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People warned Athens of Philip II, the king of Macedonia. They warned that he was never satisfied and always wanted more.

Athens acted too late against him, & lost their independence along with the other city-states

This disaster ushered in a new age Greek influence spread from the

Mediterranean to the borders of India.Philip II’s son & architect to this era is known

to history as, Alexander the Great

Macedonia to the Greeks was a backward half-civilized mountainous land.

Philip gained the throne in 359BC & dreamed of conquering Greece

338BC he defeated Athens & Thebes at the battle of Chaeronea. This brought all of Greece under his control

He still wanted more…the Persian Empire, but before he could go after the, he was assassinated at his daughter’s wedding.

Alexander was only 20 years oldHe was an experienced soldier & shared his

father’s planThe Persian ruler Darius III was weak, & the

provinces were in rebellion against him.The Persian empire stretched for more than 2,000

miles from Egypt to India.He began marching through Asia Minor into

Palestine & south to Egypt. 331BC he took Babylon & other Persian capitals,

but before he reached Darius III, the Persian ruler was murdered.

He headed east, and crossed into northern India.326BC for the 1st time his soldiers faced troops

mounted on war elephantsEven after never losing a battle, his soldiers were

tired and refused to go farther east.Upon his death bed, it is said that he whispered,

“To the strongest” when asked who would take over for him

No one leader proved strong enough to succeed him

3 generals divided up the empire: Macedonia & Greece to one, Egypt to another, & most of Persia to the 3rd

His most lasting achievement was the spread of Greek culture

Greek temples were filled with Greek statues from Egypt to the borders of India

Eastern & western cultures began blendingAlexander encouraged this when he married a

Persian woman & urged his soldiers to follow.He dressed in Persian dressThe blending of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, &

Indian cultures is known as the Hellenistic civilization

Located at the heart of the Hellenistic world on the sea lanes between Europe & Asia

People from all cultures filled the streetsPharos was an amazing sight that was a 440 ft tall

lighthouseRulers built the Museum as a center of learningThe Museum had labs, lecture halls, & a zooThe library there had thousands of scrolls that

represented the accumulated knowledge of the ancient world

More women learned to read and writeAble & clever Cleopatra came to rule in her own

right

Armies of architects & artists were employed throughout the Hellenistic world

The Hellenistic Age contributed to the rise of new schools of philosophy such as Stoicism

StoicismFounded by ZenoUrged people to avoid desires &

disappointment by accepting whatever life brought

Preached high moral standardsProtecting the rights of fellow humansAll people including women & slaves were morally

equal because all had the power of reason

Aristarchus argued that Earth rotated on its axis & orbited around the sun. This idea was not accepted for another 2,000 years.

Eratosthenes showed that Earth was round & calculated its circumference.

These thinkers built on earlier knowledge & better developed this knowledge.

Hippocrates studied the causes of illnesses & looked for cures.

His Hippocratic oath set ethical standards for doctors.Greek ideas have influenced political thinking to the

present day, and set standards in arts & sciences for later people of Europe.

Also, during this period, Rome emerged as a powerful new state