paata buxrasvili wminda giorgi didebis mxedaridspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/69824/1/...6 paata...

wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 1

ISSN 1512-0449kavkasiologiis saerTaSorisosamecniero-kvleviTi institutis Jurnal amiranis XXV nomris damateba

paata buxraSviliwminda giorgi didebis mxedari

Paata BukhrashviliSaint George the great Knight

Paata Buchraschwili Der Heilige Georg der große Ritter

2 paata buxraSvili

recenzentebi:

prof. qevin TuiTi (monrealis universiteti)prof. nino WiWinaZe (ilias universiteti)prof. gigi TevzaZe (ilias universiteti)doqtori besik lorTqifaniZe (erovnuli muzeumi)


wminda giorgididebis mxedari

paata buxraSvili

Tbilisi2014

4 paata buxraSvili

vuZRvni sayvareli mSoblebisa daZvirfasi maswavleblebis naTel xsovnas


`Cven yvelani Cveni bavSvobidan movdivarT~ -o, uTqvams didebul mwerls, antuan de sent-egziuperis. rogorc wesi, amas maSin amboben, roca zrdasruli Tu mowifuli adamiani Tavis qcevaSi, qmedebasa Tu zraxvaSi, gamoavlens rasme bavSvobasa da siymawvileSi gancdil-SeTvisebuls; jer kidev didi xnis win samudamod aRi-beWdils mis grZnoba-gonebaSi.

meore an mesame klasSi viqnebodi, baTumSi (dedu-leTSi, sadac rogorc wesi, vatarebdi ardadegebs), babuis biblioTekaSi egnate gablianis cnobili naSromi _ `Zveli da axali svaneTi“ rom aRmovaCine. am wigniT Semovida Cems bavSur cnobierebaSi saqarTvelos es ula-mazesi da mistiuri mxare Tavisi zRaprulobiT, ganume-oreblobiTa da TavisTavadobiT. axlac ki, Sevuyvebi ra enguris xeobas, upirvelesad gonebaSi im wignis ydaze aRbeWdili peizaJSi amotivtivdeba xolme.

svaneTiT daintereseba, jer kidev XIX saukuneSi, mogzaur-mkvlevarebis mier, aq daculi unikaluri is-toriuli Zeglebis da xelovnebis nimuSebis aRweriTa da fotografirebiT daiwyo.

amave saukunis 70-iani wlebidan, qarTul periodul presaSi Cndeba pirveli werilebi da narkvevebi svane-Tis Sesaxeb, romelic ekuTvnoda cnobili mecniersa da sazogado moRvawes, svaneTis istoriis, folklorisa da eTnografiis mkvlevars, besarion niJaraZes. igi gazeT `iveria“-Si, `Tavisufali svanis“ fsevdonimiT, regu-ralulad aqveynebda werilebs.

rac Seexeba svaneTis siZveleebis, misi istoriisa da eTnografiis safuZvlian mecnierul kvlevas, saTave, XX saukunis 10-iani wlebidan, eqvTime TayaiSvilma daudo, romelmac 1910 wels imogzaura leCxum-svaneTSi [TayaiS-vili e., 1991]. mogviano periodSi, araerTma cnobilma qarTvelma Tu ucxoelma didebulma mecnier-mkvlevarma uZRvna svaneTs sakuTari Sroma.

gasuli saukunis 70-80-ian wlebaSi, svaneTis siZ-veleebis aRsanusxavad da Sesaswavlad, mniSvnelovani

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samuSao Seasrula saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis svaneTis samecniero-kompleqsurma eqspediciam.1

miuxedavad imisa, rom svaneTSi daculi siZveleebis Seswavlas, im periodisTvis, TiTqmis saukunenaxevriani

istoria gaaCnda da svaneTis Zeglebis mniSvnelobasa da maT mdgomareobaze bevri ram adrec iyo cnobili, aq davanebul-daunjebuli sxvadasxva saxis materialuri da sulieri kulturis nivTebis Sesaxeb konkretuli xelSesaxebi masala (kerZod sruli aRricxvis siebi, Cabarebis aqtebi da a.S.), kvlav mosawesrigebeli iyo.

svaneTis kompleqsur eqspediciaSi. b-n mixeil CarTolanTan erTad. sof. Robi. 1981

1 eqspediciis Tavdapirveli Semadgenloba ase gamoiyureboda: saqarT-velos saxelmwifo muzeumis TanamSromlebi: mixeil CarTolani (espediciis xel-i), lamara bedukiZe, mzia makalaTia, gogi CikoiZe, akaki gogiCaiSvili, miSa SveliZe; mowveuli pirebi: rusudan yenia (xelovnebis instituti, eqs-pediciis xel-is moadgile), valeri silogava (xelnawerTa instituti), SoTa CarTolani (istoriis instituti); mxatvar arqiteqtorebi: giorgi metreveli, guram razmaZe; SemdgomSi, eqspediis muSaobaSi monawileoba miiRes: vladi-mer kikilaSvilma, manana sinauriZem, manana xizaniSvilma, nodar axalkacma, xaTuna cincaZem, mamuka axalaSvilma, zviad cindelianma, sozar subelianma, ninuka abduSeliSvilma, rusiko sulaZem, irma enuqiZem, daTo levaniSvilima (mZRoli) da sxva. eqspediciaSi monawileobden mestiis muzeumis TanamSrom-lebic: akaki kviciani, daviT niJaraZe, CaTo gujejiani, Sadur Sukvani, gela xvistani da sxv.


skaldis mTavarangelozi (lentexis raioni) 1981 w. mix. CarTolani, g. razmaZe, v. silogava, m. xizaniSvili

swored am mizniT, 1972 wels, maSindeli saqar-Tvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidiumis mi-TiTebiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumTan Seiqmna svaneTis samecniero-kompleqsuri eqspedicia.

aRniSnuli eqspediciis mizans Seadgenda _ 1. manamde cnobili materialuri da sulieri kulturis Zeglebis aRricxvisa da dacvis mdgomareobis garkveva; 2. am mxareSi analogiuri xasiaTis axali wyaro-masalebis gamomzureba-Seswavla da maTi dacvis mowesrigeba.

eqspediciam, Tavisi arsebobis ganmavlobaSi (1972-1996 w.w.) Caatara didZali samuSao ara marto zemo da qvemo svaneTSi, aramed, das. saqarTvelos sxva mTian re-gonebSic _ raWasa da leCxumSic. eqspediciis Sedegebis amsaxveli samecniero publikaciebi gamoica or tomad _ svaneTi I da II (masalebi materialuri da sulieri kul-turis SeswavlisaTvis), xolo didi nawili saeqspedicio masalebisa _ dRiurebis, oqmebis da fotoanabeWdebis saxiT inaxeba akad. s. janaSias sax. saxelmwifo muzeumis eTnografiis ganyofilebaSi.

jer kidev, Tsu istoriis fakultetis students da SemdgomSi eTnografiis keTedris aspirants, 1980-88

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wlebSi, wilad mxvda bedniereba memuSava am eqspedicia-Si; uSualod mimeRo monawileoba mis samecniero saqmi-anobaSi _ Tavad Semegrovebina savele eTnografiuli masala2, aRmewera da Semeswavla is mdidari wyaro-masa-lebi, materialuri da sulieri kulturis Zeglebi, ro-melic davanebulia saqarTvelos am ulamazes mxareSi.

pirveli davaleba, romelic miviRe eqspediis xel-mZRvanelis, batoni mixeil CarTolanisagan iyo _ gav-mgzavrebuliyavi sof. adiSSi, sadac imxanad tardeboda wminda giorgisadmi miZRvnili saTemo dResaswauli da Semegrovebina savele-eTnografiuli masala. batonma mixeilma, saamisod, guldasmiT damariga da Semid-gina kiTxvari, romlis mixedviTac unda Cametarebina savele muSaoba; Tanac masalis Casawerad misaxsovra Tavisi xeliT Sekerili da ydaSi Casmuli sqeli rveuli, romelsac dRemde didi siyvaruliT vinaxav.

sofeli adiSi, sadac aRniSnuli dReoba imarTeba, mdebareobs md. adiSWalis marjvena napirze, zRvis

sof. adiSi

2 SemdgomSi, sof. adiSSi 1980/81/82 wlebSi mopovebuli savele eTnografiuli masalebis safuZvelze movamzade kidec sadiplomo naSromi.

donidan 2100 metris simaRleze da Sedis istoriuli Tavisufali svaneTis SemadgenlobaSi. sofeli mdi-


daria rogorc materialuri, aseve sulieri kulturis3 pirvelxarisxovani ZeglebiT; originaluri xasiaTis kedlis mxatvrobiT Semkuli oTxi eklesia, sacxovre-beli saxlebi, koSkebi, Weduri da ferweruli xatebi ZiriTadad ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis xanas gane-kuTvnebian. soflis mosaxleoba 18 komls (1984 w.) Sead-gens da ori gvaris _ avalianebis da qaldanebis ubnebad aris gayofili.

qudosani wminda giorgis (jgraPg liCeniS lifayuO) eklesia, romlis SemogarenSic tardeba dResaswauli, soflidan 4 kilometris daSorebiT mdebareobs. ekle-sia XI saukuneSia agebuli da Cvenamde mciredi da-zianebebiTaa moRweuli. moxatulia odnav mogvianebiT. SedarebiT ukeTaa SemorCenili interierSi samxreT da CrdiloeT kedlebze Sesrulebuli scenebi wminda giorgis cxovrebidan. kedlebze mravladaa grafituli warwerebic.

liCaniSis wm. giorgis eklesia.

3 mag. am sofelSi iyo daculi, 897 wels Satberdis lavraSi gadawerili oTxTavi, romelic amJamad hadiSis saxarebis saxeliTaa cnobili.

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eklesiisTvis, mogviano periodSi, garedan samzadi (ladbaSi) da koSki miuSenebiaT, romelTagan axla nangrevebiRaa SemorCenili. amJamad, eklesiis midamo, daaxloebiT 200 metris radiusze, mozrdili lo-debiTaa dafaruli, rac adre aq dasaxlebis arsebo-baze migvaniSnebs. am varauds ufro amyarebs legenda soflis mitovebis Sesaxeb, romelic adiSis mkvidrma, imJamad eklesiis mcvelma, germane qaldanma gviambo: _ adre, jgraPg liCeniSidan daaxloebiT erTi kilome-tris daSorebiT, zeviT, sofeli arsebula, romelic TeTnuldidan daweul myinvars dautania. gadarCenila mxolod soflis ganapira mcxovrebi kaci ojaxiT, ro-melic eklesiasTan dasaxlebula da iq saxli (qor) da koSki (muryvam) augia. aq ucxovria erTi periodi. Semdeg aqidanac ayrila da saerTod, adiSidan dabla Casax-lebula; sadac sofel wvirmisTvis miucia dasabami. mTxrobelis mixedviT, eklesiasTan amJamad arsebuli koSkis nangrevi da lodovani am kacis nasaxlaria.

`liCeniSi“ sofel adiSSi gamarTul saweso dRe-obaTagan upirvelesia da amitom adgilobrivi svanebi mas, xSirad, adiSobasac uwodeben. wminda giorgis saxe-lobaze gamarTul am dResaswaulze xdeba, wlidan wlamde sofelSi dabadebuli vaJebis dalocva, maTi bednierebisa da janmrTelobisadmi locvis aRvlena da qudosani wminda giorgis mflobelobaSi moymeTa xatSi gayvana. dResaswaulze modian agreTve uZeo ojaxebic, romlebic salocavs vaJianobas SesTxoven.

liCeniSi moZravi dResaswaulia da kvirikobis (28 ivlisi) Semdeg xuTSabaTs imarTeba. calkeul SemTx-vevebSi xdeba dReobis gadavadeba erTi kviriTac (mag. Tu sofelSi micvalebuli hyavT).

dResaswaulze ZiriTadad adiSelebi (rogorc ze-moT aRvniSneT sofelSi mxolod ori gvari saxlobs _ avalianebi da qaldanebi) iyrian Tavs. modian agreTve Temidan gaTxovili qalebic TavTaviaTi ojaxebiT.

dResaswaulis mTavari momentia Sesawiris mitana wminda giorgis xatisadmi. Sesawirs Seadgens: 3-6 metris


simaRlis naZvis an fiWvis sari (Rvati) masze Sesabmeli naWriT (durSaY); saklavi _ xbo, mozveri an cikani; 60-mde lemziri (saritualo puri), 1 l. zedaSe da Taflis sanTeli. amas garda molCeniSs (mlocvels) moaqvs 20-30 cali xaWapuri, erTi samamakaco puri 10 litramde raxi (saerTo nadimisTvis). Sesawiridan yvelaze mniS-vnelovania Rvati da durSaY, romelTa warmoCinebiTac gansakuTrebiT amayobs nlocveli vaJis mama (molCeniSi). maTi motana aucilebelia mkvidri adiSelisTvis yovel vaJze, xolo soflidan gaTxovili qalis (hasviSi) ojax-isTvis pirvelsa da meore vaJze.

Rvati 3 - 6 metris simaRlis saria, romelsac vaJis mamebi swiraven salocavs. dReobamde 3 - 4 dRiT adre molCeniSi (mlocveli) midis tyeSi, sadac winaswar ukve Segulebuli aqvs saWiro simaRlis naZvis an fiWvis xe da Tlis Sesawir Rvats.

durSaY _ Rvatze Sesabmeli qsovilis naWeria, romelsac salocavs vaJis madlieri dedebi swiraven. saerTod svaneTSi, iseve rogorc saqarTveloSi da zogadad mTels kavkasiaSi, sakmaod gavrcelebulia saTemo xatebSi naWrebis (sakadrisebis, xatis perangis, leCaqis...) mitana (tab. II 3). sakadrisebs uwodebs li-CeniSze Sewirul naWrebs, Tavis naSromSi `svani qalis samosi“ [bezaraSvili c., 1979].

liCeniSTan dakavSirebiT arsebobda rigi akrZal-vebisa Temis yvela srulasakovani wevrisaTvis. mag. dResaswaulamde erTi kviriT adare col-qmrul urTi-erTobebs wyvetdnen Temis yovel ojaxSi; dResaswaulSi ar monawileobdnen axaldaqorwinebulni sam Tvemde da mgloviare (ormocamde) ojaxebi.

dResaswaulis gaZRolis mizniT sofeli 4 nawiladaa gayofili, da isini morigeobiT asruleben am movale-obas. im pirebs, romlebic dReobas uZRvebian ̀ memzirebs“ uwodeben. maT evalebaT molCeniSTa motanili Sesawiris uSualod Sewirva xatisadmi da locva-vedrebis aRv-lena mlocvelTa saxeliT. maT unda gaewiaT agreTve

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dResaswauliswina samzadisic (teritoriis gawmenda, SeSis momarageba, qvabebisa da WurWlis momzadeba ...).

mlocvelebi jer kidev mzis amowvervamde Tavs iyri-an eklesiasTan. iqve galavanTan gadmomdinare wyaroze ganibanebian, ris Semdegac, ganwmendilT ufleba eZle-vaT samlocvelos teritoriaze Sesvlisa. liCeniSze sakmaod bevri mlocveli iyris Tavs sruliad svaneTisa da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan. 1980 wels 36 ojaxi iyo amosuli dReobaze, 1981 wels 28, xolo 1982 wels qudosani wminda giorgis sadideblad 45 ojaxma moiyara Tavi.

msxverplTSewirva mzis amosvlisTanave iwyeba da iqve, eklesiis gverdiT sruldeba. molCeniSi Tavis zvaraks miuyvans memzirs, romelsac am ritualis Ses-ruleba evaleba. es ukanaskneli erT xelSi sanTliT da meoreSi lemzir-zedaSiT, Seavedrebs wminda gior-gis molCeniSis vaJs da ojaxs. Semdag, amave sanTliT saklavs Sublze balans Seatrusavs da am adgilze zedaSes miapkurebs. amis Semdeg mlocvels ufleba eZleva, iqve eklesiis gverdiT, Tavadve Seswiros saklavi salo-cavs. patrons zvarakis marjvena beWi da gul-RviZli ubrundeba, danarCeni xorci ki iqve ixarSeba da purobis dros saerTo sufraze nawildeba. calke iwveba zvarakis gul-RviZli, romlic gansakuTrebul kerZad iTvleba da misi SeWma yoveli mlocvelisTvis sasurvelia. ikv-leba agreTve soflis mier nayidi xaric. xars dakvlis win Seiyvanen ladbaSSi (samzadSi), sadac `molozani~ (rogorc wesi, moloznobas Temis Warmagi pirebi Tavo-ben) zemoT aRwerili wesisamebr Seswiravs mas salocavs. igi Tavis locvaSi qudosan wmida giorgis sofelSi qudis damxuravTa (mamakacTa) gamravlebas SesTxovs.

msxverplTSewirvis Semdeg mlocveli Sedis ekle-siaSi da iq myof memzirs gadascems zedaSes, lemzirebs, sanTelsa da fuls. es ukanaskneli ki Sesawirs gadas-cems molozans, romelic sakurTxevelTan asrulebs msaxurebas. igi dalocavs molCeniSis vaJs da janmT-


elobas, bednierebas, gamarjvebas usurvebs mas; wminda giorgis, mlocvelis gvarSi, mamakacTa gamravlebas Semdegnairad SesTxovs: `dideba, dideba mogsvlodes jgraPg! Sen Seewie am soflis momavals, win waswie so-feli, Sen Seewie da cudi aacile jgraPg! Sen Seewie (mol-CeniSis saxels da gvars asaxelebs) ojaxs; am biWma si-beremde icocxlos, gaamravle mis saxlSi qudis damxuravi da amis mavedrebeli bevrjer moiyvane aq~ [makalaTia m., 1977 : 29].

dalocvis Semdeg igi ramdenime wveT zedaSes sa-kurTxevelze daaqcevs, danarCens ki iqve mdgom Wur-WelSi CaRvris sadac mlocvelTa mir motanili zedaSe grovdeba. molCeniSs zedSis mxolod mcire nawili ubrundeba, romelic man purobisTvis motanil danarCen raxSi unda gaazavos.

Sewirvis rituali, daaxloebiT Sua dRisTvis srul-deba, ris Semdegac molCeniSebi (vaJebis mamebi) Tavi-anT motanil Rvatebs Seabamen naWrebs da aRmarTuli RvatebiT dgebian eklesiis maxloblad SemaRlebul adgilze. eklesiidan procesia gamoasvenebs xats da molCeniSebisken gaemarTeba. msvlelobis dros srul-deba wminda giorgis sadidebeli da kviria sam-samjer. RvatebaRmarTuli molCeniSebis mwkrivTan procesiis miaxloebis Semdeg, axla ukve sabolood, sjarod, SeZa-xilebiT dalocaven im wels dabadebul vaJebs, axal ymebs wminda giorgisas...

dasasrul, unda aRiniSnos mamakacis gansakuTre-buli roli dReobis msvlelobaSi. Sesawiris mitanas, saklavis dakvlas, Rvatebis aRmarTvas, fulis Sewir-vas mxolod mamakacebi asruleban. qalebi moSorebiT dganan da iqidan Sehyureben ritualis msvlelobas. sagulisxmoa isic, rom mlocvelni (molCeniSebi) salo-cavSi uqudod ar midian.

yovelive amis Semdeg imarTeba saerTo nadimi, cekva-TamaSi da simRera, sadac mamakacebic da qalebic Tanabrad monawileoben. adre mxiarulebis gamarTva

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eklesiis ezoSi dauSvebeli iyo, amJamad ki es tradicia daviwyebulia.

liCeniSis momdevno samSabaTs iwyeben Tibvas, ris aRsaniSnavadac xari axla ukve uSualod sofelSi, mTavar-angelozis (Taringzeli) eklesiis ezoSi ikvlis.

svanTa (iseve rogorc zogadad qarTvelTa) eTno-grafiul yofaSi wminda giorgi da miqael mTavarange-lozi mamakacTa mfarvelia. vinc ki yofila svaneTSi da puri miuRia aqauri stumarTmoyvare maspinZlebisgan, yvelam icis, rom aq, yvelaze saxeldaxelo da mcirexnian trapezazec ki, oTxi ZirTadi sadRegrZelo _ sadide-beli iTqmis aucileblad: didi RmerTisa (xoCa RerbeT), mTavargelozisa (Tarignzel), wminda giorgisa (jgraPg) da mariam RvTismSoblisa (la maria). mTavarangelozi, zogadad ojaxis mfarveli da gamaZlierebelia, wminda giorgi vaJebis, qudosanTa, gamCenel-gamaZlierebel-gamamarjvebeli; mariam RvTismSobeli ki qalTa da ojaxis Sida sivrcis mfarvelia.

zvid gamsaxurdia, Tavis naSromSi _ ̀ vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba“ msjelobs ra wminda giorgis kultis genezisis Taobaze, aRniSnavs _ ̀ wminda giorgis arqetipi da inspiratori miqael mTavarangelozi, bibliis mixed-viT, aris arqistrategosi RvTis zeciuri mxedrobisa, miqaeli klavs da amarcxebs kosmiur drakons, xatebsa da freskebze igi gamosaxulia gvelze Semdgari, maxvil-iT xelSi... drakonis mokvlis motivi yvela epoqebis da xalxebis miTologiebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, xolo mziuri RvTaebebi da gmirebi ganasaxiereben simarTlis, sakeTisa da siyvarulis madls; isini, sicocxlis damam-kvidrebelni da sikvdilis damTrgunvelni arian, kacob-riobis mxsnelni bneli Zalebisagan. maTi qristianuli saxea wminda giorgi“ [gamsaxurdia z.,1991 : 163-165].

wminda giorgis da mTavarangeloz miqaelis Tanazi-aroba, maTi mamakacuri, mebrZoli da Zlevamosili xasi-aTi, maTi mfarveloba mamakacuri bunebisadmi, naTlad Cans svaneTis eTnografiul yofaSi dadasturebuli sxva masalebiTac.


magaliTad, liCeniSis msgavsad, Sewirulobani axaldabadebuli vaJebis saxelze miaqvT TanRilis Taringzelis eklesiaSic. es salocavi, romelic sof. laxuSTis (latalis Temi) maxloblad mTazea agebuli, vaJebis dambadebelad da mfarvelad iTvleba. aq mosa-locad modian da Sesawiri moaqvT uZeo ojaxebs zemo svaneTis sxvadasxva soflebidanac.

vaJebis gaCenisTvis madls swiraven qvemo svaneTis salocavebsac. mag. skaldis mTavarangelozis eklesiaSi (lentexis r-ni), mravladaa madlier mSobelTa Sewiru-li nivTebi; erT-erT Sewirul yanwze aris warwera: `4 gogoa beso oTaris Ze liparteliani sof. rcxmeluri axla biWi SemeZina~.4 amave eklesiaSi mravladaa Sewir-uli ferad-feradi naWrebic.

wminda giorgis, rogorc mebrZol, gammarjvebel da mamakacTa mfarvel RvTaebas eTayvanebian saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSic [Tuite K., Buxrasvili P., 1999 : 59-72]. mag. s. makalaTia Tavis wignSi ̀ mTiuleTi~, gadmogvcems: _ ̀ sof. qavTaraanidan (fasanaurs zemoT-p.b.) 4-5 kilo-metris manZilze, soflebis - JiJiansa da wifors Soris moTavsebulia wiforis wminda giorgis xati, romlis sax-elobaze agebuli eklesia da niSi xatis tyiT dafarul erT gorakzea moTavsebuli. niSi savsea xatis uRlebiT, zanzalakebiT da sxva SarnebiT.

eklesiis garSemo Camwkrivebulia grZeli Wlokebi, romlebzec frialeben TeTr-wiTeli qsovilis naWrebi. xats am droSebs ucolo vaJebi swiraven. am mizniT isini tyeSi sWrian wiflis an naZvis maRal da swor joxebs, rac SeiZleba grZels, romlebsac wverze ferad naWrebs Seabamen. aRdgoma dilas, vaJebi am droSebiT wiforis wminda giorgis eklesias samjer Semouvlian da Semdeg am joxebs galavanSi Caasoben. droSas xels aravin ar axlebs sanam Tavad ar waiqceva da ar daiSleba. xalxis rwmeniT am droSis Semwirvels xati col-Svilis Rirsad

4 piradi saeqspedicio arqividan.

16 paata buxraSvili

gaxdis. wiforis wminda giorgis gansakuTrebiT vaJiano-bas SesTxoven. am mizniT mas vercxlis Tasebsa da dro-Sas (bavriys) swiraven. Tu aman ar gasWra, maSin uZeoni xuTwlian kurats mihgvrian, dekanozs daamwyalobebine-ben da iqve dahklaven. amis Semdag Tu vaJi SeeZinebaT, mas wiforis wminda giorgis ymad zrdian, TeTrebs acmeven da ramdenime weliwadi xatobaze atareben. samsaxuris gasvlis Semdeg vaJs am TeTrebs gaxdian da iqve xatSi dastoveben“ [makalaTia s., 1930 : 23]. es dReoba Cvens mierac iqna damowmebuli. marTalia es rituali amgvari saxiT yofaSi ukve aRar sruldeba, magram miuxedavad amisa im gvaris warmomadgenlebi, romlebic wiforis wminda giorgis saymod iTvlebian (qavTaraZeebi, bibi-laSvilebi, JiJiaSvilebi) axlac swiraven xats samad-lobelo zvaraks vaJis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi.

axaldabadebuli vaJis saxelobaze saklavi mihyavT lomisis wminda giorgis salocavSi da alevis oqros-kariani samebis (qsnis xeoba) eklesiaSic.

vaJebis mfarvelad iTvleboda mTeli rigi salo-cavebisa raWaSic. sofel zemo sxvavaSi (ambrolauris r-ni) arsebul mTavarangelozis eklesiaSi, romlis nan-grevebic xatis tyiT dafarul gorakzea SemorCenili, dedebs moaqvT Sesawiri (sanTeli, fuli) da TavianTi vaJebis janmrTelobisa da bednierebisTvis loculoben.

mTxrobelTan ambrosi mindelTan.raWa. sof. sori. 1986 w.


sofel sorSi aRdgomidan meoTxe xuTSabaTs wminda gior-gis eklesiaSi gamarTuli nacixurobac vaJianobisadmi iyo miZRvnili, romelsac mravalZlisa da nikorwmindis salocavebic `ubamden mxars, radgan maT angelozebs erTmaneTTan mimosvla da urTierToba hqondaT~.

liCeniSis TiTqmis analogiuri dResaswaulia dadas-turebli fSav-xevsureTSic, romelic xatSi gayvana-mibarebis saxeliTaa cnobili. xevsureTSi, roca vaJi daibadeboda, mSoblebi mas `miabarebdnen~ romelime xats, rac imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mas samgzis miagore-bdnen xatiskars an droSasTan [bardaveliZe v., 1952: 29]. samecniero literaturaSi es Cveuleba gaanalizebulia, rogorc RvTaebis mier Tavis saymos Svilad ayvanis mis-teria, ris Semdegac bavSvi xatis mfarvelobaSi eqceva (iqve).

xaxmatis wminda giorgis xati xevsureTSic xom vaJebis dambadeblad iTvleboda [Tuite K., Buxrasvili P. 1999: 59-72]. rogorc gadmogvcems giorgi TevdoraZe _ `xaxmatis jvris~ daniSnuleba iyo uSviloTaTvis Svilis gaCena; metadre mas evedreboda is visac Svili ar hyavda. am daniSnulebisaTvis xaxmatis xatSi gansakuTrebuli niSi dgas _ mwevris saflavi. aq orsul dedakacs5 an uSvilos fexs daadgmevinebdnen, rom Svili SesZenoda, metadre vaJi. aq salocavad modiodnen ara marto xev-surebi, aramed fSavlebic, TuSebic da qistebic“ [Tev-doraZe g., 1930 : 30].

maSasadame, yovelive zemoTaRniSnulis safuZvelze, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom sof. adiSSi gamarTuli wminda giorgi saxelobaze gamarTuli dResaswauli `liCeniSi~, warmoadgens sasoflo-saTemo sivrceSi ax-ladmovlenil yrmaTa xatSi gayvana-ziarebis rituals. mTlianobaSi ki, rogorc amas saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis calkeuli kuTxeebis sulieri Tu materialuri kultu-

5 sagulisxmoa rom es salocavi iSviaTi gamonaklisia, sadac qals SeuZlia misvla da saklavis miyvana _ p.b.

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ris Zeglebis analizi mowmobs, svanuri monacemebi im saerTokavkasiuri rwmenaTa jaWvis nawilia, romelic amJamd gadmonaSTis saxiTRa Tu ipoveba [makalaTia m., 1977 : 40].

wminda giorgi, rom svanebisTvis, iseve rogorc zogadad qarTvelTaTvis, gansakuTrebuli wmindani iyo, amas jer kidev didi ivane javaxiSvili aRniSnavda Tavis `qarTveli eris istoriaSi“ _ `svanebis xalxur TqmulebaSiac wmida giorgi imnairadvea dasuraTe-buli, rogorc qarTul TqmulebaSi; misi mfarvelobis winaaRmdeg TviT RmerTsac vera gauwyvia ra. wmida giorgi (jgraPg), romelic miqel mTavarangelozisaviT (mqemTarinzel) RmerTs gverdiT uzis, mudmiv adamianze zrunavs da sul imis cdaSia, kacs rogorme sikeTe uyos.

erTxel RmerTma erTs kacs, romelmac sakmeli uk-mia da sadilad batkani uZRvna, saCuqrad Zroxa uwya-loba. roca giorgim da miqel mTavarangelozma RvTis saCuqari miutanes, giorgim am kacs Caagona, coli sTxove RmerTsao. isic ise moiqca, rogorc giorgim daariga: maSin RmerTma giorgis uTxra: ̀ sul Sena zrunav, giorgi, im kacze, Torem TiTon imas eg sad moagondebodao~? meti raRa gaewyoboda, RmerTs uari ar uTqvams; giorgi da miqel mTavarangelozi gaemgzavrnen, coli uSoves da rac ki saWiro iyo misTvis yvelaferi uwyalobes.

mere roca wmida giorgim im kacis Txovna Seatyobina RmerTs, ramdeni Svili meyolebao, RmerTma upasuxa: `giorgi eg sul Seni saqmea, Torem im kacs sad moagonde-bodao: exla rom imas Svili mivceT, qveyanaze adamianebi gamravldebian da viwrooba iqnebao!~ mainc RmerTma giorgis dauTmo:

`ori Svili mivceT, magram sicocxlis naxevargzas rom moiWamen, mere daixocneno~, sTqva man. giorgim upa-suxa: ̀ eh, Tu micemaa, sabolood mivceT, Torem tyuilad risTvis vawvaloTo~? RmerTma aqac dauTmo.

Semdegac, roca erTxel RmerTma brZana: `iseT setyvas davuSvebT dedamiwasa, rom Cveni dasaxlebuli


kacis yana miwasTan gavasworoT~-o, giorgi maSinve daeSo dedamiwaze da kacs uTxra: `dResve mamiTadi Sehyare, raca gaqvs sul momke, Torem iseTi setyva mova, rom erTi dRisac ar SegrCebao~. kacma momka yana da puri daabi-nava. RmerTma naxa mere, rom im kacs puri Sina hqonda, sxvas ki erTi dRis sagzalic aRar SerCa.

maSin RmerTma giorgis uTxra: `eg xom sul Seni saqmea, Torem imas sad moagondebodao~. mere gulSi Tqva RmerTma: `maS Tu egrea, im dasaxlebul kacs gadav-wvavTo~! daeSva giorgi isev dedamiwaze, daariga kaci da ubedureba Tavidan aacdina. bolos RmerTma sTqva: `es sul giorgis saqmea, Torem is xom amas ver moigoneb-dao. metad mowadinebulia, rom es kaci daamkvidros da radgan asea davuTmoTo!...~

am svanur TqmulebaSiac RmerTs, romelic iwodeba RermeT, anu RerbeT, adamianisaTvis yvelaferi hSurs: adamians rom giorgi ar eSvelebodes, arc erT sikeTes ar uzams, igi imdenad gulqvaa, rom mSoblebs Svilebs aZlevs da Wabukad rom moRerdebian swored maSin unda rogorme dauxocos; misTvis adamianis Wirnaxulis ganadgureba, saxlis gadawva, sulis amorTmeva Cveu-lebriv saqmes Seadgens. magram giorgis winaaRmdeg veras gaawyobs xolme. giorgi rasac unda imas aasru-lebs da RmerTi iZulebulia dauTmos; Tu giorgi wi-naaRmdegobas gauwevs, RmerTi verc erT Tavis sasjels ver ganaxorcielebs xolme. giorgis mzrunvelobas da adamianis mfarvelobas sazRvari ara aqvs: ganizraxavs Tu ara RmerTi adamianis sawinaaRmdegos, giorgi maS-inve daeSveba dedamiwaze da aswavlis kacs, gansacdeli Tavidan rogor aicdinos. erTi sityviT, wmida giorgi yovlad keTili da Zlieri RvTaebaa, umTavresi adgili ukavia da TviT RmerTsac ki aRemateba“ [javaxiSvili iv., 1979 : 87-88].

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vsaubrobT ra qristianul samyaroSi wminda gior-gis da zogadad wminda mxedrebis kultis Camoyalibeba _ ganviTarebis Taobaze, usaTuod unda vaxsenoT erTi metad saintereso arqeologiuliuri nivTi, romelic farasSia (sudani) aRmoCenili. es gaxlavT Zveleg-vipturi xanis raindi RvTaeba horis gamosaxuleba, romelic klavs niangs. igi daculia luvrSi (parizi) da mkvlevarTa mier daTariRebulia qristes Semdgom 270-350 wlebiT [Bénazeth D., 1997]. rogorc specialistebi miiCneven, am gvianegvipturi kulturis artefaqtSi gaJRerebulma Temam, Tavis droze, wminda giorgis da zogadad wminda mxedrebis saxismetyvelebiTi modelis Camoyalibebaze, garkveuli gavlena moexdina[ Bénazeth D., 1997].

horis gamosaxuleba farasidan (sudani)

** *


aRniSnuli nivTi gaxlavT fragmenti nagebobis sarkmlis moCarCoebisa, romlis dekorSic Sinaar-sobrivad asaxulia egvipturi da berZnul-romauli kulturuli tradiciebi. masze gamosaxulia mxedari, romelic sxva aravinaa Tu ara RmerTi hori, romelic SubiT gangmiravs niangs. miCneulia, rom am SemTxvevaSi niangi, saxea RmerTi setisa [Bénazeth D., 1997].

egviptur miTologiaSi, Sevardnissaxovani RvTaeba hori, osirisisa da isidas Svili, dasabamidan cisa da mzis RmerTia, romelmac mamis sisxli aiRo. man mZime brZolebis Semdeg mokla osirisis mkvleli, misive biZa seTi (borotebisa da ganadgurebis RvTaeba) [gelovani ak., 1983].

rac Seexeba seTis, igi qariSxlisa da udabnos xor-Sakis RmerTia. Tavidan igi faraonTa Zalauflebas ga-nasaxierebda, Tavis oreulTan, Zmiswul horTan erTad. mas gamoxatavdnen adamianis taniT, romelsac udabnos ucxo cxovelis, ZaRlis an turis msgavsi Tavi hqonda, moxrili didi niskarti da wvetiani maRali yurebi, sam-wvera kudi, an kidev viris, Roris, Sevardnis, Jirafis, okapis, grifis saxe [gelovani ak., 1983].

rogorc cnobilia, egvipturi RvTaebebs arasdros gamosaxavdnen amxedrebulT. es siuJeti ki, romelic mesames saukunis dasasruliTa da meoTxe saukunis pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba, TvalnaTliv gadmogvcems borotebaze sikeTis gamarjvebis berZnul-romauli da qristianuli saxismetyvelebiTi modelebis gavlenas im periodis analogiuri Sinaarsis egviptur saxism-etyvelebiT modelebze.

am siuJetSi Sevardnissaxovani RmerTi hori, romae-li meomriseburad aris Cacmuli. igi mTeli profiliTaa warmodgenili, aseve profilSi gamosaxul anfassaxian cxenTan erTad. cxenis fexebTan gablandulia niangi, romelsac SubiT dalaxvras upirebs mxedari [Bénazeth D., 1997].

borotebis damlaxvravi mxedris saxe, rogorc cno-bilia, farTodaa gavrcelebuli mTels qristianul

22 paata buxraSvili

samyaroSi: wminda giorgis amgvari saxiT warmosaxva qristianul ikonografiaSi pirdapir ukavSirdeba aRniSnul siuJets. aqve unda aRiniSnos erTi niuansic _ egviptur gadmocemebis mixedviT, hori daewia ra se-Tis, am ukanasknelma saxe icvala _ niangad iqca; Tumca am saxiobam mas ver uSvela da horma mainc mokla igi [Bénazeth D., 1997].

SesaZloa, mogviano xanebSi, amxedrebuli wminda giorgis ferxTiT garTxmuli gveleSapis, satanis Tu diokletianes (qarTul ikonografiaSi farTod gavrcelebuli motiviT) warmodgenil mravalsaxeobas, egviptur miTologiaSi borotebis da sibnelis RmerTis _ seTis es Tvisebac, kerZod ki, saxioba-gardasaxvis un-aric, anu mravalsaxovneba, edos safuZvlad [Teischmann F., 1986 ].

vsaubrobT ra meomari, mxedari RvTaebebis da Ses-abamisad mogviano periodSi wminda mxedrebis kultis warmoSoba _ ganviTarebaze, aucileblad gasaTval-iswinebelia is winareqristianuli xanis arqeologiuri masalebic, romlebic saqarTvelosa da zogadad kavka-siaSi mravladaa aRmoCenili (axalgori, vani, yanCaeTi, winwyaro...). adreuli antikuri xanidan aq, TandaTan, ufro metad iCens Tavs originaluri ikonografiuli Strixebi, romelic ucxoa berZnulisaTvis da aixs-neba adgilobrivi, qarTuli garemoTi. am mxriv, gansa-kuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia cxenosnis gamoxatulebiani ge-mmebi, romlebic mkveTrad gamoirCevian stilistikuri TvisebebiT. am jgufs ganekuTvneba winwyaros da yanCaeTis sabeWdavebi, romlebzec gamoxatuli SubmoRerebuli mxedari gaazrebulia, rogorc wminda giorgis _ Zveli qarTuli mTavris RvTaebis _ winasaxe: „ukve adrean-tikuri xanis saqarTveloSi Zveli welTaRricxvis V saukuneSi unda Camoyalibebuliyo umaRlesi RvTaebis _ mTavris RvTaebis garkveuli ikonografia _ mebrZoli mxedari. misi erT-erTi (albaT oficialuri) saxeli antikur xanaSi armazi unda yofiliyo. am RvTaebis


gamosaxuleba gasdevs laitmotivad qarTul mcire xelovnebis nimuSebs mTeli antikuri xanis manZilze da qristianul xanaSi gadadis, sadac SemdgomSi wminda giorgis saxels atarebs [barnaveli s., 1979 : 56]“.

mterze gamarjvebuli mxedris Tema aseve farTod aris gavrcelebuli zogadad aRmosavlur kulturaSic. mag. sasanianTa xanis bareliefebze mefe-RmerTi xSirad gamosaxulia amxedrebuli, romlis cxenis floqvebTan damarcxebuli mteria garTxmuli [Sarre Fr., 1920 : 157].

Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom keTilsa da borote-bas Soris dapirispirebis tradiciulad universal-uri siuJeti, romelic msoflios sxvadaxva xalxebis rwmena-warmodgenebsa da samyaroseul msoflaRqmaSi, sxvadasxva qronologiur monakveTSi, farTod da mra-valferovnadaa warmodgenili, am xalxebis religiur Tu yoveldRiur saxismetyvelebaSi, adgilobrivad Camoyalibebul Tu sxvaTagan nasesxeb formebSi gamois-axeboda.

amis naTeli daasturebaa adreul SuasaukuneebSi, mTels qristianul samyaroSi da Sesabamisad saqar-TveloSi, Camoyalibebul-ganviTarebuli wminda mxed-arTa kultic.

wminda giorgis ikonografiuli tipis mraval-ferovnebis, siZvelisa da xalxur gadmocemaTa simrav-lis safuZvelze mecnierebi varaudoben, rom qarTul samyaros mniSvnelovani roli unda eTamaSa am wmindanis kultis Camoyalibebasa da gavrcelebaSi.

Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wminda giorgis kults arcerT qveyanaSi ar miuRia iseTi masStabebi, rogorc saqarTveloSi. amis Sesaxeb, jer kidev, vaxuSti batoniS-vili werda _ iveriaSi `ara arian borcuni anu maRalni gorani, romelsa zeda ara iyos Senni eklesiani wmindisa giorgisani“-o [vaxuSti 1973 : 40].

pirvelmowame, Zlevamosili kabadokieli qristiani wmindanis, giorgis Sesaxeb pirvel cnobebi SemorCenilia V saukunidan (e.w. `venis palimfestSi~) laTinur, ber-

24 paata buxraSvili

Znul, siriul, arabul, koptur, eTiopur apokriful teqstebSi [Спирова П., 2009]. mogviano xanebSi es wmindani metad popularuli xdeba mTels qristianul samayroSi, romelic ikonografiulad warmodgenilia rogorc gve-leSapis saxiT gamosaxuli boroti Zalebis damlaxvravi mxedari. Tumca, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, is boroti Zala, romelsac amarcxebs wmindani, ikonografiaSi anTropo-morful saxiTac gamoisaxeba.

saqarTveloSi, wminda giorgis kulti VII saukunis dasawyisidan gavrcelda, radgan am periodidan gaCnda misi uZvelesi gamosaxulebebi qarTul Zeglebze. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia martvilis taZris frizebi, rolebzec figurebi da mcenareuli ornamenti erTian kompoziciaSia CarTuli da garkveul ritmul danawevre-bas eqvemdebareba. frizebze gamosaxulia bibliuri da saxarebiseuli siuJetebi (mag., danieli lomTa xaroSi, samsoni da lomi, qristes amaRleba 4 angelozis mier da sxva). aqvea gamosaxuli gveleSapTa ganmgmiravi wminda mxedrebi _ (savaraudod stratilati Tevdore da dem-etre) da maT Soris wminda giorgi, romelic laxvravs damarcxebul mters [Аладашвили Н., 1977 : 48]. isini, zoga-dad, sikeTis borotebaze gamarjvebas ganasaxierebs.6

6 marTalia, aris cnobili erTi siuJetic analogiuri xasiaTisa _ sadac amxedrebuli wminda giorgi gangmiravs anTropomorfuli saxiT gamosaxul borotebs, xelfexdaborkil satanas, mgram igi qronologiurad mosdevs martvilis frizis gamosaxulebebs da X saukuniT TariRdeba. es gaxlavT wminda giorgis gamosaxuleba axtamaris jvris monastridan.

axtamaris wminda jvris monasteri somxuri arqiteqturis erT-erTi uni-kaluri Zeglia, romelic agebulia xuroTmoZRvar manuelis mier 915-921 wlebSi. axtamari jvar-gumbaTovani tetrakonqia da gamorCeulia Tavisi bareliefebiT. arqiteqtorma manuelma, romelic skulptoric iyo, mdidru-lad morTo eklesiis gareTa kedlebi wmindanTa Tu religiur moRvaweTa gamosaxulebebiT. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia saero cxovrebis scenebi, romlebic erTiani ornamentis saxiT miuyveba eklesiis oTxi-ve fasads da asaxavs sameurno scenebs _ rTvels, nadirobas, purobas; venaxovan ornamentSi Cawnulia adamianTa da cxovelTa mravalricxovani figurebi. aqve, aRmosavleT fasadze Cadgmulia ktitoris, vaspurakanis mefis gagik arwrunis skulptura. swored aq, taZris Crdilo-dasavleT kedelze, vx-vdebiT wminda mxedrebis _ Tevdores, giorgis da sargisis gamosaxulebebs. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa wm. giorgis gamosaxuleba, romelic SubiT gangmiravs xel-fex Seborkil satanas.


aRniSnul frizze, wminda giorgis personificirebis saSualebas, swored es siuJeti _ ̀ damarcxebuli mteri“ iZleva, (sur. 16 - martvili, giorgi) radganac mogviano xanis qarTul ikonografiaSi (freskebsa Tu Wedur da ferwerul xatebze) es mteri ukve, utyuarad imperator diokletianes gamosaxavs, romlis brZanebiTac awames wminda giorgi..

X-XI s.s-ebSi, qarTul ikonografiaSi farTod mkvidrdeba da vrceldeba swored es motivi _ wminda giorgi SubiT gangmiravs romis imperator diokle-tianes. am periodis xatebze, saxelisulfebo saimpera-toro gvirgviniT damSvenebuli da samefo SesamoseliSi gamowyobili diokletiane, wminda mxedris ferxTiT aris garTxmuli da SubiT ganigmireba. miCneulia, rom xsenebuli motivi, mTels qristianul samyaroSi, mxolod qarTuli ikonografiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli siuJetia, romelic, gansakuTrebuli intesivobiT, erT ganszRvrul qronologiur monakveTSi, kerZod ki X -XI saukunebSi ikidebs fexs.

mogviano xanebSi, es siuJeti _ imperator diokle-tianes mokvla wmindanis mier, TandaTan, adgils uTmobs qristianul ikonografiaSi wminda giorgis gamosaxvis sayovelTaod miRebul formas, rodesac borotebaze gamarjvebuli wminda mxedari gveleSaps gangmiravs [Чубинашвили Г.,1959 : 370].

am siuJetis Taobaze, iTvaliswinebs ra damarcxe-buli imperatoris gamosaxvis zedmiwevniT formas am periodis bizantiis imperatoris gamosaxvis formasTan, akad. giorgi CubinaSvili gamoTqvams frTxil varauds, rom qarTul ikonografiaSi gavrcelebuli es Tema, anu wminda giorgis mier gvirgvinosani bizantiis imperato-ris mokvla, gamoZaxili unda iyos konkretuli poli-tikuri viTarebisa, romelsac adgili hqonda me-10-11 ss-Si [Чубинашвили Г.,1959 : 370].

26 paata buxraSvili

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X saukunis 70-ian wlebSi (976 w-s), raJams daviT III kurapalatma ̀ aRiRo (ioane maruSisZisgan - p.b.) uflis-cixe da miuboZa bagrats [matiane qarTlisa : 263]“, warmatebiT dagvirgvinda saqarTvelos gaerTianebis-Tvis warmoebuli xangrZlivi brZolis erTi ZiriTadi etapi; ris Sedegadac dasavleT saqarTvelo, samxreT saqarTvelo da Sida qarTli gaerTianda erTian same-fod; xolo am qveynis mefed bagrat III gamocxadda. es bagrati pirvelia, romelic ukve iwodeba `afxazTa da qarTvelTa“ e.i. dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefed[matiane qarTlisa : 278].

yovelive amas Sedegad mohyva is, rom X saukunis bolo mesamedSi gansakuTrebiT daiZaba urTierToba bizantiis imperiasTan. bizantia yvela saSualebiT cdilobda SeeCerebina saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da zrda-gaZlierebis procesi, daesustebina is da xelSi Caegdo misi mosazRvre miwebi.

bizantias aRar akmayofilebda iveriisgan (bizanti-uri wyaroebiT) misi siuzerenobis formaluri aRiareba da cdilobda realurad ganemtkicebina Tavisi mdgo-mareoba (ix. Пселл М., dili S., 1998 Дашков С., 1997).

976 wlidan, ioane cimisxiosis gardacvalebis Sem-deg, bizantiis saimperatoro taxtze adian romanoz II Svilebi _ basili (SemdgomSi basili II bulgarTmmusvre-li, Βασίλειος B’ Βουλγαροκτόνος - 985 -1025) da konstantine (SemdgomSi konstantine VIII, Κωνσταντίνος Η΄ – 1025 – 1028).

985 wels, parakimomen basilis (Βασίλειος Λακαπήνος/Λεκαπηνός _ pirveli ministri da imperiis faqtiuri mmarTveli 945-985 w.w.-Si) gardacvalebis Semdeg, saim-peratoro taxtze asul ZmaTagan ufrosi, basili II, romelsac Tanamedroveni xSirad basili umcross da basili porfirogenitoss uwodebdnen (raTa ganesxvave-binaT misi winapris basil makedonielisgan), bizantiis saimperatori taxtis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli xdeba.


basili II (ix. feradi tabula II,5 ) mmarTvelobis pirvelsave etapzve moaxerxa mcire aziaSi mimdinare samoqalaqo omebis CaxSoba. mudmivi omebis miuxedavad, man Tavi gamoiCina, rogorc Zlierma mmarTvelma da gaafarTova imperiis sazRvrebi. man mTlianad daimor-Cila da imperias miuerTa bulgareTi. misi brZanebiT bizantielebma 15 aTasi bulgareli tyve daabrmaves. am sisastikis gamo imperators `bulgarTmmusvreli~ uwodes.

basili II-is mmarTvelobis periodSi metad agresi-uli gaxda bizantiis imperiis qmedeba aRmosavliTis mimarTulebiTac, maT Soris gaerTianebis gzaze Semd-gari qarTvelTa da afxazTa samefos mimarT. yvelaze mniSvnelovani teritoria, romelic qarTvelTa same-fos bizantiam warstaca, iyo `zemoni queyanani saber-ZneTisani~. Tumca, rogorc amas `qarTlis cxovreba“ gadmogvcems, am teritoriebze, iuridiulad, bagrat III (daviT kurapalatis memkvidre da gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli mefe) ukve aRar hqonda uflebebi. wyaros Tanaxmad, daviT kurapalatma ara marto Tavad misca piroba basili keisars, rom misi gardacvalebis Semdeg es miwebi (romelic daviTs Tavad imperiidanve hqonda miRebuli barda skliarosis amboxis CaxSobaSi aqtiuri monawileobisa gamo) bizantias darCeboda, aramed basilis Tavadve aaxla Tavisi aznaurebi, rom-lebmac bizantiis imperators ficiT pirobac ki misces, rom daviTis gardacvalebis Semdeg sakuTar cixeebs basils gadascemdnen. `gamovida basili berZenTa mefe, da miscnes mas cixeni aznaurTa ama daviTisa, da daipyra basili mefeman mamuli daviT kurapalatisa“ [sumbat daviTis Ze : 382].

dakavebul teritoriaze, basilim Seqmna iberiis Temi _ sakatabano da iq mmarTvelad bizantieli moxele, katabani daniSna [Розен, В. 1883 : 41]. (ix. CanarTi ruka)

aRniSnuli teritoriis dakavebiT, bizantiam, saqarTvelos mzard saxelmwifos, samxreT-dasavleTi zRude mourRvia. `iberiis~ sakatebanodan igi mizan-

28 paata buxraSvili

mimarTulad axorcielebda eqspansias saqarTvelosa da somxeTzec; radganac, rodesac ki saqarTvelo iwyebda brZolas bizantiis winaaRmdeg dakarguli miwebis dasa-bruneblad, mas somxuri samefo-samTavroebic maSinve aubamdnen mxars (lastiverteci a.,).

qarTul istoriografiaSi ar aris azrTa erTianoba im sakiTxze, Tu saxeldobr risi piroba misca daviT kurapalatma imperator basils; ras gadascemda ander-ZiT sikvdilis Semdeg bizantias _ mTel Tavis samefos Tu barda skliarosis ajanyebis CaxSobaSi daxmarebis sanacvlod miRebul miwebs. erTi ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo ver gaswevda iseT mZafr winaaRmdegobas `erTmorwmune“ mtris winaaRmdeg, raime samarTlebrivi safuZveli rom ar hqoneboda [lorTqifaniZe m., 1979 : 175].

aRniSnuli teritoriis dakargva mZime marcxi iyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTvis da gasagebia, rom gaerTianeba-gaZlierebis gzaze mdgari qveyana yovel xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi ecdeboda am marcxis gamoswore-bas. 1014-1018 wlebSi basili keisari imperiis dasavleT sazRvrebTan bulgarelebTan omSi iyo Cabmuli. isargeb-la ra Seqmnili mdgomareobiT, bagrat III vaJma, giorgi I (1014-1027 w.w.) ilaSqra am teritoriebze da daikva bizantielTagan daWeril cixe-simagreebi.

iahia antioqelis cnobiT, saqarTvelo saguldagu-lod emzadeboda bizantiasTan mosalodneli omisaTvis. mas molaparakebebi dauwyia egviptis xalifa al-haqim-Tananac. erToblivi gegmis Tanaxmad, mokavSireebs erT-droulad unda SeetiaT bizantiisaTvis ori sxvadasxva mxridan [javaxiSvili iv., 1983 : 125].

daasrula Tu ara basili keisarma bulgareTis omi, saqarTvelosTvisac moicala. man qarTvelTagan dakavebuli cixe-simagreebis dacla moiTxova, raze-dac giorgis mtkice uari ganucxadebia. bizantielebs saqarTvelo - egviptis faruli kavSiric SeutyviaT da maTi gegmis CaSla ganuzraxavT _ basili II viTom antioqiaSi saomrad gaemzada; sinamdvileSi ki saqarT-velosken gamoemarTa. es momxdara giorgis mefobidan


meSvide wels (1021 wels). TviT keisari basili uZRoda bizantielTa laSqars. saqarTvelo am omisaTvis ar iyo saTanadod momzadebuli.

`matiane qarTlisas~ cnobiT, basianTan dabanake-buli mowinaaRmdegeni ramdenime dRe zveravdnen erT-maneTs. bizantielTa jaris mravalricxovnebam giorgi aiZula ukan daexia; igi gabrunda da mtrisaTvis xelis SeSlis mizniT dawva q. olTisi, Semdeg Cavida kolas. bizantielebi ukan mihyvnen. sofel SirimnTan mowinaaR-mdegeebi Seebnen erTmaneTs. qarTvelebma aq, pirispir brZolaSi, gaimarjveba moipoves, magram gaufrTxileb-lobiT ukan dabrundnen im dros, roca bizantielTa damarcxebuli jari samcxis siRrmeSi Sevida; mterma gzadagza kola-artaani da javaxeTi aaoxra. amasobaSi giorgi mefes her-kaxni mieSvelnen (matiane qarTlisa), magram amjerad basili keisari brZolas moerida, gacla amjobina, ngreva-rbeviT gabrunda da qaldeaSi (trapi-zonis maxloblad) daibanaka.

basilim sazavo molaparakeba daiwyo, magram giorgi molaparakebas aWianurebda, radgan brZolis ganaxle-ba hqonda ganzraxuli. am dros basilis aujanydnen sardlebi _ qsife da foka. bizantieli istorikosis mowmobiT (giorgi kedrene), am SeTqmulebaSi farulad giorgi mefec monawileobda. imperatorma saqarTvelos saqmeebs Tavi aneba da ajanyebis CaxSobas Seudga. amasobaSi giorgi isev Seudga saomar samzadiss, magram imperatorma sZlia ajanyebulebs da fokas mokveTili Tavi giorgis gamougzavna, riTac mianiSna, rom icoda misi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb. amjerad, basili keisarma ufro Zlier Semoutia saqarTvelos. basianTan brZolaSi qarTvelebi sastikad damarcxdnen. mxareebs Soris zavi 1022 wels daido. amjerad, giorgi iZulebuli iyo daeTmo ara Tu sadao miwebi, aramed bizantielTagan axlad dapyrobili cixeebi basianSi, kola-artaansa da javaxeTSi. garda amisa, basilim giorgis mZevlad mosTxova 3 wlis bagrati (momavali bagrat IV), romelic daTqmuli pirobiT, 2 wlis Semdeg ukan unda gamoeSvaT [lorTqifaniZe m., 1979 : 175].

30 paata buxraSvili

1025 wels basili II gardaicvala. taxtze avida misi Zma konstantine (1025 - 1028). konstantines taxtze asvlisTanave somxuri olqis bizantiel mmarTvels, nikifore komnenoss mouwyvia SeTqmuleba, romelSic Cabmuli yofila giorgi mefec (lastiverteci a.). am SeTqmulebis gamJRavnebis gamo konstantinem gaamkacra saqarTvelos mimarT politika.

bizantielTa amaoxrebeli laSqrobebi ar Sewyveti-la giorgi I gardacvalebis Semgomac. mcirewlovani bagrat IV gamefebisTanave bizantiis imperatori kon-stantine VIII daarRvia 1022 dadebuli zavi da saqar-TveloSi jari gamogzavna. mterma gaZarcva da aaoxra samxreT saqarTvelo. taos msxvil feodalTa nawili vaCe kariWisZisa da episkopos ioane banelis meTaurobiT mtris mxareze gadavida. naTelia, rom am dros qarTul saxelisuflo da saeklesio wreebSi ar arsebobda er-Tiani xedva saqarTvelos politikuri damoukideblobis Taobaze da qarTuli elitis nawili saqarTvelos momavals kvlavac bizantiur CrdilqveS moiazrebda. miuxedavad qvegamxedvarTa garkveuli mxardaWerisa bi-zantielebma ver SeZles kldekaris cixesimagris aReba. SavSeT-klarjeTSi ki TavdacviT brZolebs saTaveSi Caudgnen episkoposebi saba mtbevari da ezra anCeli da mters am mxaris dapyrobis saSualeba ar misces.

amis Semdeg bizantielebma taqtika Secvales: maT saqarTveloSi gamogzavnes demetre ufliswuli (gurgen artanujelis Ze), romelic bagrat III dros bizantiaSi gaiqca. demetres politikur asparezze gamoyvaniT bi-zantia cdilobda daemtkicebina, rom is saqarTvelos dasapyrobad ki ar modioda, aramed bagrat III mier ukanonod daCagruli batoniSvilis uflebaTa dasaca-vad ibrZoda. samwuxarod, mtris am cbier taqtikas, rasac Tan erTvoda mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilis mo-syidva-moqrTamvac, warmateba mohyva. rogorc mematiane aRniSnavs - `miiqcies erni, sofelni ugunur-ususurni cnobiTa da gonebiTa... amiT mizeziTa moiqcies mravalni kacni queyanisani wurilisa [sumbaT daviTis-Ze : 382]“.


magram am kritikul momentSi konstantine VIII garda-icvala da bizantielebma jari saqarTvelodan gaiwvies.

omSi dasustebul saqarTvelos brZolis gagrZele-ba ar SeeZlo; TviT bizantiamac aRmosavleTSi mtrebis mowolis gamo saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis gaum-jobesebis saWiroeba dainaxa. aseT pirobebSi mariam de-doflis iniciativiT 1029/1030 bizantiasTan zavi daido. imperatorma romanoz III bagrat IV colad miaTxova Tavisi Zmis basilis asuli elene da mianiWa kurapala-tobis pativi. es politikuri kavSiri ori qveynis keTil-mezobluri urTierTobis safuZveli unda gamxdariyo, rasac, sabolood, aRsruleba mainc ar ewera [guCua v., 1977 : 128-129].

daaxloebiT amdagvari viTareba sufevda kavkasiaSi X-XI saukuneebis mijnaze, roca ioane maruSusZis moTa-veobiTa da didi mecadieneobiT kavkasiaSi safuZveli Caeyara saqarTvelos erTiani monarqiis Seqmnas _ es iyo politikurad momwifebuli amocana, romelic Semzadda Tanmxvedri kulturuli, politikuri da ekonomikuri procesebiT.

niSandoblivia, rom saqarTvelos politikur gaer-Tianebas win uswrebda saeklesio gaerTianeba. qar-Tuli eklesiis kulturuli zegavleniT yalibdeboda saerTo qarTuli TviTSegneba - qarTuli enis, qarTuli mwignobrobis da ̀ qarTuli~ qristianobis safuZvelze. im dros, Tumca kaxeTi, hereTi da qarTvelTa samefo (tao-klarjeTi) jer kidev damoukidebel politikur erTeulebs warmoadgendnen, eklesiurad mainc mcxeTis taxts eqvemdebarebodnen.

sxva viTareba iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ dasav-leT saqarTvelos eklesia didi xnis ganmavlobaSi konstantinopolis sapatriarqos emorCileboda. am damokidebulebisagan igi gaTavisuflda X saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis afxazTa mefis giorgi II mefobis dros, rodesac daarsda Wyondidis saepiskoposo da ganaxlda-gamSvenda martvilis taZri. amve xanebidan igi ukve sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiasTan iyo gaerTianebuli [Анчабадзе З., 1959].

32 paata buxraSvili

saqarTvelos gaerTianebas xeli Seuwyo uaRresad mZime sagareo viTarebamac _ saqarTvelos calkeul kuTxeebs ganuwyveteli brZola uxdebodaT bizanti-elTa da arabTa winaaRmdeg. am ganmanTavisuflebeli brZolis Tanmdevi nawili iyo brZola, mimarTuli Sida politikuri erTianobisaken da xelisuflebis central-izaciisaken. Zlieri centralizebuli saxelmwifo, da-myarebuli suzerenul-vasalur politikur sistemaze, qarTvel aznaurTa interesebsac Seesabameboda.

qveynis gaerTianebis erT-erT ZiriTad safuZvels warmoadgenda saerTo ekonomikuri aRmavloba, meurne-obis sxvadasxva dargSi calkeuli raionebis dawinaure-ba, rac aseve ganapirobebda erTianobisaken miswrafebas.

samxreT kavkasiaSi, im periodSi, politikur arenaze erTiani monarqiuli samefos gamosvla, TavisTavad, niS-navda am mxareSi axali politikuri moTamaSis gaCenas. Tavis mxriv, es ki udrida im savaWro-komunikaciebze bi-zantiis kontrolis Sesustebas da SesaZloa dakargvasc ki, romelsac manamde igi, danawevrebul qarTuli mxareebis mier mis suzerenobs aRiarebis safuZvelze, srulad flobda.

arada, es gaxldaT im periodisaTvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi savaWro-satranzito arteriis, say-ovelTaod cnobili abreSumis gzis kavkasiis monakveTi romlis amoqmedebasa da masze kontols, Tavis droze, VI-VII saukuneebSi, bizantiam didi energia Sealia.

abreSumi, romelic bizantiis imperiaSic didi moTxovnilebiT sargeblobda, saxelmwifoSi, ZiriTa-dad, misive moqiSpe iranis gavliT Semodioda aRmosav-leTidan. bizaantia araerTxel Seecada aecilebina iranis rogorc Suamavalis roli abreSumis did savaWro gzaze. amisTvis sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTavda, magram uSedegod.

jer kidev iustiniane I-ma 531 wels molaparakeba gamarTa eTiopel vaWrebTan, raTa maT ekisraT Sua-mavloba da Cinuri abreSumi indoeTis okeanis gavliT


SemoetanaT, magram amaod. iraneli vaWrebi indoeTis navsadgurebSi iseTi gavleniT sargeblobdnen, rom eTiopelebma ver moaxerxes maTTvis waerTmiaT monopo-lia vaWrobaze. aRniSnulis Semdeg, 570 wels xosro I iemens daeufla da bizantielebs wiTeli zRviTa da indoeTis okeaniT aRosavleTisken gasasvleli Cauketa [goilaZe v., 1997 : 28].

abreSumis did savaWro gzaze iranis Zalaufleba bizantias did problemas uqmnida. bevri warumatebeli mcdelobis Semdeg bizantiis erTaderTi gamosavali axali savaWro gzis dadeba iyo. axali gziT, vaWrebi Sua aziidan CrdiloeTiT, kaspiispireTze da CrdiloeT kavkasiaze gavliT, kavkasiis zekarebiT jer albaneTSi, qarTlSi an egrisSi unda moxvedriliyvnen, Semdeg ki bizantiaSi. magram saqme is iyo, rom imxanad albaneTi da qarTli iranis qveSevrdomebi iyvnen; amitom, daru-bandisa da darialis zekarebsac iranelebi icavdnen. iranelTa kontrol qveS moqceul gzaze qaravani kvlav ver gaivlida. rCeboda CrdiloeTi kavkasiidan dasav-

Crd. kavkasiaze gadmomavali satranzito gza

34 paata buxraSvili

leT saqarTveloSi gadamavali gzebi, magram aqac dab-rkolebas qmnida irani.

axali savaWro gzis idea rom ganxorcielebuliyo, bizantias Tbilisi unda aeRo, qarTlze da albaneTze batonoba unda daemyarebina; amiT kavkasiis zekari mis xelSi iqneboda da iranis Suamavali rolic gamoiricxe-boda.

627 wels herakle keisarma Seteva wamoiwyo. Tavda-pirvelad is dasavleT saqarTveloSi SeiWra, daukavSir-da Crdilo kavkasiel xazarebs da Tbilisze laSqroba SesTavaza. xazarebi siamovnebiT daTanxmdnen imperato-ris winadadebas. imave wels xazarebi da bizantielebi Tbiliss moadgnen da garemoicves qalaqi magram, xan-grZlivma alyam ar gaamarTla da bizantielebma da xazarebma qalaqis aReba ver SesZles. herakles drois dakargva aRar SeeZlo, miatova Tbilisi da samxreTiT daiZra. 628 wels xazarebi kvlav moadgnen Tbiliss. am-jerad maT aiRes qalaqi da saSinlad aaoxres igi.

es usastikesi laSqroba aRwerili aqvs movses ka-lankatvacs. rogorc gadmogvcems somxurenovani is-torikosi _ `xazarebma garemoicves nebieri, movaWre, saxelovani didi qalaqi Tbilisi... xeli mihyves sagan-Zurebs. mTeli simravle mZmed datvirTuli meomrebisa midioda Tavis batonTan da mihqondaT nadavlis zvinebi da xvavebi. imdenad mohyares, rom Tvals wyali eleoda oqrosa da vercxlis naqargebis uTvalavi raodenobis cqeraSi~ [meliqseT-begi l., 1941: 28].

imave wels daido zavi bizantiasa da irans Soris. heraklem daibruna somxeTi, siria, mesopotamia da egvipte. masve ergo qarTlic. bizantielebi wyalobiT ajildoebdnen maT mxares gadasul qarTvelebs. vinc flobda Tbiliss, is flobda kavkasias da Sesabamisad, aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis SemaerTebeli karibWis gasRebic epyra xelT.

magram ai, VII saukunis 50-iani wlebidan msoflios politikur arenaze Cndebian arabebi, romlebmac dai-


pyres irani, Sua azia da indoeTamde mividnen. iranis saxelmwifos dacemam arabebs gza kavkasiisken gauxsana.

kavkasiaSi arabebis gamoCena TavisTavad aRuZravda kidec maT madas kavkasiis gadmosasvleli gzebis gakon-trolebisa da isini iwyeben kidec svlas darubandisken da ikaveben mas.

654 wels maT daamarcxes bizantielebi da qarTls moadgnen. qarTlis erismTavarma stefanoz II -m erTad-erT swori gadawyvetileba miiRo. man arabTa sardal habib ibn-maslamas dazaveba SesTavaza. irani aRar arsebobda, dasustebul bizantias ki qarTlis dacva aRar SeeZlo, amitom dazaveba erTaderTi swori gadaw-yvetileba iyo. Tavis mxriv, arc arabebi iyvnen winaaR-mdegni Tu qarTli mas nebiT daemorCileboda. arabebs dapyrobili teritoriebze ganmtkiceba esaWiroeboda.

amrigad, arabTa saxalifom kontroli daamyara kavkasiis or umTavres savaWro ekonomikur punqtze _ Tbilissa (sadac maT mogvianebiT Tbilisis saamiro Seq-mnes) da darubandze; punqtebze, sadac moemarTeboda centralur kavkasionis qedze gadmomavali, xazareTi-Tan momavali `abreSumis gzis“ saqaravno arteriebi.

miuxedavad yovelive amisa, arabTagan Seuvali rCeboda kavkasiis mTianeTi da dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo.7 swored centraluri kavkasionis gad-mosasvlelebis meSveobiT unda evlo xazareTidan mo-maval savaWro qaravnebs tao-klarjeTis qarTvelTa samefos gavliT bizantiis imperiisken. Sesabamisad, amas unda gamoewvia kavkasiis centraluri qedis mTels sigrZeze _ aRmosavleTidan (daRestani) dasavleTis mimarTulebiT (svaneTi) msxvili dasaxlebuli pun-qtebis gaCena; savaWro gzam am mxareebs damatebiT ekonomikuri datvirTva SesZina _ manamde Tu kavkasiis mTianeTis mosaxleoba ZiriTadad mesaqonleobiT da

8 im peridSi arsebul viTarebas naTlad gvixatavs iovane sabanis Zis Txzu-leba `wamebaY wmidisa da netarisa mowamisa qristesisa haboYsi~.

36 paata buxraSvili

damxmare miwaTmoqmedebiT irCenda Tavs, axla isini am savaWro-satranzito gzebis dacva-kontroliTac iyvnen dakavebuli. savaWro gzam am mciremiwian mxareSi xelosnobis ganviTarebac moitana da am periods unda ukavSirdebodes mag. aRm. kavkasiis mTianeTSi (daRes-tani) meliToneobiT, meTuneobiT da Sinamrewvelobis sxva dargebiT ganTqmuli didi dasaxlebebis gaCenac [Котович В. Г., 1980 : 78-93].

rogorc amaze sxvadasxva wyaroebi da gamokvlevebi metyveleben, kaspiispira dablobi adgilobrivi mo-saxleobis (da aseve mosuli mosaxleobis) mier mudmiv samosaxlo-sameurneo regionad ar gamoiyeneboda da igi ufro gzagamtaris funqcias iTavsebda, romelic mTaSi gaSlili (da iq daculi) mosaxleebisgan kontroldeboda [Котович В. Г., 1980 : 78-93]. kaspiispiruli usafrTxo saqa-ravno gza, aq ZiriTadad moZraobda ara advilad gasav-lel kaspiispira dablobSi, aramed kargad dasaxlebul da gamagrebul mTagrexilebze, sadac cxovrobda kidec mxaris ZiriTadi mosaxleoba da Sesabamisad, sadac iyo vaWrobis, gacvla-gamocvlisa da aReb-micemobis xel-sayreli pirobebi. am gzaze, erTimeorisgan erTi dRis saval manZilze mdebareobdnen adre Suasaukuneebis qa-laqebi _ Targu, urweqi, zeda CiriiurTi, andeauli, maha-Cyalinskoe (dRevandeli) da a.S. yvela es arqeologiuri Zeglebi mravalfeniania da aq gamovlenilia albanuri da adreSuasaukuneebis xanis mZlavri arqeologiuri fenebi. samwuxaro isaa mxolod, rom es Zeglebi, arqeologTa mier ar aris Seswavlili guldagul da safuZvlianad [Котович В. Г., 1980 : 78-93]. amgvari suraTi ikveTeba centraluri kavkasionis mTels zolze.

bizantielebi rom marTlac CrdiloeT kavkasiidan amierkavkasiSi gadmomavali zekarebiT ukavSirdebodnen aRmosvleTidan momaval vaWrebs, CrdiloeT kavkasiSi, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli masale-biTac dasturdeba.

mag. abreSumis qsovilis naSTebi aRmoCenilia yabar-dodan dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadmomavali sanWaros,


maruxisa da qluxoris zekarebis dasawyis midamoebSi. rac imis maCvenebli unda iyos, rom am mxareebis mo-saxleoba savaWro qaravnebs emsaxureboda _ vaWrebs Rames aTevinebda, aZlevda sursaT-sanovages, ucvlida cxenebs, emsaxureboda gamyolad Znlad saval gzebze. yovelive amis safasad aqauri mcxovrebni saTanado gasamrjelosac Rebulobdnen (maT Soris naturiT _ abreSumis qsovilebis saxiTac) [goliaZe v., 1997 : 39].

mravlismetyvelia isic, rom dResac, svaneTis eklesiebSi mravlad vawydebiT Sua sukuneebis xanis uZvirfasesi abreSumis qsovilebis naSTebs romelTa nawili dRes daculia mestiis muzeumis sacavebSic (ix. feradi tabula III2).

maSasadame, svaneTsa da zogadad dasavleT saqarT-velos mTianeTze (iseve rogrc kavkasiis qedis sxva is-toriul-geografiul mxareebze) gadioda aRmosvleTsa da dasavleTs, CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris damaka-vSirebeli savaWro-ekonomikur gzebi. garkveulwilad swored amasac unda ukavSirebodes X-XI-XII saukuneebSi svaneTisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba maSindeli centraluri xelisuflebisa. amis erT-erT umTavres dasturad unda CaiTvalos is umdidresi material-uri da sulieri kulturis Zeglebi, romelic dRemde Semogvinaxa saqarTvelos am umSvenieresma kuTxem.

** *

jgraPg liCeniSis dResaswaulis aRweris Semdeg, TiTqmis ori kviris manZilze, svaneTis samecniero kompleqsuri eqspediciis wevrebTan erTad (manana xi-zaniSvili, valeri silogava, mamuka axalaSvili, mestiis muzeumis ifaris zonis mcveli gela xvistani, mZRoli daTo levaniSvili) monawileoba miviRe ifaris TemSi Semavali soflebis (ieli, nakifari, wvirmi, zegani; (ro-gorc ukve zemoT aRvniSne aRvniSne, sof. adiSisic am TemSi Sedis) eklesiebSi daculi siZveleebis aRwera-aRnusxvaSi.

38 paata buxraSvili

am eklesiebSi, romlebic ZiriTadad X-XI – XII sau-kuneebs ganekuTvneba da amave periodis freskebiTvea Semkuli, mravladaa dauferavi da daferili liToniT Sesrulebuli Weduri Tu ferweruli xatebi, sakurTx-evlis win aRsamarTavi jvrebi da sxvadasxva tipis saeklesio nivTebi; es Zeglebi gamoirCevian avTenturo-bis maRali xarisxiT da uZvirfases informacias gvawv-dian Sua saukuneebis qarTuli oqromqandakeblobis da xatweris ganviTarebis Taviseburebebze, mxatvrul stilze, ikonografiaze, damzadebis teqnikasa da teq-nologiaze; TavisTavad, yovelive es fasdaudebeli wyaroa ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaswavlad.

v. silogava, m.xizaniSvili, m. axalaSvili, d. levaniSvili (mZRoli), g. xvistani (adiSis zonis eklesiebis mcveli). sof. adiSi 1981 w.

am unikalur nivTTa Soris, Tavisi didebulebiT, uzado SesrulebiTa da informatulobiT, gansa-kuTrebiT gamoirCeva nakifaris wminda giorgis xati, romelic sakuTriv sof. nakifaris wminda giorgis ekle-siisaTvis Seusrulebia asan oqromWedels adgilobrivi didebulis maruSis dakveTiT (tab. II4).

TavisTavad, am didebul siwmindesTan uSualod mravalgzis miaxlebam, garkveulwilad, didad ganapi-roba kidec am naSromis Seqmnis ideac.


nakifaris wm. giorgis sax. eklesia X-saukuneSia agebuli Sirimis qviT. eqvTime TayaiSvili ase agviwers am eklesias _ `nakipari, ielis qvemod Zevs, maRlobzea gaSenebuli da erT-erTi saukeTeso sofelia ifaris Temisa. aq aris kancelaria da skola. Zveli eklesiac am soflisa, romlis irgvliv gaSenebulia sofeli, erTerTi saukeTesoTagania svaneTSi...

eklesia nakiparisa wminda giorgis saxelzea aSeneb-uli Tlili qvisgan. es aris Cveulebrivi svanuri bazi-likis rigis eklesia, romelsac sami mxriT miSenebuli aqvs ekvterebi. ekvterebi gaerTianebuli arian da axdenen STabeWdilebas galereisa, romelic eklesias uvlis samxreTiT, dasavleTiT da CrdiloeTiT (amJamad Crdilo ekvteri moxsnilia sruliad - p.b.)“ [TayaiSvili e., 1991 : 104]. misi aRmosavleTi fasadi Semkulia moxatu-lobiTa da cxovelTa reliefuri gamosaxulebebiT (xaris, arCvis, irmis, lomis da daTvis gamosaxulebani). gareTa Semkulobac eklesiis aSenebis Tanadroulia. (sur 25-26 _ nakifaris ezo)

eklesiis interieri moxatulia mefis mxatvar Tev-dores mier 1130 wels. freskuli mxatvroba Zalze STambeWdavia da gamoirCeva saintereso mxatvruli gadawyvetiT. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs kon-qis kompozicia, sadac vedrebis gavrcobili versiaa gamosaxuli da CrdiloeT kedelze moTavsebuli wm. mxedrebis (wm. giorgisa da wm. Tevdores) sazeimo, her-aldikuri xasiaTis kompozicia.

eklesiaSi aris 1130 wels Sesrulebuli, Tavisi SinaarsiT metad saitereso erTi freskuli warwerac, romelic Seiswavla da gamosca valeri silogavam; mogvy-avs warwera srulad, miseuli wakiTxviT _

`1130 w. ifari, nakifari; wm. giorgis eklesia (`jgraPg“)asoTmTavruli; 2 striqoniani; Sesrulebuli TeTri

saRebaviT muqi mwvane feris fonze. warwera moTavsebu-lia kankelis karnizze, dasavleTis mxares, mTels mis sigrZeze. uWiravs farTobi: 330 X 17. Sesrulebulia

40 paata buxraSvili

mogrZo asoebiT: 5-7. damwerloba kidurwertilovani; gankveTilobis niSani: orwertili; qaragmis niSani: ki-durwertilovani, ganivi xazi. warweris fonis saRebavi adgil-adgil acvenilia da mis Sedegad gaSiSvlebulia kankelis adrindeli moxatulobis fena. adrindeli mx-atvroba Sesrulebuli yofila wiTeli saRebaviT TeTr fonze da rogorc Cans, geometriuli da punsonirebuli ornamentebisgan Sedgenoda. fonis acvenis Sedegad warweris teqsti naklulia: ramdenime adgilas saRebavi gadasulia mTlianad, xolo zogan asoebi dazianebulia.

TariRi: qoronikoni [tn] = 350+780=1130 w.[+ sa]xeliTa R(mr)TisaiTa moix(a)ta da Seimko

saydari ese w(mi)disa g(iorg)isi sad(i)d(e)b[elad da salocvelad sul]isa azn(au)rTa [am(i)s]a x(e)v(i)s[a]Ta y(ove)lTa e[r]T(o)b(i)T./

[w](mida)o g(iorg)i mTav(armow[ame]o, S(eiwyal)en da aaSenen, a(me)n.

moixata da [Seimko saydari es]e q[r]on(i)k(o)nsa [tn], x(e)l(i)Ta T(evdor)e mef(i)sa mx(a)tvr(i)sa(i)T/a.“

rogorc valeri silogava aRniSnavs, aq gansa-kuTrebiT sainteresoa informacia imis Taobaze, rom eklesia moixata da Seimko ara marto xevis aznaurTa sadideblad, aramed xevis aznaurTa yovelTa erTobiT sadideblad [silogava v., 1977 ; 58-59]. pirad saubrebSic, b-ni valeri xSirad aRniSnavda, rom es forma - `azn(au)rTa [am(i)s]a x(e)v(i)s[a]Ta y(ove)lTa e[r]T(o)b(i)T./“ xazs unda usvamdes nakifaris da zogadad ifaris Temis gansa-kuTrebil, dawinaurebul, adgils im periodis svaneTis saerisTaoSi.

mTlianad, svaneTis saerisTos, rom TvalsaCino adgi-li ekava X-XII saukuneebis erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi, adasturebs sof. latalis macxovris taZ-ris moxatulobac, sadac taZris interierSi, CrdiloeT kedelze Sesrulebuli freska asaxavs mefe demetre I mefed kurTxevis rituals. am freskaze, romelic miqael maRlakelis yalams ekuTvnis, svanTa erisTavi samefo


maxvils artyams gvirgvinosan demetre I. (ix. feradi tabula III 1)

maSasadame, rogorc am istoriuli wyarodan irkveva, svaneTi am xanebSi amirspasalaris [surgulaZe iv., 1975 : 339] sagamgeblo mxares, sakargavs [mesxia S., 1982, : 324] warmoadgenda. amirspasalarisa, romlis prerogativac yofila axladkurTxeuli mironcxebuli mefisTvis xmlis Semortyma.

swored amirspasalaris (am SemTxvevaSi svanTa erisTavis, romelic vezirTa pirvel sameulSi Sedioda aTabagsa da mandaturTuxucesTan erTad) sagamgebloSi ifaris Temis aznaurebs, `yovelTa erTobiT“ eWiraT nakifari; sadac isini `erTobiT“ ageben saydars da axatvineben mas mefis mxatvar Tevdores.

aRniSnul periodSi, svaneTis (iseve rogorc zoga-dad das. saqarTvelos mTianeTis), rogorc teritoriul _ administraciuli erTeulisadmi gansakuTrebuli politikuri interesis sababi da Sesabamisad, am mxaris ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari ganmapiro-bebli unda yofiliyo kavkasionis qedze mimavali didi abreSumis gzis svaneTis monakveTic. rogorc cnobilia aq gadioda am satranzito gzis erTerTi arteria: mamisoni - oni - lailaSi - lentexi - CixareSi - cana - uSguli - kala - ifari - mulaxi - mestia - lenjeri - latali - beCos mimarTulebiT .

cnobilia aseve, rom Sua saukuneebSi, mefe (central-uri xelisufali), romelic romelime teritoriul er-Teuls -`qveyanas“, `mxares“ gadascmeda ra skargavad ama Tu im vezirs ̀ saerisTavT-erisTaod“, masve (mosakar-gaves), aniWebda am mxareSi sabaJo saqmeebis warmoebis uflebasac [berZeniSvili n., 1974 : 122].

rogorc cnobilia, Sua saukuneebSi, adgilobrivi mmarTvelisTvis, centraluri xelisuflebisgan, gzaze baJis akrefis nebarTvis gacema xdeboda mTlianad an sanaxevrod. xdeboda aseve sabaJo punqtis samoura-vod gacemac; oRond, am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc makon-trolebels, sabaJoze xeli miuwvdeboda centraluri

42 paata buxraSvili

xelisuflebis warmomadgenels _ meWurWleTuxucess.[berZeniSvili n., 1974 : 122-123]

gamomdinare yovelive aRniSnulidan, aseT Sem-TxvevaSi, Zalze sainteresod gamoiyureba nakifaris eklesiis zemoT xsenebuli warwera, romelSic gansx-vavebiT sxva, analogiuri warwerebisgan xazgasmulia _ `azn(au)rTa [am(i)s]a x(e)v(i)s[a]Ta y(ove)lTa e[r]T(o)b(i)T./“ taZris ageba. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom am xeo-bis saero saqmianoabasac es aznaurebi `yovelTa erTo-biT“ warmarTavdnen; maT Soris ifaris Temze gamavali savaWro gzis kontrolsac.

Cvens am varauds, vfiqrobT, adasturebs ifaris Temis TavSi, uSgulisken mimaval gzaze, sadarajo koSis arsebobac. am nagebobas, dRes, mosaxleobaSi SemorCe-nili lamazi folkloruli Tqmulebis safuZvelze, `siyvarulis koSkad“ moixsenieben. arada, engurispira did lodze agebuli es Senoba, Tavis droze aq gamaval savaWro gzas akontrolebda da sabaJo punqtis funq-cias asrulebda (ix. tab. III3-4)

gamomdinare aqedan, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom ifaris Tems, anu `azn(au)rTa [am(i)s]a x(e)v(i)s[a]Ta“, satranzito gzis es monakveTi da sabaJo `y(ove)lTa e[r]T(o)b(i)T./“ hqondaT gadacemuli centraluri xe-lisuflebisgan, rac aqauri mosaxleobis ekonomikuri keTildReobis erTerTi damatebiTi wyaroc iyo. sa-varaudebelia isic, rom swored am ̀ erTobili“ Semosav-lebiT miRebuli mogebiT aigo nakifaris wminda giorgis eklesia salocvelad ̀ azn(au)rTa [am(i)s]a x(e)v(i)s[a]Ta y(ove)lTa e[r]T(o)b(i)T./“.

rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, nakifaris eklesiaSi inaxeba qarTuli Weduris xelovnebis erTerTi uSesan-iSnavesi nawarmoebi - xati wminda giorgisa.

eqvTime TayaiSvili ase agviwers am xats - `xati wKa giorgisa, oqroTi daferili vercxlisa, Zlieris gamoberviT naWedi, 50 X 40,5 sant. mTavarmowame war-modgenilia cxeniT. cxeni kargi jiSisaa, magram misi


morTuloba ar aris mdidari. TviT wKa giorgi mdidru-lad morTul javSanSia, romlis zemod mosasxami aqvs. es mosasxami farTod iSleba mis zurgs ukan haerSi. fexze maRali waRebi acvia. Tma xuWuWebad aqvs dayofili. wre, siwmindisa Tavis irgvliv, grexiliania. mxedari SubiT gmiravs diokletiane mefes, romlis Cacmuloba iseTivea, rogorc wKa giorgisa, xolo mas mosasxami ara aqvs da Tavze Zvirfasi TvlebiT Semkobili gvirgvini axuravs arSakidTa mefeebis rigisa. aqve miwaze gaSxvar-Tul mefesTan Zevs misi mrgvali fari da mogrZo xmali, rolelic xelidan gavardnia. mefis TavTan warweraa; deokleti/ane : mefe: / uSjulo.

farTo aSiebi garSemo Semkobilia balaxovani mor-TulobiT da mrgvali medalionebiT wmindaTa. zemod: macxovari mTavar angelozebiTurT; qvemod: wKY dimitri, wKY TKe, wKY kKe (kvirike); aqeT-iqeT wKY basili, wKY grigoli. xeloba medalionebisa da aSiebisa ver aris mancadamainc lamazi.“[TayaiSvili e., 1991 : 268-270]. xati sakmaod de-talurad aqvs aRwerili aseve akad. g. CubinaSvilsac Tavis fundamentur gamokvlevaSi _ `qarTuli Weduri xelovneba“ [Чубинашвили Г.,1959 : 268-270].

rogorc iTqva, xats amkobs metad saintereso warwera, sadac dasaxelebulia damkveTis da Semsrule-blis vinaoba:

`moiWeda xati ese wmindisa giorgYsa ifarisa Cemgan _ maruSis mier, salocvelad da saxsrad sulisa Cemisa dResa mas gankiTxvisasa - CemiTa oqroiTa da vercxliTa HeliTa asan oqromWdlisaYTa~ [axalaSvili m., 1987 : 17].

aRniSnul warweridan irkveva, rom xati daukveTia vinme maruSs, romelic, rogorc Cans, sakmaod gavleniani da SeZlebuli piri yofila, radganac aseTi Zvirfasi (xatis damzadeba rom sakmao saxsari damjdara, amas damkveTi teqstSic aRniSnavs) da maRalmxatvruli Weduri xatis SekveTa asanisnairi daxelovnebuli os-tatisTvis, mxolod socialurad da materialurad gamoCinebul ierarqiul moxeles, didaznaurs Tu xe-lewifeboda.

44 paata buxraSvili

Tamamad, yovelgvari gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xati qarTuli oqromqandakeblobis erT-erTi ubrwyinvalesi nimuSia. xatis plastikuri mxare gamokveTili da gamomsaxvelobiTia ise, rogorc es XI saukunis xatebs axasiaTebT [Чубинашвили Г.,1959 : 268-270]. wmindanis da damarcxebuli diokletianes gamo-saxvis dinamiuroba da cxovelmyofeloba naTelyofs oqromWedlis uzado xelkeTilobas.

ostati uxvad iyenebs ornamentul morTuloba-sac, rac mis maRal profesionalizmze metyvelebs. mas mkveTri gravirebiT gamousaxavs da mdidari orna-mentebiT mourTavs wmindanis Sesamoselis saxeloebic, gulispiris qobebic da Sarvlis xiluli, TviT umciresi monakveTebic ki; rom araferi vTqvT wm. giorgis abjrisa da mosasxamis uaRresad mdidrul morTulobaze. rac Seexeba diokletianes, Tundac `uSjulo~ (rogorc igi xatze Sesrulebul warweraSi - legendaSia dasaxele-buli), magram mainc mefis gamosaxvas, ostati aqac mTe-li Tavisi xelkeTilobiT warmogvidgeba. gangmiruli uSjulo gvirgvinosnis samosi mcenareuli ornametiT (es ornamenti XI xatebis maxasiaTebeli elementia [Чубинашвили Г., 1959 : 368]) aris morTuli. grZivi sakinZe orpirxazovani gravirebiT aris damuSavebuli. gansa-kuTrebiT aRniSvnis Rirsia damarcxebuli monarqis Zvirfasi gvirgvini [TayaiSvili e., 1991 : 270] romelic gansakuTrebuli gamomsaxvelobiT gamoirCeva _ gvir-gvinze Cans masSi Casmuli Zvirfasi qvebis budeebi da sasafeTqle sakidebic ki (ix. feradi tabula IV3).


SeiZleba danamdvilebiT iTqvas, rom ostati imde-nad zedmiwevniT icnobs maSindeli umaRlesi ierarqebis Cacmulobis umcires niuansebsac ki, rom igi umaRles aristokratiul wresTan sakmaod daaxloebul pirad SegviZlia CavTvaloT _ samefo karis Tu ara romelime didi feodalis saxlis maRalganswavlul xelovanad moviCnioT.

Tavdapirvelad, nakifaris wminda giorgis ekl-esiaSi, wminda giorgis sami xati yofila daculi.

aqedan ori g. CubinaSvils erTi ostatis, asan gvaza-vaisZis, Sesrulebulad miaCnia. maruSis dakveTiT damza-debul xats, mecnieri, aRniSnuli ostatis ufro gvian namuSevrad Tvlis, pirvel rigSi, misi Sesrulebis ufro daxvewili tqnikisa gamo da meorec, xatze aRniSuli saostato warwerisa (legenda) gamo. mecnieris azriT, maruSis dakveTil xatze, ostati mxolod sakuTar sax-els _ asans tovebs, ise, rom aucilebel saWiroebad aRar miaCnia mamiseuli ojaxiSvilobis (gvazavaisZe) aRniSvna; ramdenadac is ukve sakmaod saxelganTqmulia da cno-bili ostatia [Чубинашвили Г., 1959 : 367].

46 paata buxraSvili

aRwerda ra am xatebs, sruliad sxvagvarad fiqrob-da eqvTime TayaiSvili; igi nakifaris eklesiaSi dacul wminda giorgis im or xats, romlebmac Semogvinaxes SemsrulebelTa vinaoba _ asani, sxvadasxva epoqisa da sxvadasxva avtorTa (mxolod TanamosaxeleTa) Ses-rulebulad miiCnevda. eqvTime TayaiSvili, wminda giorgis xats (ara maruSis SeveTiT amzadebuls) romlis dazianebul legendasac (tab. IV1) g. CubinaSvili ase kiTxulobs _ `moiWda:HeliTa:asn:gvzvZiT~ _ `moiWeda HeliTa asan gvazavaisZiTa(?) ~, sruliad sxvagvarad kiTxulobs _ `moiWeda: HeliTa:asn:gelosiT[a]~ e.i. `moWeda xeliTa asan gelovanisiTa~; da iqve aRniSavs _ `rasakvirvelia, es is asani ar aris, romelic wina xatis warweraSi (maruSis SekveTiT damzadebuli - p.b.) ixsenieba, magram ueWvelia, es xati wina xatis (maruSis dakveTili -p.b.) mibaZviT aris gaWedili“ [TayaiSvili e., 1991 : 270-271].

maSasadame, eqvTime TayaiSvili am xatebs sxvadasxva ostatebis naxelavad miiCnevs da gamoricxavs maruSis dakveTiT moWedili xatis warweraSi naxsenebi ostat asanis da meore xatis momWedavi asanis igiveobas; Tanac xazgasmiT aRniSnavs am or Wedur xats Soris mxatvru-li donisa da Sesrulebis maneris sxvadasxvaobas. mas maruSis dakveTili xati qronologiurad gacilebiT adreulad miaCnia vidre meore, asan `gelovanis“ (eqv-Time TayaiSvilisuli wakiTxviT - p.b.) moWedili xati. amas Tan erTvis kompoziciuri sxvadasxvaobac - maruSis dakveTiT moWedil xatze wminda giorgi mimarTulia marjvnidan marcxniv, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi - mar-cxnidan marjvniv. Cven esec arsebiTi saxis gansxvavebad migvaCnia.

rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, amJamd nakifaris eklesiaSi dacul xats Semounaxavs Tavad damkveTis - maruSis vinaobac. unda aRiniSnos, rom garda naki-faris wm. giorgis xatis warwerisa, Cvenamde ar aris moRweuli sxva araviTari wyaro svaneTSi moRvawe dide-bulis, maruSis Sesaxeb; magram, kvlav vimeorebT, rom es


pirovneba, rogorc es nakifaris wminda giorgis xatze arsebuli warweris mixedviT irkveva, im droisTvis, sak-maod maRali wodebis da materialuri SesaZleblobis mqone persona yofila.

samagierod, im xanebisaTvis sakmaod cnobili gaxl-daT maruSianTa gvari (rogorc maruSiani, ise maruSisZe nawarmoebia kacis saxelisagan _ maruSi), romelic X-XI saukuneebis dasavleT saqarTvelos warCinebul feo-daluri sagvareuloTa ricxvs ganekuTvneboda. mogvi-anebiT, rogorc amas aRniSnavs n. SoSiaSvili, maruSianTa sagvareulodan warmoiqmna dasavleT saqarTvelos didi sagvareuloebi: vardanisZeni da dadianebi [SoSiaSvili n., 1983 : 463]. n. SoSiaSvili varaudobs, rom am sagva-reulos ekuTvnoda qarTlis erisTavi 970-ian wlebSi ivane (iovane) maruSisZec. aseve, gamoTqmulia mosazreba [mamalaZe g., 2011], rom iovane maruSisZis Svili gaxldaT spasalari zviad maruSiani _ dasavleT saqarTvelos didi feodali, X—XI saukuneebis mijnaze, bagrat III-is moxele, romelmac 1014 w-s fanaskertidan (tao) bediaSi gadaasvena bagrat III-is cxedari. es zviad maruSiani sardlobda qarTvelTa mewinave laSqars 1020-ian wleb-Sic, bizantiasTan omis dros. cnobilia isic, rom giorgi I-ma, drois mogebis mizniT, masve daavala Tavad basili keisarTan sazavo molaparakebis gamarTva, romelic am droisTvis tao-klarjeTSi SemoiWra bizantielTa didZali laSqriT [matiane qarTlisa : 287]. zviad eri-sTavi moxsenebulia zarzmis xatis ganmaaxleblis warw-eraSi, romelsac g. CubinaSvili XI saukuniT aTariRebs [Чубинашвили Г., 1959]. mewinave laSqris sardloba (mewi-naveoba mesxebs hqondaT saqarTvelos laSqarSi) da zar-zmis xatis warweraSi moxsenieba, mkvlevars safuZvels aZlevs ivaraudos, rom maruSiani iyo samcxis erisTavic.

rogorc cnobilia, qarTvelTa (da zogadad ka-vkasielTa) eTnografiul yofaSi, dRemdea SemorCe-nili tradicia, romlis mixedviTac, xSirad, ama Tu im pirovnebis (gansakuTrebiT vaJis, gvaris gamgrZeleb-lis) saxeldeba misi ptronimiuli saxelis mixedviT

48 paata buxraSvili

xdeba. gamomdinare aqedan, hipoTeTurad, magram mainc dasaSvebad migvaCnia, rom es maruSi yofiliyo afxazTa da qarTvelTa samefoSi im periodisTvis sakmaod cno-bili da dawinaurebuli maruSianTa saxlis romelime warmomadgeneleli; saxlisa, romelic saganmgeblo-sakargavad flobda tao-klarjeTsa da javaxeTis.

aseve, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT X-XI saukuneebSi bizan-tia-saqarTvalos Soris arsebul mtrobasa da daZabul viTarebas, rasac Sedegad mohyva bizantielTa mier maruSianTa saganmgeblo mxareebis dapyroba, savsebiT dasaSvebad migvaCnia, rom giorgi I an misma memkvidrem bagrat IV maruSianTa saxlis warmomadgenlebs sakar-gavad uboZes das. saqarTvelos mTianeTi. anu, afxazTa da qarTvelTa erTiani samefos samxreTi karibWis (sa-dac Cadioda kavkasionze gadmomavali satranzito gza) bizantielTagan morRvevis Semdeg, maruSianTa saxls gadaeca samefos Crdilo mxare, kerZod ki svaneTi sa-dac, maruSs da mis ̀ saxls“ _ ̀ azn(au)rTa [am(i)s]a x(e)v(i)s[a]Ta“, Caabares transkavkasiuri savaWro satranzito gzis (saidanac samfos teritorize Semodioda bizanti-isken mimavali tvirTebi) sarfiani monakveTi; sabaJo saqmis gankargvis pirobiT.

savaraudod, am saxlisSvili unda yofiliyo is vardan svanTa erisTavic, romlis saxec, amirspasala-ris rangSi, Semogvinaxa latalis macxovris eklesiis mxatvrobam. albaT, SemdgomSi, am pirovnebam daudo safuZveli vardanisZeTa gvars, romlis warmomadgen-lebic mogviano periodebSi gvevlinebian kidec svanTa erisTavebad.

savsebiT dasaSvebad migvaCnia isic, rom am did-aznaurs, sakuTari, bizantielTagan iavarqmnili tao-klarjeTis mamulidan, axal sagamgebloSi Tan waretana oqromWedeli asani, romelsac daukveTa kidec nakifaris eklesiisTvis (SesaZloa missave iniciativiT agebulis) ukve zemoT aRwerili, Tavisi xasiaTiT unikaluri siuJetis xati. safiqralia isic, rom asanis gaWedili xati gamxdariyo erTgvari maprovocirebeli, jer kidev


martvilis taZris reliefebze dafiqsirebul ikono-grafiuli motivis axali talRisa; motivisa, sadac wmianda giorgi klavs `usjulo“ mefe diokletianes. rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, es motivi gansakuTebiT popularulia X-XI s.s-ebis qarTul ikonografiaSi. am periodis xatebze, wminda mxedri, sakuTar mtanjvels, saimperio gvirgvinosan da samefo SesamoseliSi gamowyo-bili diokletianes, SubiT laxvravs da cxenis floqve-biT Telavs; alegoriulad ki bizantiis imperators, romlis maxviliTac tao-klarjeTs ̀ moisrnes uricxuni misiTa maxvilisaTa da romelnime tyue iqmnnes. da wari-Res avari diZali da ganZi samefo“ [matiane qarTlisa : 288]. siuJetis amdagvar alegoriulobas gvafiqre-binebs warwerac damarcxebuli diokletianes TavTan - ̀ diokletiane mefe usjulo“; riTac asan oqromWedeli iZleva ganmartebas dalaxvruli imperatorisa, raTa mavanma, saTanadod Semosil-dagvirgvinebuli piri, sakuTar warmosaxvaSi, ar gaaigivos `erTmorwmune“ qristianuli bizantiis xelisufalTan.

imaze, rom maruSis SekveTiT, oqromWedel asanis mier gaWedil xatze, wminda giorgis mier SubiT gang-mirul diokletianeSi alegoriulad bizantiis impera-tori igulisxmeba, Cvenis azriT, kidev erTi garemoebac metyvelebs - es gaxlavT dalaxvruli mefis samosis ornameti (ix. feradi tabula IV 4-5).

aRniSnuli ornamenti TiTqmis zedmiwevniT imeo-

rebs XI saukunis bizantiuri samefo qlamindis qsovi-lis ornaments. amdagvari ornamentis saxiani qsovilis sakmaod mozrdili nimuSi dRemde SemorCenilia qvemo svaneTSi, sof. saydarSi. aq inaxeba wminda giorgis XI -XII saukunis ferweruli xati, romlis zurgzec ga-dakrulia es qsovili. xatis dRevandeli zomebia 90 X 63 sm. misi simaRle, Tavdapirvelad, savaraudod sul mcire 50 santimetriT meti mainc unda yofiliyo, radganac igi Cvenamde dazianebuli saxiTaa moRweuli

50 paata buxraSvili

_ muxlebsqvemoT momtvreulia. masze wmindani `mTeli taniT yofila gamosaxuli, SubiT marjvena xelSi; mar-cxena farze hqonebia dayrdnobili“ [TayaiSvili e., 1991 : 112]. eqvTime TayaiSvils Tavis droze xatze warwerac amoukiTxavs, romlis kvalic dRes savsebiT gamqralia.

es xati, jer kidev 1980 wels, (ix. feradi tabula IV 1-2) eklesiaSi dacul sxva nivTebTan, erTad aRiwera Cveni eqspediciis wevrebis mier. mogvianebiT, 2011 w-s, sa-gangebod ilias saxelmwifo universitetis xlSewyobiT moewyo eqspedicia am xatis mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad. amjerad didi Zalisxmeva dagvWirda raTa es xati ax-lodan mainc dagveTvalierebina; didi Txovnebis Semdeg dagvrTes neba gadagveRo ramdenime fotoc. aRmoCnda, rom 1991 wels xati aRudgenia mxatvar Temo jafariZes, Tumca, Cveni azriT, igi saswrafod saWiroebs maR-alkvalificiur restavratorTa yuradRebas. SevZeliT qsovilis boWkos nimuSebis aRebac analizebisTvis, ris Sedegadac dadasturta xatis zurgze gadakruli qsovilis bizantiuri warmomavloba da igi XI saukuniT ganisazRvra. savaraudod, es samefo, saxelisuflebo pirTaTvis gankuTvnili qsovilis naWeri unda iyos [Falke O., 1951]. saxismetyvelbiTi kuTxiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xsenebuli xati, erTgvarad, samefo SesamosliT, samefo qsoviliT aris Semosili. cnobilia, rom Zvir-fasi saxiani abreSumis sqeli qsovilis samefo qlamindi gansakuTrebuli fufunebiT gamoirCeoda. bizantiuri qsovilis gavrcelebuli ornamenti iyo geometriul figurebSi (wre, rombi, kvadrati) Casmuli zoomorfuli an mcenareuli motivebi (suros foToli, SroSanisebri yvavili, palmeti) [maCabeli k., 2013 : 133-134].

cnobilia isic, rom imperatori gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebisaTvis da keTilganwyobis niSnad bizan-tiel da ucxoel didebulebs oficialur titutlTan erTad saxelisuflebo insigniebsa da Zvirfas samo-xeleo tansacmels uboZebda xolme[maCabeli k., 2013 : 133-134]. wyaroebidan irkveva, rom bizantiis mmarTvelma romanozma (basili II memkvidre) melqisedek kaTalikozs


ZRvnad sxva nivTebTan erTad gamougzavna _ ̀ ... Sesamose-li samRduelTmoZRvroi oqsino, uRliTa anaforiTa, xatovaniTa, oqrovaniTa da yovelive sruli~.

anu bizantia, erTis mxriv, sastikad ebrZoda saqa-rTvelos, rogorc damoukidebeli saxlmwifos gamosv-las wina aziis politikur arenaze; mores mxriv ki Tavis `wyalobas“ ar aklebda èrTmorwmuneebs“...

Cvenis azriT, sofel saydarSi daculi wminda gior-gis xatis zurgze SemorCenili bizantiuri qsovilis da nakifaris wminda giorgis xatze gamosaxuli dalax-vruli imperatoris samosze erTi da igive xasiaTis ornamentis gamoyeneba, aRniSnuli ornamentis garkveul tradiciulobasa da mniSvnelobaze unda migvaniSneb-des. es ki, albaT, am periodis qarTul ikonografiaSi gavcelebuli xsenebuli siuJetis alegoriulobis kidev erT argumetad unda miviCnioT.

yvelaze sagulisxmoa isic, rom bizantiis impera-toris, rogorc ierarqiulad aRmatebuli qristiani mmarTvelis damcrobilad da ganadgurebulad ale-goriuli asaxva wminda giorgis xatebze, am SemTxveva nakifaris wminda giorgis xatze, miiRo da gaiTavisa qarTulma eklesiamac. es yovelive, im periodSi, qarTul saxelmwifoSi, saerTo saxelmwifo politikuri intere-sebis Taobaze èrisa“ da `beris“ erTian damokideb-ulebaze unda migvaniSnebdes; anu saxismtyvelebiTi ikonografiuli modeli, romlis mixedviTac èrTmor-wmune“ mteri, anu bizantiis imperatori mTeli Tavisi saxlisuflebo insigniebiT (gvirgvini, fari, maxvili, waRebi) marcxdeba da nadgurdeba wminda mxedris mier, miiRo qarTulma eklesiamac da qarTuli saxelmwifos mTelma mosaxleobam.

aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT kidev erTi ram - am siuJe-tis xatebi, ZiriTadad, das. saqarTvelos mTianeTis regionebidan - svaneTidan da mTiani raWidan momdi-nareoben [ix.Чубинашвили Г., 1959]. es mxareebi ki im periodisaTvis, masze gamavali satranzito savaWro gzis ekonomikuri specifikidan gamodinare, erT admin-istraciul erTeulad moiazreboda.

52 paata buxraSvili

dasasrul, kidev erTxel gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom savsebiT misaRebad migvaCnia akad. giorgi CubinaSvilis varaudi, romlis mixedviTac qarTul ikonografiaSi gavrcelebuli Tema _ winda giorgis mier gvirgvinosani bizantiis imperatoris mokvla, gamoZaxili unda iyos konkretuli politikuri viTarebisa, romelsac saqarT-velos istoriaSi adgili hqonda X-XI saukuneebis mijnaze. im periodis qarTveli oqromWedlebi ase gamosaxavdnen antibizantiur ganwyobas. qarTvelTa mwvave dapirisp-ireba èrTmorwmune~ mtrul ZalasTan, qarTul ikono-grafiaSi sworedac zemoTaRwerili siuJetis saxiT aisaxa. kerZod ki, nakifaris wm. giorgis xatze ùSjulo mefis~, diokletianes saxiT, alegoriulad, gamosaxuli unda iyos qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisadmi dapirispirebuli bizantiis imperatori (SesaZloa saxeldobr basili II ki).

mogviano xanebSi am erTgvarma ̀ politikurma plakat-ma“ sakmao gavrceleba hpova qarTul ikonografiaSi, sadac ùSjulo mefe diokletianem“ zogadad, boroti Zalis gamomsaxvelobiTi saxe SeiZina. SemdgomSi, gan-sakuTrebiT politikuri arenidan bizantiis imperiis gaqrobis Semdeg, am motivs, zogadad qristianul iko-nografiaSi gavrcelebuli motivi - gveleSapis mokvla Caenacvla.

dasasrul, aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, gvinda movi-yvanoT zviad gamsaxurdias sityvebi - `boroti Zalebis mokvlis motivi yvela epoqebisa da xalxebis miTolo-giebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTiaTebeli; xolo mziuri RvTae-bebi da gmirebi ganasaxiereben simarTlis, sikeTis da siyvarulis madls; isini, sicocxlis damamkvidrebelni da sikvdilis damTrgunvelni arian, kacobriobis mxsneli bneli Zalbisagan. maTi qristianuli saxea wminda giorgi“ [gamsaxurdia z., 1991 : 164].


** *

maxsendeba erTi epizodi _ Cveni studentobis peri-odSi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi funqcioni-rebda meorad profesiaTa fakulteti, sadac studen-tebs saSualeba gvqonda Sida gamocdebis warmatebiT Cabarebis Semdeg CavricxuliyaviT da meore, damatebiTi specialobac migveRo. 1979 wlis Semodgomaze, Sevitane sabuTebi aRniSnul fakultetze Casaricxad dokumen-turi kinos reJisuris specialobaze. gasaubrebasTan erTad, unda Cagvebarebiana weriTi gamocdac _ unda dagvewera mcire sascenaro Canaxati iqve, improvizire-bulad SemoTavazebul Temaze. sagamacdo komisiis Tavm-jdomarem, cnobilma scenaristma erlom axvledianma SemogvTavaza Tema _ `mteri“.

axla, mTlianobaSi namdvilad ar maxsovs ra davwere (Savi naweric gamocdaze rCeboda), Tumca ZiriTadad vw-erdi, rom mteri mravalsaxovani borotebaa _ mravalTa-viani gvelSapiviT; romelsac erTsaxovani, gamokveTili, yvelasTvis sacnauri sikeTe _ siyvaruli amarcxebs.

`wmindao giorgi, didebis mxedaro,vumzer Sens xatebas da suli mxned ari!Semusre uwmindur drakonTa orgia,ixseni samkvidro Seni georgia.didebis ufali marTalTa mwed ari.wmindao raindo, gveli ar daindo;mogvmadle imedi da uflis sve-dari!~

zviadi

54 paata buxraSvili

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi

1. matiane qarTlisa - matiane qarTlisa / qarTlis cxovreba I, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tbilisi, saxelgami, 1955 gv.249-317.

2. vaxuSti 1973 - batoniSvili vxuSti, aRwera same-fosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba IV, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tbilisi, sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1973 -1102 gv..

3. sumbat daviTis Ze - sumbat daviTis Ze, cxoreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa, /qarTlis cxovreba teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tbilisi, 1955 gv. 372-389.

4. lastiverteci a., - aristakes lastiverteci, isto-ria, qarTuli Targmani gamokvleviT, komentarebiTa da saZieblebiT gamosca e. cagareiSvilma. Tbilisi, 1974.

5. Пселл М. - Михаил Пселл, Хронография, Перевод статья и примечания Я.Н. Любаского, Изд. Наука, Москва 1978 -313 стр.

gamoyenebuli samecniero literatura:

6. axalaSvili m., 1987. - m. axalaSvili, X-XV ss. warwerebi svaneTis Weduri xelovnebis Zeglebze, [red.: v. silogava], mecniereba, Tb. 1987

7. bardaveliZe v., 1952 - v. bardaveliZe, xevsuruli Temi, saq. mecn. akademiis moambe, XIII - 8. Tb. 1952

8. barnaveli s., 1979 - s. barnaveli, qarTveli meo-mari RvTaebis ikonografiisaTvis, Zeglis megobari N51, gamomcemloba „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, Tb. 1979 http://www.dzeglebi.ge/statiebi/xelovneba/qar-tuli_meomari.html

9. bezaraSvili c., 1979 - c. bezaraSvili, svani qalis samosi, svaneTi II, Tb. 1979


10. gamsaxurdia z., 1991 - z. gamsaxurdia, vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba, gam. `mecniereba~, Tb. 1991

11. gvritiSvili d., 1952. - d. gvritiSvili, Tbilisis istoria, sablitgami, Tb. 1952.

12. gelovani ak., 1983 - ak. gelovani – miTologiuri leqsikoni, gamomcemloba sabWoTa saqarTvelo, Tb. 1983

13. goilaZe, vaxtang. 1997. - v. goilaZe, abreSumis didi savaWro gza da saqarTvelo. Tbilisi: codnis wyaro. Tb. 1997

14. guCua v., 1977 - v. guCua, bagrat IV, qse, t. 2, gv. 128-129, Tb., 1977

15. TayaiSvili e., 1991 - e. TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum - svaneTSi 1910 wels, dabruneba, mravaltomeuli g. SaraZis saerTo redaqciiT, t. 2, mecniereba, Tb. 1991

16. gabaSvili v., 1968 - v. gabaSvili, saqarTvelo-eg-viptis urTierTobis istoriidan (XI-XIII ss.)/ kreb. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb. 1968

17. dili S., 1998 - Sarl dili, bizantiis imperiis isto-ria, Targm. baCana bregvaZisa, nekeri, Tb. 1998

18. TevdoraZe g., 1930 - g. TevdoraZe, xuTi weli fSav-xevsureTSi, wigni I, tfilisi, 1930

19. kecxoveli m., 1969 - m. kecxoveli, feodaluri xanis mxatvruli qsovilebi, Zeglis megobari, N 17, Tb. 1969

20. kekekliZe k., 1980 - k. kekekliZe, Zveli qarTuli lit-eraturis istoria, t. 1.gam. `mecniereba~ Tb. 1980

21. kopaliani v., 1969 - v. kopaliani, saqarTvelos da bizantiis politikuri urTirToba 970-1070-ian wlebSi, Tb. 1969

22. lorTqifaniZe m., papaskiri z., 1998 - m. lorTqi-faniZe, z. papasqiri, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo politika da diplomatia XI saukuneSi/qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi, I, Tb. 1998;

23. lorTqifaniZe m., 1979 - m. lorTqifaniZe, monarqiis sagareo politika (X s. das. _ XI s. 60-ian wlebSi)/ saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, III, mecniereba. Tb. 1979;

56 paata buxraSvili

24. makalaTia s., 1930 - s. makalaTia, mTiuleTi, saxel-gami. Tb. 1930

25. makalaTia m., 1977 - m. makalaTia, warmarTuli xasi-aTis zogierTi Zegli svaneTSi. svaneTi I. mecniereba, Tb. 1977

26. mamalaZe g., 2011 - g. mamamlaZe, erovnuli ideologi-is horizontaluri da vertikaluri postulatebi, http://iberiana.wordpress.com/iberiana/mamaladze/

27. maCabeli k., 2013 - k. maCabeli, qarTuli istoriuli kostumi (V-X saukuneebi), Tb. 2013

28. metreveli r., 1968 - r. metreveli, daviT aRmaSene-beli, Tb. 1968

29. meliqseT-begi l., 1941 - l. meliqseT-begi, Zveli somxuri literaturis istoria, Tb., 1941

30. mesxia S., 1982 - S. mesxia, saqarTvelos saxelmwi-foebrivi wyobis istoriidan (`sakargavis“ mniSvn-elobisaTvis), saistorio Ziebani, t. 1, Tb., 1982

31. silogava v., 1977 - v. silogava, qtitorTa freskuli warwerebi zemo svaneTSi, svaneTi I (masalebi mate-rialuri da sulieri kulturis SeswavlisaTvis), mecniereba, Tb. 1977

32. surgulaZe i., 1975 - i. surgulaZe, amirspasalari, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 1, Tb. 1975

33. javaxiSvili iv., 1979 - iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, Txzulebni 12 tomad, Tsu gamomcem-loba, t. I, Tb. 1979

34. javaxiSvili iv., 1983 - iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, Txzulebni 12 tomad, Tsu gamomcem-loba, t. II. mecniereba, Tb. 1983

35. Аладашвили Н., 1977 – Н.А. Аладашвили, Монументльная скульптура Грузии.

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