pohn-®n- p-≠v. JXvsa \p_p-

∆Øv ÿm]n-®Xv apX¬ At±lw AXn¬ AwK-am-Wv. ap√m A¿im-Zns\

anjy≥ C‚¿hyq sNøp-tºmƒ d_v\hmkv Fs∂m-cmƒ AXv XS- -s∏-Sp-

Øp-Ibpw Zo¿L-amb Nne Imcy-ßƒ Xncp-In-°-b-‰p-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn. Abmƒ

Nn\n-tbm-ń\v kao]w ]mIvSokp sNøp∂ Hcp h°oepw JXvsa \p_p-∆-

Øns‚ Nn\n-tbm- nse ]mtZ-inIt^md-Øns‚ ]kn-U-≠p-am-Wv.

]mIn-kvXm-\nse a\p-jym-h-Imi IΩo-j≥]mIn-kvXm-\nse a\p-jym-h-Imi IΩo-j≥]mIn-kvXm-\nse a\p-jym-h-Imi IΩo-j≥]mIn-kvXm-\nse a\p-jym-h-Imi IΩo-j≥]mIn-kvXm-\nse a\p-jym-h-Imi IΩo-j≥

ankv Akvam Plmw-Ko¿ (sN-b¿ t]gvk≥) an. sF.-F. dlvam≥ (tPm-

bn≥dv Ub-d-IvS¿), Imanem lbmØv (tPm. Ub-dIvS¿), an. salv_q-_v

AlvaZv Jm≥ (eo-K¬ Hmô-k¿), Fb¿am¿j¬ (dn-´.) k^¿ Nu±cn

(ap≥ Iu¨kn¬ AwKw) F∂n-hsc anj≥ I≠p. IΩo-js\ Ah¿

kzbw hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv "\nb-a-]-Imcw cPn-Ã¿ sNbvX Hcp kzX¥ k¿°m-

cn-X-ckw-L-S\' F∂m-Wv. AXns‚ apJy Bôkv emtlm-dn-em-Wv. 1987¬

AXv ]h¿Ø-\-am-cw- n-®p. IΩo-js‚ G‰hpw D∂X LSIw F√m AwK-

ß-fp-a-S-ßnb P\-d¬ t_mUn-bm-Wv. Npcp-ßnb ]£w h¿j-Øn-sem-cn-°-

se-¶nepw P\-d¬ t_mUn tbmKw tNcp-∂p. kwL-S-\-bpsS FIvkn-Iyq-

óhv A[n-Imcw \n£n-]vX-amb Iu¨kn¬ aq∂p-h¿j-Øn-sem-cn-°-emWv

Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Iu¨kn-emWv kwL-S-\-bpsS `mc-hm-ln-Isf

Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. sNb¿t]¿k¨, A©n¬ IqSmsX sshkv sNb¿

t]¿k¨kv, Hcp skI- dn P\-d¬, Hcp JPm-©n. k¿°m-cntem cmjvSob

]m¿ń-bntem (tZ-iob Xe-Ønepw s]mhn≥jy¬ Xe-Øn-epw) mc-hm-ln-

bmb Hcmƒ°v IΩo-j-\n¬ `mc-hm-ln-bm-Im≥ ]‰n-√. Npcp-ßnb ]£w

h¿j-Øn¬ c≠p ]mhiyw Iu¨kn¬ tbmKw tNcp-∂p. a\p-jym-h-Imi

[zwk-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ap∂-dn-bn∏p \¬Ip-I, s]mXp-]-Nm-cWw hgnbpw tImS-

Xn-Iƒ aptJ-\bpw Ahbv°v ]cn-lmcw tXSpI F∂n-hbv°p ]pdsa skan-

\m-dp-Ifpw h¿°vjm∏pw, inev]-im-e-Ifpw hkvXp-XIƒ Is≠-Øm-\p≈

anj-\p-Ifpw IΩo-j≥ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.

ss^kpdlvam≥, ]kn-U-≠v, Bw\Ãn C‚¿\m-j-\¬,ss^kpdlvam≥, ]kn-U-≠v, Bw\Ãn C‚¿\m-j-\¬,ss^kpdlvam≥, ]kn-U-≠v, Bw\Ãn C‚¿\m-j-\¬,ss^kpdlvam≥, ]kn-U-≠v, Bw\Ãn C‚¿\m-j-\¬,ss^kpdlvam≥, ]kn-U-≠v, Bw\Ãn C‚¿\m-j-\¬,

]mIn-kvXm≥]mIn-kvXm≥]mIn-kvXm≥]mIn-kvXm≥]mIn-kvXm≥

]m°n-kvXm-\nse aX-]-c-amb ]iv\-ßƒ°v ]n∂n-ep≈ LS-I-ßƒ

\nco-£n-°p-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw Ahbv°v tZio-bhpw A¥¿tZ-io-b-

hp-amb \ne-bn¬ ]cn-lmcw tXSp-Ibpw sNøm-\p≈ e£y-tØmsS cq]o-

I-cn-°-s∏´ "]apJ hy‡n-I-fpsS' Xmc-X-tay\ ]pXnb kwL-S-\-bmb

"bqss\-‰Uv kn‰n-k≥kv t^md' Ønepw Xm≥ AwK-am-sW∂v an. dlvam≥

hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-[zw-k-\-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ Bw\Ãn

C‚¿t\-j-\-en-t\m-sSmØpw aX-]-c-amb Imcy-ßsf tIµo-I-cn-®p≈ bpss\-

‰Uv knd-dn-k¨kv t^md-tØm-sSm∏hpw ]h¿Øn-®-Xns‚ e-am-bmWv

]mIn-kvXm-\n¬ AlvaZn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ah-ÿ-I-sf-°p-d-n®v an. dlvam\v

Adnhpw ]cn-N-bhpw t\Sm≥ Ign-™-Xv. 2006 BK-kvXn¬ Pet-¥m-km-ln-

bn¬ AlvaZn-Iƒ BI-an-°s∏´Xn-s\°p-dn®v c≠v kwL-S-\-I-fpsS t\Xm-

sh∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ t\cn- -dn-hpw, ]mIn-kvXm-\nse Ah-ÿ-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈

]cn-N-bhpw ]›mØe kmln-Xyhpw dnt∏m¿´pw hmbn-®-Xp-aq-ehpw e`n®

Adnhpw F√mw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-b-XmWv Xs‚ ho£-W-sa∂pw an. dlvam≥

hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. (2006¬ Pt¥mkm-ln-bn¬ \S∂ BI-aWw ImcWw apgp-

h≥ AlvaZn-Ifpw AhnsS \n∂v ]em-b\w sNøm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn-cp-

∂p). (Xp-S-cpw)

(The Review of Religions, March 2007)(The Review of Religions, March 2007)(The Review of Religions, March 2007)(The Review of Religions, March 2007)(The Review of Religions, March 2007)(hnh¿Ø-I≥ : sI.-hn. l ≥tIm-b, tImgn-t°m-Sv)(hnh¿Ø-I≥ : sI.-hn. l ≥tIm-b, tImgn-t°m-Sv)(hnh¿Ø-I≥ : sI.-hn. l ≥tIm-b, tImgn-t°m-Sv)(hnh¿Ø-I≥ : sI.-hn. l ≥tIm-b, tImgn-t°m-Sv)(hnh¿Ø-I≥ : sI.-hn. l ≥tIm-b, tImgn-t°m-Sv)

431


-ap-l-ΩZv \_n(-k)sb \ncm-I-cn®v

Jp¿-Bs\ kzoI-cn-°mtam?

sI. A_vZpƒ l°ow, IkphsI. A_vZpƒ l°ow, IkphsI. A_vZpƒ l°ow, IkphsI. A_vZpƒ l°ow, IkphsI. A_vZpƒ l°ow, Ikph

Jp¿-B\pw dkq¬ Xncp-ta\n (k)bpw tbip-hns\ kXy-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒJp¿-B\pw dkq¬ Xncp-ta\n (k)bpw tbip-hns\ kXy-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒJp¿-B\pw dkq¬ Xncp-ta\n (k)bpw tbip-hns\ kXy-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒJp¿-B\pw dkq¬ Xncp-ta\n (k)bpw tbip-hns\ kXy-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒJp¿-B\pw dkq¬ Xncp-ta\n (k)bpw tbip-hns\ kXy-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒdkq¬ Xncp-ta-\n(-k)sb X≈n-s°m≠v Jp¿-B≥ hN-\-ßƒ D≤-cn®v Zp¿hym-Jym\wdkq¬ Xncp-ta-\n(-k)sb X≈n-s°m≠v Jp¿-B≥ hN-\-ßƒ D≤-cn®v Zp¿hym-Jym\wdkq¬ Xncp-ta-\n(-k)sb X≈n-s°m≠v Jp¿-B≥ hN-\-ßƒ D≤-cn®v Zp¿hym-Jym\wdkq¬ Xncp-ta-\n(-k)sb X≈n-s°m≠v Jp¿-B≥ hN-\-ßƒ D≤-cn®v Zp¿hym-Jym\wdkq¬ Xncp-ta-\n(-k)sb X≈n-s°m≠v Jp¿-B≥ hN-\-ßƒ D≤-cn®v Zp¿hym-Jym\w

sNøp∂ InkvXob ]Nm-c-the icn-b-√.sNøp∂ InkvXob ]Nm-c-the icn-b-√.sNøp∂ InkvXob ]Nm-c-the icn-b-√.sNøp∂ InkvXob ]Nm-c-the icn-b-√.sNøp∂ InkvXob ]Nm-c-the icn-b-√.

ssIssIssIssIssIkvXh temIw \nc-¥cw

A\p-h¿Øn-®p-h-cp∂ Hcp Cc- -Øm-

∏mWv apl-ΩZv \_n(-k)sb \ncm-

I-cn®pw Jp¿-Bs\ kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-

≠p-ap≈ ]Nm-c-Ww. InkvXp F∂

]hm-N-I≥ \S-Ønb GI-ssZh

]t_m-[\ ZuXyw apl-ΩZv \_n(-

k)-bmWv km¿∆-eu-In -I-ambn

]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv. InkvXp-hn-

t\bpw amXm-hn-t\bpw kXym-flm-°-

fpw BZ-c-Wo-b-cp-am-sW∂mWv apl-

ΩZv \_nbpw At±-l-Øn\v Ah-X-

cn-∏n-°-s∏´ hnip≤ Jp¿B\pw ]Tn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xv. InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ]n¬°m-

eØv Na-®p-≠m-°nb ssZh-Øn¬

]¶p-tN¿°p∂ XnXz-hm-ZsØ Jp¿-

B≥ \nin-X-ambpw bp‡n-k-l-

ambpw hna¿in-°p∂p. tbip-hns\

w_-‘n® Jp¿-Bs‚ ka-K-ho-£-

W-an-Xm-Wv

tbip-hns\ kXy-]-hm-N-I\pw

alm-\p-ambn temI-Øn\v ]cn-N-b-s∏-

Sp-Ønb dkq¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb \DuZp-

_n-√mlv (A-√m-lp-hn¬ ic-Ww) Hcp

]m]n-bm-bn-´mWv InkvXym-\n-Iƒ

Icp-Xp-∂-Xv. amX-a√, dkq¬ Xncp-

ta\n km£m-XvI-cn® Jp¿-B-\n¬

\n∂pw kµ¿ -Øn¬ \n∂v AS-¿Øn-

sb-SpØv Ah-cpsS Abp-‡n-Ihpw

A¥x- m-c-iq-\y-hp-amb XnXz-kn-

≤m¥-Øn∂v Dt]m¬_-e-I-ambn

D≤-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. CXmWv

Ckveman-s\-Xnsc ]Nm-c-the \S-

Øp∂ InkvXob anj-\-dn-am-cpsS

Cc- -Øm-∏v.

apl-ΩZv \_n(-k) k¿∆-tem-I-

]-hm-N-I-\pw ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B≥

k¿∆-tem-I¿°p-ap≈ \ymb-]-am-W-

hp-am-Ip-∂p. F∂m¬ InkvXob

ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿, Ah-cpsS hnIe

ssZhn-I-k-¶-ev]-ßsf ]n¥p-W-

°m≥ ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-Bs‚ hN-\-

ßƒ Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNøp-∂-Xmbn

I≠p-h-cp-∂p. ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B≥

apl-ΩZv \_n(-k)°v Ah-X-cn-®-Xm-

Wv. apl-ΩZv \_nsb kXy-s∏-Sp-

ØmsX At±lw ]d-™-Xns\

kXy-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw kzoI-cn-°p-

Ibpw sNøp∂Xv Abp-‡n-Ihpw

A\p-Nn-X-hp-am-Wv. apl-ΩZv \_n(-k)

kXy-hm-\m-sW∂p Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p-I-gn-

™m¬ ]ns∂ InkvXp-a-X-Øn\v

\ne-\n¬°p-hm≥ km[n--°p-I-bn-√m-

sb∂Xv Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. ]cn-

ip≤ Jp¿-Bs\ Bh-iy-Øn\v kzo

I-cn-°p-I-bpw, apl-ΩZv \_nsb

X≈n-°-f-bp-Ibpw sNøp∂ kphn-

tij the Aim-kvXo-bhpw Abp-

‡n-I-hp-amWv. tbip-hn∂v Ah-

Xo¿Æ-ambsX∂v InkvXym-\n-Iƒ

]d-bp-∂ ss__n-fns‚ A≤ym-]-\-

ß-fn-eqsS tbip-hn-t‚-bpw, At±-l-

Øns‚ amXm-hn-t‚bpw, ]cn-ip-≤n-tb-

bpw kXy-X-tbbpw sXfn-bn®p

Im´pI F∂-XmWv G‰hpw ]mam-

Wn-I-amb am¿§w. AX-√msX thZ-

]-am-W-ßƒ kµ¿`-Øn¬ \n∂-

S¿Øn Zp¿hym-Jym-\n®v ]n≥_ew

kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xpw DNn-X-a-√. hN-

\sØ kzoI-cn°pIbpw hmNn-Is\

\ncm-I-cn-°pIpw sNøp∂ \ne-]mSv

\ymb-bp-‡-amtWm? hmkvX-h-Øn¬

tbip-InkvXp Ah¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂-

Xp-t]mse ssZh-]p-X\pw XnXz-

Ønse Hcw-i-hp-am-sW∂ hmZw

Xs∂ ss__n-fn¬ \n∂p sXfn-bn-

°m≥ km[y-a-√. tbip-sh∂ Hcp

kXym-flm-hns‚ t]cn¬ At±lw

]d-bm-Ø-Xpw ]Tn-∏n-°m-Ø-Xp-amb

Imcy-ßƒ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-I-bpw hniz-

kn-°p-I-bpw, B am¿§-Øn-te°v a‰p-

≈-hsc°qSn \bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp

∂ InkvXob ]t_m-[-I¿ Ah-

cpsS km¶-ev]n-I-hm-Z-ßƒ°mbn

apl-ΩZv \_n (k)sb X≈n Jp¿-

B≥ D≤-cn-°p-∂Xv hnNn-X-am-Wv.

432


tbip-hns‚ Aam-\p-jn-IX?tbip-hns‚ Aam-\p-jn-IX?tbip-hns‚ Aam-\p-jn-IX?tbip-hns‚ Aam-\p-jn-IX?tbip-hns‚ Aam-\p-jn-IX?

tbip-In-kvXp-hns‚ A¤p-X-P-

\-\hpw Aam-\p-jn-I-Xbpw ss__n-

fn-t‚-bpw ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B-t‚bpw

A≤ym-]-\-ß-fn-eqsS Xmc-Xayw

sNbvXp-sIm-≠v, apkvenwIsf ]

tXy-In®v InkvXp-am¿§-Øn-te°p

£Wn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kphn-

tij hnZzm -∑m¿ tbip -hns‚

bYm¿∞ \ne-b-dn-bp-∂n-√m-sb-∂p-

≈-XmWv hmkvX-hw. tbip ]nXm-

hn-√msX P\n-®p-sh∂p hmZn-°p-

tºmƒ, ]nXm-hn-√msX P\n-°p-∂Xv

Hcp alm-ti-jv-TXbm-bn v thZ-K-Ÿ-

ßƒ ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬

CsXmcp tijvT-X-bm-bn´v ss_

_nƒ Fhn-tSbpw ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂n-

√. ssZhw BZ-ans\ krjvSn-®Xp

amXm-hpw, ]nXm-hp-an-√msXbmbn-cp-

∂p. CXn¬ bmsXmcp ta∑bpw \mw

ImWp-∂n-√. thZ-KŸw \¬In-b-Xp-

an-√. kv\m]-I-tbm-l-∂ms‚ P\\w

Hcp IW-°n¬ A¤p-X-P-\-\-am-bn-cp-

∂p. ImcWw k°-cym-bpw mcybpw

hm¿≤-Iy-Øns‚ ]c-a-ko-a-bn¬

Bbn-cp-∂p. Ah¿°pw ssZhw Xs‚

Iev]-\-bm¬ Hcp ]pXs\ \¬In.

Ahs‚ \maw t]mepw ssZhw

t\csØ ]d-™p. tbip-hns‚ P\-

\-Ønepw CXp-X-s∂-bmWv kw -hn-

®Xv! CX-√msX ssZhw ]pX-∑msc

P\n-∏n-°p-hm-\m-bn´v Hcp kvXosb

hnhmlw Ign-®p-sh∂p InkvXp-a-X-

temIw hniz-kn-°p-s∂¶n¬, [m¿Ωn-

I-am-bn v ssIkvX-h-temIw FhnsS

\n¬°p-∂p-sh∂p Nn¥n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-

°p∂p. AX√m ]nXm-hn-√msX P\n-

°p-∂Xp kaq-l-Øn¬ tijvT-X-bm-

sW-¶n¬ AXpw InkvXo-b-tem-I-

Øn\v amX-am-bn- p≈ t\´hpw am\y-

X-bp-amWv! hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ tbip-

hns‚ P\-\sØ °pdn®v ]kvXm-

hn-°p-∂Xv ""BZ-an-t\mSv D]-an-®n-

´mWv''. amX-a-√, F√mw "Ip≥' (D-

≠m-hp-I) F∂ ]tbm-K-Øn¬s∏Sp-

∂p. ssZh-Øns‚ Hcp hcn-jvS-Zm-

k≥ ]hm-N-I≥ F∂-Xn-ep-]cn Hcp

bYm¿∞ apkvenan\v a‰p hne-bn-cp-

Ø-ep-Itfm hnizm-ktam C√ Xs∂!

tbip-hns\ ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B≥

""Jpem-ap≥ k°nøm'' F∂p hnfn-®n-

´p-s≠∂pw (\n-jvI-f-¶-\mb Ip

™p) InkvXob kphn-ti-j-I¿

ka¿∞n-°m-dp-≠v. Aßs\ temI

Øv tbip-hns\ ]cn-ip≤≥ F∂p

\ma-I-cWw sNbvXn-´p-≈Xp ]cn-

ip≤ Jp¿-B≥ amX-amWv. AX-

√msX ss__n-fn¬ \n∂pw tbip

]cn-ip-≤-\m-W∂ Hcp hN-\hpw In

kvXp-a-X-tem-I-Øn\v D≤-cn-°m≥

km≤y-a√. CXp ]d-bp-∂Xv apl-ΩZv

\_n(-k)bn-eqsSbm sW∂ Imcyw

InkvXob ktlm-Z-c¿ ]tXyIw

Hm¿t°-≠-Xp-≠v. as‰m∂v temIØv

Ah-X-cn-®n-´p≈ F√m ]hm-N-I-

∑mcpw ]m]-c-ln-X¿ Xs∂-bm-sW-

∂mWv Jp¿B≥ ]Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xv.

Bcnepw Hcp-hn[ hyXym-khpw a\p-

jy≥ Iev]n-°m≥ ]mSn-√m-sb∂pw

B ]hn-XKŸw D¬t_m-[n-∏n-°p-

∂p.- ss_-_n-fn¬ ]m]-c-ln-X≥

F∂p ]d-bm-hp∂ H‰ hy‡n, tbip-

hns\ am\-km-¥c ]m]-]-cn-lmc

kv\m\w Ign-∏n® ""kv\m]-I-tbm-l-

∂m≥'' amX-ta-bp≈q! ""kvXobn¬

\n∂pw P\n-®-h-cn¬ tbml-∂m-s\-

°mƒ hen-b-h≥ Bcpw Xs∂

D≠m-bn-ń√m''sb∂ thZ-hmIyw

ChnsS ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip∂p!!

tbip-hns‚tbip-hns‚tbip-hns‚tbip-hns‚tbip-hns‚A¤p-X-]-hrØn-Iƒ?A¤p-X-]-hrØn-Iƒ?A¤p-X-]-hrØn-Iƒ?A¤p-X-]-hrØn-Iƒ?A¤p-X-]-hrØn-Iƒ?

tbip-hns‚ A¤p-X-]hrØn-

I-sf-°p-dn®v hmtXm-cmsX kphn-ti-

j -tLm-jWw \S-Øp∂ ktlm-Z-

c-∑m-tcm-Sv, tbip ]d™ Hcp hm°v,

""F∂n¬ ISpIfhv hnizm-k-ap≈ Hcp

hy‡n°v Rm≥ sNbvX-Xp-t]mse

sNøp-hm\pw ae-tbmSv amdn-t∏mIq

F∂p ]d-™m¬ sNøp-sa∂v hN-

\-]-Imcw amdn-t∏m-IpIbpw sNøp-

sa∂p'' hN-\-]-Im-cw, tbip-hns‚

hN-\sØ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°mtam?

GsX-¶n-ep-samcp InkvXym-\n

°v tbip ]d™Xp ]q¿Øo-I-cn®p

ImWn-°m-sa-¶n¬ B \nanjw

\nßƒ ]d-bp∂ F¥pw AwKo-I-cn-

°m≥ Xøm-dmWv. AX-√m-sb-¶n¬

tbip-hn¬ \nßƒ°v "ISpI-fhv'

hnizmkw C√m-sb∂pw kΩ-Xn-

t°≠n hcpw. tbip-InkvXp Hcp-

]mSv A¤p-X-ßƒ ImgvN-sh-®p-

sh∂p \nßƒ sImń-tLm-jn-°p-

tºmgpw tbip-hns‚ Pohn-X-Im-

eØp 12 in£y-∑m-c-√msX 13-˛m-a-

sXmcp hy‡nsb Nq≠n-°m-Wn-

°m≥ Ign-bptam? tbip-hns‚ t]

cn¬ C∂p temIØv \S-°p∂ kphn-

ti-j(?) ]kw-K-ß-fnepw a‰pw tcmK-

im¥n ipiq-jbpw \S-°p-∂p-≠-

t√m. AhnsS Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw Hcp

tcmKns°¶nepw kpJw \¬In-b-Xm-

bn´v sXfn-bn-°mtam? _ly-amb

tcmK-im¥n ipiq-j-b√m tbip ]d-

™-Xp. adn®v ""Bflob tcmK-im-¥n-

°p≈'' ipiq-j-bmWv F∂p Aev]-

sa-¶nepw Nn¥n-®m¬ a\- n-em-°m-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ss__n-fnepw Jp¿-B-

\nepw Hcp-]mSv A¤p-X-ßƒ ]h¿

Øn-®-Xm-bn´v ]d-bp-∂n-t√-sb∂

kwibw hmb-\-°m¿°v D≠m-tb-

°mw. ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ]kvXm-

hn -°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ apgph\pw

Bflo-b-amb am¿§-Øn-te-°p≈Xm-

Wv. AXn¬ Be-¶m-cnIm¿∞hpw

_mlym¿∞-hp-sams° Dƒs°m-≈p-

∂p. ss__nfpw AXp-X-s∂-bmWv

]d-bp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ A‘-amb

hnizm-k-Øns‚ Nph-Sp -]n -Sn -®p -

sIm≠v tbip-hns‚ hN-\-ßƒ°v

_mlym¿∞w sImSp-Øp-sIm≠p

kphn-ti-j-I¿ kzbw A]-am-\n-X-cm-

hp-I-bmWv! tbip-hns‚ bYm¿∞

A≤ym-]-\-ßƒ C\nbpw C°q-´¿

Xncn-®-dn-™n-ń√. A¤p-X-ß-fpsS

IW-°n-emWv tbip-hns‚ amlm-

flyhpw kXy-Xbpw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-

sX-¶n¬, B[p-\nI InkvXp-a-X-

Øn\v sX‰n. Aßs\ t\m°p-

tºmƒ, tbip-hn\v ap≥t] alm-¤p-

X-ßƒ ImWn-®n-´p≈ ]ecpw thZ-

K-Ÿ-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcpw.

""a¬In-Z-tamkv ssZh-hpw ssZh-]p-

X-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p thZ-KŸw

]d-bp-∂p. IqSmsX ""Geoim'' ]hm-

N-I≥ tbip sNbvX-Xn-t\-°mfpw

A¤p-X-ßƒ sNbvXn-´p-f-f-Xm-bn-´v

433


c≠mw cmPm-°-∑m¿ 4˛mw A≤ymbw

apX¬ ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. Ipcp-S\v

ImgvN sImSp-Øp. ImgvN FSp-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. acn® Ipńsb Pohn-

∏n-®p. FÆ h¿≤n-∏n®p A∏w h¿≤n-

∏n-®p. IpjvTw FSp-°p-Ibpw, sImSp-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. a¬In-Z-tam-kn\v

BZnbpw A¥-hp-an-√m-sb∂pw IqSn

]d-bp-∂p. Cß-s\sb√mw t\m°p-

tºmƒ tbip-hn-s\-°mƒ F¥p-

sIm≠pw tijvT-X-bp-≈-h¿ ss_

_n-fns‚ mjy-Øn¬ At\-I¿ D≈-

Xm-bn´v hcp-∂p. ss__n-fns‚

A≤ym-]-\-ß-fn-eqsS tbip-hns‚

tijvT-X-sb-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ hy‡-

amIp-∂Xp tbip-hns‚ kXy-X-

bvs°-Xn-cmbn´p≈ Imcy-ß-fm-Wv.

Hcp km[m-cW a\p-jy-\n¬ t]mepw

D≠m-ImØ Imcy-ßƒ thZ-KŸw

tbip-hns‚ ta¬ Btcm-]n-°p-∂p-

≠v. CXn-s\-sb√mw C√m-Xm°n

tbip-hn-t‚bpw amXm-hn-t‚bpw ]cn-

ip-≤n-tbbpw kXy-X-tb-bpw, temI-

Øns‚ ap∂n¬ sXfn-bn-®p-Im-´p∂

Hscm‰ KŸ-ap-s≠-¶n¬ AXp apl-

ΩZv \_n(-k)-bneqsS ssZhw Ah-

X-cn-∏n® ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B≥ amX-

am-Wv. Jp¿-B-\n-eq-sS-b-√msX tbip-

hn-t‚-bpw amXm-hn-t‚-bpw, kXy-X-

tb-bpw, ]cn-ip-≤n-tbbpw, at‰-sX-

¶nepw tcJ-I-fn-eqsS sXfn-bn-°m-sa-

¶n¬ apt∂m´p htc-≠-XmWv?

]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-Bs‚]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-Bs‚]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-Bs‚]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-Bs‚]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-Bs‚Bh-iy-IXBh-iy-IXBh-iy-IXBh-iy-IXBh-iy-IX

]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-Bs‚ Ah-X-

cWw apgp-tem-I-Øn-s‚bpw ]iv\-

]-cn-lm-c-Øn\pw a\p-jys‚ Bflo-

b-amb D∂-a-\-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈

Hcp _rl-Ømb ]≤-Xn-bpsS hN-

\-tc-J-bm-Wv. B ]hn-X-KŸw Ah-

X-cn-®Xp k¿∆-tem-I-]-hm-N-I-\pw

Hcp ]cn-]q¿Æ a\p-jy-\p-amb apl-

ΩZv \_n(-k)-°m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-h-

sc-bp≈ F√m \ymb-]-am-W-ß-

fptSbpw ]hm-N-I-∑m-cp -tSbpw

BsI Npcp°w ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B-

\n¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. amX-a√,

ap≥I-gn™ thZ-K-Ÿ-ß-tfbpw

]hm-N-I-∑m-tcbpw Jp¿-B≥ kXy-

s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. ˛ AhbpsS bmYm¿

∞y-ß-fn¬ hniz-kn-°m≥ DZvt_m-

[\w sNøp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-Bs‚ Blzm\w

Xs∂ ""CXp k¿∆-⁄-\mb ssZh-

Øn¬ \n∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. Pohn-X-Øn¬

kq£vaX ]men-°p-∂-h¿°v Cu

KŸw am¿§-Z¿i-\-hp-amWv'' F∂m-

Ip-∂p. CXn¬ PmXn-a-X-hy-Xym-k-an-

√. tKmXo-btam tZio-btam Bb

]cn-K-W\bn√. Pohn-X-Øn¬ ssZ

hsØ kq£n®p Pohn-°p-∂-h¿

°mWv Cu ]hnX KŸw hgn Im´p-

∂-Xv. apºv IS∂p-I-gn-™-Xns‚ hnh-

c-W-ßƒs°m∏w a\p-jy\v ssZh-hp-

am-bn´v ASp-°p-hm-\p≈ bYm¿∞

ssZhnI-am¿§w ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿B≥

\n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. kaq-l-Øns‚

Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb D∂-Xn°v th

≠p∂ D]-tZ-i-\n¿t±-i-ßfpw Is≠-

Ømw. a\p-jys‚ [m¿Ωn-Ihpw

A[m¿Ωn-I-hp-amb ]iv\-ßƒ

Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂pw khn-kvXcw

]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. aXm-≤ym-]-\-ßsf

a\p-jy-_p-≤n°pw bp‡n°pw hnt[-

b-am°n ]am-W-ß-fpsS ]n≥_ew

tXSp-hm\pw D]-tZ-in-®n-´p-≠v. Hcp

hnizm-kn-bpsS Bbp[w _p≤n

sNdp-∏-Im-esØsNdp-∏-Im-esØsNdp-∏-Im-esØsNdp-∏-Im-esØsNdp-∏-Im-esØ⁄mt\m-]m-k\⁄mt\m-]m-k\⁄mt\m-]m-k\⁄mt\m-]m-k\⁄mt\m-]m-k\


Fs‚ sNdp∏w\mƒap-X¬t° Zo\nhnj-b-ß-fn¬

Rm≥ Kth-j-W-Øn-te¿s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. kmº-Zm-bn-

Itam _ln¿`m-K-ÿtam Bb \nco-£-W-ß-tfmSv Rms\m-

cn-°pew cmPn-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. A⁄m-\-Øn-t‚bpw Ak-Xy-

Øn-t‚bpw XS-h-d-bn¬ Ign-bp∂ _p≤n-iq-\y-cmb a\p-jy-

cpsS km[m-cW hg°w t]mse Rms\m-cn°pw D]-cn-π-h-

amb Bi-b-ß-fn¬ kwXr-]vX-\m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Imcy-ß-fpsS

B¥-cm¿∞-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ ]Tn-°m≥ BK-l-an-√mØ k¶p-

NnX a\-kvI-cmb Bfp-Isft∏mse Rms\m-cn-°epw ASn-

ÿm-\-c-ln-X-amb Bi-b-ß-fn¬ ISn-®p-Xqßn \n∂nń√.

Xpf-®p-I-b-dp∂ Kth-jW _p≤n-tbmtS-bpw, AKm-[-amb

A¥¿Zr-jvSn-tbm-tS-bp-a-√msX Rms\m-∂n\p t\scbpw

kao-]n-°p-Itbm hyh-ÿm-]nXamb Hcp hnizm-kw Rm≥

]t_m-[n-°pItbm sNbvXn-ń-√. G‰hpw \√ Kpcp-\mY-

\mb ssZh-a-√msX Fs∂ bmsXm-cmfpw ]Tn-∏n-®n-ń-√. \nc-

h[n kXy-ß-fpsS \nKq-V-X-Iƒ Ah-s\-\n°p shfn-s∏-

Sp-Øn-Ø∂p. Znhy⁄m-\-Øns‚ A\p-K-l-h¿jhpw AKm-

[-amb A≤ym-fln-I-⁄m-\-ßfpw Ah≥ F∂n¬ sNm

cn™p X∂p. (an-\-\p-dlvam≥)(an-\-\p-dlvam≥)(an-\-\p-dlvam≥)(an-\-\p-dlvam≥)(an-\-\p-dlvam≥)

(tijw 33-˛¬)(tijw 33-˛¬)(tijw 33-˛¬)(tijw 33-˛¬)(tijw 33-˛¬)

434


⁄m\m-ar -X-Øn\v ap∂n¬⁄m\m-ar -X-Øn\v ap∂n¬⁄m\m-ar -X-Øn\v ap∂n¬⁄m\m-ar -X-Øn\v ap∂n¬⁄m\m-ar -X-Øn\v ap∂n¬

ssI°p-ºn-fp-ambnssI°p-ºn-fp-ambnssI°p-ºn-fp-ambnssI°p-ºn-fp-ambnssI°p-ºn-fp-ambn

s]m^. _n. alvaqZv AlvaZvs]m^. _n. alvaqZv AlvaZvs]m^. _n. alvaqZv AlvaZvs]m^. _n. alvaqZv AlvaZvs]m^. _n. alvaqZv AlvaZv

auenI ]Xn- -bpsS Xmc-kzcw Xpfp-ºp∂ Ihnbpw

IYm-Im-c-\p-amWv P\m_v Fkv.-hn. ssk\p-±o≥ kmln-

_v. Fgp-]-Ø©p h¿j-ßƒ°-∏p-dØv ]g-b-ßm-Sn-bn¬

P\n®v ka¿∞-ambn ]Tn®v _ncpZw t\Sn ]n∂oSv

HutZym-KnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]i-kvXn-bpsS Kncn-irw-K-

ßƒ Xm≠nb ssk\p-±o≥ kmln_v kpIrXw

sIms≠∂v ]d-bs´ \ΩpsS kmln-Xy-ta-J-e-bnepw Hc-

]q¿∆-ssh- -h-am-bn-Øo-cp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Xm≥ P\n® ]tZ-

ihpw ]cn-k-chpw A\p- -h-k-Xy-ß-fm°n lrZ-b-Ønse

GsXm-s°tbm Icn-ºm-d-s°-´p-Isf a™p-Xp-≈n-I-

fm°n Dcp-°n-°-f™v X\n°p Npddpw Pohn-°m≥

thjw sI´n-b-h-cpsS Pohn-X-Zr-iy-ßƒ IY-I-fn-eqsS

\ap°v \¬Inb "ssk¥-h≥' F∂ IYm-Im-c≥ Fs‚

Hm¿Ω-bn¬ \nd-™p-\n-ev°p-∂p. hm°p-Iƒ Cebpw

]qhpw Imbpw Nne-t∏mƒ ap≈p-I-fp-ambn hm¿∂p hogp-

∂Xpw Ic-bp-Ibpw Nncn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ a\p-jys‚

`mh-hn-lz-e-X-Iƒ \nd-°q-´p-I-fn¬ tcJm-Nn-X-ß-fmbn

cq]w ]m]n-°p∂Xpw "ssk¥-hs‚' IY-I-fn¬ IuXp-

I-tØmsS I≠p-\n-∂n-´p-≠v. IYm-Im-c-\mb Cu a\p-

jy≥ k¿§m-fl-I-X-bpsS At⁄b aplq¿Ø-Øn¬

Ihn-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv Fs∂ hnkva-b-s∏-Sp-Ønb kXy-

am-Wv.

ae-bmfw FXtbm Gsd Adn-bp-Ibpw BZ-cn-°p-

Ibpw sNtø≠ Hcp Ihn-]-Xn- -bmWv Fkv.-hn. ssk\p-

±o≥ kmln-_v. ]ucm-Wn-I-amb Hcp k©nX kwkvIm-

c-Øn¬ thcp-I-fmgvØn B[p-\n-I-amb Hcp Imhy-kw-

kvIr-Xn-bpsS hnlm-b- n-te-°p-b-cm≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign-

™n-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ aX-km-ln-Xy-cw-KØv a\- ns\

sXm´p-W¿Øp∂ KoX-ßƒ hfsc A]q¿∆-amtb ]Xy-

£-s∏-Sm-dp-≈q. ]tXy-In®pw CkvemanI XXz-Nn-¥-bp-

tSbpw Pohn-X-kn-≤n-bp-tSbpw Aar-X-]-hmlw ae-bm-f-

Øns‚ Imhy-kn-c-Iƒ°v DW¿t∆-Inb kµ¿ -ßƒ hnc-

f-am-Wv. Cu t]mcm-bva-sb-bmWv P\m_v Fkv.-hn.

ssk\p-±o≥ kmln-_v Xs‚ ]Zy-ßƒ sIm≠v \nI-

Øn-b-Xv. euIn-Ihpw Aeu-In-I-hp-amb B A\p- qXn

hnti-j-ßƒ Hcp ]cn-anX hrØ-Øn¬ amXta ]Xy-

£-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bp≈q F∂Xv t\cm-Wv. Cu ]Zy-ß-

fn¬ A[n-Ihpw A®-Sn-®p-h-∂Xv tIc-f-Ønse Alv

aZnøm ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ apJ-]-X-amb "kXy-Zq -

X\n'emWv.

""Ihn-Xbv°v \n¿∆-N\w ]d-bmsX ]‰n-s√∂v

h∂m¬ I¿Ω-ß-fm-bn-Øo-cp∂ hN-\-ßƒ F∂v ]d-bm≥

Xøm-dm-tb-°p-sa∂v'' tdm_¿´v t^mÃv ]d-™Xv Hcn-

°¬ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿ Nq≠n-°m-´p-I-bp-≠m-

bn. ssk\p-±o≥ kmln-_ns‚ ]Zy-ßfpw "I¿Ω-ß-fm-

bn-Øo-cp∂ hN-\-ßfm'sW∂v ImWmw. Cu ]Zy-ß-

fpsS ]tXy-I-X-I-sf-¥mWv? F\n°v H∂m-a-Xmbn

tXm∂n-bXv \nXy\pw \ncm-a-b-\p-amb A√m-lp-hn-s\-°p-

dn-t®m¿°p-tºmƒ Ihn-\p-W-™n-d-°p∂ Znhy-c-km-\p-

`qXn bYm¿∞ `‡-∑msc kmµm-\-µmh t_m[-Øn-

se-Øn-°p-sa-∂m-Wv.

"Ah-\o-im, \ns‚ If-kz-cq]w

Ch-t\-Xn-S-sØ√mw tXSn-bn√'

F∂p XpS-ßp∂ "At\z-jWw' F∂ Ihn-X-bnse

hcn-Iƒ AXy-¥-Zo-]vX-amb Hcp mhm-¶p-c-Øns‚ D∑o-

A¥-cn® Ihn Fkv.-hn. ssk\p-±o≥ kmln-_ns‚ "⁄m\m-arXw'A¥-cn® Ihn Fkv.-hn. ssk\p-±o≥ kmln-_ns‚ "⁄m\m-arXw'A¥-cn® Ihn Fkv.-hn. ssk\p-±o≥ kmln-_ns‚ "⁄m\m-arXw'A¥-cn® Ihn Fkv.-hn. ssk\p-±o≥ kmln-_ns‚ "⁄m\m-arXw'A¥-cn® Ihn Fkv.-hn. ssk\p-±o≥ kmln-_ns‚ "⁄m\m-arXw'

F∂ Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ \ns∂-SpØ CuF∂ Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ \ns∂-SpØ CuF∂ Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ \ns∂-SpØ CuF∂ Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ \ns∂-SpØ CuF∂ Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ \ns∂-SpØ Cu

teJ\w kvac-Wm-RvP-en-bmbn ChnsS ]p\x-]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂pteJ\w kvac-Wm-RvP-en-bmbn ChnsS ]p\x-]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂pteJ\w kvac-Wm-RvP-en-bmbn ChnsS ]p\x-]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂pteJ\w kvac-Wm-RvP-en-bmbn ChnsS ]p\x-]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂pteJ\w kvac-Wm-RvP-en-bmbn ChnsS ]p\x-]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂p

435


e-\-amWv Bkzm-ZI a\- n¬ DW¿Øp-I. c≠m-a-Xmbn

Ihn-a-\- n¬ \n∂pw hm¿∂p hogp∂ hcn-Iƒ Ckv

emanI kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ CuSp-sh-∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw FSp-

Øn- p-≈-h-bm-Wv.

"HmXp-hn-t\m-Xp-hn≥ tkmZ-ctc Zn\w

amZ-I-tam-l\ thZ-hmIyw'

F∂m-cw-`n-°p∂ "ac-µ-]-hmlw' temI-Øn-\m-I-

am\w k∑m¿§-Z¿i\w \¬Ip∂ imizX kXy-km-c-

ambn hnip≤ Jp¿-Bs\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ kXym-

t\z-j-W-Øn¬ \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]mX Cu hnip≤

KŸ-Øn-s‚-Xp-X-s∂-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. ChnsS Ihn-bpsS

Btem-N-\m-ar-X-amb A\-¥m-Imiw lrZ-bm-Imiw

Xs∂-bmWv. hnip≤ Jp¿-B-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-cWw

kwKo-Xmfl-I-Xz-Øns‚ am[p-cy-apƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-bn-

Øo-cp-∂p.

"lm lm! a[pcw at\m⁄w at\m-lcw

taml\w awKfw am\-\obw

kwKoX kmlnXy km¶cy kw⁄m-X

kuµcy kmbqPy kmcm-arXw'

F∂o hcn-Iƒ Bflm-hns‚ ]oen-th-evap-\-sIm-≠p-

am-Xta Fgp-Xn-Øo¿°m-\m-hq.

aq∂m-a-Xmbn \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n(-k)-tbm-Sp≈ Bflm¿

∞-amb kvt\lw Ihn-X-bpsS Nme-I-i-‡n-bm-bn-Øo-

cp-∂p. Ckv emw aX-]-hm-N-I-t\m-Sp≈ hnImc]c-amb

ASp∏w kXysØ Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈ i‡n ]I-cp-Ibpw

Xs‚ Ime-Øns‚ [qkc ]Xn-k-‘n-Isf AXn-Po-hn-

°m-\p≈ C‘\w \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

temssI-Im-\p-K-lta

im¥n-X≥ Iµ-fta!

kvt\l-Øn≥ \n¿Q-cta

kwXr-]vXn-tI-Zm-cta!

Imcp-Wy-km-K-cta

ImXp-Iƒ°m-\-µta

I¨I-fn-e-RvP-\ta

tImƒa-bn¿°-©p-Ita

F∂n-ßs\ \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n(-k)sb hnh-cn-°p-

tºmƒ I\-hns‚, im¥n-bpsS kvt\l-Øn-s‚, shfn-

®-Øn-s‚, [¿Ω-Øn-s‚, a\p-jy-XzØns‚ Hcp hnI-kz-

c-temIw Bkzm-ZI a\- nepw ÿm\w ]nSn-°pw.

"Xßƒ \S∂ hoYn

Xßƒ \S-∂-\new

Xß-fn-cp∂ ÿew

Xßƒ hkn® Krlw

Xßƒ IpSn® Pew

Xßƒ `Pn® Kpl

F√msa ]pWy-Xo¿∞w

F√msa ]pWy-tIµw'

F∂v Icp-Xp∂ Hcp a\ v Bfl-k-a¿∏-W-Øns‚

]c-a-ho-Nn-bn-em-sW-∂-Xn\v Hcp kwi-b-hp-an-√.

\mem-a-Xmbn kvt\lw P]n®v PohnXw a[p-c-am-

°m≥ hXw [cn® Hcp Ihn-bpsS ]c-kv]c kmtlm-Z-

cy-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Pohn-X-ho-£Ww Cu kam-lm-c-

Øn\v ]c-`m-K-tim` \¬Ip-∂p. Ckvemw aX-Øns‚

aqey-ßƒ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w a‰p-a-X-ß-fpsS

KpW-ßƒ hmgvØm\pw ChnsS km[n-°p-∂p. Akm-

[m-c-W-amb Cu am\-knI Hu∂Xyw \ap-s°mcp kz]v\

km£m¬°mc-am-Wv. aX-I-e-l-Øn-t‚bpw PmXn-kv]¿≤-

bp-tSbpw kwK-c- q-an-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠v.

""lnµp-°ƒ apkvenwIƒ InkvXp-a-X-ÿcpw

_‘p-°ƒ, H‰-°p-Spw-_-Pm-X¿

kn°p-Iƒ ]m¿kn-Iƒ PqXcpw ssP\cpw

A°p-Spw-_mw-K-ßƒ Xs∂ \q\w''

F∂v ]mSm≥ (ssa-Xn) Ign-bp-∂Xv hniz-am-\-hn-I-

X-bpsS Bflob Dt∑-jsØ kz¥w tNX-\-bn¬

]pW¿∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. "]hm-N-I-∑m¿ ]Xy-£-∏-SmØ

Hcp kap-Zm-b-hp-an√' F∂ hnip≤ Jp¿-Bs‚ ktµ-

isØ kz¥w tNmc-bpsS Dƒ∏p-f-I-am-°nb Hcp a\p-

jy-kvt\-ln-bpsS hnIm-c-amWv "ssaXn' F∂ ]Zyw.

A©m-a-Xmbn a\p-jy-_-‘-ß-fpsS ]cn-an-Xn-bn¬

amXw HXp-ßmØ Ncm-N-c-]-]-©sØ apgp-h≥ Dƒs°m-

≈p∂ Hcp [¿Ω-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS DW¿Øp-]m- mWv ChnsS

Db¿∂-Xv. ]qhp-Ifpw Infn-Ifpw at\m-lc kp]- m-Xhpw

at\m⁄ kpK-‘-hm-X-hp-sams° HØp-tN-cp∂ Cu

]]© hnim-e-X-bn¬ ]hm-NI IpSpw-_-Øns‚ NcpX

IYIqSn HØp-h-cp-∂p. A\-¥-amb Imcp-Wy-Øns‚

]hmlw t]mse ]hm-NI irwJe tIm¿Øn-W-°-s∏-

´-t∏mƒ, hnkva-b-`-cn-X-amb Ah-cpsS kXy-]-co-£W

NnXw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏´t∏mƒ Ihn-X euIo-Im-\-µ-

Øn¬ \n∂pw Bflm-\p-`q-Xn-bn-te°v \ndw amdp-∂p.

ssZh-Øns‚ kwKoXw ]]-©-Øns‚ Hmtcm XpSn-

∏nepw ]c-a- -‡¿ Pohn-X-kv]-µ-ambn G‰p-hm-ßp-∂p.

Cu kam-lm-c-Øn\v ⁄m\m-arXw F∂mWv t]cv

\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu t]cn-ep≈ IhnX \_n Xncp-

ta-\n-bpsS ]pWy-N-cnXw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wv. hnZy-bpsS

BZym-£-c-ßƒ Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sn¬ \n∂pw hmbn-®p-

Xo¿Ø Xncp-\-_n-bpsS arZp-kv]¿iw BcpsS Dƒ°-

Æn-\mWv Ipfn-cm-bn-Øo-cm-ØXv? im¥n-Zu-Xy-hp-am-bn-

h∂ B am\-h-kvt\-ln-bpsS lrZ-b-hn-im-e-X°v apºn¬

BcpsS lrZ-b-∏q-hmWv hnS-cm-ØXv? \h-bp-K-a-\p-jys‚

Ccp≠ P∑-tK-l-ßƒ°p ap∂n¬ ssZhn-I-amb Adn-

hns‚ AYhm ]c-a-amb tam£-Øns‚ Xmfp-Iƒ Xpd-

∂p-]n-Sn-°p∂ \_n-bpsS ktµ-i-ß-fmWv A£-cm¿∞-

Øn¬ "⁄m\m-arXw'.

436


ssaXnFkv.-hn. ssk\p-±o≥Fkv.-hn. ssk\p-±o≥Fkv.-hn. ssk\p-±o≥Fkv.-hn. ssk\p-±o≥Fkv.-hn. ssk\p-±o≥

lnlnlnlnlnµp-°ƒ apkvenwIƒ InkvXp-a-X-ÿcpw

_‘p-°ƒ, H‰-°p-Spw_ PmX¿

kn°p-Iƒ ]m¿kn-Iƒ PqXcpw ssP\cpw

A°p-Spw-_mw-K-ßƒ Xs∂ \q\w

temI-ßƒ krjvSn®p ]men-°p-ao-iz-c≥

GI-s\-t∂m-Xp∂p thZ-sa√mw

\m\m-a-X-ÿcmw am\-h-scm-s°bpw

\q\-am-k-jvSm-hn≥ k¥-Xn-Iƒ

DjvWhpw ssiXyhpw N¿Ω-Øn≥ta-ep≈

h¿Æ-Øn¬ am‰w hcp-Øn-bm-epw,

\mUn-bn-tem-Sp∂ c‡-sam-tc-h¿Æw

]mSn√ hyXymkw \Ωƒ XΩn¬

\ma-ßƒ \¬Ip∂p amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿

\msa¥p sX‰-Xn¬ sNbvXp-t]mepw

kXyw Kln-°p-hm≥ _p≤n \ap-°p≠v

\nXyw hg-°n-Sm-s\¥p _‘w

bp‡n-hn-izm-khpw BZ¿i-t_m-[hpw

hy‡n-Iƒ XßsS kz¥w Imcyw

\∑-bn¬ kvt\l-Øn¬ kuay-kz- m-h-Øn¬

ta∑-Iƒ tXSWw t\SWw \mw

kjvSm-hn≥ k¬KpW tiWn-X≥ Io¿Ø\w

krjvSn-Iƒ \nXy-ap-b¿Øo-tSWw

ioIr-jvW≥ iocm-a≥ io_p-≤≥ iotbip

ioh¿≤-am-\≥ skmcm-k-‰¿ tZh≥

t\mlbpw tamibpw ZmhoZpw tkmf-a≥

tbml-∂m≥ kv\m]-I≥ I¨^yq-jkpw

apØp-ap-l-ΩZp apkvX^m Xßfpw

hmKvZØ ZqX≥ ako-lp-Xm\pw

]mh-\-]m-T-ßƒ am\h¿t°-Ip-hm≥

ssZhw \ntbm-Kn® ]pWy-]m-Z¿

BZ-c-®o-Sp-hn≥ Xpey-ambv sX√pta

t`Zw \n\-bv°mbvhn≥ ZqX¿ XΩn¬

lnµp-°ƒ apkvenwIƒ InkvXp-a-X-ÿcpw

_‘p-°ƒ H‰-°p-Spw_ PmX¿

AYhm bp‡n-bm-sW∂p ]hm-N-I-

]-`p-hmb apl-ΩZv \_n (k)bpw

\n¿t±-in-®n- p-≠v. Jp¿-B≥ \tΩmSv

B⁄m-]n-°p-∂Xv ""\nßƒ kXy-

amWv ]d-bp-∂-sX-¶n¬ \nß-fpsS

]°-ep≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ apt∂m´v

sh°p-I-sb-∂mWv''. a\p-jys‚

Bflo-b-hpw, [m¿Ωn-I-hpw, kmaq-ly-

hp-amb Bflm-hv, ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-

hnXw, ]c-tem-Iw, F∂o hnj-b-ß-

fpsS Xr]vXn-I-c-amb hnh-c-Whpw

]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-Bs‚ khn-ti-j-X-bm-

Wv. a\p-jy-t‚bpw a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øn-

t‚-bpw-B-flo-bhpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-

amb kºq¿Æ hnImkw e£yw

sh°p-Ibpw F√m kXy-ß-tfbpw

AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Jp¿-

B-t\bpw AXns‚ hnip≤ ]hm-

N-I-t\bpw kXym-t\z-jn-Iƒ Xncn-®-

dn-bpI.

(30-˛¬ \n∂v XpS¿®)(30-˛¬ \n∂v XpS¿®)(30-˛¬ \n∂v XpS¿®)(30-˛¬ \n∂v XpS¿®)(30-˛¬ \n∂v XpS¿®) Rm≥ I≈-hm-Zn-b√, ssZh-Øn¬Rm≥ I≈-hm-Zn-b√, ssZh-Øn¬Rm≥ I≈-hm-Zn-b√, ssZh-Øn¬Rm≥ I≈-hm-Zn-b√, ssZh-Øn¬Rm≥ I≈-hm-Zn-b√, ssZh-Øn¬\n∂pw h∂-h-\mWv\n∂pw h∂-h-\mWv\n∂pw h∂-h-\mWv\n∂pw h∂-h-\mWv\n∂pw h∂-h-\mWv


""\nß-sfs∂ I≈-hm-Zn-sb∂p Icp-Xp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ \nßƒ°nXpw

sNømw. \nßƒ ]≈n-I-fn¬ Hcp-an-®p-Iq-Sn-bn-t´m, H‰-sbm-‰-bm-bnt´m

Fs‚ \mi-Øn-\m-bn´p ]m¿∞n-®p-sIm-≈p-hn≥. hmhn´p \ne-hn-fn-®p-

sIm≠p Fs∂ D∑q-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn-∂m-bn´p ]m¿∞n-°p-hn≥. Rm≥

I≈-hm-Zn-bm-sW-¶n¬ \n›-b-ambpw B ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-

s∏-Spw. F∂m¬, Hm¿Øp-sIm-≈p-hn≥. \nß-fpsS \mhp-Iƒ apdns∏´p-

t]m-Ip-amdv \nßƒ ]m¿∞n-®mepw \nß-fpsS \mkn-I-Iƒ tX™

c™pt]m-Ip-amdv \nßƒ kpPqZv sNbvXm-epw. Aip-[m-c-I-fm¬

I¨Ip-gn-Iƒ No™p-t]m-Ibpw I¨]o-en-Iƒ sImgn-™p-t]m-Ip-

Ibpw ImgvN \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw HSp-hn¬ _p≤n aµn®p A]-

kvam-ctam `a-Xtbm _m[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-amdv \nßƒ Ic™pw

hne-]n®pw ]m¿∞n®pw sIm≠n-cn-°pIbpw sNbvXmepw \nß-fpsS

]m¿∞-\-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. Fs¥-∂m¬ Rm≥ ssZh-Øn-

¶¬ \n∂p-≈-h-\m-Ip-∂p. B¿ Fs‚ \mi-Øn\mbn ]m¿∞n-°p-

∂pthm B ]m¿∞\ Ahs‚ ta¬ Xs∂ Xncn-™p-sN-√pw. Fs∂-

∏-‰n, "Ahs‚ ta¬ im]w' F∂p B¿ ]d-bp-∂pthm B "eA-\Øv'

Ahs‚ lrZ-b-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv ]Xn-°pI!'' (A¿_-bo≥)

437


tÃm°v am¿°-‰pw _nkn-\ v

tIm¿]-td-j-\p-Ifpw

HHHHHcp kpÿn-c-amb Hmlcn DSa

F∂ \ne°v Ckvem-anIv _m¶ns‚

]¶v F¥m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂-Xn-s\-°p-

dn®v \mw N¿® sNbvXp-h-t√m. C\n

CkvemanI hyh-ÿ-bn¬ tÃm°v

am¿°-‰ns‚ km[yX F¥m-sW∂v

t\m°mw. tÃm°v am¿°-‰ns‚

Aÿn-Xztam hnI-k-\tam Hcn-°

epw Xs∂ CkvemanI hyh-ÿ-bn¬

C√m-Xm-hp-∂n-√. CkvemanI ico-

AØv ewLn-°-s∏-Sp-tºm-g-√msX

Hcp hn[-Øn-ep≈ _nkn-\- n-t\bpw

Ckvemw \ntcm-[n-°p-Itbm \ncp-’m-

l-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm sNøp-∂n-√. Ckv

emanI ico-A-Øns‚ ho£-W-]-

Imcw tÃm°v am¿°-‰nse Nne ]h-

W-X-Iƒ Xo¿®-bm-bpw \ntcm-[n-°-

s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. aqe-[-\-Øns‚ \n

t£-]-I-t\bpw D]-tbm-‡m-hn-t\

bpw Hcp-an-®p-Iq-´p-hm-\p-]-tbm-Kn-

°p∂ GsXmcp D]m-[nbpw (tÃm°v

am¿°-‰v, _m¶v, ]c-kv]c ]¶m-f-nØw

apX-em-b-h) CkvemanI Iev]-\-Iƒ

A\p-k-cn-°p-∂Xv hsc amXta

AXn\v \nb-a-]-c-amb AwKo-Im-c-ap-

≠m-hp-I-bp≈q F∂ Imcyw ]

tXyIw it≤-b-am-Wv.

Hcp Imcyw AwKo-I-cn-t°-≠

Xp≠v. AXm-bXv, ]m›mXy tÃm°v

am¿°-‰n¬ ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse AXn-

th-K-Øn-ep≈ Hml-cn-bpsS hns‰m-

gn-°epw kam-l-c-Whpw CkvemanI

kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ km[y-a-√. C∂

sØ tÃm°v am¿°-‰n-ep≈ AXn-

th-KX, Dul-°-®-h-S-Øns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS

^e-am-Wv. ]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬

]pjvSn-s∏´p hf-cp-∂- Hcp hn`m Kw

Dul-°-®-h-S-°m-cm-Wv sjb¿ am¿

°-‰p-I-fn¬ Dul-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ kml-kn-I-amb Ifn-Iƒ°v

t\XrXzw sImSp-°p-∂Xv. Ckvem

an¬ F√m hn[-Øn-ep≈ Dul-

ßfpw \ntcm-[n-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

CkvemanI _nkn-\kv Hcn°pw

DulsØ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp-

≈-X-√. Ckveman-s‚ Cu kao-]\w

Kuc-h-]q¿∆w \nt£-]n-°p-∂-h¿

°pw ]Ww kzoI-cn-°p-∂-h¿°p-

ap≈ Hcn-S-ambn tÃm°v am¿°-‰n

s\ am‰p-∂p. Gsd-°ptd \nt£-]

I\pw kwcw- -I\pw apJm`nap-J-ambn

ChnsS \n¬°p-∂p. CkvemanI

hyhÿ ÿnc\n-t£-]-I-cmb Hml-

cn-bp-S-a-I-sf-bmWv CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

CXv Hmlcn ssIam-‰-Øns‚ thKX

Ipd-°p-∂p. CXv Hcp-]t£ am¿°‰v

enIzn-Un‰n (F-fp-∏-Øn¬ ssIam-‰w)

hmKvZm\w sNøp-∂n-√. ]t£,

Xo¿®-bmbpw 1997¬ D≠mb Hmlcn

hn]-Wn-bnse XI¿® t]m se-bp≈

kw`-h-ßsf AXv XS-bp-∂p. CXv

kw_-‘n-®p≈ Kth-j-W-ßfpw ]T-

\-ßfpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv, Cu Hm

lcn ØI¿®-bpsS ImcWw Hmlcn

hn]-Wn-bpsS ]cn-jvI-c-W-ßfpw

ssIam-‰-ß-fpsS AXn-th-K-X-bp-am-

sW-∂m-Wv.

tÃm°v am¿°‰pwtÃm°v am¿°‰pwtÃm°v am¿°‰pwtÃm°v am¿°‰pwtÃm°v am¿°‰pwtIm¿]-td‰v c-WhpwtIm¿]-td‰v c-WhpwtIm¿]-td‰v c-WhpwtIm¿]-td‰v c-WhpwtIm¿]-td‰v c-Whpw

CkvemanI tÃm°v am¿°-‰n-

ep≈ as‰mcp ]tXy-IX, Hml-cn-

Iƒ°v bmsXm-cp-hn[ hyXym-k-

ßfpw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn√ F∂-

Xm-Wv. CkvemanI hyh-ÿ-bn¬

]h¿Øn-°p∂ tÃm°v am¿°-‰n¬

\nt£-]-I¿°n-S-bn¬ ]tXy-Im-h-Im-

i-ß-fp≈ bmsXmcp Hml-cn-I-fp-ap-

lmjnw AlvaZvlmjnw AlvaZvlmjnw AlvaZvlmjnw AlvaZvlmjnw AlvaZv

Hml-cn-I-fpsS AXn-th-K-Øn-ep≈ hn‰gn-°epw kam-l-c-Whpw Dul-Hml-cn-I-fpsS AXn-th-K-Øn-ep≈ hn‰gn-°epw kam-l-c-Whpw Dul-Hml-cn-I-fpsS AXn-th-K-Øn-ep≈ hn‰gn-°epw kam-l-c-Whpw Dul-Hml-cn-I-fpsS AXn-th-K-Øn-ep≈ hn‰gn-°epw kam-l-c-Whpw Dul-Hml-cn-I-fpsS AXn-th-K-Øn-ep≈ hn‰gn-°epw kam-l-c-Whpw Dul-

°-®-h-Shpw CkvemanI kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√. F√m°-®-h-Shpw CkvemanI kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√. F√m°-®-h-Shpw CkvemanI kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√. F√m°-®-h-Shpw CkvemanI kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√. F√m°-®-h-Shpw CkvemanI kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√. F√m

Hml-cn-Ifpw em`-\-jvS-]-¶m-fn-Ø-ap≈ CIzn-‰n-sj-b-dp-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw.Hml-cn-Ifpw em`-\-jvS-]-¶m-fn-Ø-ap≈ CIzn-‰n-sj-b-dp-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw.Hml-cn-Ifpw em`-\-jvS-]-¶m-fn-Ø-ap≈ CIzn-‰n-sj-b-dp-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw.Hml-cn-Ifpw em`-\-jvS-]-¶m-fn-Ø-ap≈ CIzn-‰n-sj-b-dp-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw.Hml-cn-Ifpw em`-\-jvS-]-¶m-fn-Ø-ap≈ CIzn-‰n-sj-b-dp-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw.

(XpS¿te-J-\-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-`m-Kw)(XpS¿te-J-\-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-`m-Kw)(XpS¿te-J-\-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-`m-Kw)(XpS¿te-J-\-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-`m-Kw)(XpS¿te-J-\-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-`m-Kw)

438


≠m-hn-√. F√m Hml-cn-bp-S-a-Ifpw

Hcp Hml-cn°v Hcp thm v F∂ Ah-

Im-i-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cn°pw F√m-h¿

°pw Htc coXn-bn-ep≈ Ah-Im-i-am-

bn-cn°pw. B¿°pw ]tXy-Im-h-Im-

i-ßƒ (]n-^-d≥kv) D≠m-hn-√.

bmsXm-cp-hn[ hnth-N-\-ß-fp-ap-≠m-

hp-I-bn-√. "F' Ft∂m "_n' Ft∂m

D≈ Hml-cn-I-fn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ß-

fn-√. Hcp GP‚ns‚ (ap-Zm-d-_-bp-sS)

hniz-kvX-Xbpw kXy-k-‘-Xbpam-

bn-cn-°pw. Abmƒ°v Hmlcn hn]-

Wn-bn-ep≈ tbmKyX \n¿Æ-bn-

°pI.

AXp-Iq-SmsX, tÃm°v am¿°-

‰nse Hcp _nkn-\kv ÿm]\-

Øns‚ tbmKyX \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv

Hcp Itºm-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb

GsX-¶nepw ]tXyI _nkn-\kv

CS-]m-Sp-Isf Bi-bn-®n- m-bn-cn-°pw.

DZm -l-c -W-Øn\v P¿Ω-\n -bn¬

samØw _nkn-\kv hcp-am-\-Øns‚

20% "Im´¿' F∂ tPmbn≥dv tÃm°v

Iº-\n-bp-sS-Xm-Wv. Ah-cpsS aqe-[-

\-Øn¬ A©n-sem-∂mWv tÃm°v

am¿°-‰n¬ enkv‰v sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv.

Ata-cn° Ckvem-anI \nb-a-ßƒ

AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Kvfmkv

ÃoK¨ (Glass Stegan Act) \nbaw

ico-AØv \nb-a-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pdØv

t]mIpw. 'Business Week' (2/12/96)]d-bp-∂p.

1933 -˛se Kvfmkv ÃoK¨1933 -˛se Kvfmkv ÃoK¨1933 -˛se Kvfmkv ÃoK¨1933 -˛se Kvfmkv ÃoK¨1933 -˛se Kvfmkv ÃoK¨

\nbaw _m¶p-Isf [\-Im-cy -\nbaw _m¶p-Isf [\-Im-cy -\nbaw _m¶p-Isf [\-Im-cy -\nbaw _m¶p-Isf [\-Im-cy -\nbaw _m¶p-Isf [\-Im-cy -

ÿm-]-\-ß-f-√mØ _nkn-\ vÿm-]-\-ß-f-√mØ _nkn-\ vÿm-]-\-ß-f-√mØ _nkn-\ vÿm-]-\-ß-f-√mØ _nkn-\ vÿm-]-\-ß-f-√mØ _nkn-\ v

ÿm] -\ -ß -f n¬ \n∂pwÿm] -\ -ß -f n¬ \n∂pwÿm] -\ -ß -f n¬ \n∂pwÿm] -\ -ß -f n¬ \n∂pwÿm] -\ -ß -f n¬ \n∂pw

t_m°-tdPv (km-º-Øn-tI-Xct_m°-tdPv (km-º-Øn-tI-Xct_m°-tdPv (km-º-Øn-tI-Xct_m°-tdPv (km-º-Øn-tI-Xct_m°-tdPv (km-º-Øn-tI-Xc

ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS CIzn-‰n-sj-b¿)ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS CIzn-‰n-sj-b¿)ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS CIzn-‰n-sj-b¿)ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS CIzn-‰n-sj-b¿)ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS CIzn-‰n-sj-b¿)

hmßp-∂Xv hne-°p-∂p. ]t£,hmßp-∂Xv hne-°p-∂p. ]t£,hmßp-∂Xv hne-°p-∂p. ]t£,hmßp-∂Xv hne-°p-∂p. ]t£,hmßp-∂Xv hne-°p-∂p. ]t£,

Cu h¿jsØ Inkvakv Bhp-Cu h¿jsØ Inkvakv Bhp-Cu h¿jsØ Inkvakv Bhp-Cu h¿jsØ Inkvakv Bhp-Cu h¿jsØ Inkvakv Bhp-

tºm-tg°pw \nb-a -Øn¬ Hcptºm-tg°pw \nb-a -Øn¬ Hcptºm-tg°pw \nb-a -Øn¬ Hcptºm-tg°pw \nb-a -Øn¬ Hcptºm-tg°pw \nb-a -Øn¬ Hcp

t`Z -KXn sIm≠p -h - c p - sa∂ vt`Z -KXn sIm≠p -h - c p - sa∂ vt`Z -KXn sIm≠p -h - c p - sa∂ vt`Z -KXn sIm≠p -h - c p - sa∂ vt`Z -KXn sIm≠p -h - c p - sa∂ v

sÛ-d¬ dnk¿∆v t_m¿UvsÛ-d¬ dnk¿∆v t_m¿UvsÛ-d¬ dnk¿∆v t_m¿UvsÛ-d¬ dnk¿∆v t_m¿UvsÛ-d¬ dnk¿∆v t_m¿Uv

]Xo-£n-°p-∂p. Aß-s\-bm-]Xo-£n-°p-∂p. Aß-s\-bm-]Xo-£n-°p-∂p. Aß-s\-bm-]Xo-£n-°p-∂p. Aß-s\-bm-]Xo-£n-°p-∂p. Aß-s\-bm-

sW-¶n¬ henb t_m°-tdPvsW-¶n¬ henb t_m°-tdPvsW-¶n¬ henb t_m°-tdPvsW-¶n¬ henb t_m°-tdPvsW-¶n¬ henb t_m°-tdPv

ÿm]-\-ßƒ hsc hmßp-hm≥ÿm]-\-ßƒ hsc hmßp-hm≥ÿm]-\-ßƒ hsc hmßp-hm≥ÿm]-\-ßƒ hsc hmßp-hm≥ÿm]-\-ßƒ hsc hmßp-hm≥

B \nbaw _m¶p-Isf ]m]vX-B \nbaw _m¶p-Isf ]m]vX-B \nbaw _m¶p-Isf ]m]vX-B \nbaw _m¶p-Isf ]m]vX-B \nbaw _m¶p-Isf ]m]vX-

am-°p-sa∂v hniz-kn-°mw. (6)am-°p-sa∂v hniz-kn-°mw. (6)am-°p-sa∂v hniz-kn-°mw. (6)am-°p-sa∂v hniz-kn-°mw. (6)am-°p-sa∂v hniz-kn-°mw. (6)

B cwKØv Ata-cn-°-bn¬

henb am‰-ßƒ h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-

∂p. tIm¿]-td‰v _nkn-\kv ÿm]-

\-ß-fpsS c-W-]-c-amb ]cn-jvIm-c-

Øn¬ \n∂pw _m¶p-Isf ssÿ

cyap≈ Hcp Hmlcn ]¶m-fn-bmbn

\n¿Øn ]h¿Ø\w Imcy-£-a-am-

°m-\p-ap≈ ia-Øns‚ `mK-ambn

P∏m-\nepw P¿Ω-\n-bn-ep-ap-≈-Xp

t]mse Hmlcn taJ-e-bn¬ _m¶p-

I-fpsS ]¶v h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ Ata-cn-

°-bn¬ \nbaw am‰-W-sa∂ Bh

iyw Db¿∂p h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. CXv

Hmlcn hn]-Wn-bn¬ "Zo¿L-Ime'

]Xn-`mkw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

Igp-Ø-dp-∏≥ a’-c-Øn\v ia-\-ap-

≠m-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. F¥m-bmepw

Ct∏m-gsØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ AsX

√mw Xm¬°m-en-I-amb Hcp ]cn-lmcw

amX-am-Wv. CkvemanI hyh-ÿn-Xn-

bn¬ amX-ta CXn-s\√mw imiz-X-

amb ]cn-lmcw \n¿t±-in-°m≥ km

[y-am-hq.

hmbv]-Iƒhmbv]-Iƒhmbv]-Iƒhmbv]-Iƒhmbv]-Iƒ

_nkn-\kv IS-ßƒ°v "ssl

_¿t\j≥ ka-bw' (Ko-jva-\nZ

aµ-K-XnL´w) A\p-h-Zn-°m-Xn-cn-

°p∂ Ahÿ Ckveman -en -√.

h≥Xp-I-Iƒ ]eni hyh-ÿ-bn¬

hmbv] hmßnb I®-hS kwcw-`-

I¿°v Xncn-®-S-hn\v Fs¥-¶nepw

]bmkw t\cn-´m¬ ]nSn-®p-\n¬

°m≥ km[y-a-√. Xncn-®-Shv sshIp-

t¥mdpw ]en-i-sIm≠v I®-hSw apSn-

™p-t]m-Ipw. CkvemanI hyh-ÿ-

bn¬ aqe-[\w ]eni _m[y-X-bn¬

\n∂v ap‡-am-b-Xn-\m¬ I®-hSw aµ-

K-Xn-bn-em-sW-¶nepw Ah¿°v ]nSn-

®p-\n¬°m\pw izmkw Ign-°m\pw

Ah-kcw e`n-°pw. F√m Zo¿L-

Ime hmbv]-Ifpw CIzn‰n sjb-dp-

I-tfm, ]m¿ vW¿jn∏v hyh-ÿ-bntem

Bbn-cn-°-Ww. CXv kzm`m-hn-I-

ambpw hmbv] hmßnb Bfn\v AXv

XncnsI AS-°m-\p-≈ _≤-]m-Sn-t\-

°mƒ _nkn-\- n¬ i≤ tIµo-I-

cn-°m≥ Ah-k-c-ap≠m°p-∂p. ISw

sImSpØ ]Ww XncnsI e`n-°p-

sa∂ ]Xo-£-bn-√m-Ø-bmƒ°v ISw

sImSp-t°-≠-Xn-√. Cu \ne°v ISw

\¬Ip∂bmƒ°v AXv hmßp-∂-bm-

fns‚ Xncn-®-S-hns\ kw_-‘n-®p≈

tijnsb ]‰n t_m[-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°-

Ww. ]t£, Xncn-®-S-hn∂v Ign-hn-√m-

Ø-h¿°pw ISw tNmZn-®m¬ sImSp-

°p-hm≥ [\n-Isc t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-

∂p. (7)

]en-i-bpsS LS-I-an-√m-ØXv

sIm≠v ]en-i-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb

hmbv]m-Im-e-h[n Fs∂m∂v C√m-Xm-

Ip-∂p. km[-\-ßfpsS hne-\n¿Æ-b-

Øn¬ ]en-i-bpsS LSIw _m[n-

°m-ØXv aqew hne-Iq-Sp-I-bn-√.

_nkn-\- n-te°v IS-sa-Sp-Øn- p-s≠-

¶n¬ AXns‚ Xncn-®-Shv Ahn-Nm-cn-

X-amb ImcWßfm¬ FKn-sa‚ v

]nco-Un-\p-≈n¬ Xncn -®-S -°m≥

km[y-am-bn-s√-¶nepw bmsXm-cp-hn[

A[n-I-]-Whpw CkvemanI hyh-ÿ-

bn¬ \¬tI-≠-Xn-√. Zo¿L-Ime

]Ww hmbv]-Iƒ CIzn‰n sjb-dp-I-

fm-bn- mWv CkvemanI hyh-ÿ-bn¬

FSp-t°-≠-Xv. C\n IS-ambn ]Ww

hmßnb _nkn-\t m Iº-\ntbm

]m∏-cm-hp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ IS-°m-c∂v

]m∏¿ ]Jym-]-\-]-In-b-bn¬ ÿm]-

\-Øns‚ apX-ep-I-fn¬ \n∂pw BZy-

ambn apgp-h≥ IShpw sImSp-Øp-

Xo¿°-Ww. AXn\v tijw amXta

Hmlcn DS-a-I-fpsS _m≤y-X-Iƒ

]cn-K-Wn-°p-I-bp-≈q. Ah bYm-

Iaw B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn Hml-cn-bp-S-

a-I-fn¬ hnX-cWw sNøpw.

CkvemanseCkvemanseCkvemanseCkvemanseCkvemansetIm¿]-td‰v c-W-am-XrItIm¿]-td‰v c-W-am-XrItIm¿]-td‰v c-W-am-XrItIm¿]-td‰v c-W-am-XrItIm¿]-td‰v c-W-am-XrI

Hcp Imcyw \mtam¿°-Ww.

Ckvemw kaq-l-Øns‚ t£a-amWv

Imw£n-°p-∂-Xv. Cusbmcp e£yw

t\Sm≥ AXv \nt£-]-I-t\bpw

amt\-Pvsa‚nt\bpw Hcp-t]mse DØ-

c-hm-Zn-Øßƒ G¬∏n-°p-∂p. Ckv

emanse Hcp kmº-ØnI bqWn-‰n\v

CkvemanI hyh-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂pw

439


th¿s∏- p-sIm-≠p≈ \nb-a-]-c-amb

Hcp kzX¥ AkvXnXzan√. Iº\n

ISw Ibdn AS-®p-]q-´p-tºmƒ (en-

Izn-tU‰v sNøp-tºmƒ) Hcn-°epw

Xs∂ DS-a-ÿs‚ \nt£-]n-°-s∏-

SmØ kzØns\ AXv _m[n-°p-∂n-

√. AS-®p-Xo¿°mØ ]W-Øn\v

Ipan-™p-Iq-Sp∂ ]en-ibpw D≠m-hp-

∂n -√. Cßs\ kw` -hn -°m≥

ImcWw Ckvemw ]Ww apS°p∂

Bfns\ _nkn-\- ns‚ em`-\-jvS-

ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-°p-∂Xv sIm≠m-

Wv. hy‡n-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS hy‡n-

]-c-amb hniz-kvX-XbpsS t]cn¬

ISw hmßmw. ]t£, IS-am-sW-¶n¬

AXv _nkn-\- ns‚ em`-\-jvS-

ßƒ°v _m[-I-a-√mØ coXn-bn¬

Xncn®p \¬I-Ww.

Ckvemanse _nkn-\kv ÿm]-

\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw, tIm¿∏-td‰v ÿm]-

\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw AXns‚ `c-W-

sØ-°p-dn®pw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-I-bp-≠m-

bn. AsX√mw hnip≤ Jp¿-Bs‚

am¿§-Z¿i-\-a-\p-k-cn-®p-≈-Xm-Wv.

_nkn-\kv \S-Øn-∏n-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n-

®p≈ FIvkn-Iyq-´o-hp-I-fpsS iº-

fw, Ub-d-IvS¿am-cpsS ]¶v, Iº\n

Gs‰-Sp-°¬ ]In-b-Iƒ apX-emb

Xmc-X-tay\ A]-[m\amb Imcy-ß-

sf√mw Xs∂ Ckveman-I-hy-h-ÿ-

bpsS am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ Bcm-™p-

sIm≠pw AXns‚ ssNX\yw

kzmwio-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-am-bn-cn-°pw

\S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-I. Cu ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ ]m›mXy coXn-I-fn-ep≈ Nne

]h-WX-Isf AXv \ntcm-[n-°p-

Ibpw sNøpw. a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øns‚

t£a-Øn\v s]mXpth FXn -

cmbsX√mw Ckveman-∂p-sa-Xn-cm-b-

Xm-sW∂v \mtam¿°-Ww.

Ckvemw a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øns‚

sFIy-Zm¿Vy-Øns‚ ]XmIhmlI

]ÿm-\-am-Wv. AXv a\p-jys‚

hwiw, tZio-b-X, tKmXw, h¿§w,

IpSpw_w F∂o hyXy-kvX-I-

sfm∂pw ]cn-K-Wn-°msX a\p-jy-k-

ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ sFIyw ImØp-kq-

£n-°p-∂p. Hcp Nß-e-bnse IÆn-

Iƒ t]mse kaq-l-ß-fpsS hy

‡nXz X\na \ne-\n¿Øn IÆn

tN¿Øp ImWm≥ Ckvemw BK-

ln-°p-∂p. kwkvIm-cw, ]mc-º-cyw,

kz`m-h-io-e-ßƒ, thj-hn-[m-\-ßƒ,

h¿Æ-ßƒ apX-emb hyXn-cn-‡-X-

Iƒ kq£n-®p-sIm≠v Hcm-flmhpw

Hcp ssNX-\y-hp-ambn kaq-lsØ

Ckvemw t\m°n°mWp-∂p. AXv

Xs∂-bmWv tIm¿]-td‰v amt\-

Pvsa‚ns\ w_-‘n-®p-≈ Ckvem

anI k¶ev]w. P∏m-\nse sIbvd

kvXp (Keirestsu) ssk_kvXp

(Zaibatsu) apX-emb _nkn-\kv hyh-

ÿ-Iƒ \ne-\n-°p-∂Xv AXv P∏m-

\n-Isf amXw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-

≠p≈ ÿm]-\-ßfmbn-´-√. AXv

F√m-h¿°p-ambn Ah¿ Xpd-∂n- n-cn-

°p-∂p. F√m cmPy-°m¿°pw ]c-

kv]cw \∑-Iƒ ]¶p-sh-°m-\mbn

AXn¬ -tN-cmw. P¿Ω≥Im¿°v Ah-

cpsS ta[m-hn-Xz-ap≈ kq∏¿ ssh

kdn t_m¿Up-I-fp≈ _nkn-\kv

tIm¿]-td-j-\p-I-fp-≠v. Xo¿®-bmbpw

Hcp \yq\-]£w Hmlcn DS-a-I-fpsS

Xmev]cyw amXw kwc-£n-°p-∂-h-

c√ Ah¿. ssN\-°m¿°v Ah-cpsS

IpSpw-_-_n-kn-\kv ÿm]-\-ß-fp-

≠v. IpSpw-_-Øn\v ]pd-Øp-≈-hcpw

IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fp-am-sW∂ hnImcw

AXv D≠m-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse

^©p-Im¿°v Ah-cp-sS-Xmb _nkn-

\kv tIm¿]-td‰v ÿm]-\-ß-fp-≠v.

AXm-Is´, Ah-cpsS tZiobX°

Xo-X-am-Wv. AXn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-

h¿s°√mw AXv t£aw-hmKvZm\w

sNøp-∂p. Bwt•m kmIvk¨ (Cw-

•o-jv) Im¿°v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb _nkn-

\ v ]ÿm-\-ß-fp-≠v. Dd® Hml-

cn-bp-S-a-Iƒ Ah-cpsS _nkn-\- nse

Aÿn-c-amb ]h-W-X-Iƒ Hgn-hm-

°p-∂-p. C‰m-en-b≥ apX-em-fn-am¿

Ah-cpsS i‡nbpw kºØpw \yq\-

]-£o-b-cmb Hml-cn-bp-S-a-Iƒ°v

amX-ambn sh°m≥ BK-ln-°mØ-

h-cm-Wv. Xmsg-°n-S-bn-ep≈ Hml-cn-

bp-S-a-Iƒ°pw Ah-cXv Hcp-t]mse

]¶p-sh°p∂p≠v. AXp-t]mse

djy-bnse "s]m´m\nw' Ah-cpsS

hwimSn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Bfp-Iƒ°v

amXw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈ Hcp

_nkn-\kv ]ÿm-\-a-√. hwim-Xo-X-

ambn F√m-h-tcbpw Htc Ah-Im-i-

tØmsS _nkn-\- n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-

Øm≥ Ah¿ BK-ln-°p-∂p.

_nkn\ v tIm¿]-td-j-\p-I-

fpsS BtKmf amXrI hc-®p-Im- pI

F∂Xv Cu teJ-\-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-

bn¬s∏´ Imcy-a-√. Ckvemanse

am¿§-\n¿t±-i-X-Øz-ßƒ F√m amXr-

II-fn-tebpw ]iv\-ßƒ°p-ap≈

A¥n-a-]-cn-lm-c-am-bn-cn-°pw. Ckv

emanI ssNX-\y-Øm¬ \bn-°-s∏-

Sp∂ C°m-esØ tIm¿]-td‰v amXr-

I-Iƒ Hmtcm taJ-e-bn-tebpw kmw

kvIm-chpw ]mc-º-cy-hpa-\p-k-cn®v

hyXy-kvX-ambn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Hcp

ame-bn¬ tIm¿Ø sshhn-[y-am¿∂

apØp-Ifmbn Ckvemw CØcw

hmWn-Py-ÿm-]-\-ßsf ImWp-∂p.

hnh: G.-Fw.hnh: G.-Fw.hnh: G.-Fw.hnh: G.-Fw.hnh: G.-Fw.

d^-d≥kvd^-d≥kvd^-d≥kvd^-d≥kvd^-d≥kv

1. Hadrath Mirza Tahir Ahmed, 'Invest-ment, interest & Islam - Transcribedby Amtul Hadi Ahmed in Review ofReligion. London Feb 1994.

2. R - Bpyes - Bitter German DiverseFormed to wait in the cold. The times- London 22-11-96

3. S.H. Homound, Islamic Banking - pub-lished by Arabian Information, Lon-don 1985.

4. A.L Udovith - partnership and profitin Medieval Islam Princeton Univer-sity press - USA - 1990.

5. R. Wilson et al, Islamic Financial Mar-ket, published Routledge U.K. 1990)

6. A Rea LN Spiro and P Galnslea 'Bank-ers get set to go for Brokers' - Businessweek' - 2-12-96.

7. T. Gambing and R.A. Adld Karim -Business and Accounting Ethics in Is-lam - published by Mansell, London1991.

440


]pkvX-I-]-cn-Nbw ]pkvX-I-]-cn-Nbw ]pkvX-I-]-cn-Nbw ]pkvX-I-]-cn-Nbw ]pkvX-I-]-cn-Nbw

JmZn-bm≥JmZn-bm≥JmZn-bm≥JmZn-bm≥JmZn-bm≥Fw. A_vZp-dlvam≥Fw. A_vZp-dlvam≥Fw. A_vZp-dlvam≥Fw. A_vZp-dlvam≥Fw. A_vZp-dlvam≥

hne : 200 I.hne : 200 I.hne : 200 I.hne : 200 I.hne : 200 I.]km : kabw ]ªn-t°-j≥,]km : kabw ]ªn-t°-j≥,]km : kabw ]ªn-t°-j≥,]km : kabw ]ªn-t°-j≥,]km : kabw ]ªn-t°-j≥,

kn‰n sk‚¿, t^m¿´v tdmUv,kn‰n sk‚¿, t^m¿´v tdmUv,kn‰n sk‚¿, t^m¿´v tdmUv,kn‰n sk‚¿, t^m¿´v tdmUv,kn‰n sk‚¿, t^m¿´v tdmUv,

IÆq¿IÆq¿IÆq¿IÆq¿IÆq¿

JmZn-bm≥ : lrZ-b-Npw-_\wJmZn-bm≥ : lrZ-b-Npw-_\wJmZn-bm≥ : lrZ-b-Npw-_\wJmZn-bm≥ : lrZ-b-Npw-_\wJmZn-bm≥ : lrZ-b-Npw-_\wG‰p-hm-ßp∂ ]pWy-tZiwG‰p-hm-ßp∂ ]pWy-tZiwG‰p-hm-ßp∂ ]pWy-tZiwG‰p-hm-ßp∂ ]pWy-tZiwG‰p-hm-ßp∂ ]pWy-tZiw

G.-Fw.G.-Fw.G.-Fw.G.-Fw.G.-Fw.

fp≈ kNn-X-]p-kvXIw AlvaZnøm

kmln-Xy-Øn\v h¿Æ-i-_-fn-a-bm¿∂

apX¬Iq- m-Wv.

"AX-ß-s\-bmWv. h√-h\pw"AX-ß-s\-bmWv. h√-h\pw"AX-ß-s\-bmWv. h√-h\pw"AX-ß-s\-bmWv. h√-h\pw"AX-ß-s\-bmWv. h√-h\pw

A√m-lp-hns‚ ]mh-\-Nn-”-ßsfA√m-lp-hns‚ ]mh-\-Nn-”-ßsfA√m-lp-hns‚ ]mh-\-Nn-”-ßsfA√m-lp-hns‚ ]mh-\-Nn-”-ßsfA√m-lp-hns‚ ]mh-\-Nn-”-ßsf

_lp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ Xo¿®-_lp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ Xo¿®-_lp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ Xo¿®-_lp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ Xo¿®-_lp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ Xo¿®-

bmbpw AXv lrZ-b-ßfpsS ‡n-bmbpw AXv lrZ-b-ßfpsS ‡n-bmbpw AXv lrZ-b-ßfpsS ‡n-bmbpw AXv lrZ-b-ßfpsS ‡n-bmbpw AXv lrZ-b-ßfpsS ‡n-

bn¬ s]´-Xm-Wv.' (hnip≤ Jp¿-bn¬ s]´-Xm-Wv.' (hnip≤ Jp¿-bn¬ s]´-Xm-Wv.' (hnip≤ Jp¿-bn¬ s]´-Xm-Wv.' (hnip≤ Jp¿-bn¬ s]´-Xm-Wv.' (hnip≤ Jp¿-

B≥ 22: 33)B≥ 22: 33)B≥ 22: 33)B≥ 22: 33)B≥ 22: 33)

hnip≤ Jp¿-B-\nse ta¬h-N-

\-Ønse ]Ya kqN\ IAv_sb

°p-dn-®m-sW-¶nepw ssZhnI shfn-

]m-Sp-I-fpsS kzoI¿Øm-°-fmb

ssZh-Zq-X-∑m-cpsS A\¿L-Po-hnXw

]Im-in-X-amb F√m ]pWy-tZ-i-ß-

sf-°p-dn®pw Cu hN\w km¿∞-I-

am-Wv. Ahn-S-ß-sf√mw lrZ-b-Øn¬

`‡n A¶p-cn-∏n-°p∂ A√m-lp-

hns‚ ]mh\ Nn”-ß-fm-Wv. as‰√m

tZi-ßfpw t]mse ]pWym-flm-°-

fpsS P∑-`q-anbpw I¿Ω-`q-anbpw

I√pw aÆpw sIm≠v ssZhw krjv

Sn-®-Xm-sW-¶nepw Znhym-flm-°ƒ°p-

≠mb kz¿§o-bm-\p-` -h-ß-fpsS

Aeu-In-I-X-cw-K-ßfpw Ah-cpsS

hN-\-kp-[bpw ]mZ-hn-\ym-k-ßfpw

Ic-kv]¿i-\-ß-fp-sa√mw B tZi

sØ AtN-X\ hkvXp-°-sf-t]mepw

]apJ hmKvan

bpw ]X-]-h¿Ø-I-

\p-amb Fw. A_vZp-

dlvam≥ kmln-_n

s‚ JmZn-bm≥ F∂

Cw•o-jnepw ae-bm-f-

Ønepw hnh-c-W-ß-

hnip-≤-kva-c-W-I-fp-b¿Øp∂ Nn”-

ß-fm°n am‰p-∂p. hmKvZØ ako-

lns‚ JmZn-bm\pw `‡-lr-Z-b-ß-

fn¬ Bflo-bm-\p- q-Xn-bp-≠m-°p∂

]mh-\-Nn-”-am-Wv. teJ-I≥ ]pkvX-

I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb JmZn-

bms\ kw_-‘n® hm°p-Ifpw

NnX-ßfpw Cu A\p- qXn A\p-hm-

N-I\v \¬Ip-∂p.

Ck-tben ako-lns‚ Pdp-

ktew t]mse c‡-]-¶n-e-amb a\p-

jy-°p-cp-Xn-Iƒ°v hmKvZØ ako-

lns‚ ]pWy-Jm-Zn-bm\pw km£yw

hln-®n-´p-≠v. hn`-P-\-Øns‚ \mfp-

I-fn¬ ]©m-_nse _nbmkv \Zn°v

kam-¥-c-am-sbm-gp-Inb lnµp apkv

enw aX-kv]¿≤-bpsS c‡-\-Zn-bpsS

Ic-bn-em-bn-cp∂p JmZn-bm≥ \ne-sIm-≠-Xv. Iem]w Kkn® P\-]-Y-ßƒ P\-iq-\y-ß-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p.apkvenw saml-√-I-fn¬ _m¶v hnfn

Db-cmØ an\m-c-ßfpw Imen-Iƒ

tabp∂ akvPn-Zp-Ifpw _m°n-bmbn.

ssS‰-kns‚ Pdp-ktew BI-a-W-

tØ-°mƒ bm-\-I-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.

]t£, JmZn-bms‚ mK-t[bw as‰m-

∂m-bn-cp-∂p.

JmZn-bms‚ hos≠-Sp∏v Hcp

Znhym-¤p-X-ambn Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p-.

hmKvZØ ako-lns‚ ]pWy-tZ-i-

Øns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn\v 313 Z¿th-

ip-Isf Imh¬ \n¿Øn AlvaZnøm

kaqlw Jeo-^-Øp¬ akolv

c≠m-as‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]cn-X-xÿn-

Xn-bpsS kΩ¿±-Øn¬ ]mIn-kvXm-

\n-te°v ]em-b\w sNbvXp. ]c-kv]-

c-ap≈ t]m¿hn-fn-bpsS cW-t -cn-Iƒ

apg-ßnb Iem-]-`q-an-bn¬ Poh≥

XrW-h¬K-Wn-®p-\n∂ \ncm-bp-[-

cmb Z¿th-ip-Iƒ A√m-lp-hns‚

ap∂n¬ ]Wn-]-Xn-®p- \S-Ønb IÆp-

\o-cn¬ IpXn¿∂ hnem-]-ß-fm-bn-

cp∂p JmZn-bms\ hos≠-SpØXv.

CXn-lm-k-ßƒ°p t]mepw IYm-

_oPw \¬Im≥ tijn-bp≈Xmbn-

cp∂p B Znhym-¤p-XØnse kw`-

h-]-c-º-c-Iƒ. hnÆns\t∏mse hnip-

≤-amb aÆnse tZi-amb ]pWy

JmZn-bm≥ AlvaZn-I-fpsS lrZb

Npw_-\-ß-tf-‰p hmßp∂ Hcp \nXy-

hn-kva-b-am-Wv!

JmZn-bms‚ kNnX hnh-c-W-

amWv KŸ-Imc≥ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. AXn-

h¿W-\-Itfm AXn-`m-hp-I-Xztam

C√mØ Npcp-s°gp-Øm-Wv B hnh-

c-Ww. kwK-lo-X-amb hn⁄m

\tImi-`mj Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn\v

Hcp B[n-Im-cnI `mhw \¬Ip-∂p.

ae-bm-f-tØm-sSm∏w Cw•o-jn-ep≈

hnh-c-W-ßƒ ]pkvX-I-Øn\v tZim-

Xn¿Øn-Iƒ t`Zn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ hn]p-

e-amb Hcp hmb-\m-hrØw kΩm\n-

°p-sa∂p ]Xo-£n-°mw. DNn-X-amb

(tijw t]Pv 42 ¬)

441


imkvXhpw CXn-lm-khpw G‰p-ap- p-tºmƒimkvXhpw CXn-lm-khpw G‰p-ap- p-tºmƒimkvXhpw CXn-lm-khpw G‰p-ap- p-tºmƒimkvXhpw CXn-lm-khpw G‰p-ap- p-tºmƒimkvXhpw CXn-lm-khpw G‰p-ap- p-tºmƒ

apkm-^nÀ

]]]]]e aX-ß-fp-tSbpw aX-]p-cp-

j-∑m¿ CXn-lm-k-ß-fnepw, anØp-

I-fn-epw, ]pcm-hr-Ø-ß-fnepw amXw

]Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏- -h-cm-Wv. Xmc-X-tay\

kao-]-Im-eØv Pohn® apl-ΩZv

\_n(-k) amX-amWv CXn-lmk ]cn-

th-j-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]q¿Æ-ambpw

Hgn -™p-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. At±-l-

Øns‚ hm°p-Ifpw kw`-h-ßfpw

amX-a√ AXv \nth-Z\w sNbvXh

cpsS Ncn-Xhpw D≈-S-°-Ønse

bp‡n-]-cXbpw ]cn-tim-[n®p kXy-

k-‘-X-bpw B[n-Im-cn-I-Xbpw Dd∏v

hcp -Øn -bXn\v ti-jta AXv

Ckveman¬ ]am-W-ambn kzoI-cn-

°s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q. F∂n´pw dkq¬

Xncp-ta-\n(-k)-sb-°p-dn®v CXn-lm-k-

cq-]-Øn-ep≈ IY-\-ßfpw Aam-\p-

jn-Ihpw Abp-‡n-I-hp-amb h¿Æ-

\-Ifpw C√m-Xn-√. dkq¬ Xncp-

ta\n(k) aX-]p-cp-j\pw AtX-k-

abw Ncn-X-]p-cp-j-\p-am-Wv. CØ-c-

Øn-ep≈ cN\mcoXn-IfpsS A`m-h-

ap-≈XpsIm≠p a‰p-a-X-ß-fnse aX-

]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS Ncn-Xtam AkvXn-

Xztam \nj-[n-°p-∂Xv Abp-‡n-

Ihpw A\p-Nn-X-hp-am-Wv. BZw,

t\ml, F_lmw, tbip apX-emb

skan-‰nIv aX-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°-

s∏´ aX-]p-cpj-∑mcptSbpw `mc-X-

Ønse ioIr-jvW≥, iocm-a≥,

io_p-≤≥ apX-emb ]pWym-flm-°-

fptSbpw PohnX-kw- -h-ßƒ CØ-c-

Øn-ep≈ Hcp cN-\m-co-Xn-bne√

Bhn-jvIr-X-am-b-Xv. Poh-N-cnX

kmln-Xy-I-e-tbm, Poh-N-cn-X-Im-c-

∑mtcm A°m-Z-an-Itfm C√m-Xn-cp∂

BZn-]p-cm-W-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Ain-£n-X-

cmb P\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS coXn-bnepw

kº-Zm-b-Øn-epw, Xß-fpsS Pohn-

XsØ AKm-[-ambn kzm[o-\n® Cu

]pWym-flm-°-fpsS NcnX-ßƒ

hmsamgn ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Xe-ap-d-X-

e-ap-d-bmbn ssIam-dp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-

Xv. Cu hmsamgn ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬

k¿§-[-\--cpw, mh-\m-k-º-∂-cp-amb

]Xn- m-im-en-Ifpw ]¶p-sIm-≠p. Dcp-

fp-tºmƒ s]cpIn hcp∂ a™p-

tKmfw t]mse ]pWym-flm-°sf

tIµo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Cu ]pcm-

hr-Ø-ß-fmWv ]n¬°m-eØv CXn-

lm-k-Im-hy-ß-fmbn cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-

Xv. bmsXmcp FUn-‰nßns\m kw

tim-[-\-Iƒt°m hnt[-b-am-ImsX

kzOµw hf¿∂p hnIkn® CXn-lm-

k-ßƒ aX-]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS Ncn-X-ß-

fm-Wv. Ncn-X-a√. mc-X-Øn¬ \ap°v

e`n® A`n-am-\m¿l-amb AØ-c-Øn-

ep≈ c≠v CXn-lm-k-Im-hy-ß-fmWv

cmam-b-Whpw alm- m-c-X-hpw.

aX-]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS A]-Zm-\-

ßfpw, kvXpXn-I-fpw, hoc-I-Y-I-fpw,

ssZh-Øns‚ Ah-Xmcw F∂ \ne-

°p≈ Aam-\p-jnI ]h¿Ø-\ß-

fpw, AXn-h¿Æ-\-Ifpw, AXyp-‡n-

Ifpw AXn¬ ImWmw. D]-am-I-Y-

Iƒ, KpW-]m-T-I-Y-Iƒ, ]Xo-I-ßƒ,

kqNn-X-I-Y-Iƒ, KqVm¿∞ ]Xo-I-

ßƒ, \∑-bpsS hnPbw apX-emb

kt¶-X-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv CXn-

lm-k-ß-fnse an° IY-Ifpw cNn-

®n-´p-≈-Xv. AXn¬ aX-]p-cp-j-∑m¿

IYm-]m-X-ß-fm-bp-s≠-¶nepw aX-K-

Ÿ-ßƒ F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ kmln-Xy-

Ir-Xn-Iƒ F∂ \ne-°mWv AXns‚

cq]-L-S-\bpw aqeyhpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-

s∏-tS-≠-Xv. Ah hn⁄m-\-km-

lnXyw t]mse hkvXp-XmI-Y-\tam

Ncn-X-hn-h-cWtam A√. P\-tIm

SnI-fpsS Pohn-X-tØbpw hnizm-k-

tØbpw KWy-ambn kzm[o-\n-°p-

Ibpw Ah-cpsS [m¿Ωn -Ihpw

A≤ym-fln-I-hp-amb Pohn-X-Øn\v

]tNm-Z-\-ambn Xocp-Ibpw sNbvX-

h-cm-Wv CXn-lm-k-cq-]n-I-fmb CØ

cw aX-]p-cpj∑m¿. Ah¿ Ncn-X-

Øn¬ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-h-cm-Wv. Ah-sc-

®p‰n∏‰n ]n∂o-SmWv CXn-lm-k-ßƒ

cq]w-sIm-≠-Xv. k¿§-`m-h-\-bpsS

amkva-c-]-]-©-amb CXn-lm-k-h¿W-

\-I-fnse Aim-kvXo-bXpw Abp-

‡n-I-Xbpw ImcWw AØcw aX-

]p-cp-j-∑m¿ Pohn-®n-cp-∂n- n-√, Ah¿

shdpw mh-\m-kr-jvSn-IfmWv F∂v

A°m-Z-anIv NcnXw ]d-bp-∂p-sh-

¶n¬ AXv aX-au-en-I-hmZw t]mse-

bp≈ imkvX auen-I-hm-Z-am-Wv.

iocm-at\bpw ioIrjvW t\bpw

t]mse-bp≈ ]pWym-flm-°ƒ bm

Ym¿∞y-Øns‚ Aw-i-an-√mØ Ihn-

I-fpsS shdpw mh-\m-krjv-Sn-bm-sW-

¶n¬ AØcw IYm-]m-X-ßƒ°v

a\p-jy-Po-hn-XsØ CX-amXw Ne

\w sIm≈n-°m≥ km[y-a√ F∂Xv

Hcp A\p- -h-bm-Ym¿∞y-am-Wv.

CXn-lm-k-ßƒ°-IØv Bbn

cw Xnc-kvI-c-Wn-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ t\cnb

cP-X-tc-J-t]mse ImWm≥ km[n-

°p∂ aX-]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS bYm¿

∞NcnXw as‰mcp coXn-bn¬ Ncn-

X-]-fin-X-∑m¿ hmbn-s®-Sp-°p-I-

bmWv th≠-Xv. ssht°m¬ Iq-\-

442


bn¬ kqNn Xnc-bp∂ Ah-[m-\-X-

tbm-sSbpw bp‡n-bne-[n-jvTn-X-hp-

amb XymPy-Kmly-t_m-[-tØm-sS-

bpam-bn-cn-°Ww Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ CXn-

lm-k-ßsf kao-]n-t°-≠-Xv. AXy

¥w ia-I-c-amWv Cu tPmen.

A√msX CXn-lm-k-ß-fnse ÿqe-

h¿Æ-\-Iƒ t\m°n AXv imkvX-

Øn\pw bp‡n°pw \nc-°p-∂-X√

F∂pw Aßs\sbmcmƒ Pohn-®n-cn-

°p-∂n√ F∂pw bp‡n-hm-Zn-I-fpsS

ań¬ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ kwkm-cn-°p-

∂-Xv icn-b√. ]q¿∆-X-e-apd \ap°v

kΩm-\n® CXn-lm-k-Imhy-ßƒ

Ncn-X-Øns‚ A\¿L-amb \n[n-Ipw-

-ßƒ kq£n-°-s∏´ Hcp J\-\-ta-

J-e-bm-Wv. \n[n-th- -°m-c-s\-t]mse

Ncn-X-Im-c≥ AXv Is≠Øn anØp-

I-fnse Ncn-Xm-wisØ ]Im-in-∏n-

°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv.

tIµ-k¿°m-dns‚ tkXp-k-

apZw ]≤-Xn-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p-≠mb

hnhm-Z-amWv CXbpw Fgp-Xm≥

ImcWw. Xan-gv\m-Sns‚ Xoc-°-S-

en¬ tIµ-k¿°m¿ \S-∏m-°m\p-t±-

in-°p∂ I∏¬ Nm\¬ s]mPIvSv

BWv tkXpk-apZw. Ncn-Xhpw

CXn-lm-khpw ChnsS sImºp

tIm¿°p-I-bm-Wv. Xan-gv\m-ńse

cmta-iz-c-Øn-\-SpØv ioe-¶-bp-ambn

_‘n-∏n-°p∂ [\p-jvt°mSn ap\-

ºn\pw ioe-¶°pw at≤y-bp≈

ISen¬ Hcp aW¬Xn- -bp-≈-Xn-\m¬

]Sn-™mdv Ad-_n-°-S-en¬ \n∂pw

_wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-en-te°pw Xncn®pw

t]mIp∂ I∏-ep-Iƒ ioe¶ Np‰n-

bmWv k©-cn-°p-∂-Xv. IS-en¬ 167

Intem-ao-‰¿ \of-ap≈ I∏¬ Nm\¬

\n¿Ωn °m≥ Cu aW¬Xn´ 300

ao‰¿ s]mfn®v amt‰≠-Xp-≠v. CXv

bmYm¿∞y-am-bm¬ 780 Intem-ao-‰¿

Zqchpw 30 aWn-°q¿ ka-bhpw I∏-

ep-Iƒ°v em`n-°mw. \qdv h¿jw

apºv _nó-jp-Im¿ cq]w sImSpØ

Cu ]cn-]mSn ]e Imc-W-ß-fmepw

\S∏m°msX t]mIp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-

Xv. 1998¬ A∂sØ ][m-\-a-¥n

io AS¬ _nlmcn hmPvt]bn

XpS°w Ipdn-°p-Ibpw 2005¬ ][m-

\-a¥n io a≥tam-l≥ knßv

DZvLm-S\w sNøp-Ibpw sNbvX

I∏¬ Nm\-ens‚ \n¿Ωm-W-]-

h¿Ø\w ]ptcm-K-an®p hcn-I-bm-Wv.

k¿°m-cns‚ Cu hnI-k-\-]-≤-

Xn-s°-Xnsc P\-Xm-]m¿ń t\Xmhv

io. kp_-“Wy kzman kp]nw-tIm-

S-Xn-bn¬ sImSpØ dnńs\ XpS¿

∂p≈ \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv Ct∏mƒ hnhm-

Z-ambn Xo¿∂n-´p-≈-Xv. Kh¨sa‚ v

s]mfn-®p-\o-°p∂ aW¬Xn´ CXn-

Øn-t‚bpw Xpf-ko-Zm-kns‚ cma-N-

cn-X-am-\-kn-t‚bpw a‰p ]pcm-W-Ir-Xn-

I-fp-tSbpw D≈-S-°-Øn¬ ][m-\-

ambpw hnizm-k-a¿∏n-®p-sIm-≠mWv

]cm-Xn-°m¿ ]cn-lmcw Bhiy-

s∏ń´p≈-Xv. F∂m¬ AXnse IYm-

]m-X-ß-fpsS AkvXn-Xztam B IY-

bn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ kw`-h-ßƒ

\S-∂tXm Bbn Ahn-X¿°n-X-ambn

sXfn-bn-°m-\m-Ip∂ Ncn-X-]-c-amb

tcJ-bmbn AXns\ IW-°m-°m-\m-

hn-√.'

lm-k-]p-cp-j-\mb iocm-as‚ hm\-

c-∏S e¶-bn-te°v ]WnX ]me-

Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-am-sW∂pw ]pcm-

hkvXp kwc-£-W-\n-b-a-]-Imcw

AXv kwc-£n-°-s∏-S-W-sa-∂p-amWv

kzman-bpsS hmZw. BZwkv _nUvPv

(BZw \_n kntem-Wn-emWv Pohn-

®Xv F∂ hnizm-k-Øn¬ \n∂pw

P\n-®-Xv) F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu

aW¬Xn´ a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnXamtWm

F∂v ]cn-tim-[n®v Hcp kXy-hm-

Mvaqew ka¿∏n-°m≥ tImSXn

k¿°m-cn-t\mSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

k¿°m¿ C¥y≥ ]pcm-hkvXp hIp-

∏ns\ A°mcyw Gev]n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. ]pcm-hkvXp hIp∏p \¬

Inb A^n-U-hn-‰n¬ 20˛m-asØ

JfinIbmWv hnhm-Z-Øns‚ tIµ-

_n-µp.

"]ucm-WnI C¥y≥ kmln-Xy-

Øns‚ ][m-\-s∏´ mK-ambn IW-

°m-°-s∏-Sp∂ hmfloIn cmam-b-W-

\mk (NASA)bpsS

D]- Kl t^mt´mbpw

Pntbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿t∆

Hm v C¥y-bpsS ]T-\-Øn-

t‚bpw a‰p qan-im-kvX-]-

c-amb sXfn-hp-I-fp-tSbpw

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ IS-en-∂-

Snbn¬ cq]w-sIm≠ Cu

aW¬Xn a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-

a√ F∂ Jfin-X-amb

Xoc p - a m - \ -Ø n - e mW v

C¥y≥ ]pcm-hkvXp hIp

∏v FØn-t®¿∂-Xv. cma-

tkXp AYhm BUwkv

_nUvPv s]mfn-°p-∂Xv kw_-‘n®v

ka¿∏n® kXy-hm-ßvaq-e-Øn¬

iocm-as‚ AkvXn-XzsØ tNmZyw

sNbvXp-sIm≠p≈ ]pcm-hkvXp

hIp-∏ns‚ ]cm-a¿iw kwLv]-cn-hm-

dn¬ \n∂p≈ hºn® ]Xn-tj-[-

Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn. CtXmsS bp.-

]n.F. k¿°m¿ kXy-hm-ßvaqew

tImS-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v ]n≥h-en-°p-

Ibpw ]pcm-h-kvXp-im-kvX-h-Ip∏v

DtZym-K-kvY∑m¿s°-Xnsc \S-]Sn

kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°-bm-Wv.

aX-hn-Im-c-ßƒ IpØn-s∏m°n

h¿§ob cmjvSobw Ifn-°m≥ X°w-

]m¿ØpI-gn-bp∂ kwLv]-cn-hm¿

cmjvSo-b-Øn\v tIm¨K- ns‚ Cu

\S-]Sn \s√m-cm-bp-[-amWv \¬In-

bXv. Ah¿ tkXp-k-apZw ]≤-Xn-

s°-Xn-tcbpw iocm-as‚ AkvXnXzw

\ntj-[n-®-Xn-s\-Xn-tcbpw Xnc-s™-

Sp∏v apºn¬ I≠p-sIm≠v hºn®

]t£m- -W-Øn-s∂m-cp-ßp-I-bm-Wv.

443


hmPvt]bn k¿°m-dmWv CXn\v

XpS°w Ipdn®sX∂ Imcyw t]m

epw Ah¿ ad®p-]n-Sn-°p-∂p.

]pcm-hkvXp hIp-∏n\v Ah¿°v

e`y-amb sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ amXta hkvXp-X-Iƒ ]d-

bm-s\m-°q. AXmWv imkvXob ]T-

\-Øns‚ coXn. ]t£, C-Xn-lm-k-

ß-sf-∏‰n ]Tn®v A¥n-a-hn[n ]

kvXmhw \S-Øp-hm-\p≈ Xß-fpsS

]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ ]pcm-hkvXp hIp∏v a\-

n-em-°msX, Xßƒ Is≠-Øn-bXv

amX-amWv icn F∂ \ne-]mSv AwKo-

I-cn-°m≥ km[y-a-√. AXy ¥w

hnIm-c-\n¿`-c-amb CØcw hnj-b-

ßfn¬ hfsc Icp-X-tem-sS-bp≈

`mjm ]tbm-K-ß-fm-bn-cn-°-Ww

B[n-Im-cnI ÿm]-\-ßƒ \S-tØ-

≠-Xv. A°m-Z-anIv Ncn-Xhpw aX-hn-

izm-khpw XΩn-ep≈ Cu kwL¿

jw apX-se-Sp-°m-\p≈ _n.-sP.-]n.

iaw A]-e-]-\o-b-am-Wv. CXn-e-S-

ßnb auen-I-amb ]iv\w iocm-

as\ CXn-lmkap‡-\m-°n-s°m-

≠p≈ ka-K-amb Hcp A°m-Z-an°v

NcnXw Db¿∂p hc-W-sa-∂p-≈-Xm-

Wv. AXn-_r-l-Ømb Hcp imkv

Xob Kth-j-W-k-]-cy°v CXv bm

Ym¿∞y-am-°m≥ km[n-°pw. anØpw

Ncn-Xhpw IqSn-°pg™p≈ coXn

aX-hn-izm-ksØ aen-\-am-°p-Ibpw

\mń¬ kwL¿jw hf¿Øp-Ibpw

sNøpw.

cma-IY hmfloIn cmam-b-W-

Øn¬ ]d-™Xv amX-amWv icn

F∂ kwLv]-cn-hm¿ \ne-]mSv AwKo-

I-cn-°m-\m-hn-√. Xpf-kn-Zmkns‚

"cma-N-cn-X-am-\kv' (Xpfkn cmam-b-

Ww) Xangv alm-Ihn Iº¿ Fgp-

Xnb "Iºcmam-bWw' _p≤-∑mcpsS

"PmX-I-IY' F∂o kmly-Xy-Ir-Xn-

I-fn¬ ]d™ cma-I-Y-Iƒ XΩn¬

D≈-S-°-Ønepw hni-Zmw-i-ß-fnepw

hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠v. ae-bm-f-Øn-ep-

≠mb cma-I-Ym-Im-hy-ß-fmb cma-N-

cn-Xw, I◊-»-cm-am-bWw, A≤ym-fl-

cm-am-bWw F∂n-h-bnepw hyXym-k-

ß-fp-≠v. CXv IqSmsX mc-X-Ønse

an° mj-Ifnep-ap≈ \mtSmSn ]mc-

º-cy-Ønepw cma-I-Y-bpsS ]e-hn-[-

Øn-ep≈ ]mT-t`-Z-ß-fp-ap-s≠∂v

]fin-X-∑m¿ ]d-bp-∂p. ]ucm-WnI

`mc-X-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ]fin-X-bmb

tdman-em -Ym-∏-dn-s\-t∏m-se-bp-≈-h¿

cmam-b-W-Ønse ioe¶ Fhn-sS-

bmWv F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v ]fin-X-

∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ X¿°-ß-fp-≈-Xmbn

]d-bp-∂p. AXv hn‘y-bn-tem,

tNm´m \mKv]q-cn-tem, alm-\ZnbpsS

U¬‰-bntem BImw. amX-a√,

Ct∏m-gsØ ioe-¶-bpsS ]gb

t]¿ kntem¨ F∂m-W-t√m. aucy-

`-c-W-Im-eØpw AXn-\p-ti-j-hpw-

`mc-Xo-b-˛em‰n≥˛Ko°v kmln-Xy-

ß-fnse ]cm-a¿i-ß-fnepw Atim-

Is‚ (_n.-kn. aq∂mw \q‰m-≠v)

inem-im-k-\-ß-fnepw C∂ sØ

ioe¶ "Xma-]¿Wn' F∂ t]cn-

emWv Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv

AXv "kn≥lf' F∂pw "kn≥l-f-

Zzo]v' F∂p-ambn amdn. CXn¬

\n∂mWv "kntem¨' F∂ \maw

\njv]-∂-am-b-Xv. kntem¨ Cub-Sp-

ØmWv ioe-¶-sb∂v \ma-I-cWw

sNø-s∏- -Xv. hmfloIn cmam-b-W-sa-

gp-Xp-tºmƒ Ct∏m-gsØ ioe-¶-

bpsS \maw AX-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v

hy‡w. (The Hindu Sept. 15).GXm-bmepw \mSns‚ hnI-k-\-

]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw kam-[m-\-Po-hn-

X-Øn\pw `wKw hcp-Øp-hm≥ `mc-

Xo-b-cpsS lrZbw Ih¿∂ BZ¿i-

hm\pw ]pWym-flm-hp-amb iocm-

as‚ \maw Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNøp-∂Xv

icn-b-√. `c-W-Iq-S-Øn\v kzÿX

e`n-°m≥ knwlm-k-\-ap-t]-£n®

P\-t£-a-X-ev]-c-\mb iocm-as‚

t]cn¬ cmPy-Øn\v hºn® hnI-

k\w hmKvZm\w sNøp∂ tkXp

kapZw ]≤Xn XS-bp-∂Xv Hcn-°epw

\oXn-I-cn-°m-\m-hn-√.

an-°-bpw, B IΩo-js‚ hn[n-b-\p-

k-cn®v At±-l-Øn\p Kh¨ sa≥dv

\¬In-bn-cp∂ ]Z-hn-I-sf√mw ]n≥h-

en-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. cmPy-tZm-l-°p-

‰-amWv At±-l-Øn-s\-Xntc Npa-Ø-

s∏- -Xv. CXn-\mbn in£n-°-s∏-SpI

G‰hpw A]-am-\-I-c-sa∂p Icp-X-s∏-

ń-cp∂ Hcp Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.

X\n-°p-≠mb Cu ]X-\w, lZv

dØv AlvaZp¬ JmZn-bm-\nsb shdp-

∏n-®-Xp-sIm-≠p≠m-b-Xm-sW∂v

At±-l-Øn\p hy‡-am-bn. Cu Ip‰-

t_m[w At±-lsØ th´-bm-Sn-b-

t∏mƒ, Xt∂mSp £an-°-W-sa-∂pw,

X\n-°p-th≠n ]m¿∞n-°-W-sa∂pw

(24˛mw t]Pn¬ \n∂v XpS¿®) At]-£n-®p-sIm≠v At±lw lZv

dØv AlvaZn\p IØ-b-®p. auehn

apl-ΩZv lpssk-\≥ _´m-ehn

hsc CXn-\mbn lZvdØv Alv

aZns‚ ASp-°-tebv°v ip]m¿i-bp-

ambn Bf-b-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Aß

s\ sN∂ Hcm-tfmSv lZvdØv Alv

aZv Cßs\ ]d-™p:

""\hm_v kmln_v A√m-lp-

hns‚ Xr]vXn-s°-Xn-cn¬ k¿°m-

cns‚ Xr]vXn t\Sm-\t√ BK-ln-

®Xv? AXp-Xs∂ \S-°-s´, Kh¨

sa‚ns‚ ]oXn t\Sn-s°m-≈-s´.....''

B ZqX≥ ]n∑m-dm≥ Xøm-dm-bn-√.

Abmƒ hfsc XmWp-tI-W-t]-£n-

®p. kZbw £an-®p-am-∏m-°-W-sa-

∂pw, \hm_v kmln-_n-\-\p-Iq-e-

amb DØcw Inń-bmte Xm≥ Xncn

sI t]mIp-I-bp≈qsh∂pw, ho≠pw

ho≠pw At]-£n-®p.

\o≠ A©p h¿j-°mew

_nójv k¿°m-dp-am-bp≈ tIkn

s‚ \qem-am-e-I-fp-ambn \hm_v

kmln_v sIń-a-dn-™p. HSp-hn¬

lZvdØv AlvaZn(A)s‚ ]m¿∞-

\m-^-e-ambn \hm_v kmln-_n\p

\jvS-s∏´ ÿm\-am-\-ßƒ XncnsI

Inń. F∂m¬, B hn[n-bpsS k¬

^-e-ßƒ Bkz-Zn-°m-\n-S-h-cmsX,

At±lw Cl-tem-I-hmkw shSn-bp-

I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. (Xp-S-cpw)

444


Fkv.hn ssk\p-±o≥ kmln_vFkv.hn ssk\p-±o≥ kmln_vFkv.hn ssk\p-±o≥ kmln_vFkv.hn ssk\p-±o≥ kmln_vFkv.hn ssk\p-±o≥ kmln_v

]g-b-ßmSn Alva-Znøm Pam-A-

Øns‚ t]mb-Ime ]kn-U≠vamcn-

sem-cmfpw ap≥ tIcf cPn-kvtS-j≥

sF.-Pn-bp-am-bn-cp∂ P\m_v Fkv.-hn.

ssk\p-±o≥ kmln_v k]vXw-_¿

12\v Xnt√-cn-bnse h-\-Øn¬ sh®v

\ncym -X -\mbn. C∂m-en -√mln

hC∂m Csseln dmPn-Du≥.

]g -b -ßmSn kztZ -in -bmb

ssk\p-±o≥ kmln_v Ahn-SpsØ

BZy-Ime AlvaZn-I-fn¬ s]´

a¿lqw ]n.hn aZm¿ A_vZp√m

kmln-_n-t‚bpw kosc-h-f-∏n¬

JZnb DΩ kmln-_-bp-tSbpw aI-

\mbn 1919emWv P\n-®-Xv. ]mY-anI

]T\w ]g-b-ßm-Sn -bnepw ssl

kvIqƒ hnZym- ymkw sNdp-Ip-∂n-ep-

am-bn-cp∂p. XpS¿∂v awK-em-]p-cw,

tImgn-t°mSv XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn¬

\n∂v D]-cn-]-T\w \S-Øn. ]g-b-ßmSn

cPn-kvSm-dmbn HutZym-KnI PohnXw

Bcw-`n® At±lw ]Z-hn-I-fpsS

I¬∏-S-hp-Iƒ Ibdn cPn-kvtS-j≥

sF.Pn-bm-bn- Xncph-\-¥-]p-cØp

sh®vv hnc-an-®p.

hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ [mcm-f-ambn

a\x-]m-T-am-°nb `mKy-im-en-bm-bn-

cp∂p -A-t±lw. Jp¿-Bs‚ ]Zm-\p-

]Zw A¿∞w At±-l-Øn-\-dn-bm-am-

bn-cp-∂p. AXoh lrZy-ambn Jp¿-

B≥ HmXm\pw At±-l-Øn\v km[n-

®n-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ aX-km-ln-Xy-

cw-KØv a\- ns\ X´n-bp-W¿Øp∂

KoX-ßƒ At±lw kw`m -h\

sNbvXp. Pohn-X-Øns‚ Xnam-\-ßƒ

At±-l-Øn\v kuc- y-ambn; HutZym-

KnI cwK-sØ D-∂X ]Zhn, aX-cw-

KsØ \nkzm¿∞ tkh-\w, kmln-

Xy-cw-KsØ ]Xn-`: k¿§-`m-h-\-

bpsS h¿Æ-hm-°p-Iƒ krjvSn®

Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw.

auenI ]Xn-`-bpsS Xmc-kzcw

F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ "⁄m\m-

arXw' At±-l-Øn-eqsS Ihn-X-bmbn

Hgp-In. At±-l-Øns‚ IY-Iƒ

hnkva-b-ß-fpsS hnf-\n-e-ß-fm-bn-cp-

∂p. ssk¥-h≥ F∂ Xqen-I-\m-a-

Øn¬ \¿Ω- m-h-\-Iƒ tIcfw ]cn-

N-b-s∏-´p. _n.-F- ns‚ \mbm-´p-I-

Y-Iƒ, kΩm-\-°-Y-Iƒ, a’-c-°-Y-

Iƒ F∂n-hbv°p ]pdsa BZy-cm-

hn¬ (I-hn-Xm-k-am-lm-cw), XI¿∂

Xmc-ßƒ (\m-S-Iw) XpS-ßn-b-hbpw

At±lw cNn-®p. ]kn≤ ae-bmf

IYm-Ir-Ømb kt¥mjv F®n-

°m\w ssk¥-h-s\-°p-dn®v Fgp-Xn-

bXv Hm¿°p∂p: ""cPn-kvtS-j≥

Un∏m¿´p-sa‚n¬ \n∂v 1976¬ sF.-

Pn-bmbn hnc-an® B ]gb kmln-

Xy-Im-cs\ Xncn-®-dn-bp-tºmƒ \mw

hnkvab `cn-X-cm-hp-∂p. `mjm-ss\-

]pWywsIm≠pw kzm`m -hnI

\¿ΩwsIm≠pw tIkcn \mb-

\m¿°pw kRvP-b\pw CXm Adn-

b-s∏-SmØ ]n≥Km-an''.

kXy-Zq-X-s‚ D∂-a-\-Øn\p

th≠n [\w- sIm≠pw tZlw sIm

≠pw At±lw klmb-ß-f¿∏n-®p.

IÆq¿ SuWn¬ Al-va-Zn-Iƒ°v

Iq´mb \a-kvIm-c-Øn\v kuIcyw

G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv At±-l-am-bn-cp-∂p.

]g-b-ßmSn Pam-A-Øns‚ kmc-Yn-

bmbn Xnf-°-am¿∂ ]h¿Ø\w

ImgvN-h-bv°m\pw At±-l-Øn\v

km[n-®p. bphm-°ƒ°v At±lw

\¬Inb t]m’m-l\w it≤-b-am-

bn-cp-∂p. ]g-b-ßm-Sn-bnse aZ m

_n¬UnwKv At±-l-Øns‚ ia-^-

e-ambn cq]-s∏- XmWv.

]K-¤-\mb Hcp- ]-`m-j-I≥

IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p ssk\p-±o≥ kmln-

_v. C…m-anI Ncn-X-Øns‚ hnip-

≤nbpw kuµ-cyhpw At±-l-Øns‚

]- m-jW-ß-fn¬ CXƒhncn-bp∂p.

\_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-Ønse

\n¿Æm-bI kµ¿`-ß-fn -eqsS

At±lw \S-Ønb bmX ]`m-jW

Ie-bpsS \£X Xnf-°-ß-fm-bn-

Øo¿∂p. hfsc hnim-e-ambn Nn¥n-

°p-Ibpw Ffn-a-bm¿∂ PohnXw \bn-

°p-Ibpw sNbvX At±lw At\-

Isc kzIm-cy-ambn klm-bn-°p-

Ibpw B¿°pw D]-Z-h-an-√msX Pohn-

°m≥ BK-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

HSp -hn -sem-Sp -hn¬ au\-Øns‚

hmflo-I-Øn¬ kz¥w Pohn-X-sØ

-A¿∏n-°p-tºmgpw F√m \∑-tbm-

sSbpw temI-tØmSv hnS-hm-ßm≥

Ign-b-W-sa-∂-t±lw BK-ln-®p.

k¿∆-i-‡-\mb A√mlp At±-l-

Øn\v kz¿§ob PohnXw ]Zm\w

445


sNøp-am-dm-hs´. Bao≥.

]g-b-ßmSn Pam-A-Øns‚ ap≥

]kn-U-≠mbncp∂ Fw. ssk\p-±o≥

kmln-_ns‚ aIƒ _n. k^n-

bm_n kmln-_-bmWv At±-l-

Øns‚ mcy. P\m-_vam¿ knbm-hp-

±o≥, kndm-Pp-±o≥, inlm-_p-±o≥,

ssk\_m Pmkvan≥ F∂n-h-cmWv

a°ƒ.- IÆq¿ kn-‰n-sk‚¿ sNb¿

am\pw ]apJ hyh-km-bn-bp-amb

A_vZp√m kpss_¿ At±-l-Øn

s‚ acp-a-I-\m-Wv. Bcn- , lko-\,

B_n-Z F∂n-h-cmWv a‰p- a-cp-a-°ƒ.

s]m: alvaqZv AlvaZvs]m: alvaqZv AlvaZvs]m: alvaqZv AlvaZvs]m: alvaqZv AlvaZvs]m: alvaqZv AlvaZv

Sn.-sI. APojvSn.-sI. APojvSn.-sI. APojvSn.-sI. APojvSn.-sI. APojv

Icp-fmbn AlvaZnøm apkvenw

Pam-A-Ønse AwKhpw Sn.-sI. apl-

ΩZv dio-Zns‚ aI-\p-amb Sn.-sI.

APojv Pqembv 4˛\v hml-\m-]-I-S-

Øn¬ acn -®p. (C-∂m-en -√mln

hC∂m Csseln dmPn-Du≥)

`mcy: io\ aÆm¿°m-Sv, aIƒ

A\o\ 4 hb- v.

sImSn-b-Øq¿ Pam-A-Ønse

BZy-Ime Alv aZnbpw ]kn-U-≠p-

am-bn-cp∂ a¿lpw DÆn-tam-bn≥ A[n-

Im-cn-bpsS aIƒ kmPn-X-bmWv amXm-

hv. Icp-fmbv Pam-A-Ønse ÿm]I

]kn-U-≠m-bn-cp∂ a¿lpw P. Sn.

sI. Ip™m-e≥ lmPn kmln-

_ns‚ ]uX-\p-amWv ]tc-X≥.

]-tc-X\v A√mlp P∂Øpw

aKv^n-dØpw \¬Ip-am-dm-I-s´.

Bao≥

Sn.-sI. apl-ΩZv (Ip-™p)Sn.-sI. apl-ΩZv (Ip-™p)Sn.-sI. apl-ΩZv (Ip-™p)Sn.-sI. apl-ΩZv (Ip-™p)Sn.-sI. apl-ΩZv (Ip-™p)

Icp-fmbvIcp-fmbvIcp-fmbvIcp-fmbvIcp-fmbv

BwKn-fp-I-fn¬ lrZ-b-Øns‚ IÆp-

Iƒ ImWp-∂Xv t]mse-bp≈ ]pWy-

Jm-Zn-bm-\nse Zr-iy-ßƒ hmb-\°v

h¿Æhpw hZ-\hpw \¬Ip-∂p. F√m-

‰n-\p-ap-]-cn-bmbn JmZn-bms\∏‰n Adn-

bm-\p≈ Hcp ssI]p-kvX-I-ambn CXv

kq£n-®p-sh-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

(37˛mw t]Pn¬ \n∂v XpS¿®) at\m-l-c-amb lm¿Uv ss_bn-

‚nep≈ Cu ]pkvXI Øns‚ hne

200 cq]-bm-Wv. AX-Xbpw Poh-Im-

cp-Wy-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p-th-≠n-bp-≈-

Xm-sW∂v hne-bpsS ASn-`m-KØv

Xs∂ ]km-Z-I¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

cn-°p∂p. JmZn-bms‚ lrZ-b-ZhoI-

c-W-tijn°pZm-l-c-W-amWv ]km-Z-

I-cpsS Cu HuZm-cyw. Fw. A_vZp-

dlvam≥ km-ln_pw Cu ]pkvXIw

]kn-≤o-I-cn® kabw ]ªn-t°-

j\pw IqSn ae-bm-f-Ønepw Cw•o-

jn-ep-ap≈ AlvaZnøm kmln-Xy-

Øn\v hen-sbmcp D]-lm-c-amWv

kΩm-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. A√mlp X°-

Xmb ]Xn- ew \¬I-s´.

12-˛8-˛2007\v aPvenkv A≥km-dp√mlv ae-∏pdw taJem CPvXna taJem Aao¿12-˛8-˛2007\v aPvenkv A≥km-dp√mlv ae-∏pdw taJem CPvXna taJem Aao¿12-˛8-˛2007\v aPvenkv A≥km-dp√mlv ae-∏pdw taJem CPvXna taJem Aao¿12-˛8-˛2007\v aPvenkv A≥km-dp√mlv ae-∏pdw taJem CPvXna taJem Aao¿12-˛8-˛2007\v aPvenkv A≥km-dp√mlv ae-∏pdw taJem CPvXna taJem Aao¿

]n. apl-Ω-Zen amÃ¿ kmln_v DZvLmS\w sNøp-∂p. No^v anj-\dn auehn Aøq_v]n. apl-Ω-Zen amÃ¿ kmln_v DZvLmS\w sNøp-∂p. No^v anj-\dn auehn Aøq_v]n. apl-Ω-Zen amÃ¿ kmln_v DZvLmS\w sNøp-∂p. No^v anj-\dn auehn Aøq_v]n. apl-Ω-Zen amÃ¿ kmln_v DZvLmS\w sNøp-∂p. No^v anj-\dn auehn Aøq_v]n. apl-Ω-Zen amÃ¿ kmln_v DZvLmS\w sNøp-∂p. No^v anj-\dn auehn Aøq_v

kmln_v, kn.-sI. A_vZp¬ K^q¿ kmln_v F∂n-h-cmWv kao-]w.kmln_v, kn.-sI. A_vZp¬ K^q¿ kmln_v F∂n-h-cmWv kao-]w.kmln_v, kn.-sI. A_vZp¬ K^q¿ kmln_v F∂n-h-cmWv kao-]w.kmln_v, kn.-sI. A_vZp¬ K^q¿ kmln_v F∂n-h-cmWv kao-]w.kmln_v, kn.-sI. A_vZp¬ K^q¿ kmln_v F∂n-h-cmWv kao-]w.

IÆq¿ : a¿lqw auem\m _nA_vZp√mkmln_v F®v. F.bpsSkoa¥ ]pX-\pw IÆq¿ Su¨PamAØv AwKhpamb P\m_v F.-]n. A_vZp-dlow kmln_v (80)BKÃv 10\v D®°v 2 aWn°v IÆq-cnse kz -h-\-Øn¬sh®v \ncym-X-\m-bn. C∂m-en-√mln hC∂m C-sselndmPn-Du≥.

]g-b-ßm-Sn-bnse a¿lqa F.- ]n.ssk\_mkm-ln-_-bmWv amXm-hv.

a¿lqw F.-]n.A_vZp-dlow km

ln_v Xs‚ ]mY-anI hnZym`ymk-

Øn\ptijw c≠ph¿jw JmZn-bm-

\nse kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-®p. Ddp-Zp, Cw•o

jv `mj-Iƒ \∂mbn ssIImcyw

sNøm≥ A-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂ At±lw

Zo¿L-Imew kuZn Atd-_y-bn¬

tPmen sNbvXp. aX-ssh-⁄m-\nI

hnj-b-ß-fn¬ ]fin-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

IÆq¿ Su¨ Pam-A-Øns‚ BZy-

Ime sshkv ]kn-U‚pw kbow-

A≥kmdpambn-cp∂p. ]tc-X\v

A√mlp P∂Øpw aKv^n-dØpw

\¬In A\p-K-ln-°-s´.

\bo-a, a¿lqw ^k¬ Icow,

\ko-a, \Pva, A_vZp√ (Zp-_m-bv)

a°-fm-Wv. \qdp-±o≥ (tImgn-t°mSv),

s]m^: laoZv tImb (e-£-Zzo-]v),

A_vZp¬ K^q¿ (IÆq¿), tdmko\

acpa°-fm-Wv. a¿lqa sk°n-bm_n

bmWv mcy.

F.-]n. A_vZp-dlow kmln_vF.-]n. A_vZp-dlow kmln_vF.-]n. A_vZp-dlow kmln_vF.-]n. A_vZp-dlow kmln_vF.-]n. A_vZp-dlow kmln_v

446

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