pancasila dan tantangan

7/23/2019 Pancasila Dan Tantangan

1/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

Smlnm~kdm iml Ymlymleml

^mpimqm(~mpimqm$ imdmh gpapleml klk apmy j`~`jkml jmdkl{m ~m{m jmymjml$ amgum ~m{m apjmldmg

S`lnksym Smlnm~kdm$ ~m{m apjmldmg s`hapmy Smlnm~kdm, Msm {mle {mle ~m{m j`qomjml y`hsf gmqk

kmdmg ~`jìmq h`lbfqhpdkq s`qm~mml(s`qm~mml {mle mim ik imdmh jmdmleml qmj{my i`leml aà`qmsm

jmym(jmym {mle ~m{m lmhmjml Smlnm~kdm , ^m{m h`qm~m ykimj h`hapmy Smlnm~kdm, Iml ~mdmg okjm

mim fqmle {mle h`lemymjml amgum Smlnm~kdm kyp apmyml ^f`jmqlf , ^m{m ~`jmimq h`leemdk ik

imdmh aphk Klifl`~km iml h`limsmyjml dkhm a`qdkml iml dkhm a`qdkml klkdmg ~m{m mleems imsmy

h`klegkm~k ymlmg mkq jkym klk i`leml nmqm {mle ~`klimg(klimgl{m ,Mjp h`leemdk ik imdmhaphkl{m qmj{my Klifl`~km$ iml mjp h`dkgmy ik imdmh jmdapl{m amle~m Klifl`~km kyp gkips dkhm

s`qm~mml, Dkhm s`qm~mml kyp imsmy iksmjmk ~àmemk h`hs`q~mypjml amle~m Klifl`~km {mle 73 opym

klk, '^pame{m$ =;0;? 1+

Imqk jpyksml klk y`qdkgmy amgum ^f`jmqlf h`l`hsmyjml ikqkl{m ~àmemk fqmle {mle

h`leemdk lkdmk iml lfqhm {mle gkips ~àmemk ~pmyp yqmik~k ik hm~{mqmjmy amle~m

Klifl`~km ~òmj amle~m jkym a`dph h`l`qkhm s`lemqpg imqk amle~m(amle~m dmkl,

Imdmh sqf~`~ s`leemdkml klk$ ^f`jmqlf ~`dmkl h`ha`jmdk ikqk i`leml s`le`ymgpml {mle

iks`qfd`gl{m imqk dky`qmypq {mle mim iml s`lemdmhmll{m ~`dmhm s`qe`qmjml jàmle~mmlopem h`dmjpjml s`q`lpleml(s`q`lpleml {mle h`limdmh y`lymle ~`hpm ~èk j`gkipsml

hm~{mqmjmy amle~m Klifl`~km, Gm~kd imqk sqf~`~ s`q`lpleml klk y`qdkgmy amgum hmlp~km

imdmh h`hmlimle mdmh ~`h`~ym$ h`q lplek m~md iml ypopml hmlp~km$ iml imdmh

h`legmimsk a`qamemk hmnmh ymlymleml gkips ~`dmdp h`lplopjjml ~kjms ~àmemk hmlp~kmq`dkekp~$ j`j`dpmqemml {mle iml amleem mjml ymlmg mkq y`hsmy$ h`lknklymk iml amleem

mjml ymlmg mkq y`hsmy dmgkql{m$ dàkg h`lepymhmjml hp~{mumqmg plypj hpbmjmy imdmhh`h`nmgjml hm~mdmg {mle ikgmimsk amkj ~`nmqm s`q~`fqmleml hmpspl a`q~mhm(~mhm$iml ~`dmdp a`qkgjykmq plypj gkips dàkg amkj ~`~pmk i`leml gmqjmy iml hmqymamy

j`hmlp~kmll{m, ^`hpm kyp y`qdkgmy ~àmemk emem~ml {mle ifhklml imdmh gkips

a`qhm~{mqmjmy ik imdmh amle~m jkym, Imqk ~`hpm kyp y`qupopi imdmh ~kjms iml s`qkdmjpgkips ~àmemk ~myp j`pypgml {mle ykimj imsmy iksk~mg(sk~mgjml, 'Amamqk$ =;70$ 5>> (5>9+

Dmgkql{m Smlnm~kdm

Skimyf ^f`jmqlf smim ymleemd = Oplk=;90$ikgmimsml Smlkykm S`q~kmsml J`h`qi`jmml

Klifl`~km mimdmg a`qy`lymleml i`leml dmymq a`dmjmle jàmlejkyml klk iml s`qm~ml mlyk(O`smle hmjkl ikyplopjjml ~`nmqm y`qmle(y qmleml, Imdmh skimyfl{m$ ^f`jmqlf

h`leemqk~jml dkhm im~mq$ Smlnm~kdm {mle ikqm~ml{m mjml h`hakhakle iml h`h`lpgk

~{mqmy ~àmemk im~mq bkd~mbmy ~pmyp Klifl`~km {mle h`qi`jm, Skimyf klk o`dm~ h`li`jmykq`rfdp~k iml h`~jkspl h`hamlejkyjml mhmqmg smqm s`qukqm mlejmyml imqmy O`smle$

h`q`jm h`qm~m ykimj akomj~mlm plypj h`lemhakd yklimjml y`qgmimsl{m, Emem~ml(eme~ml

{mle ikpymqmjml ^f`jmqlf imdmh skimyf klk s`lykle jmq`lm h`l{mlokjml bkd~mbmy ~f~kmd

{mle hmymle iml imqk smqm s`hkhskl lm~kflmdk~ Klifl`~km {mle smdkle a`qs`lemqpg iml

=Uà? uuu,s`y`qjm~`lim,ufqisq`~~,nfh@hmkd? hq,jm~`limCehmkd,nfh


2/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

imqk ~`~`fqmle {mle j`hpikml h`lomik ~`fqmle s`hkhskl sfdkykj Q`spadkj Klifl`~km

{mle smdkle s`lykle, Emem~ml(emem~ml kyp opem ~mlemy a`qmqyk imdmh h`hs`lemqpgk omdml

s`hkjkqml ~f~kmd fqmle Klifl`~km ~`dmhm s`qopmleml q`rfdp~kfl`q {mle ~è`qm hpdmk$~pmyp s`lemqpg {mle ~mhsmk ~`jmqmle hm~kg spkl{m hmjlm {mle ~mlemy s`lykle Aml{mj

imqk s`lemqpg klk ikjmq`lmjml ^f`jmqlf i`leml o`dm~ h`leplejmsjml ki`(ki` ifhklml$

lmhpl a`dph d`lejms$ {mle mim imdmh skjkqml aml{mj fqmle Kilfl`~km y`qs`dmomq$ imljmq`lm ikm h`lepymqmjmll{m imdmh ~pmyp amgm~m iml i`leml ~pmyp ~khafdk~h` {mle

jàml{mjml a`qhmjlm iml y`yms s`lpg mqyk amek qmj{my o`dmym {mle ykimj a`qs`likikjml,

H`lpqpy ^f`jmqlf$ sqkl~ks s`qymhm {mle gmqp~ h`leemqk~amumgk im~mq bkd~mbmy ~pmyp

Klifl`~km h`qi`jm mimdmg lm~kflmdk~h`, Km h`l`jmljml amgum {mle ikhmj~pijmll{m

apjmldmg ~pmyp lm~kflmdk~h` imdmh mqyk ~`hsky, Jmyml{m$ ~{mqmy amle~m h`lpqpy @ql~y

Q`lml {mkyp? d` i`~kq i`yq` `l~`had` $ iml h`lpqpy Fyyf Amp`q {mkyp `kl` mp~^ngknj~mde`h`lk~ngmby @qumng~`l` Ngmqmjy`qe`h`kl~nogmby ykimj h`hmimk$ jmq`lm

jìpml{m ykimj h`hs`qykhamlejml ~{mqmy dmkl$ {mkyp s`q~mypml mlymqm hmlp~km iml

ymlmg , H`lpqpy e`fsfdkykj$ dmlopyl{m$ Klifl`~km mimdmg lè`qk jkym$ Klifl`~km {mle

apdmy, I`leml ~`hmlemy km h`lemymjml?

S`li`j jmym$ amle~m Klifl`~km$ Lmyk` Klifl`~km$ apjmldmg ~`jìmq ~myp efdfleml fqmle {mlegkips i`leml d` i`~kq i`yq` `l~`had` ik mym~ im`qmg {mle j`nkd ~`s`qyk Hklmlejmamp$ mymp

Hmipqm$ mymp [fe{m$ mymp ^plim$ mymp Apek~$ ymsk amle~m Klifl`~km kmdmg ~`dpqpg hmlp~km {mle

h`lpqpy e`fsfdkykj y`dmg iky`lypjml fd`g Mddmg ÛY ykleemd ik j`~mypmll{m ~`hpm spdmp(spdmp

Klifl`~km imqk pople Pymqm ^phmyqm ~mhsmk j` Kqkml- ,Jkym gml{m ipm jmdk h`lemdmhk lmykflmd`

~ymmy$ {mkyp ik zmhml ^qkukom{m iml ik zmhml Hmomsmgky,

Lmhpl i`hkjkml$ ^f`jmqlf h`lèm~jml, sqkl~ks jàmle~mml klk h`hmle mim

amgm{ml{m, Amgm{ml{m kmdmg hplejkl fqmle(fqmle h`qplnklejml lm~kflmdk~h` h`lomik

Ngmprklk~h` Ypml(ypml$ omleml a`qjmym$ amgum amle~m Klifl`~kmdmg {mle y`qamep~

iml y`qhpdkm$ ~`qym h`q`h`gjml amle~m dmkl, Jkym gmqp~ h`lpop s`q~mypml iplkm$ s`q~mpimqmml iplkm,, I`leml s`limsmy klk$ ikm y`qp~ h`lepymqmjml sqkl~ksl{m {mle

jìpm$ {mkyp kly`qlm~kflmdk~h` mymp s`qkj`hmlp~kml,

Jkym apjml ~mom gmqp~ h`likqkjml Lèmqm Klifl`~km H`qi`jm$ y`ymsk jkym gmqp~ h`lpop spdm

j`smim j`j`dpmqemml amle~m(amle~m ,Klkdmg bkdf~fbk~ng sqklnks` lfhfq ipm {mle ~m{m p~pdjml

j`smim ypml(ypml$ {mle afd`g ~m{m lmhmjml kly qlm~kflmdk~h`, Y`ymsk okjmdmp ~m{m jmymjml

kly qlm~kflmdk~h` apjmldmg ~m{m a`qhmj~pi jf~hf~sfdk~ymlk~h`$ {mle ykimj h`leklekljml

miml{m jàmle~mml$ {mle h`lemymjml ykimj mim Klifl`~km$ ykimj mim Lkssfl$ ykimj mim Akqhm$

ykimj mim Kleeqk~$ ykimj mimMh`qkjm iml dmkl(dmkll{m, Kly`qlm~kflmdk~h` ykimj imsmy gkips ~papqjmdmp ykimj a`qmjmq imdmh aphkl{m lm~kflmdk~h`, Lm~kflmdk~h` ykimj imsmy gkips ~papq jmdmpykimj gkips imdmh ymhml(~mqkl{m kly`qlm~kflmdk~h`, Omik$ ipm gmd klk$ ~mpimqm(~mpimqm$ sqkl~ks ~mypiml sqkl~ks ipm$ {mle ~m{m p~pdjml j`smim ypml(ypml ~`jmdkml$ mimdmg a`qemli`leml `qmy ~myp ~mhm

dmkl,

Mjml gmdl{m sqkl~ks j ykem$ ^f`jmqlf a`qimdkg y`lymle im~mq s`qumjkdml mymp

s`qhp~{mumqmyml, ^m{m {mjkl $ jmyml{m$ amgum ~{mqmy {mle hpydmj plypj jpmyl{m Lèmqm Klifl ~km kmdmg s`qhp~{mumqmyml$ s`qumjkdml, H`lomuma mqeph`lym~k imqk

h`q`jm {mle h`leklekljml ~pmyp lèmqm Klifl`~km ikmypq ~àmemk ~pmyp lèmqm K~dmh$ km

h`lo`dm~jml?

1Uà? uuu,s`y`qjm~`lim,ufqisq`~~,nfh@hmkd? hq,jm~`limCehmkd,nfh


3/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

Plypj skgmj K~dmh, klkdmg y`hsmy {mle y`qamkj plypj h`h`dkgmqm memhm,I`leml nmqm hpbmjmy$

jkym s`qamkjk ~èmdm gmd: j`s`lykleml memhm mjml jkym yklejmyjml,Amiml S`qumjkdml klkdmg

y`hsmy jkym plypj h`le`hpjmjml yplypyml(yplypyml K~dmh ,Okjmdmp h`hmle jkym qmj{my K~dmh$

hmqkdmg jkym a`j`qom ~`gàmy(gàmyl{m$ memq ~psm{m ~àmekml {mle y`qa`~mq jpq~k(jpq~k Amiml

S`qumjkdml Qmj{my {mle jkym mimjml$ ikipipjk fd`g pyp~ml(pyp~ml K~dmh Jkym a`qjm{m$ ;3 s q~`l imqk jkym a`qmemhm K~dmh$ y`ymsk dkgmydmg ik imdmh ~kimle klk a`qmsm s`q~`l {mle

h`ha`qkjml ~pmqml{m j`smim K~dmh6 Hmmb ~`qkap hmmb$ ~m{m yml{m gmd kyp- Amek ~m{m gmd kypmimdmg ~pmyp apjyk$ amgum K~dmh a`dph gkips ~`gkips(gkipsl{m ik imdmh jmdmleml qmj{my, Fd`g

jmq`lm kyp$ ~m{m hklym j`smim ~mpimqm(~mpimqm ~`jmdkml$ amkj {mle apjml K~dmh$ hmpspl y`qpymhm

{mle K~dmh$ ~`ypopkdmg sqkl~ks lfhfq ykem klk$ {mkyp sqkl~ks s`qhp~{mumqmyml$ s`qumjkdml$$Ik

imdmh s`qumjkdml qmj{my$ ~mpimqm(~mpimqm K~dmh iml ~mpimqm ~mpimqm Jqk~y`l a`j`qomdmg ~`gàmy(

gàmyl{m, Jmdmp hk~mdl{m fqmle Jqk~y`l h`leklekljml amgum ykms(ykms d`yy`q ik imdmh s`qmypqml(

s`qmypqml Lèmqm Klifl`~km gmqp~ h`lplqpy klokd$ a`j`qomdmg hmyk(hmykml$ memq ~psm{m ~àmekmla`~mq pyp~ml {mle hm~pj Amiml S`qumjkdml Klifl`~km kmdmg fqmle Jqk~y`l, Kyp mikd bmkq sdm{6

Ykimj mim ~pmyp lèmqm afd`g ikjmymjml lèmqm gkips$ jmdmp ykimj mim s`qopmleml ik imdmhl{m,

^f`jmqlf h`l{mymjml amgum sqkl~ksl{m {mle j``hsmy$ mimdmg sqkl~ks j`mikdml ~f~kmd

iml j`~òmgy`qmml, Ikjmymjmll{m?

Msmjmg jkym hmp Klifl`~km H`qi`jm {mle jmph jmskymdl{m h`qmomd dm$ mympjmg {mle ~`hpmqmj{myl{m ~òmgy`qm$ ~`hpm fqmle npjps hmjml$ npjps smjmkml$ gkips imdmh j`~òmgy qmml$

h`qm~m iksmlejp fd`g Kap S`qykuk {mle npjps h`ha`qk ~mlimle smleml j`smiml{m6 Omleml

~mpimqm jkqm$ amgum jmdmp Amiml S`qumjkdml Qmj{my ~pimg mim$ jkym i`leml ~`likqkl{m ~pimg

h`lnmsmk j`~òmgy`qmml klk, Jkym ~pimg dkgmy ik lèmqm(lèmqm @qfsm mim amiml(amiml s`qumjkdml$

mim smqd`h`lymkq` i`hfnqmyk`, Ymsk ykimjdmg ik @qfsm$ op~yqp jmph jmskymdk~ h`qmomd`dm 6

Ik Mh`qkjm mim ~pmyp amiml S`qumjkdml Qmj{my$ iml ykimjdmg ik ~`dpqpg a`lpm @qfsm Amqmy jmphjmskymdk~ h`qmomd`dm6 Ymj dmkl ymj apjml ~àmal{m kmdmg jmq`lm amiml(amiml s`qumjkdml qmj{my

{mle ikmimjml ik ~mlm kyp ~`jìmq h`lpqpy q`~`sl{m Q`rfdp~k S`qmlnk~, Msm {mle iklmhmjmli`hfjqm~k ik ~mlm$ gml{mdmg i`hfjqm~k sfdkykj ~mom ykimj mim j`mikdml ~f~kmd iml i`hfjqm~k

`jflfhk ~mhm ~`jmdk,

Plypj h`lo`dm~jml amgum i`hfjqm~k sfdkykj ykimj h`lomhkl i`hfjqm~k `jflfhk$

^f`jmqlf i`leml h`l{fdfj h`l{kykq s`limsmy ~`fqmle ^f~kmdk~ Q`rk~kflk~$ O`ml Ompq`~iml apjml imqk ~`fqmle Hmqwk~ fqyfifj~, Dmdp km h`dmlopyjml?

^mpimqm(~mpimqm$ ~m{m p~pdjml? Jmdmp jkym h`lnmqk i`hfjqm~k$ g`limjl{m apjml i`hfjqm~k Amqmy$y`ymsk , I`hfjqm~k `jflfhk sfdkykj {mle hmhsp h`limymlejml j`~òmgy`qmml ~f~kmd- Qmj{my

Klifl`~km ~pimg dmhm aknmqm y`lymle gmd klk, Msmjmg {mle ikhmj~pi i`leml Qmyp Mikd 6 Klk

mimdmg j`mikdml ~f~kmd, Qmj{my klekl ~òmgy`qm, Qmj{my {mle ymikl{m h`qm~m ikqkl{m jpqmle hmjml$

jpqmle smjmkml$ klekl h`lnksymjml ~pmyp iplkm amqp {mle ik imdmhl{m mim j`mikdml$ ik amumg

skhsklml Qmyp Mikd, Fd`g jmq`lm kyp$ okjmdmp jkym h`hmle a`lmq(a`lmq h`le`qyk$ h`leklemy$h`lnksym qmj{my Klifl ~km$ hmqkdmg jkym y`qkhm sqkl~ks j`mikdml ~f~kmd klk {mle apjml gml{m

s`q~mhmml sfdkykj$ ~mpimqm(~mpimqm, Opem imdmh akimle `jflfhk$ jkym gmqp~ h`lemimjmls`q~mhmml$ iml j`~òmgy`qmml a`q~mhm {mle ~àmkj(amkjl{m,

^mpimqm(~mpimqm$ amiml s`qhp~{mumqmyml {mle jkym mjml apmy$ g`limjl{m apjml amiml

s`qhp~{mumqmyml i`hfjqm~k sfdkykj ~mom$ y`ymsk amiml {mle a`q~mhm i`leml hm~{mqmjmy imsmyhùpopijml ipm sqkl~ks? j`mikdml sfdkykj iml j`mikdml ~f~kmd,

Sqkl~ks ^f`jmqlf {mle j`dkhm mimdmg amgum fqemlk~m~k Klifl`~km H`qi`jm gmqp~l{m

iky`qmlek fd`g ~pmyp j`s`qnm{mml j`smim Ypgml, Imdmh pqmkmll{m$ km h`l{mymjml?

>Uà? uuu,s`y`qjm~`lim,ufqisq`~~,nfh@hmkd? hq,jm~`limCehmkd,nfh


4/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

Apjml ~mom amle~m Klifl`~km a`qYpgml$ y`ymsk hm~kle(hm~kle fqmle Klifl`~km g`limjl{m

a`qYpgml, Ypgml{m ~`likqk, [mle Jqk~y`l h`l{`hamg Ypgml h`lpqpy s`yplopj K~m Mdhm~kg$ {mle

Hp~dkh h`lpqpy s`yplopj Lmak Hpgmhhmi ^MU$ fqmle Apigm h`lomdmljml kamimgl{m h`lpqpy

jkyma(jkyma {mle mim smiml{m,

Y`ymsk hmqkdmg jkym ~`hpm a`qYpgml, G`limjl{m Lèmqm Klifl`~km kmdmg lèmqm {mle ykms(ykmsfqmlel{m h`l{àmg Ypgmll{m i`leml nmqm {mle d`dpm~m ykmim èfk~h` memhm , Imlg`limjl{m Lèmqm Klifl`~km ~myp i`leml lèmqm {mle A`qYpgml,

Hmqkdmg jkym mhmdjml$ omdmljml memhm$ amkj K~dmh hmpspl Jqk~y`l$ i`leml nmqm(nmqm {mle

a`qj`mimaml gfqhmy h`legfqhmyk ~myp ~mhm dmkl,

Imdmh j`~`~khspdml ^f`jmqlf y`qp~ h`l`jmljml ~mdkle j`nfnfjml mlymqm j`dkhm sqkl~ks

klk$ iml j`~mhmml j`s`lpgmll{m i`leml ~`hmlemy hm~{mqmjmy Klifl`~km m~dk, Ipm

sqkl~ks {mle s`qymhm$ lm~kflmdk~h` iml kly`qlm~kflmdk~h` mymp s`qkj`hmlp~kml$ h`lpqpy^f`jmqlf$ imsmy iks`qm~ h`lomik ~myp sqkl~ks ypleemd( {mkyp ~f~kf(lm~kflmdk~h $

I`hkjkml opem$ dmlopyl{m$ ipm sqkl~ks a`qkjpyl{m$ i`hfjqm~k 'mymp s`qhp~{mumqmyml+ iml

j`mikdml ~f~kmd$ imsmy iks`qm~ h`lomik ~myp sqkl~ks$ {mkyp sqkl~ks ~f~kf(i`hfjqm~k, Omik$ykem sqkl~ks {mle ykleemd mimdmg? ~f~kf(lm~kflmdk~h`$ ~f~kf(i`hfjqm~k$ iml j`s`qnm{mml

j`smim Ypgml, Lmhpl i`hkjkml$ jmyml{m$ j`ykem sqkl~ks y`q~àpy hm~kg imsmy dmek iks`qm~

h`lomik ~myp sqkl~ks$ ~pmyp sqkl~ks {mle imsmy ikplejmsjml imdmh ~myp k~ykdmg Klifl`~km

m~dk mymp efyfle qf{fle , Lèmqm Klifl`~km {mle jkym ikqkjml gmqp~dmg lèmqm efyfleqf{fle, Mdmlejmg a`lmq(gàmyl{m Lèmqm Efyfle Qf{fle - Plypj h`lo`dm~jml k~ykdmg

klk$ ^f`jmqlf h`dmlopyjml?

Efyfle qf{fle mimdmg smgmh {mle iklmhk~$ dàkg iklmhk~ imqk j`j`dpmqemml $ ~mpimqm(

~mpimqm, J`j`dpmqemml mimdmg ~pmyp smgmh {mle ~ymyk~$ y`ymsk efyfle qf{fle h`leemhamqjml

~pmyp p~mgm$ ~pmyp mhmd$ ~myp s`j`qomml$Efyfle qf{fle mimdmg h`hamlykle ypdmle a`q~mhm$h`h qm~ j`qklemy a`q~mhm$ s`qopmleml amlyp(h`hamlyp a`q~mhm, Gf(dfsk~(jplypd(amqk~ apmy

j`s`lykleml a`q~mhm6 Klkdmg efyfle qf{fle-

Sqkl~ks efyfle qf{fle ik mlymqm {mle jm{m iml {mle hk~jkl$ mlymqm K~dmh iml {mle Jqk~y`l$

mlymqm {mle apjml Klifl`~km ypd`l i`leml s`qmlmjml {mle h`lomik amle~m Klifl`~km, Klkdmg$

~mpimqm(~mpimqm$ {mle ~m{m p~pdjml j`smim ~mpimqm(~mpiqm,

I`hkjkmldmg qphp~ml {mle ~`hpdm imqk Smlnm~kdm$ j`dkhm ~fjfepqp lèmqm {mle g`limjikamlepl, Km h`qpsmjml ~myp psm{m plypj h`ha`qkjml j`smim mdkqml sfdkykj {mle

g`y`qfe`l ik Klifl`~km ~pmyp dmlim~ml a`q~mhm ik imdmh lèmqm amqp kyp$ ~`s`qyk gmdl{m

psm{m {mle y`dmg ikdmjpjml fd`g ^f`jmqlf$ j`ykjm plypj s`qymhm jmdkl{m y`qopl jìmdmh s`qe`qmjml Klifl`~km gmhskq ipm im~muqm~m ~à`dphl{m$ plypj h`d ymjjml ~pmyp

dmlim~ml a`q~mhm amek ~`hpm s`qe`qmjml sfdkykj imdmh s`qopmleml h`q jm plypj

j`h`qi`jmml,

^`s`qyk {mle ikjmymjml smim mumd skimyf(skimyfl{m$ ~fmdl{m mimdmg plypj h`l`hpjml

~pmyp smlimleml iplkm amek Klifl`~km {mle imsmy ik~`ypopk fd g ~`hpm efdfleml s`lipipj iml imdmh gmd klk ymhsmjl{m km a`qgm~kd i`leml jfl~`s Smlnm~kdml{m$

~àmemkhmlm y`qapjyk imqk y`spj ymleml {mle qkpg q`limg iml gmikqkl j`ykjm km h`lemjgkq

skimyfl{m,



5/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

^`ykms psm{m plypj h`hmlimle Smlnm~kdm y`qd`sm~ imqk ypopml {mle ikhmj~pijml kyp

phsmhml{m$ plypj h`le`qkykjl{m mym~ im~mq yqmik~k(yqmik~k jàpim{mml y`qy`lyp ik spdmp(

spdmp mjml h`d`~`y, Amek lèmqm {mle ~ìmle imdmh sqf~`~ s`ha`lypjml$Smlnm~kdmdàkg h`qpsmjml ~pmyp sqfeqmh imqksmim bkd~mbmy$ sqfeqmh amek ~pmyp s`qe`qmjml {mle

ypem~ s`qymhml{m mimdmg h`ha`lypj ~pmyp Klifl`~km imqk j`spdmpml Lp~mlymqm iml

gmd klk y`dmg ikmamkjml imdmh ~myp(~mypl{m yklompml y`qklnk h`le`lmk Smlnm~kdm {mle y`dmgikdmjpjml gkleem jklk 'Jmgkl$ =;;0?=09 =23+,

Skmemh Omjmqym 11 Oplk =;90

^`y`dmg hm~m ~kimle s`qymhm kyp$ msm {mle iklmhmjml Smlkykm J`nkd imqk Smlkykm 21

h`dmlopyjml ypem~l{m ik Omjmqym, ^f`jmqlf$ Hfg Gmyym$ Mnghmi ^pamqiof$ UmgkiGm~okh$ Jk Amep~ Gmikjp~phf$ Fyyf K~jmlimqiklmym$ Hpg [mhkl iml Hmqmhk~ mimdmg

mleefym(mleefym Smlkykm J`nkd klk, H`q`jm klk h`hamgm~ >1 apmg p~pd {mle ikmopjml

fd`g 93 fqmle mleefym {mle y`dmg ik~mhsmkjml ~`nmqm y`qypdk~ mlymqm ymleemd = iml 13 Oplk

=;90, Jkqm(jkqm 13 mleefym h`li`~mj memq Klifl`~km h`qi`jm iksqfjdmhm~kjml ~`n`smyhplejkl,

Lmhpl$ {mle dàkg s`lykle mimdmg miml{m s`qiàmyml {mle a`qdmlopy iml ~`hmjkl

h`legmlemy mlymqm jmph lm~kflmdk~ ~`jpd`q iml lm~kflmdk~ K~dmh$ {mle imdmh ~pha`q(

~pha`q Klifl`~km ~`jmqmle klk ~`dmdp ikyplopj ~àmemk efdfleml jàmle~mml iml

efdfleml K~dmh, Jà`ypdml Iùml Smlm~`gmy Sp~my Sp~my 'Npf ^mlek(Kl+ a`qmsmy ikOmjmqym ymleem: =7 Oplk =;90, ^òphdmg fqmle Klifl`~km {mle h`lomik mleefym Smlkykm 21

opem h`lomik mleefym Iùml klk, Dmekspdm$ ~àmekml mleefym Smlkykm 21 a`qikmh ik

Omjmqym, Fd`g jmq`lm kyp$ ^f`jmqlf$ j`ypm Smlkykm J`nkd klk$ h`leplimle ~`hpm mleefymSmlkykm 21 {mle imsmy ikgpaplek$ {mle a`qophdmg >7 fqmle, Imqk h`q`jm klkdmg ymhskd

j`dfhsfj ; mleefym {mle mjml h`lnmqk s`h`nmgml y`qgmims j`yèmleml {mle ~`hmjkl

h`lklejmy mlymqm jmph lm~kflmdk~ ?~`jpd`q iml lm~kflmdk~ K~dmh,

Imdmh ~àpmg qmsmy ymleemd 11 Oplk =;90$ {mle sm~yk h`qpsmjml qmsmy {mle ~mlemy ~pdky,$

mjgkql{m ~`hakdml s`hkhskl klk imsmy h`lnmsmk ~pmyp omdml y`lemg, H`q`jm imsmyh`qphp~jml ~pmype`lyd`h`ly meq``h`ly j`~`smjmyml j`gfqhmyml {mle ikhmj~pijml

~àmemk S`hapjmml Plimle(Plimle Im~mq$ mymp ~`ykimj(ykimjl{m ~ amemk ~pmyp hmjmdmg

j`qom plypj s`hamgm~ml hm~mdmg y`q~àpy, Aà qmsm hkleep j`hpikml Hpg [mhkl

h`lmhmjml ifjph`l sfdkykj klk Skmemh Omjmqym, Ik dpmq Klifl`~km j`dkgmymll{m j`nkd~mom s`qgmykml y`qgmims ifjph`l klk, Lmhpl$ okjm jkym h`lklomp j` a`dmjmle imsmy

ik~khspdjml amgum s`hamgm~ml dàkg dmlopy h`le`lmk gpapleml Lèmqm iml K~dmh ik

Klifl`~km ~àmekml a`~mq mjml iky`lypjml fd`g aà`qmsm s`qjmymml {mle y`qnmlyph imdmhSkmemh Omjmqym kyp,

Y`j~ Skmemh Omjmqym klk h`lnmjps jmym(jmym s`lplyps qmlnmleml J`h`qi`jmml '{mlemjgkql{m ykimj s`qlmg iks`qeplmjml kyp+ {mle ikemaplejml i`leml jmdkhmy s`lpyps

S`hapjmml smim qmlnmleml Plimle(Plimle Im~mq Hpg [mhkl, Imqk s`ql{mymml Hfg

Gmyym {mle ik~mhsmkjml j`hpikml imsmy ik~khspdjml miml{m pqpyml s`qk~ykum {mle

a`qdmle~ple y`qamdkj$ {mkyp ~`y dmg Skmemh Omjmqym ymleemd 11 Oplk =;90$ {mle



6/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

ikhmj~pijml ~àmemk Qmlnmleml S`hapjmml Plimle(Plimle Im~mq$ dmdp ik~p~pl

s`ql{mymml j`h`qi`jmml, Amemkhmlmspl j`mimml {mle ~`~pleepgl{m s`lykle plypj

h`ha`qkjml s`qgmykml jkym smim k~kSkmemh Omjmqym kyp,

Amgum ~p~pleepgl{m j`h`qi`jmml kyp kmdmg gmj ~èmdm amle~m$ iml fd`g ~àma kyp hmjm

s`lomomgml ik mym~ iplkm gmqp~ ikgmsp~jml$ jmq`lm ykimj ~`~pmk i`leml s`qk j`hmlp~kml iml s`qk

j`mikdml,

Iml s`qopmleml s`qe`qmjml j`h`qi`jmml Klifl ~km y`dmg ~mhsmk 'dmg+ j`smim ~mmy {mle

a`qamgmekm i`leml ~`dmhmy(~ lyf~m h`lemlymqjml qmj{my Klifl`~km j` i`sml sklyp e`qamle

Lèmqm Klifl`~km {mle h`qi`jm$ a`q~myp$ a`qimpdmy$ mikd iml hmjhpq,

Mym~ a`qjmy Qmghmy Mddmg [mle Hmgmjpm~m$ iml i`leml ikifqflejml fd`g j`kleklml dpgpq$

~psm{m a`qj`gkipsml jàmle~mml {mle aàm~$ hmjm qmj{my Klifl`~km h`l{mymjml i`leml klk

j`h`qi`jmmll{m,

J`hpikml imqk smim kyp plypj h`ha`lypj ~pmyp S`h`qklymg Lèmqm Klifl`~km H`qi`jm {mle

h`dkliplek ~è`lms amle~m Klifl`~km iml ~`dpqpg yphsmg(imqmg Klifl`~km$ iml plypj

h`hmopjml j`~òmgy`qmml phph$ h`ln qim~jml j`gkipsml amle~m$ iml kjpy h`dmj~mlmjml

j`y`qykaml iplkm {mle a`qim~mqjml j`h`qi`jmml$ s`qimhmkml mamik$ iml j`mikdml ~f~kmd$ hmjmik~p~pldmg j`h`qi`jmml jàmle~mml Klifl`~km kyp imdmh ~pmyp gpjph im~mq Lèmqm Klifl`~km

{mle y`qa`lypj imdmh ~pmyp ~p~plml lèmqm Q`spadkj Klifl ~km {mle a`qjìmpdmyml qmj{my$

i`leml a`qim~mq j`smim j`ypgmlml$ i`leml jùmokaml h`lomdmljml ~{mqkmy K~dmh amek s`h`dpj(

s`h`dpjl{m$ h`lpqpy im~mq j`hmlp~kml {mle mikd iml a`qmima$ s`q~mypml Klifl ~km$iml

j`qmj{myml {mle ikskhskl fd`g gkjhmy jàkomj~mlmml imdmh s`qhp~{mumqmyml s`qumjkdml ~`qym

i`leml hùpopijml ~pmyp j`mikdml ~f~kmd amek ~`dpqpg qmj{my Klifl`~km

^`hakdml fqmle yfjfg {mle h`lmlimymlemlk Skmemh Omjmqym mimdmg ~àmemk a`qkjpy klk,

S`qymhm ymhm ik mlymqm h`q`jm klk y`qimsmy ^f`jmqlf$ Hfg Gmyym$ Hmqmhk~ iml Hpg[mhkl$ {mle y`qhm~pj imdmh msm {mle ik~àpy ~àmemk jmph lm~kflmdk~ ~`jpd`q , Ik

~mhskle kyp mim Makjp~lf Yofjqf~pof~f$ Maipd Jmgmq Hpzmjjkq$ Mep~ ^mdkh$ Mnghmi

^pamqiof iml Umgki Gm~{kh h`qpsmjml jmph lm~kflmdk K~dmh Klifl`~km {mle smdkley`qj`hpjm imdmh amekml mjgkq zmhml O`smle,

Smim ~`hpm s`qiàmyml imdmh zmhml klk 'imsmy ik~khspjml amgum+ ifjph`l klk

iksmlimle ~àmemk ~pmyp omdml y`lemg mlymqm j dfhsfj lm~kflmdk~ ~`jpd q iml j`dfhsfj lm~kflmdk~ K~dmh , Gml{m imdmh ymgpl(ymgpl a`dmjmleml klk ikjmymjml amgum

efdfleml Jqk~y`l y`dmg ikumjkdk fd`g Hmqmhk~$ iml jmq`lm kyp ikmleems ~àmemk j`dfhsfj

s`q~`qym j`ykem, Y`ymsk h`lpqpy j`y`qmleml dk~ml$ gmd klk ymhsmjl{m ykimj a`lmq, Hmqmhk~hùmjkdk jmph lm~kflmdk~h` ~`jpd`q $ iml ikjmymjml fqmle amgum ~àmemk fqmle apjml

Hp~dkh km opem a`qjà`qmyml y`qgmims y`qgmims omdml y`lemg klk$ y`ymsk km ykimj klekl

h`hamgm{mjml sqfjdmhm~k j`h`qi`jmml, Lmhpl$ Dmypgmqgmq{ {mle j`hpikml

iksmlimle ~àmemk umjkd fqmle(fqmle Jqk~y`l, Iml j`dkgmymll{m Dmypgmqgmq{h`lompgjml ikqkl{m imqk psm{m h`lnmqk omdml y`lemg y`q~àpy$,

Jmdkhmy {mle smdkle s`lykle imdmhSkmemh Omjmqym$ ~pimg y`lyp$ mimdmg j`y`lypml amgumlèmqm ikim~mqjml j`smim j`ypgmlml i`leml jùmokaml h`lomdmljml ~{mqkmy K~dmh amek

s`h`dpj(s`h`dpjl{m , Ik Klifl`~km hm~m jklk jmdkhmy klk ik~àpy ~àmemk ypopg jmym ,

Msmjmg qphp~ml kyp jpqmle dàkg a`qmqyk ~pmyp lèmqm K~dmh6 Msmjmg jmdkhmy kyph`hspl{mk mjkamy gpjph$ ~`gkleem s`h`qklymg gmqp~ a`j`qom plypj h`lemum~k



7/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

s`dmj~mlmml gpjph K~dmh6 Gmqp~jmg s`h`qklymg h`leplimlejml gpjph {mle y`qsk~mg

plypj jmph Hp~dkhkl 'hk~mdh{m {mle a`qgpapleml i`leml s`qjmuklml+$ mymp amgjml

gmqp~ h`lemum~k y`qdmj~mlml{m kamimy j`memhmml imdmh mqykl{m {mle ~`hsky6 Mympjmgqphp~ml kyp gml{m h`hspl{k mqyk ~àmemk ~pmyp ifqfleml j`~md`gml amek jmph

Hp~dkhkl6 Y`ymsk okjm i`hkjkml$ h`lemsm jmdkhmy kyp hplnpd imdmh qmlnmleml

S`hapjmml Plimle(Plimle Im~mq =;906 Mymp i`leml s`qjmymml dmkl$ msmjmggpaplemll{m i`leml lèmqm6 Mympjmg jmdkhmy kyp gml{mdmg h`qpsmjml j`qmlejm jf~fle

~àmemk gkapqml amek jmph fqyfifj~ yqmik~kflmd6 Qklejm~l{m$ msmjmg qphp~ml kyp ~pmyp

ykykj yfdmj h`lpop j`mqmg ~pmyp Lèmqm K~dmh$ mympjmg km h`qpsmjml ~k~m(~k~m y`qmjgkqimqk s`qopmleml ~pmyp Lèmqm K~dmh {mle y`dmg ememd6 Klkdmg a`qa`qmsm ik mlymqm

s`q~fmdml {mle hplnpd j`hpikml$ iml h`lomik s`lykle imdmh s`qiàmyml y`lymle

jìpipjml K~dmh imdmh Klifl`~km amqp kyp,

Imqk ymleemd =3 Opdk ~mhsmk =2 Opdk =;90, Smlkykm 21 '{mle ikymhamg i`leml 9 mleefym

amqp+ h`lemimjml qmsmy j`hamdk, iml y`qamek imdmh ykem ~pasmlkykm, Smlkykm Plimle(

plimle Im~mq a`qmsmy smim ymleemd == Opdk ik amumg skhsklml ^f`jmqlf plypj

h`lemimjml s`hamgm~ml s`limgpdpml y`lymle s`q~fmdmls`q~fmdml sfjfj {mlea`qj`lml i`leml plimle(plimle im~mq$ ~`s`qyk a`lypj lèmqm 'j`~mypml mymp bì`qmd6+$

~kbmy plimle(plimle im~mq '~ì`qgmlm mymp ~`h`lymqm6+ iml qmlnmleml S`hapjmml {mley`dmg mim ik gmimsml h`q`jm imdmh a`lypjSkmemh Omjmqym ymleemd 11 Oplk=;90,

Imqk jmdmleml Sqfy`~yml$ Dmypgmqgmq{ h`l{mymjml jà`qmyml y`qgmims s`qjmymml i`leml

jùmokaml h`lomdmljml ~{mqkmy K~dmh amek s`h`dpjl{m?, Jmq lm gmd klk imsmyh`lkhapdjml mjkamy(mjkamy a`~mq {mle a`qj`lmml i`leml memhm(memhm dmkl$ ~`qym imsmy

h`lkhapdjml j`~pjmqml ~`gpapleml i`lem mimy(k~ykmimy, Mep~ ^mdkh h`lomuma amgum

s`q~fmdml gpjph mimy iml gpjph K~dmh ~pimg h`qpsmjml hm~mdmg dmhm$ iml smimphphl{m ykimj imsmy ik~`d`~mkjml, Smqm s`lemlpy memhm dmkll{m ykimj p~mg h`qm~m

jgmumykq jmq`lm J`y`lyqmhml h`q`jm ykimjdmg a`qemlyple smim j`jpm~mml lèmqm$

y`ymsk imqk mimy 'imdmh gmd klk yfd`qml~k yqmik~kflmd6+ iml phmy K~dmh$ {mle h`qpsmjml ;3% imqk s`lipipj,

^àmemk j`ypm$ ^f`jmqlf h`leklemyjml h`q`jm amgum S`hapjmml y`q~àpy y`dmg ik~p~pli`leml ~p~mg sm{mg iml h`qpsmjml gm~kd j`~`smjmyml mlymqm msm {mle iklmhmjml

j`dfhsfj K~dmh iml j`dfhsfj lm~kflmdk~, Gkdmlel{m jmdkhmy {mle ~myp klk ykimj mjml

imsmy iky`qkhm fd`g jmph Hp~dkhkl Ufle~flèfqf iml Gf`~`kl Iomomiklkleqmy 'fqmle

Klifl`~km s`qymhm {mle h`lomik j`smdm Jmlyfq Pqp~ml Memhm+ opem a`qjà`qmymli`leml jmym(jmym y`q~àpy iml h`lemymjml$ Jmdkhmy kyp hplejkl ~`jmdk h`lkhapdjml

bmlmyk~h`$ jmq`lm j`gkdmgmymll{m jmph Hp~dkhkl mjml iksmj~m h`hmypgk ~{mqkmy ,

Umgki Gm~{kh h`hamlymg j`hplejklml miml{m smj~mml klk i`leml h`lplopj j`smimmiml{m m~m~ s`qhp~{mumqmyml$ ~mhakd h`lmhamgjml amgum h`lpqpy s`limsmy ~àmekml

a`~mq fqmle jmdkhmy kyp hplejkl y`dmg h`lomlejmp y`qdmdp ompg$ y`ymsk h`lpqpy s`limsmy

~àmekmll{m dmek$ op~yqp jpqmle ompg nmjpsmll{m, ^f`jmqlf h`lepdmlek amgum jmdkhmyklk mimdmg ~pmyp omdml y`lemg {mle iknmsmk i`leml ~p~mg sm{mg iml ~`y`dmg h`dkgmy amgum

ykimj mim dmgk jà`qmyml {mle ikmopjml$ km h`l{khspdjml amgum S`hapjmml klk

iksmlimle ~pimg iky`qkhm ~kimle,



8/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

^`y`dmg kyp ^f`jmqlf h`ha`lypj ~àpmg j`dfhsfj j`qom {mle mjml a`qmsmy smim ymleemd

=1 Opdk plypj h`l{kmsjml qmlnmleml plimle(plimle im~mq, ^mhsmk ik hmlm ^f`jmqlf

h`dkamyjml ikqkl{m imdmh s`l{p~plml qmlnmleml plimle(plimle im~mq klk ykimj o`dm~,J ypm j dfhsfj j qom klk mimdmg ^psfhf mleefym(mleefym dmkll{m mimdmg

Ufle~flèfqf, ^pamqiof$ Hmqmhk~$ ^kleekg$ Mep~ ^mdkh$ iml ^pjkhml, Amkj Umgki

Gm~{kh$ {mle imsmy iksmlimle ~àmemk fqmle K~dmh {mle smdkle qmikjmd$ hmsplDmypgmqgmq{ {mle ak~m ikmleems ~àmemk hùmjkdk fqmle(fqmle Jqk~y`l ykimj ikkjpyjml

imdmh j`dfhsfj j`qom klk

Qmlnmleml {mle ikmopjml j`dfhsfj j`qom klk smim ymleemd => Opdk =;90$ ~`y`dmg miml{m

p~pd S`hapjmml y q~àpy '{mkyp Skmemh Omjmqym+$ j`dkgmymll{m iksmlimle y dmg

h`lnpjpsk plypj h`lnmyphjml, Lèmqm h`lomhkl j`h`qi`jmml ~`ykms s`lipipj

plypj h`lemlpy memhml{m iml a`qkamimy ~`~pmk i`leml memhml{m kyp,

Imdmh qmsmy(qmsmy Smlkykm Plimle(Plimle Im~mq klk y`dmg o`dm~ y`qdkgmy miml{m ~pmyp

mlnmhml jqk~k~, Y`ql{mym amgum Umgki Gm~okh h`hmle h`hmlbmmyjml qmlnmleml

S`hapjmml {mle ikp~pdjml y`q~àpy ~àmemk ~pmyp ykykj yfdmj plypj s`lemypqml dàkgdmlopy h`lpop ~pmyp lèmqm K~dmh, Km h`l{mqmljml memq ikmimjml j`y`lypml amgum gml{m

fqmle K~dmh {mle afd`g ikskdkg ~àmemk sq`~ki`l iml umjkd sq`~ki`l Q`skadkj$ iml amgumsm~md h`le`lmk memhm gmqp~ a`qapl{k ~àmemk a`qkjpy? Memhm lèmqm mimdmg K~dmh$

i`leml omhklml j`h`qi`jmml amek s`lemlpy memhm dmkll{m plypj h`lemlpy memhm

h`q`jm iml ~`y`qp~l{m, Km h`ha`qkjml mdm~ml ~àmemk a`qkjpy? Jmdmp sq`~ki`l mimdmg

~`fqmle Hp~dkh$ hmjm s`qmypqml(s`qmypqml mjml h`hspl{mk nkqk K~dmh iml gmd kyp mjmla`~mq s`lemqpgl{m?, Y`lymle K~dmh ~àmemk memhm lèmqm$ gmd klk mjml s`lykle mqykl{m

amek s`qymgmlml lèmqm? Phphl{m s`qymgmlml {mle ikim~mqjml j`smim j`{mjklml

memhm mjml ~mlemy jpmy$ jmq`lm h`lpqpy momqml K~dmh fqmle gml{m afd`g h`lefqamljmlokuml{m plypj ki`dfek memhm,?

Mep~ ^mdkh h`l`lymle p~pd(p~pd imqk ~mpimqml{m ~`memhm kyp$ jmq`lm gmd y`q~àpy mjmlh`qp~mjjml omdml y`lemg {mle y dmg y qnmsmk mlymqm j`dfhsfj lm~kflmdk~~`jpd q iml

j`dfhsfj lm~kflmdk~ K~dmh,$ iml okjm sq`~ki`l gmqp~ ~`fqmle K~dmh$ dmdp amemkhmlm

i`leml umjkd s`q~ki`l$ smqm ipym$ iml ~àmemkl{m$ iml dmdp amemkhmlm ipipjl{m omlokjkym plypj h`dkliplek memhm(memhm dmkl6, Lmhpl$ ^pjkhml 'Hm~{phk+ h`lipjple

p~pd(p~pd Umgki Gm~okh i`leml h`lemymjml amgum gmd kyp mjml h`l{`lmlejml qmj{my

iml l{myml{m ykimj mjml mim mjkamyl{m dàkg dmlopy Iomomiklkleqmy iml Ufle~flèfqf

~`jmdk dmek h`l{mymjml jà`qmyml y`qgmims p~pd(p~pd klk$ ~`s`qyk {mle y`dmg ik~mhsmkjmlh`q`jm ~à`dphl{m a`qj`lml i`leml ypopg jmym , Ufle~flèfqf ~`jmdk dmek

h`l{mymjml jà`qmyml y`qgmims p~pd(p~pd klk$ ~`s`qyk {mle y`dmg ik~mhsmkjml h`q`jm

~à`dphl{m a`qj`lml i`leml ypopg jmym, Ufle~flèfqf ~`jmdk dmek h`l{mymjmlj`jgumykqmll{m y`qgmims ymb~kqml {mle h`hplejkljml lèmqm h`hmj~m fqmle(fqmle

K~dmh h`dmj~mlmjml gpjph K~dmh, Fyyf K~jmlimqiklmym h`ha`qkjml ~pmyp p~pd s`l`lemg

{mkyp amgum ik ~myp skgmj ykimj mim s`lemypqml h`le`lmk sq`~ki`l$ y`ymsk ik skgmj dmklmemq ikpdmlek ypopg jmym imqk s`hapjmml ik imdmh sm~md plimle(plimle im~mql{m

~`likqk y`lymle gmd memhm ^àmemk j`ypm j dfhsfj j`qom$ ^psfhf h`l{mymjml amgum

smlkykm mjml h`l`qkhm ~mqml klk$ iml mjml h`lepamg qmlnmlemll{m plypj h`lmhsple



9/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

gmd y`q~àpy, J`dkgmymll{m Dmypgmqgmq{ h`qm~m ykimj dmek s`qdp mymp ykimj y`smy ~mmyl{m

plypj h`lepdmlek jà`qmymll{m,

Imdmh ~kimle sd`lf ymleemd =9 Opdk =;90 kyp$ ^f`jmqlf ~è`qm a`qaknmqm ~àmemk j`ypm

Smlkykm Plimle(Plimle Im~mq, ^`y`dmg h`l{mhsmkjml dmsfqmll{m amgum ~pimg ~`d`~mk

ik~p~pl ~pmyp qmlnmleml plypj s`ql{mymml j`h`qi`jmml$ ~àkpmg s`hapjmml iml ~àpmgplimle(plimle im~mq$ hmjm s`qiàmyml ~è`qm ikapjm plypj h`hamgm~ s`hapjmml

'{mkyp Skmemh Omjmqym+,

S`hkhskl Hpgmhhmik{mg Jk Amep~ Gmikjp~phf klekl h`lkmimjml jmym(jmym amek

s`h`dpj(s`h`dpj K~dmh imdmh ypopg jmym imdmh S`hapjmml$ ~`gkleem qphp~ml

y`q~àpy mjml a`qapl{k? Lèmqm ikim~mqjml mym~ J`ypgmlml [mle Hmgm @~m$ i`leml

jùmokaml h`lomdmljml gpjph K~dmh , ^`hpdm a`dkmp gml{m h`le`hpjmjml s`qykhamleml(s`qykhamleml em{m amgm~m$ ymsk j`hpikml a`dkmp h`l{àpyjml mdm~ml

dmkll{m$ {mkyp amgum ykimj imsmy iky`qkhm miml{m ~pmyp s`qplimle(plimleml emlim$ {mkyp

~myp plypj jmph Hp~dkhkl iml ~myp dmek plypj phmy dmkll{m, ^f`jmqlf h`lomuma amgum

ikgkdmlejmll{m jmym(jmym klk imsmy h`lkhapdjml j`~ml amgum ykimj mim hm~mdmg phmyK~dmh$ iml jmq`lm kyp ykimj mim jùmgkaml plypj h`dmj~mlmjml gpjph K~dmh, Smim ~mmy

kyp Gmikjp~phf h`lomuma amgum jmdkhmy ~`s`qyk {mle y`qy`qm imdmh S`hapjmml '{mkypypopg jmym + ykimj imsmy iky emjjml jmq lm s`h`qklymg ykimj imsmy h`dmj~mlmjml

gpjph K~dmh$ s`h qklymg ykimj imsmy nmhspq ymleml imdmh nmqm s`lipipj

h`lemhmdjml memhml{m,

Imqk nmymyml lfypd`l ykimj aèkyp o`dm~ msm lkmy Gmikjp~phf {mle ~`~pleepgl{m$ iml

~mhsmk a`qmsm ompg s`qmlml ~mdmg smgmh imdmh gmd klk, Msmjmg smqm s`qmlnmleSkmemh

Omjmqym gml{m a`qlkmy h`l`jmljml amgum jmph Hp~dkhkl ~`likqk h`hspl{mk ~pmypjùmokaml memhm iml jùmokaml hfqmd plypj h`dmj~mlmjml gpjph K~dmh$ mympjmg

s`h`qklymg gmqp~ kjpy nmhspq6 Msmjmg Gmikjp~phf h`hs`qfd`g j`~ml h`hamnm jmym(

jmym y`q~àpy amgum s`h`qklymg gmqp~ h`lèmjjml gpjph K~dmh amek jmph Hp~dkhkl6Msmjmg qphp~ml y`q~àpy imsmy h`hspl{mk a`qamemk hmnmh mqyk$ jgp~p~l{m jmym j`qom

{mle mhmy a`~mq kyp {mkyp jmym h`lomdmljml $ {mle imsmy a`qmqyk h`h`dkgmqm$

h`lepqp~$ h`dmj~mlmjml$ h`l{`d`leemq`mjml$ h`l`qmsjml$ mymp hùpopijml6 Mympjmgh`hmle ~`nmqm ~`lemom ikqphp~jml memq h`hspl{mk aml{mj ymb~kqml$ ~àmemk ~pmyp omdml

y`lemg {mle mjml h`hplejkljml a`qamemk skgmj iml a`qamemk sqkamik h`hspl{mk

ymb~kqml ~`likqk6

Smim qmsmy ymleemd =0 Opdk=;90$ ^psfhf h`lo`dm~jml ~`jmdk dmek ymb~kqmll{m y`lymle

ypopg jmym {mle iks`qhm~mdmgjml kyp, Jmym(jmym y`q~àpy ykimj a`qmqyk amgum lèmqm

Klifl`~km mjml ikikqkjml gml{m ~pmyp efdfleml ~mom ' {mkyp jmph Hp~dkhkl+$ y`ymsk gml{m a`qmqyk amgum lèmqm mjml h`hs`qgmykjml j`sqkamikml jgp~p~ imqk amekml y`qa`~mq

s`lipipj, A`dkmp h`lepdmle amgum ypopg jmym , S`hapjmml iml sm~md Plimle(

plimle Im~mq h`le`lmk memhm h`qpsmjml ~pmyp omdml y`lemg$ iml a`dkmp h`ha`qk j`~mlamgum Smlkykm Plimle(Plimle Im~mq 'Smlkykm =;+ y`dmg h`l`qkhm omdml y lemg klk ~`nmqm

mjdmhm~k, Imdmh gpapleml klk ik ~myp skgmj km h`l{àpy lmhm(lmhm Umgki Gm~{kh iml

Mep~ ^mdkh$ ik skgmj dmkl lmhm(lmhm Dmypgmqgmq{ iml Hmqmhk~ {mle apjml Hp~dkh kyp$

~`gkleem ~`nmqm ~mimq mympspl ykimj ~mimq h`lemdkgjml s`qy`lymleml kyp imqk efdfleml

;Uà? uuu,s`y`qjm~`lim,ufqisq`~~,nfh@hmkd? hq,jm~`limCehmkd,nfh


10/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

lm~kflmdk~ K~dmh iml lm~kflmdk~ ~`jpd`q h`lomik s`qy`lymleml mlymqm efdfleml K~dmh iml

Jqk~y`l,

^`y`dmg a`qamemk skimyf imqk s`qiàmyml h`le`lmk s`q~fmdml(s`q~fmdml dmkl$ s`qiàmyml

h`le`lmk memhm a`qjfamq ~`jmdk dmek im:dmh qmsmy hmdmh gmqk ymleemd =0 Opdk, Gmd klk

y`qomik jmq`lm Gmikjp~phf h`lepdmlek s`qyml{mmll{m {mle memj h`qpsmjml y`jm(y`jkl{m kyp h`le`lmk ypopg jmym {mle h`le`dkykj y`q~àpy, JG Hm~ojpq h`hs`qapqpj

hm~mdmgl{m$ i`leml h`lemymjml gpjph K~dmh$ imdmh j`l{mymml gmd kyp gml{m mjml imsmy

ikdmj~mlmjml okjm sq`~ki`l mimdmg ~`fqmle Hp~dkh iml K~dmh ikmjpk ~àmemk memhm q`~hkimqk lèmqm Q`spadkj Klifl`~km,

^f`jmqlf a`qp~mgm h`l`lmlejml j`mimml i`leml h`lemymjml amgum l{myml{m lmlyk gmd

kyp mjml ~`d`~mk ~`likqk$ sq`~ki`l sm~yk ~`~`fqmle {mle a`qmemhm K~dmh, Y`ymsk Hm~ojpqy`qp~ h`leg`limjk j`dòm~ml$ apjml gml{m plypj ikqk km ~`likqk$ y`ymsk plypj ~`dpqpg

qmj{my$ jmyml{m, Mjgkql{m s`qm~mml$ h`lomik i`hkjkml yèmle ~`gkleem Jmgmq Hpzmjjkq$

~mhakd h`legmlymh hòm i`leml yklopl{m$ h`lep~pdjml ~pmyp omdml y`lemg amqp$ ~`s`qyk

{mle ik~àpyl{m ~`likqk, A`qaknmqm mym~ lmhm efdfleml K~dmh$ km h`lplypy memq~`dpqpgl{m kyp iknfq`y ymlsm q`sfy(q`sfy dmek$ hpdmk imqk jmym(jmym s`qymhm imqk

S`ql{mymml J`h`qi`jml ~mhsmk j`smim iml y`qhm~pj sm~md Plimle(Plimle Im~mq {mleiks`q~fmdjml kyp$ {mle h`lnmlyphjml jmym Ypgml mymp K~dmh$ ~`gkleem ykimj ~myp spl

y`qykleemd,

^mqml j`ypm memq S`hapjmml {mle ikp~pdjml kyp ikspyp~jml h`dmdpk s`hplepyml ikomumai`leml ymomh, Ykimj hplejkl$ gmd kyp ykimj imsmy ik~`d`~mkjml i`leml s`hplepyml

~pmqm, Ypml ykimj imsmy h`dmjpjml splepyml ~pmqm h`le`lmk memhm- Jmgmq Hpzmjjkq

amgjml dàkg y`qmle(y`qmleml h`lepdmle p~pdl{m memq ~èmdm gmd {mle a`qgpaplemli`leml lmhm Ypgml iml i`leml memhm ikgkdmlejml, J`yèmleml h`lomik ~`hmjkl y`qm~m

amgjml opem y`qm~m ~ùmjyp jkym h`hamnm lfypd`l qmsmy y`q~àpy ~ùmjyp Gmikjp~phf

h`hs`qfd`g j`~`hsmyml a`qaknmqm iml h`hpdmk skimyfl{m i`leml qphp~ml ifm {mley`qj`lmd kyp, Mp izpakddmgk hklm~ ~{mkyflkq qmokh, Mjp a`qdkliple j`smim Mddmg imqk

~{mkyml {mle h`hamum j`qp~mjml, A`dkmp h`dmlopyjmll{m ~àmemk a`qkjpy? Dàkg imqk

~`jmdk y`dmg iko`dm~jml amgum K~dmh opem h`lnmjps ~pmyp ki`fdfek lèmqm, Jmq`lm kyp$lèmqm ykimj imsmy iksk~mgjml imqk K~dmh ,^`jkqml{m p~pd 'K~dmh+ klk ikyfdmj ,hmjm

~m{m ~`ypop i`leml p~pd Maipd Jmgmq Hpzmjjkq, Okjm ki`fdfek K~dmh ikyfdmj$ amkjdmg-

Jmq`lm kyp o`dm~ amgum lèmqm klk ykimj ikim~mqjml j`smim K~dmh iml jmq`lm kyp km gmqp~

l`yqmd, ^`ykimj(ykimjl{m gmd kyp o`dm~, Omlemldmg jkym h`l`qkhm omdml y`lemg$ ~`s`qykik~àpyjml Ypml ^f`jmqlf, ^`smlomle h`le`lmk j`mikdml iml kamimy$ ykimj mim omdml

y`lemg$ ykimj mim gmd kyp, Hmqkdmg jkym a`qy`qp~ y`qmle h`le`lmk gmd klk okjm mim

jà qmyml y`qgmims ki`fdfek K~dmh$ hmjm mqykl{m mimdmg aèklk? h`q jm {mle ~`ypopi`leml im~mq K~dmh h`leg`limjk ~pmyp lèmqm K~dmh: y`ymsk jmdmp gmd kyp ykimj iky`qkhm$

hmjm gmqp~ mim j`l`yqmdml ~`smlomle h`le`lmk hm~mdmg memhm kyp,

Smim gmqk a`qkjpyl{m$ ymleemd =2 Opdk =;90$ ~è`qm ~`y`dmg s`hapjmml qmsmy$ ^f`jmqlf

h`limsmy j`~`hsmyml a`qaknmqm, Km a`qjmym amgum km {mjkl$ aml{mj ik mlymqm gmikqkl$

~`s`qyk km opem ~`likqk$ ykimj imsmy ykipq smim hmdmh gmqkl{m kyp, Y`ymsk amqmle ~kmsm {mle

~pleepg(~pleepg h`hklym s`yplopj j`smim Ypgml mjml h`hs`qfd`gl{m, Iml hmdmh

=3Uà? uuu,s`y`qjm~`lim,ufqisq`~~,nfh@hmkd? hq,jm~`limCehmkd,nfh


11/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

ymik s`yplopj(s yplopj y`q~àpy y`dmg hpdmk ikypqpljml Ypgml, ^`y`dmg qmsmy y`q~àpy

aà`qmsm fqmle s`hkhskl imqk jìpm efdfleml {mle iklmhmjml efdfleml lm~kflmdk~

iml {mle ik~àpy efdfleml K~dmh a`qy`hp plypj h`lnmqk ~pmyp s`l{`d`~mkml ^àmemkgm~kd s`hamgm~ml klk ^f`jmqlf klekl h`legkhamp ~`ykms mleefym$ jgp~p~l{m {mle

ik~àpy efdfleml lm~kflmdk~$ plypj a`qjfqaml$ ~mhakd h`leklemyjml imdmh amgm~m

A`dmlim amgum jà`lmqml kyp y`qd`ymj imdmh s`lefqamlml, S`lefqamlml klk mjmla`qa`lypj y`qnmlyphl{m imdmh plimle(plimle im~mq sm~md(sm~md h`le`lmk Sq`~ki`l

Q`spadkj Klifl`~km gmqp~dmg ~`fqmle Klifl`~km m~dk iml a`qmemh K~dmh $ iml amgum

Lèmqm a`qim~mq mym~ J`ypgmlml i`leml jùmokaml h`lomdmljml ~{mqkmy K~dmh ameks`h`dpj(s`h`dpjl{m, ^f`jmqlf a`qjmym$ km h`l{mimqk amgum h`hklym s`lefqamlml

{mle ~mlemy a`~mq iml smqm smyqkfy ~`s`qyk Dmypgmqgmq{ iml Hmqmhk~ {mle apjml Hp~dkh

kyp, Y`ymsk ~`mjml(mjml a`qpqmk mkq hmym ~`jmdk dmek ~`mjml(mjml a`qpqmk hmym a`dkmp

h`hfgfl h`q`jm plypj h`ha`qkjml s`lefqamlml plypj lèmqm iml amle~m,

^`y`dmg ^psfhf h`lemopjml ~òphdmg p~pd h`le`lmk s`qpamgml qìmj~k j`nkd(j`nkdml

imdmh qmlnmleml plimle(plimle im~mq$ qmsmy klk a`qmjgkq i`leml ~pm~mlm mlykjdkhmj~,

Amqmlejmdk ykimj ~`fqmle spl {mle h qm~m spm~$ y ymsk ~`ykm fqmle y qikmh, Mym~s`qhklymml j`ypm$ ~`ykms mleefym a`qikqk plypj h`lplopjjml amgum h`q`jm h`l`qkhm

qmlnmleml plimle(plimle im~mq y q~àpy, Gml{m Hpg, [mhkl {mle j dkgmymlh`h`qdpjml ifqfleml jgp~p~ plypj kjpy a`qikqk,'Afdmli$=;70? 12 >2+

Smlnm~kdm ~àmemk Im~mq Lèmqm

Ymleemd =9 Mep~yp~ =;90 afh myfh omypg ik Lmem~mjk iml Gkqf~gkhm, Ymleemd =5

Mep~yp~ =;90$ omh 39,UKA$ {mjlk ~`gmqk ~`y`dmg O`smle h`l{`qmg j`smim J`jpmyml^`jpyp$ lm~jmg amqp S`ql{mymml J`h`qi`jmml ikqphp~jml imdmh ~myp s`qy`hpml {mle

a`qdmle~ple ik qphmg Dmj~mhmlm Hmìm$ s`qukqm Mlejmyml Dmpy O`smle$ Omdml Khmh

Aflofd Lf, 1 Omjmqym, Smim spjpd =3,33 UKA smim gmqk {mle ~mhm$ ik omdml Sèmle~mmlYkhpq 02 'y`hsmy jìkmhml ^f`jmqlf j`ykjm kyp+$ Sqfjdmhm~k klk$ ikymlim(ymlemlk fd`g

^f`jmqlf iml Hfgmhhmi Gmyym mym~ lmhm amle~m Klifl`~km$ i`leml q`~hk ikamnmjml

fd`g ^f`jmqlf,

Sqfjdmhm~k

Jmhk Amle~m Klifl`~km i`leml klk h`l{mymjml J`h`qi`jmml Klifl`k~m,

Gmd(gmd {mle h`le`lmk s`hklimgml j`jpm~mml iml dmkl(dmkl ik~`d`leemqmjml

i`leml nmqm ~`j~mhm iml imdmh y`hsf ~`~klejmy(~klejmyl{m,

J``~fjml gmqkl{m Smlkykm S`q~kmsml J`h`qi`jmml Klifl ~km ika`lypj$ ikskhskl fd`g^f`jmqlf ~àmemk J`ypm iml Hfgmhhmi Gmyym ~àmemk Umjkd J`ypm, S`qy`hpml s`qymhmSmlkykm S`q~kmsml klk ikq`lnmlmjml imdmh me`lim smim spjpd 3;,>3 UKA$ mjml y`ymsk

y`ql{mym a`dph opem ikhpdmk ~mhsmk spjpd ==,>3 UKA

Msm {mle y`qomik imdmh ipm omh y`q~àpy kyp y`ql{mym ~pmyp({mle y`qmhmy s`lykle amek

~òmqmg Klifl ~km phphl{m$ iml amek ~òmqmg jfl~kyp~k Klifl`~km jgp~p~l{m,^`hpdm$

Smlkykm S`q~kmsml klk a`qmleefymjml ipmspdpg~myp fqmle$ y`qhm~pj J`ypm iml Umjkd

==Uà? uuu,s`y`qjm~`lim,ufqisq`~~,nfh@hmkd? hq,jm~`limCehmkd,nfh


12/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

J`ypm, Mym~ ~mqml ^f`jmqlf `lmh fqmle mleefym ikymhamgjml, Imdmh skimyf

s`hapjmmll{m ^f`jmqlf h`l`jmljml mqyk gk~yfqkj ~mmy klk$ iml h`li`~mj memq Smlkykm

S`q~kmsml a`qyklimj i`leml j`n`smyml jkdmy $ iml h`leklemyjml smqm mleefym memqykimj a`qy`d`(y`d` imdmh hm~mdmg i`ymkd$ y`ymsk h`hp~myjml s`qgmykml h`q`jm gml{m smim

emqk~(a`~mq ~mom Me`lim smek kyp y`qamym~ gml{m plypj h`haknmqmjml aà`qmsm

s`qpamgml s`lykle imdmh S`hapjmml iml amymle ypapg Plimle(Plimle Im~mq$ H, Gmyymiks`q~kdmgjml plypj h`l{mhsmkjml `hsmy p~pd s`qpamgml,

= Jmym Hpjmikhhmg ikemlyk i`leml jmym S`hapjmml

1 Imdmh sq`mhapd` 'Skmemh Omjmqym+$ mlmj jmdkhmy A`qim~mqjml j`smim

J`(Ypgmlml$ i`leml jùmokaml h`lomdmljml ~{mqkmy K~dmh amek s`h`dpj(s`h`dpjl{m ikpamg

h`lomik a`qim~mq mym~ J`(Ypgmlml [mle Hmgm @~m,

> Sm~md 2 m{my =, Sq ~ki`l kmdmg fqmle Klifl`~km m~dk iml a`qmemhm K~dmh$

jmym(jmym iml a`qmemhm K~dmh? iknfq`y,

9 ^òmdml i leml s qpamgml {mle jìpm ik mym~$ hmjm Sm~md 1; m{my h`lomik

Lèmqm a`qim~mqjml mym~ J`(Ypgmlml$ i`leml j`humokaml h`lomdmljml ~{mqkmy K~dmh amek

s`h`dpj(s`h`dpjl{m,

^ y dmg h`hamnmjml s qpamgml(s qpamgml y q~àpy$ Hpg, Gmyym h`l{mymjmlj`{mjklmll{m Klkdmg s`qpamgml {mle hmgm s`lykle h`l{mypgjml ~èmdm amle~m,

^`y dmg h`lemhakd mdkg skhsklml$ ^f`jmqlf h`lmhamgjml amgum Plimle(Plimle

Im~mq {mle ikapmy klk Plimle(Plimle Im~mq ^`h`lymqm$ Plimle(Plimle Im~mq Jkdmy$Q`rfdpykèqflu`y,

Lmlyk jmdmp jkym y`dmg a`qlèmqm ik imdmh ~pm~mlm {mle dàkg y`lyqmh$ jkym y`lyp mjml

h`lephspdjml j`hamdk Hmo dk~ S`qumjkdml Qmj{my {mle imsmy h`hapmy Plimle(plimle {mle dàkg

d`lejms iml ~`hspqlm,

Gml{m aà`qmsm omh j`hpikml$ {mjlk spjpd =>,90$ Smlkykm S`q~kmsml h`l`qkhm i`lemlapdmy y`j~ s`qpamgml Sq`mhapd` iml amymle(ypapg Plimle(Plimle Im~mq klk, Sq`mhapd`

iml amymle ypapg Plimle(Plimle Im~mq i`leml aà`qmsm s`qpamgml klk ikj`lmd dpm~

~àmemk Plimle(Plimle Im~mq =;90,

S`q~`ypopml {mle y`qapqp(apqp h`le`lmk aà`qmsm s`qpamgml {mle mhmy s`lykle iml

~àmemkhmlm jkym j`ymgpk amgum jòmikml kyp ~mlemy jflyqfr`q~kmd iml ~plepg(~pleepgh`lkhapdjml$ h`lpqpy k~ykdmg Sqmufyf Hmlepl~m~hkyf$ ~myp gk~yfqk~ng` rqmme$ mymp

s`qyml{mml ~òmqmg, Y`ymsk Hfg, Gmyym h`hspl{mk omumaml mym~ y`qomikl{m s`qpamgml

y`q~àpy, H`lpqpy Hfg, Gmyym$ amgum smim s`ymle gmqk =5 Mep~yp~ =;90 kyp$ ~`fqymlefs~kq Jmkepl 'Mlejmyml Dmpy O`smle+ imymle j` Hfg Gmyym$ iml h`lemymjml amgum

umjkd(umjkd Sqfy`~yml iml Jmyfdkj imdmh jmum~ml Jmkepl a`qjà`qmyml ~mlemy mym~ mlmj

jmdkhmy imdmh S`hapjmml PPI {mle a`qapl{k? J`(Ypgmlml i`leml jùmokamlh`lomdmljml ~{mqkmy K~dmh amek s`h`dpj(s`h`dpjl{m, Umdmpspl h`q`jm h`lemjpk$

amgum mlmj(jmdkhmy y`q~àpy ykimj h`lekjmy h`q`jm$ iml gml{m h`leklejmy qmj{my {mle

a`qmemh K~dmh$ lmhpl h`q`jm h`hmlimlel{m ~àmemk ik~jqkhklm~k y`qgmims h`q`jm

efdfleml hklfqkym~,Hfg Gmyym h`lomuma j`smim fs~kq kyp '{mle lmhml{m ykimjikklemyl{m+$ amgum gmd y`q~àpy apjmldmg ik~jqkhklm~k$ jmq`lm s`l`ymsml y`q~àpg gml{m

h`lekjmy qmj{my {mle a`qmemhm K~dmh, J`ykjm S`hapjmml PPI y`q~àpy ikqphp~jml



13/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

Hmqmhk~ ~`fqmle Jqk~y`l {mle h`lomik ~mdmg ~`fqmle mleefym Smlkykm ^`hakdml$ ykimj

a qjà qmyml msm(msm iml smim ymleemd 11 Oplk =;90 ypqpy h`hapapgjml ymlim(

ymlemll{m, Fs~kq y`q~àpy h`lomuma$ amgum smim umjyp kyp hplejkl Hmqmhk~ ykimjh`qm~mjml amgum s`l`ymsml y`q~àpy ~pmyp ik~jqkhklm~k, Jmdmp S`hapjmml iky`qp~jml

opem msm miml{m$ hmjm efdfleml Sqfy`~yml iml Jmyfdkj dàkg ~pjm a`qikqk ik dpmq

Q`spadkj, Fs~kq y`q~àpy$ {mle ~pleepg(~pleepg h`l{pjmk Klifl`~km H`qi`jm$h`leklemyjml Hfg, Gmyym smim ~`haf{ml {mle ~`dmhm kyp iki`lemle(i`leplejml

a`q~myp jkym yèpg iml a`qs`nmg jkym omypg?, Hfg, Gmyym h`lemjpk amgum jmym(jmym Fs~kq

y`q~àpy h`hs`lemqpgk s`likqkmll{m, ^`y`dmg y`qikmh ~ò`lmj$ Hfg Gmyym h`lomlokjmlsmim Fs~kq kyp$ amgum `~fj gmqkl{m ikm mjml h`l{mhsmkjml hm~mdmg {mle ~mlemy s`lykle

kyp imdmh ~kimle smlkykm S`q~`kmsml J`h`qi`jmml Klifl ~km, ^`dmlopyl{m Hfg Gmyym

h`dmsfqjml,

Jmq`lm aèkyp ~`qpk~ qpsml{m$ `~fj smekl{m ymleemd =7 Mep~yp~ =;90$ ~à`dph ~kimle Smlkykm

S`q~kmsml J`h qi`jmml a`qhpdm$ ~m{m momj Jk Amep~ Gmikjp~phf$ Umgki Gm~okh$ Jm~hml

^klefikhìof iml Y`pjp Gm~~ml imqk ^phmyqm h`lemimjml ~pmyp qmsmy s`limgpdpml plypj

h`haknmqmjml hm~mdmg kyp, ^psm{m jkym omleml s`nmg ~àmemk amle~m$ jmhk hpbmjmy plypj

h`legkdmlejml amekml jmdkhmy {mle h`lp~pj gmyk jmph Jq~ky`l kyp iml h`leemlykl{m i`leml J`ypgmlml [mle Hmgm @~m &

Hfg, Gmyym h`l`qmlejml amgum s`qy`hpml y`q~àpy a`qdmle~ple jpqmle imqk =0 h`lky$

iml lmhsmj o`dm~ amgum kyp a`qdmle~ple mlymqm 3;,>3 iml ==,>3 ymleemd =7 Mep~yp~

=;90$ hfh`lyph {mle mhmy h`l`lypjml kyp ~`s`qyk ik ~kleeple ikmym~,

Aà`qmsm gmd sfjfj imdmh j`y`qmleml Hfg, Gmyym klk dm{mj h`limsmy s`qgmykml iml

s`hamgm~ml, jfl~`l~p~ lm~kflmd {mle ~mdmg iknmsmk i`leml ~p~mg sm{mg imdmh Amiml

S`l{`dkikj h`dmdpk ik~jp~k imdmh s`qiàmyml ~`leky kyp$ iknmkqjml fd`g p~pd fqmle m~kle$~`fqmle fs~kq Jmkepl O`smle '{mle lmhml{m ykimj dmek ikklemy fd`g Hfg Gmyym+$ iml

jìpm$ imqk j`y`qmleml Hfg, Gmyym i`leml o`dm~ imsmy h`le`ymgpk, amgum jà`qmyml fs~kq

Jmkepl O`smle {mle imymle h`lemym~ lmhmjml fqmle(fqmle Jmyfdkj iml Sqfy`~yml ikKlifl`~km amekml Ykhpq kyp kmdmg y`qgmims jdmp~pdm K~dmhk imdmh S`hapjmml$ iml

~mhm ~`jmdk ykimj h`l{kleeple amymle(ypapg Plimle(plimle Im~mq, Lmhpl

j`l{mymmll{m$ {mle y`dmg iknfq y fd`g Smlkykm S`q~kmsml J`h`qi`jmml Klifl`~km kyp$apjml gml{m mlmj(jmdkhmy K~dmhk {mle y`qimsmy imdmh S`hapjmml ~mom$ h`dmkljml

opem ~`dpqpg jmdkhmy jmdkhmy K~dmhk {mle y`qnmlyph imdmh amymle(ypapg Plimle(

plimle Im~mq$ ~psm{m ykimj h`lp~pj gmyk jmph Jqk~y`l iml plypj h`lomem ~psm{m

omleml s`nmg ~àmemk amle~m $ h`lmqkj ~`jmdk jmym(jmym Smqufyf Hmlepl~m~hkyfamgum s`qs`nmgml {mle ikjumykqjml mjml ykhapd$ okjm qmlnmleml ykimj ikpamg$ ikmleems

imsmy ikgklimqjml i`leml h`lefqamljml hfip~ 'rkr`lik+ mymp e`lyd`h`ly~meq``h`ly

mlymqm ykimj mlymqm skgmj K~dmh iml skgmj jàmle~mml, Amgm{m s`qymhm ikmleems dàkg

a`qmy imqk smim ikj`nùmjmll{m efdfleml K~dmh,

H`le`lmk ykimj miml{m j`~klmhapleml mlymqm yklimjml j ~`hakdml fqmles`lmlimymleml Sq`mhapd {mle m~dk $ {mjlk Skmemh Omjmqym$ iml spyp~ml Smlkykm

S`q~kmsml J`h`qi`jmml Klifl`~km$ ~mlemy s`lykle plypj ik nmymy ik ~klk$ amgum gml{m

`hsmy fqmle smlim(ymleml Skmemh Omjmqym {mle ikyplopj mymp ikskdkg ~àmemk mleefym

Smlkykm S`q~kmsml J`h`qi`jmml Klifl`~km$ {mkyp ^f`jmqlf$ Hfg Gmyym$ Mnghmi ^pamqiofiml M Umgki Gm~okh, Klk a`qmyk amgum Hpgmhhmi [mhkl$ MM Hmqmhk~$ Gmok Mep~

=>Uà? uuu,s`y`qjm~`lim,ufqisq`~~,nfh@hmkd? hq,jm~`limCehmkd,nfh


14/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

^mdkh$ Makjf`~lf Yofjqf~f of~f iml M Jmgmq Hmpzmjjkq ~`hpml{m ykimj ikplimle

h`lekjpyk s`q~kimleml Smlkykm S`q~kmsml J`h`qi`jmml Klifl ~km, Omik imqk j`~`hakdml

fqmle s`lmlimymlemlSkmemh Omjmqym kyp$ gml{m ykem fqmle ~mom {mjlk ^f`jmqlf$ Gmyymiml ^fàmqiof {mle y`qdkamy imdmh sqf~`~ s`lepamgml S`hapjmml iml amymle(ypapg

Plimle(plimle Im~mq smim ymleemd =7 Mep~ykp~ =;90$ ~ìmlejml `lmh fqmle ~`dàkgl{m

ykimj,

^`h`lymqm gm~kd s`qy`hpml {mle h`l`lypjml smim =7 Mep~yp~ =;90 kyp iky`qkhm i`leml

~`s`lpg gmyk fd`g smqm lm~kflmdk~ ~`jpd q ~àmemk e`lyd h`l~ meq`h`ly {mlejìpm$ lmhpl imdmh umjyp {mle ymle ~mhm smqm lm~kflmdk~ K~dmhk h`qm~m y dmg

ikjgkmlmyk, ^è`qm ~`y`dmg smqm lm~kflmdk~ K~dmh h`le`ymgpk amgum Klifl`~km H`qi`jm$

{mle ypqpy h`q`jm s`qopmleml i`leml ~`s`lpg s`lefqamlml kyp$ amgjml a`qmim~mqjmlSkmemh Omjmqym spl ykimj$ hmjm hm{fqkym~ jmph Hp~dkhkl h`qm~m j`nùm,'Ml~gmqk$=;7=? 9= 01+

S`qpamgml ik mym~ iksmlimle fd`g ~àmekml fqmle ~àmemk j`jmdmgml sfdkykj umjkd(umjkd

phmy K~dmh, Y`ymsk smim ymgpl =;57$ Mdmh~omg Qmyp Sqmukqmlèmqm 'H`ly`qk Memhmumjyp kyp+ h`lmb~kqjml s`qk~ykum ymleemd =7 Mep~yp~ kyp ~àmemk gmikmg phmy K~dmh

j`smim amle~m iml j`h`qi`jmml Klifl`~km$ i`hk h`lomem s`q~mypml,

S`ql{mymml Mdmh~omg y`q~àpy akdm ikamnm imdmh jfly`j~ sfdkykj jfly`hsfq`q Klifl`~km

amqmlejmdk imsmy ikmqykjml ~àmemk p~mgm plypj h`{mjkljml skgmj(skgmj y`qy`lyp, amgum

df{mdkym~ phmy K~dmh j`smim Smlnm~kdm ykimj s`qdp iks`qyml{mjml dmek, I`leml i`hkjkmlypipgml(ypipgml {mle akm~m ikmdmhmyjml j`smim phmy K~dmh ~àmemk mlyk Smlnm~kdm

mimdmg dmep p~mle {mle ykimj s`qdp ikspymq dmek, Apjmljmg ^kdm J`ypgmlml [mle Hmgm

@~m ikkdgmhk ~`s`lpgl{m fd`g ympgki$ pqmy ypleemle khml imdmh ~k~y`h j`s`qnm{mmlK~dmh6 I`leml i`hkjkml ~`ykms p~mgm imqk hmlmspl$ {mle h`hk~mgjml Smlnm~kdm imqk

kly`qr`l~k umg{p mimdmg mgk~yfqk~$ ~àma Smlnm~kdm {mle ikqphp~jml smim ymleemd =7

Mep~yp~ =;90 kyp ykimj ~mhm i`leml bfqhpdm Smlnm~kdm {mle ik~mhsmkjml smim ymleemd =Oplk =;90, Mqykapy [mle Hmgm @~m ~`~pimg J`ypgmlml imdmh ~kdm s`qymhm o`dm~

~`jmdk h`lplopjjml jfl~`s J`ypgmlml imdmh Smlnm~kdm apjmldmg b`lfh`lm ~f~kfdfek~$

h`dmkljml q`bd`j~k imqk momqml ympgki, Gmd klk imsmy iks`qjpmy dmek hk~mdl{m i`leml ~pmyp s`lemlimkml$ {mkyp? ~`jkqml{m hm{fqkym~ qmj{my Klifl ~km apjml s`lemlimkml$ {mkyp?

~`jkqml{m hm{fqkym~ qmj{my Klifl ~km apjml s`lemlimkml$ {mkyp? ~`jkqml{m hm{fqkym~

qmj{my Klifl`~km apjml s`h`dpj K~dmh$ hmjm imsmydmg iksm~ykjml amgum Smlnm~kdm ykimj

mjml h`le`lmd ~kdm J`ypgmlml$ msmdmek ~kdm J`ypgmlml [mle Hmgm @~m,

Sfjfj ~fmd pymhm dmkll{m {mle h`lomik amgml amgm~ml imdmh Smlkykm S`q~kmsml kmdmg

h`le`lmk s`ha`lypjml I`smqy`h`l Memhm, J`ykjm s`ha`lypjml ~myp i`smqy h`ly`q~`likqk {mle h`lepqp~ ~fmd(m~fmd memhm ikmopjml imdmh ~kimle Smlkykm S`q~kmsml smim

ymleemd =; Mep~yp~ =;90$ Dmypgmqgmq{ h`lfdmjl{m iml ikipjple fd`g phphl{m smqm

Lm~kflmdk~ ^`jpd`q , Jmq`lm gml{m ikipjple fd`g `lmh ~pmqm$ p~pd y`q~àpy ikyfdmj,^àmdkjl{m$ p~pd Maipd Maam~ memq pqp~ml(pqp~ml memhm h`qpsmjml amekml imqksmim

I`s`qy`h`l S`likikjml y`dmg iky`qkhm,



15/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

J`hpikml Jfhky` Lm~kflmd Klifl`~km Sp~my h`lemimjml ~kimle smim 10$ 12$ iml 15

Lfr`ha`q =;90, Ik ~mlm mlymqm dmkl h`hamgm~ p~pd memq imdmh Klifl`~km H`qi`jm klk

~fmd(~fmd j`memhmml ikemqms fd`g ~myp j`h`ly`qkml mymp i`smqy`h`l y`q~`likqk$ iml ykimjdmek iks`qdmjpjml ~àmemk amekml ymleepleomuma J`h`ly qkml S`likikjml, P~pd klk

ikipjple fd`g aà`qmsm mleefym JLKS$ ~`s`qyk Hfgmhhmi Lmy~kq$ Hpumqik Hmgik$ H,

Jmqyf~pimqhf iml dmkl(dmkl$ iml iky`qkhm ~`y`dmg Umjkd Sq`~ki`l Hfg, Gmyym$ ~`y`dmgh`limsmy s`q~`ypopml Sq ~ki`l ^f`jmqlf$ a`qjmym? S`h`qklymg h`lmqpg s`qgmykml

s`lpg y`lymle s`q~fmdml klk, Smim ymleemd > Omlpmqk =;92$ J`h`ly qkml Memhm

ika`lypj iml GH Qm~okik h`limsmy j`s`qnm{mml ~àmemk fqmle s`qymhm h`hèmleomamyml h`ly`qk amqp klk,

Amgjml spyp~ml 'h`likqkjml J`h`ly qkml Memhm y`q~`likqk+ kl spl ~ìkjky aml{mj

y`qapjyk ~àmemk m nfl~`~~~kfl yf yg` Hp~dkh~,$ {mle a`q~kbmy jfhsqfhk, ^`jq`ymqk~O`liqmd J`h`ly`qkml Memhm$ QH Jmbqmuk, a`qs`limsmy amgum J`h`ly`qkml Memhm kyp

ykhapd imqk bfqhpdm Klifl`~km m~dk {mle h`lemliple jfhsqfhk mlymqm ipm jfl~`s {mle

a`qgmimsml hpjm ~k~y`h K~dmhk iml ~k~y`h ~`jpd`q,H`ly`qk Memhm GH Qm~okik h`lnfam

h`lo`dm~jml ~àma(~àma iml j`s`lykleml S`h`qklymg Q`spadkj h`likqkjml J`h`ly`qkmlMemhm,

Kmdmg plypj h`h`lpgk jùmokaml S`h`qklymg y`qgmims PPI Ama KW sm~md 1;${mle

h`l`qmlejml amgum Lèmqm a`qim~mq mym~ J`(Ypgmlml [mle Hmgm @~m iml

H`lomhkl j`h`qi`jmml ykms(ykms s`lipipj plypj h`h`dpj memhml{m hm~kle(hm~kle iml plypj a`qkamimy h`lpqpy memhml{m iml j`s`qnm{mmll{m kyp 'm{my =iml

1+

Omik dmsmleml s`j`qomml J`h`ly`qkml Memhm kmdmg h`lepqp~ ~èmdm gmd {mle a`q

~mlejpy smpy i`leml memhm imdmh mqyk ~`dpm~(dpm~l{m,

Imqk ~pipy smlimleml smqm lm~kflmdk~ ~`jpd q s`ha`lypjml J`hly qkml Memhm kyp

~àmemk jfl~ ~k h`q jm j`smim fqmle(fqmle K~dmh$ ~ìmle smqm lm~kflmdk~ K~dmh kyp~`likqk ya`qsmlimleml$ amgum kyp h`qpsmjml gm~kd {mle klekl iknmsmk fd`g phmy K~dmh

Klifl`~km imdmh s`qopmleml j`h`qi`jml amle~ml{m, Omik lèmqm Klifl`~km amqp klk dmgkq

apjml ~àmemk Lèmqm K~dmh h`lpqpy jfl~`s~k K~dmh {mle fqyfifj~$ opem apjml ~àmemk

lèmqm ~`jpdmq {mle h`hmlimle memhm ~`hmym(hmym hm~mdmg sqkamik, Fd`g jmq`lm kyp$s`ha`lypjml iml `j~k~y`l~k J`h`ly`qkml Memhm kyp ykimj imsmy iksk~mgjml imqk okum iml

~`hmlemySkmemh Omjmqym jgp~p~l{m$ iml imqk s`qopmleml jfl~kyp~kflmd smqm Lm~kflmdk~

K~dmhk imdmh akimle jfl~kyp~k iml s`h`qklymgml phphl{m, 'Ml~gmq{$ =;7=? 0> 02+

Smlnm~kdm iks`qamyjml dmek

S`qjmymml hmo`hpj Smlnm~kdm a`qm~md imqk amgm~m ^ml~`j`qym {mle a`qmqyk dkhm sqkl~ks

hfqmd, Imdmh ~ omqmg Klifl`~km jplf$ s`qjmymml Smlnm~kdm y`qimsmy imdmh apjpLèmqmj`qymemhm$ ~pmyp nmymyml ~òmqmg y`lymle j`qmomml Gklip Hmomsmgky '=1;2 =957+$ {mle ikypdk~ fd`g @hsp Sqmsmlnm$ spomleem k~ymlm, ^f`jmqlf h`hemhakd mdkg

y`qhm klk$ y`ymsk h`ha`qkl{m k~k iml hmjlm amqp, ^f`jmqlf y`dmg h`lemymjml amgum km

y`dmg h`leemdkl{m imqk hm~m ompg ~à`dph K~dmh, H`lpqpy omdml skjkqmll{m$ Smlnm~kdmmimdmg q`bd`j~k jfly`hsdmykb imqk umqk~ml ~f~kfgk~yfqk~ Klifl`~km {mle j`hpikml



16/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

^f`jmqlf h`qphp~jmll{m imdmh dkhm sqkl~ks, Opem h`lpqpy omdml skjkqml klk$ sqkl~ks

J`ypgmlml$ hk~mdl{m$ ykimj h`hspl{mk jmkyml fqemlkn i`leml ifjyqkl ~`lyqmd memhm

{mle hmlm spl, I`leml plejmsml dmkl$ Ypgml imdmh jfl~`s ^f`jmqlf a`q~kbmy~f~kfdfek~$ ~`gkleem jfl~`s J`ypgmlml ^f`jmqlf ~`s`lpgl{m a`q~kbmy q`dmykb: km imsmy

iks`qm~ h`lomik jfl~`s efyfle qf{fle ~àmemkhmlm y`dmg ikj`hpjmjml,

Y`ymsk j`hpikml mym~ p~pd imqk umjkd(umjkd K~dmh imdmh ASPSJK$ ~kdm J`ypgmlml

a`qpamg h`lomik J`ypgmlml [mle Hmgm @~m$ iml iky`hsmyjml ~àmemk ~kdm s`qymhm,

Imdmh O`dk~ Jfl~kypmly`$ Smlnm~kdm {mle ~pimg h`lemdmhk hfikbkjm~k klk iks`qyml{mjmlj`hamdk fd`g umjkd(umjkd K~dmh jmq`lm h`q`jm a`dph h`qm~m spm~ i`leml s`qphp~ml

kyp, Jmdk Smlnm~kdm fd`g ~`fqmle s`haknmqm ikjmyèfqkjml ~àmemk jfl~`s hpqlk$ l`yqmd

iml ~`jpd q, Smlnm~kdm klekl y`qp~ l`yqmd ymlsm umqlm, Lmy~kq h`lèm~jml imdmh

skimyfl{m, Jmq`lm kyp s`lmb~kqml ~`~`fqmle y`qgmims Smlnm~kdm ak~m a`qhmnmh(hmnmh$y`qemlyple smim smlimleml bkdf~fbk~ ~`fqmle kyp, Omik hm~kg a`dph o`dm~$ ~kdm {mle hmlm

{mle h`lomik ~pha`q ~kdm {mle dmkl, Mymp jmym Lmy~kq$ msmjmg ~kdm(~kdm {mle dkhm kyp

h`hspl{mk dkhm ~pha`q spdm6

Imdmh h`lfdmj Smlnm~kdm iml h`hs`qymgmljml K~dmh ~àmemk im~mq lèmqm$ smqyymk(smqymk

K~dmh a`q~myp, Imdmh smim kyp$ ik skgmj s`ha`dm Smlnm~kdm ymhsmjl{m opem ykimj hmhsph`{mjkljml j`dfhsfj s`lipjple im~mq K~dmh amgum Smlnm~kdm apjml ~`jpd q$ ~pmyp

myqkapy {mle ~mlemy iky`lymle fd`g j`dfhsfj K~dmh, Smim phphl{m$ mqeph`l {mle akm~m

ikmopjml kmdmg amgum Smlnm~kdm h`qpsmjml ~pmyp s`qomlokml hfqmd {mle dpgpq? mlymqm

jmph lm~kflmdk~ ~`jpd q iml j`dfhsfj K~dmh, S`limsmy {mle smdkle aml{mj ikjpyksy`lymle Smlnm~kdm fd`g s`lipjplel{m kmdmg epqpa`~mq gpjph Lfyflmefqf imqk

Plkr`q~kym~ Emiomg Hmim, ^àmemk ~`fqmle hp~dkh apjml ~mlyqk$ Lfyflmefqf ymhsmjl{m

ykimj y`qymqykj smim k~~p y`lymle ~pha`q Smlnm~kdm$ msmjmg kyp ~f~kfdfek$ ~`jpd`q mymp {mledmkl, Amekl{m$ {mle y`qs`lykle mimdmg amgum j`dmgkqml Smlnm~kdm iml s`qj`hamlemll{m

smim s`qkfi` mumd ykimj imsmy iksk~mgjml imqk sqf~`~ j`dmgkqml Klifl`~km ~àmemk ~àpmg

lèmqm amqp, ^`nmqm khsdk~ky klk a`qmqyk amgum j`dmgkqml Klifl`~km h`qi`jm mimdmg ki`lykji`leml j`dmgkqml Smlnm~kdm, Mqeph`l klkdmg {mle iky lymle fd`g umjkd(umjkd K~dmh

~àmemk ~`~mpyp {mle ykimj spl{m im~mq jpmy, Iml akdm hmp ikypqpyjml i`leml opem omdml

skjkqml klk$ hmjm smim umjyp sqfjdmhm~k j`h`qi`jmml$ PPI jkym mimdmg PPI {mleikqphp~jml smim 11 Gplk =;90 {mle ikj`lmd i`leml lmhmSkemh Omjmqym,

Amgum Smlnm~kdm mimdmg gm~kd jfhsqfhk$ ykimj ~`fqmle spl {mle imsmy h`hplejkqkl{m,

J`l{mymml klkdmg {mle h`lifqfle Sqfb`~~fq ^f qksyf$ ~`fqmle s`ha`dm Smlnm~kdm$h`leplnk skimyfl{m i`leml ~`qpml? Fd`g jmq`lm kyp y`smykdmg y`qp~ s`qomlokml hfqmd

{mle ~mlemy dpgpq$ Smlnm~kdm, I`leml s`ql{mymml klk ^f`qksyf klekl h`leklemyjml

hmo`dk~ mjml j`l{mymml amgum j`dfhsfj K~dmh y`dmg h`hplejkqk s`qomlokml hfqmd klk,^àmdkjl{m j`dfhsfj K~dmh h`lpipg efdfleml lm~kflmdk~ ~àmemk {mle h`qp~mj

s qomlokml dpgpq kyp$ {mkyp i`leml h`lnfq y mlmj jmdkhmy y`lymle jùmokaml

h`lomdmljml ~{mqkmy K~dmh amek s`h`dpj(s`h`dpjl{m imqk S`hapjmml PPI =;90 imlimqk amymle ypapgl{m,

H`le`lmk msmjmg Smlnm~kdm ~pmyp bmd~mbmg lèmqm mymp gml{m ~pmyp s`q~`ypopml sfdkykj$

smqm s`lipjplel{m a`qaìm s`limsmy, ^pyml Ymjikq Mdk~omamlm 'S^K+ h`l{mymjml amgum



17/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

mimdmg a`qdàkg(dàkgml plypj h`lemleems Smlnm~kdm ~àmemk ~pmyp bmd~mbmg lèmqm

jmq`lm apjml ~mom ~kdm(~kdml{m a`q~kbmy g`y`qfe`l$ y`ymsk opem Smlnm~kdm kyp ~`likqk ykimj

aàm~ imdmh jflyqmikj~k ikqkl{m ~`likqk, ^`hpm sqkl~ks(sqkl~ks apjml h`qpsmjml ~pmypjàpdmyml iml j`~mypml {mle dfek~$ y`ymsk ykleemd y`qd ymj a`qi`qmk(i`qmk, ^à`dph

S`hkdkgml =;00$ Ymjikq amgjml h`lemymjml amgum Smlnm~kdm gml{mdmg jphspdml

smgmh(smgmh {mle a`qaìm(aìm plypj h`l`lyqmhjml ~`hpm efdfleml smim qmsmy qmsmy, Y`ymsk s`haknmqm klk h`hkdkg Smlnm~kdm ~àmemk im~mq lèmqm mimdmg jmq`lm km

h`qpsmjml ~pmyp jfhsqfhk sfdkykj {mle y`dmg h`lfdfle amle~m Klifl`~km imdmh

h`legmimsk ~mmy jqk~k~ iml h`l`ypjml omdmll{m ~òmqmgl{m$

S`ql{mymml Ymjikq {mle memj lèmykb y`lymle Smlnm~kdm kyp h`limsmy ~mhapyml gmlemy

imqk umjkd(umjkd K~dmh, Gmhjm 'Hm~{phk+ hk~mdl{m$ h`lefh`lymqk amgum Ymjikq yfjg

h`lemjpk smqmifj~l{m Smlnm~kdm$ y`ymsk smqymkl{m 'Smqymk ^f~kmdk~+ h`l`qkhml{m ~àmemkim~mq lèmqm mimdmg h`lpqpy ymb~kqmll{m ~`likqk$ iml ykimj jà`qmyml akdm ~kdm(~kdml{m

ikymhamg, I`leml i`hkjkml$ h`lpqpy Gmhjm$ s`l`qkhmml Ymjikq mjml Smlnm~kdm

~à`lmql{m h`qpsmjml aàml {mle ikskjpdjml smqymk mym~ splimjl{m ~`jmdkspl gmd kyp

a`qdmumlml i`leml gm~kd q`lpleml aàm~l{m, ^òmdml i`leml s`lkdmkml Gmhjm$ ^mkbpiikl_pgqk 'LP+ h`lemymjml amgum skimyf Ymjikq ik mym~ ykimj s`qdp ikjfh`lymqk$ jmq`lm

y`dmg npjps o`dm~ 'amgum+ Smlnm~kdm hm~kg aml{mj j`jpqmleml(j`jpqmleml ~`qym ikimdmhl{m h`lemliple s`qy`lymleml(s`qy`lymleml ik~àmajml ykmiml{m jàpdmyml

skjkqml, Jmq`lm kyp imsmy ismgmhk akdmhmlm ik mlymqm s`haknmqm s`lykle$ ~`s`qyk Lmy~kq$

h`l{m{mlejml s`l`qkhmml Ymjikq smim Smlnm~kdm ~àmemk im~mq lèmqm$ smimgmd ~kdm(

~kdml{m hm~kg aì`qmk(i`qmk, ^kjms ~`hmnmh klk h`lpqpy Lmy~kq ~`gmqp~l{m ykimj ikmhakdfd`g ~`fqmle s`hkjkq y`qj`lmd ~`s`qyk Ymjikq jmq`lm hm~mdmg im~mq lèmqm mimdmg hm~mdmg

{mle ~mlemy ~`qkp~,

Amek Lmy~kq Smlnm~kdm a`q~kbmy ~`jpd`q jmq`lm ~pha`q ~kdm(~kdml{m apjml umg{p Mddmg,

Y`ymsk akdm ikskjkqjml j`hamdk$ fqmle hplejkl mjml h`lemopjml s`qyml{mml? Msmjmg

ykimj hplejkl plypj h`lek~dmhjml Smlnm~kdm$ {mkyp i`leml h`ha`qkjml j`smiml{mlkdmk(lkdmk yqml~i`lymd y`qy`lyp ~àmemkhmlm {mle ikmomqjml md(]pqml Mlmdfek plypj

j`qom ~`hmnmh klk amqmlejmdk imsmy ikhakdjml imqk ~òmqmg s`qhpdmml K~dmh$ ~`jmdkspl

ykimj ~`s`lpgl{m s`q~k~, Plypj kyp mim amkjl{m ika`qk nflyfg ik amumg klk,

^àmemkhmlm ikj`ymgpk amgum jfl~`s~{pqmapjmldmg nksymml K~dmh apmy s`qymhm jmdk: km

y`dmg mim ik Mqmakm ~à`dph K~dmh, J`hpikml amqp md(]pqml h`lemhakdl{m iml

h`lek~dmhjmll{m, Jmq`lm kyp$ imdmh jm~p~ Smlnm~kdm$ jflr`q~k ~`hmnmh klk apjmldmg~`~pmyp {mle hp~ymgkd$ jmq`lm ~kdm(~kdml{m imsmy opem ikophsmk imdmh momqml K~dmh, Akdm

~kdm J`ypgmlml [mle Hmgm @~m iks`qnm{mk ~àmemk ~pha`q ~kdm(~kdm {mle dmkl$ j`hpikml

amqmlejmdk hm~mdmgl{m h`li`jmyk s`l{`d`~mkml, Y`ymsk p~mgm j`mqmg kyp$ imdmh hmo`dk~ykimj ikdmjpjml ~`nmqm ~`qkp~ fd`g efdfleml hmlm spl,Ik hmym md(]pqml$ gpapleml

mlymqm j`s`qnm{mml j`smim Mddmg i`leml sqkl~ks j`mikdml ~f~kf(`jflfhk mimdmg kamqmy

gpapleml mlymqm ipm ~k~k hmym pmle {mle ~mhm, Okjm omdml mlmdk~m imsmy iky`qkhm$ hmjmj`hpikml s`q~fmdmll{m mimdmg msmjmg Smlnm~kdm a`q~ìkm mymp ykimj h`lmkjjml ikqkl{m

i`leml h`lemhakd lkdmk(lkdmk hfqmd bplimh`lymd ~`s`qyk ikmomqjml fd`g memhm(memhm

umg{p$ jgp~p~l{m K~dmh,



18/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

^`y`qp~l{m$ akdm Smlnm~kdm y`yms ~`s`qyk msm miml{m i`leml ~kdm(~kdml{m {mle a`qi`qmk(

i`qmk$ hmjm amqmlejmdk mjml ~pdkydmg amekl{m plypj h`lejdmkh ~àmemk im~mq bmd~mbmg

lèmqm, Sf~k~kl{m smdkle smdkle gml{mdmg ~àmemk ~àpmg s`q~`ypopml sfdkykj amek mdkqml(mdkqml ki`fdfek {mle a`qhmnmh(hmnmh ~àmemkhmlm ikimdkdjml fd`g aà`qmsm lmleefym

Hmo`dk~ Jfl~kypmly`,

S`ha`dm Smlnm~kdm {mle dmkl imdmh hmo`dk~ kmdmg Qf`~dml Maipdemlk 'SLK+, A`qaìm

i`leml Ymjikq {mle a`qs`limsmy amgum hm~mdmg im~mq lèmqm mimdmg ~pmyp h`ymbfq$

Qf ~dml Maipdemlk h`hmlimle amgum im~mq lèmqm mimdmg ~pmyp sqkl~ks im~mq'sqklnksmdkm+, Km h`qpsmjml okum imqk ~`dpqpg m{my imdmh jfl~kyp~k iml s`qplimle(

s`qplimleml ~`qym s`qmypqml(s`qmypqml dmkll{m, Km h`lfdmj s`limsmy {mle h`lemymjml

amgum Smlnm~kdm ykimj h`hspl{mk ~pmyp j`~mypml dfekjm, Imdmh h`lepmyjml sf~k~k

mqeph`ll{m$ Maipdemlk h`lepyks s`limsmy Jmgkl {mle h`lemymjml amgum Smlnm~kdmmimdmg ~àpmg ~kly`~m imqk emem~ml(emem~ml i`hfjqm~k m~dk ~`s`qyk {mle ikophsmk ik i`~m(

i`~m iml imdmh jfhplkmdk~h` s`lipipj m~dk, Dmek$ a`q~mlimq smim s`limsmy Jmgkl$

Maipdemlk h`lemymjml? Smlnm~kdm mimdmg ~pmyp bkd~mbmy ~f~kmd {mle ~pimg iùm~m$

{mle ~mlemy a`~mq s`lemqpgl{m mym~ omdmll{m q`rfdp~k, ^klejmyl{m$ amek Qf`~dmlMaipdemlk$ ~pha`q Smlnm~kdm mimdmg K~dmh$ i`hfjqm~k dka`qmy Amqmy$ Hmqwk~h` iml

i`hfjqm~k m~dk {mle jpqmle a`qj`hamle {mle y`qimsmy ik i`~m(i`~m Klifl`~km,

I`leml h`l{àpyjml K~dmh ~àmemk ~pha`q s`qymhm Smlnm~kdm Qf`~dml Malipdemlk

h`l{mlejmd s`limsmy Lmy~kq {mle h`l{mymjml amgum Smlnm~kdm mimdmg ~pmyp ma~yqmj~k

mymp ~pmypspq`(nfln`sya`dmjm$ ~`jpd`q imdmh mqyk ymlsm memhm 'dm(iklk{mg+ iml l`yqmdImdmh gpapleml klk miml{m I`smqy`h`l Memhm smim ~`dpqpg jmakl`y Klifl`~km h`lpqpy

Maipdemlk$ h`hapjykjml amgum Smlnm~kdm apjmldmg ~`jpd`q,

H`le`lmk k~~p ~`jpd`qmk~h` ~àmemk ikamumjml Lmy~kq iml dmkl(dmkll{m imdmh jmkymll{m

i`leml K~dmh$ Maipdemlk h`lepyks s`limsmy s`lpdk~ Smjk~myml$ J`hmd M Bmqpj, H`lpqpy

Bmqpjk$ s`qjmymml ~`jpd`q spl{m ipkm hmjlm {mle a`qdmklml? '=+ h`lomik ~ jpd`q mqykl{mspl{m s`qgmykml y`qgmims sqfad`hm(sqfad`hm iplkmuk, Imdmh s`le`qykml klk$ K~dmh

mimdmg ~àpmg memhm ~`jpd q: '1+ Imdmh s`le`qykml sfdkykj ~àmemkhmlm a`qj`hamle ik

Amqmy$ ~`jpd`q a`qhmjlm h`hk~mgjml hm~mdmg(hm~mdmg ~skqkypmd i`leml {mle y`hsfqmd$ik hmlm {mle y`qmjgkq klk iksmlimle dàkg ~ps`qkfq, S`le`qykml s`qymhm imsmy iky`qkhm

K~dmh$ ~`h`lymqm {mle jìpm ikyfdmjl{m, I`leml mdm~ml klk$ ~kdm J`ypgmlml [mle Hmgm

@~m imdmh Smlnm~kdm ykimj imsmy ik~mhmjml i`leml jfl~`s ~`jpd`qmk~h`, ^`jpd`qk~h`$

jmym Maipdemlk$ mimdmg y`qhm {mle a`qjmkyml i`leml y`fqk s`h`qklymgml {mle a`qgmimsmli`leml y`fqk s`h`qklymgml y`fjqmyk~, Kypdmg ~àmal{m$ h`lpqpy Maipdemlk amgum Lmy~kq

iml _M Mghmi$ {mle h`l{fjfle s`limsmy Lmy~kq$ y`qoàmj imdmh j`jmnmpml ~`hmlykj,

Iml ~pdky ~`jmdk$ dmlopy Maipdemlk$ plypj ymlsm mdm~ml aèkyp ~mom ikhm~pjjml j` imdmhakimle bkd~mbmy$ ~`s`qyk hmy`qkmdk~h` mymp my`k~h`, Imdmh gmd klk Maipdemlk ymhsmjl{m

ememd h`dkgmy amgum hmy`qkmdk~h` iml my k~h` gml{mdmg hmlkb`~ym~k a`dmjm imqk

smlimleml ~`jpd`q imdmh a`lypjl{m {mle `j~yq`h,

^`y`qp~l{m$ plypj h`hs`qymgmljml smlimleml {mle h`lemymjml amgum K~dmh mimdmg

~mdmg ~myp ~pha`q Smlnm~kdm hm~kg h`qpsmjml ~`~pmyp {mle gmqp~ ikjmok i`leml opopq iml

fa{`jykb, Amek Maipdemlk ~`likqk$ gmd klk hplejkl a`lmq jmq`lm km ika`~mqjml imdmh



19/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

dklejpleml ~mlyqk ik ^pqmam{m, Jmq`lm kyp akdmhmlm jfl~`sl{m y`lymle Ypgml ika`lypj

fd`g K~dmh$ npjps dfek~, Y`ymsk amek jàml{mjml s`ha`dm Smlnm~kdm {mle dmkl$ sqkl~ks

s`qnm{m j`smim Ypgml ykimj mim ~mlejpy smpyl{m i`leml memhm umg{pk hmlmspl,^fìomyhfjf '~f~kmdk~+ imdmh skimyfl{m h`lemhmyk amgum imdmh Hmo`dk~ Jfl~ypmly`$

h`q`jm {mle s`qnm{m j`smim Ypgml h`lomik ipm j`dfhsfj, '=+ j`dfhsfj {mle s`qnm{m

j`smim Ypgml y`ymsk ymlsm umg{p, '1+ j`dfhsfj {mle s`qnm{m j`smim ~`hpm memhmumg{p, S`haknmqm h`lemymjml amgum s`qaìmml s`limsmy y`lymle k~~p klk ykimj imsmy

iks`qiàmyjml dmek,

^àmemkhmlm y`dmg ik~àpyjml ikhpjm$ amek ^f`jmqlf ~àmemk s`leemdk Smlnm~kdm$ jfl~`s

y`lymle Ypgml dàkg a`qnfqmj ~f~kfdfek~, Akdm mlmdk~m jkym gpaplejml i`leml klk$hmjm

y`fqk Jmgkl {mle ikmhakd fd`g Maipdemlk amgum K~dmh mimdmg ~mdmg ~myp ~pha`q

Smlnm~kdm ( gml{mdmg imsmy iky`qkhm fd`g ~àmekml mleefym hmo`dk~$ ~`jmdkspl h`lpqpy~`l~p~ ~àmekml a`~mq mleefyml{m mimdmg hp~dkh, Y`ymsk amek h`q`jm$ memhm a`dph

y`lyp h`hspl{mk jmkyml i`leml lkdmk(lkdmk sqmjyk~ imdmh j`gkipsml h`q`jm, Klkdmg {mle

ikhmj~pi Lmy~kq i`leml ~`jpdmqmk~h $ jmq`lm y`fqk ~`jpd q y`lymle s`h`qklymgml

gml{mdmg jfl~`jp`l~k dfek~ a`dmjm imqk ~pmyp smlimleml iplkm ~`jpd`q, H`lpqpy smlimleml Lmy~kq$ ~`jpdmqk~h` ~àmemk bkd~mbmy gkips mimdmg kamqmy sfgfl$ hmjm

hmy`qkmdk~h` gk~yfqk~$ my`k~h` iml jfhplk~h` mimdmg nmamle(nmamle l{m, Klkdmg omumaml{mle ika`qkjmll{m y`qgmims Maipdemlk {mle y`dmg h`lpipgl{m ~àmemk y`qoàmj imdmh

j`jmnmpml ~`hmlykj,

^`jmqmle kjpyk spdm s`lo`dm~ml y`lymle Smlnm~kdm imqk Mqlfdi Hflflpyp 'SLK+ A`qdmklml~`nmqm h`lim~mq imqk msm {mle ika`qkjml fd`g Ymjikq Mdk~omamlm iml Qf`~dml Maipdemlk$

Hflflpyp h`lemleems amgum Smlnm~kdm ~àmemk smlnmqml lkdmk(lkdmk memhm Jqk~y`l, ^kdm

J`ypgmlml [mle Hmgm @~m amekl{m h`qpsmjml ykmle pymhm imqk ~pha`q ~kdm(~kdm {mledmkl imdmh s`ledkgmyml Aka`d, Imdmh p~mgml{m plypj hùmqlmk Smlnm~kdm i`leml omqml

Jqk~y`l$ Hflflpyp a`qjmym? fd`g ~àma kyp Smlnm~kdm$ apjml ~pmyp s`qphp~ml a`dmjm$

apjml ~pmyp jflhskdm~k aà`qmsm sqk~kskdm ~pmyp smlimleml gkips$ mjml y`ymsk Smlnm~kdmmimdmg ~pmyp a`lypj bkd~mbmy {mle dfek~$ a`q~kbmy q`dkekp~(hflk~yk~$ {mle imsmy jmhk y`qkhm

~àmemk fqmle Jq~ky`l plypj ikomikjml Im~mq Lèmqm Q`spadkj Klifl`~km, Ikjmymjml

~`y`qp~l{m? {mle smdkle s`lykle kmdmg$ amgum Smlnm~kdm mimdmg ykykj s`qy`hpml imqk~èmdm efdfleml {mle s`qnm{m smim Ypgml [mle Hmgm @~m$ msm spl opem Lmak efdfleml

klk hm~kle(hm~kle, Hflflpyp yèm~(yèm~ h`lemymjml amgum imdmh jfl~kyp~k

Klifl`~km ykimj mim y`hsmy ~mhm ~`jmdk amek sm~md(sm~md {mle a`q~kbmy ~`jpd`qk~yk~

^àmemk ~`fqmle Jqk~y`l$ Hflflpyp h`l`lymle i`leml j`qm~ im~mq K~dmh amek lèmqm

Klifl`~km, H`lpqpy s`limsmyl{m$ klk mjml h`lemjkamyjml y`qomikl{m s`lomomgml ~skqkypmd

amek j`dfhsfj hklfqkym~, H`hmle imsmy iksmgmhk$ ~àmemk ~`fqmle Jqk~y`l$ Hflflpyph`hspl{mk gmj plypj h`lfdmj K~dmh ~àmemk im~mq lèmqm, Y`ymsk ymb~kqmll{m y`lymle

Smlnm~kdm imqk ~pipy smlimle Jqk~y`l y`jdmg ~`hmjkl h`leplimle j`npqkemml imqk umjkd(

umjkd K~dmh, Ik hmym umjkd(umjkd K~dmh$ klk a`qmqyk amgum Smlnm~kdm y`qapjm amek a`qamemk s`lmb~kqml, I`leml jmym dmkl$ umqlm Smlnm~kdm ~`s`lpgl{m a`q~kbmy q`dmykb$

y`qemlyple smim bkd~mbmy gkips ~`~`fqmle, Akdm h`hmle klk jm~p~l{m$ Lmy~kq mjml

h`lemymjml, Klkdmg ~myp yqmekj {mle ikgmimsk fd`g Smlnm~kdm {mle ~`jpd`q 'dm(iklk{mg+

iml l`yqmd, ^à`dphl{m Lym~kq h`lemymjml? Jmdmp km h`hkdkg ~mdmg ~myp umqlm$ ~mdmg

=;Uà? uuu,s`y`qjm~`lim,ufqisq`~~,nfh@hmkd? hq,jm~`limCehmkd,nfh


20/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

~myp ki`fdfek km mjml a`qnfqmj h km ymj mjml l`yqmd dmek $ qm~kfl i`yq (l{m ~àmemke`h``l` i`d`q~àmemk gkipsl{m ymj mim dmek$ km apjml Smlnm~kdm dmek,

S`qiàmyml y`lymle im~mq ki`fdfek lèmqm imdmh Hmo`dk~ Jfl~kypmly` a`qdmle~ple ~mhsmk

qmsmyl{m {mle y qmjgkq smim ymleemd 1 Oplk =;0;$ ymlsm ~pmyp j`spyp~ml, I`leml

i`hkjkml s`hapmyml ~pmyp Plimle(Plimle Im~mq S`qhml`l h`lomik y`qa`lejmdmk, Skgmjs`h`qklymg h`hamnm ~kypm~k klk ~àmemk ~pmyp j`hmn`yml jfl~kyp~kflmd {mle ~`qkp~$ hmjm

smim ymleemd 0 Opdk =;0;$ Sq`~ki`l ^f`jmqlf i`leml ~fjfleml s`lpg imqk skgmj hkdky`q

h`le`dpmqjml i`jqky plypj j`hamdk j`smim PPI =;90 iml ~`jmdkep~ h`hapamqjmlHmo`dk~ Jfl~kypmly` {mle ikskdkg qmj{my kyp, ^kypm~k {mle ykimj ~ qflfj klk y dmg

h`leeplnmlejml phmy K~dmh$ amkj ~`nmqm sfdkykj hmpspl ~`nmqm s~kjfdfek~, Ik amumg

sm{ple PPI =;90$ ^f`jmqlf y`dmg j`hamdk h`leeèmh j`limdk skhsklml sfdkykj

lm~kflmd i`leml j`jpm~mml {mle gmhskq gmhskq ymj y`qamym~,

Ik imdmh jfl~ki`qml I`jqky 0 Opdk =;0; ik~àpyjml, amgum Skmemh Omjmqym y`qymleemd

11 Oplk =;90 h`lokumk Plimle(plimle Im~mq =;90 iml mimdmg h`qpsmjml ~pmyp

qmlejmkml(j`~mypml i`leml jfl~kyp~k y`q~àlpy, Y`qnmlyphl{m jfliki`qm~k ~mlemy s`lykle klk o`dm~ h`qpsmjml ~pmyp jfhsqfhk sfdkykj dmek mlymqm s`lipjple im~mq

Smlnm~kdm iml s`lipjple im~mq K~dmh, H`lpqpy s`qykhamleml jkym$ akdmhmlm jfl~ki`qml~kkyp h`hspl{mk hmjlm ~`nmqm jfl~kyp~kflmd$ iml h`hmle ~`gmqp~l{m i`hkjkml$ hmjm$

~`jmdkspl gml{m ~`nmqm khsdk~ky$ lmhpl emem~ml plypj h`dmj~mlmjml ~{mqkmg amek

s`h`dpj memhm K~dmh ykimjdmg ikhmykjml, Klkdmg amqmlejmdk ymb~kqml {mle mjpqmy iml mikd

y`qgmims jmkyml I`jqky 0 Opdk i`leml Skmemh Omjmqym, S`lmb~kqml {mle dmkl imqk klk$ ik~mhskle ykimj spl{m hmjlm$ opem a`q~kbmy mgk~yfqk~,'Hmmqkb$ =;70? =99 =2=+ H`lpqpy

[mhkl$ {mle ~`nmqm sfdkyk~ kjpy y`qdkamy smim hm~m kyp$ ifjph`l klk h`qpsmjml amgml

a qgmqem iml a`q~òmqmg umdmpspl ykimj h`lomik amekml klyk~mqk {mle hpydmj`~~`lyk``d imqksmim jfl~kyp~k,'^khmlioplymj$=;;9? 103+

Smlnm~kdm iml Iplkm Amqp

A`qaknmqmik gmimsml Mlim ~`hpm$ ~m{m a`qe`ymq, pomq Sq`~ki`l ^f`jmqlf imqk sfikph^kimle Phph SAA ymleemd >3 ^`sy`ha`q =;23 ik hmqjm~ a`~mq Lù [fqj, Jmdkhmy kyp

ikpnms jml Sq`~ki`l ^f`jmqlf ik dpmq y`j~ skimyfl{m {mle hflph`lymd$ Yf Apkdi ygÙfdqi M Lù 'H`hamlepl Iplkm Amqp+$ {mle q`d`rml~kl{m y`qm~m ~mhsmk ~`jmqmle Ompg

~à`dph j`mqkbml jflr`l~kflmd Ymym @jflfhk Kly`qlm~kflmd Amqp ikqphp~jml smim ymgpl=;59 fd g Hmo dk~ Phph SAA$ ikm y`dmg h`hs q~fmdjml ~yqpjypq ~k~y h

kly`qlm~kflmd,Ymlsm ~`nmqm y`qapjm h`dmleemq sqkl~ks lfladfj$ Sq`~ki`l ^f`jmqlf

a`qp~mgm h`lemdkgjml j`~khamleml s`qgmykml phph iml mlnmhml y`qgmims s`qimhmkmliplkm {mle ikykhapdjml imqk mlnmhml y`qgmims s`qimhmkml iplkm {mle ikykhapdjml fd`g

mlymeflk~h` {mle a`qmjmq ik mlymqm lèmqm(lèmqm a`~mq j`mqmg ipemml ~pha`q

j`y emleml kly qlm~kflmd {mle dàkg h`lemjmq h`limdmh, Sq`~ki`l ^f`jmqlfa`qs`limsmy?

Khs`qk`dkm~h` iml jfdflkmdk~h` iml a`qdmlopyl{m j`jpmyml {mle h`h`nmg amle~m(

amle~m ^m{m y`jmljml jmym(jmym kyp mimdmg, mjmq gmhskq ~`hpm jòmgmyml kly`q

lm~kflmd iml mlnmhml jkym klk ^`dmhm jòmgmyml(jòmgmyml {mle ika`lnk smim hm~m



21/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

dmdp kyp a`dph a`qmjgkq$ ymj mjml mim j`y`lmleml iml s`qimhmkml ik ~`dpqpg iplkm,

Imdmh skimyf klk$ ^f`jmqlf h`le`m~jml amgum yfd qml~k Klifl`~km mym~ Kqkml Amqmy

gmhskq gmak~ amym~l{m iml amgum jèmemdml SAA ikdpjk~jml ~àmemk sqfipj ~k~y`h

Amqmy$ {mle y`dmg h`dmgkqjml khs`qkmdk~h`, Plypj h`l{`hapgjml$ ikm h`lemlopqjml

s`lnmyphml Smlnm~kdm imdmh Skmemh SAA iml amgum hmqjm~ a`~mq SAA g`limjl{miksklimgjml imqk Lù [fqj j` ~pmyp y`hsmy ik M~km mymp Mbqkjm mymp ik E`lùm,

Skimyf klk h`lmlimk ~pmyp ymumqml plypj h`hkhskl msm {mle ik~àpyl{m amle~m(amle~m {mle amqp amlejky {mle ikm dpjk~jml ~àmemk h`d`sm~jml ikqk imqk hm~m dmdp iml

H`hamlepl Iplkm Amqp {mle h`qpsmjml opipd skimyfl{m,

Pqmkml {mle dàkg y`qklnk h`le`lmk umum~ml kly`qlm~kflmd ^f`jmqlf ik~mhsmkjml smim

jfls`q`l~k s`qymhm lèmqm(lèmqm lfladfj {mle ik~`d`leemqmjml ik A`feqmi$

[pef~dmrkm$ smim apdml ^`sy`ha`q =;2=, Ik ~mlm ^f`jmqlf h`lepqmkjml jqkykj {mle

ymomh y`qgmims ~yqpjypq ~k~y`h kly qlm~kflmd, Ik ~mhskle kyp$ ikm hmdmg h`lmlymleifjyqkl fqyfifj~ e`qmjml lfladfj kyp ~`likqk$ {mle h`hmlimle lfladfj ~àmemk

omumaml {mle y`smy y`qgmims s`q~mkleml s`qmle iklekl mlymqm Mh`qkjm ^`qkjmy iml Plk^frk`y, ~mkleml klk iksmlimle ~àmemk mlnmhml pymhm y`qgmims s`qimhmkml iplkm$h`leklemy mjkamy(mjkamy {mle ikykhapdjml fd g s qdfhamml lpjdkq, ^f`jmqlf

h`l`hsmyjml ikqkl{m a`qy`lymleml i`leml s`lmb~kqml smyfdfek ~k~y`hh kly`qlm~kflmd,

Ikm h`lo`dm~jml,

S`limsmy iplkm {mle mim iùm~m klk h`hapmy jkym s`qnm{m amgum ~pha`q j`yèmle

ml iml s`q~`dk~kgml kly`qlm~kflmd {mle ~`~pleepgl{m kmdmg jflbdkj ki`fdfek mlymqm

lèmqm(lèmqm mikjpm~m,^m{m jkqm gmd kyp ykimj a`lmq, Mim jflbdkj {mle h`l`hap~

dàkg imdmh qmem hmlp~km {mkyp jflbdkj mlymqm j jpmyml {mle amqp amlejky amek j`

h`qi`jmml iml j`mikdml iml j`jpmyml ifhklml {mle dmhm$ {mle ~myp h`lifqflejml j`smdml{m ymlsm a`dm~ jm~kgml h`dmdpk dmsk~ml aphk {mle y`dmg h`ha`qkjmll{m

imqmg j`gkipsml$ ~ìmlejml {mle dmkl a`qopmle ymlsm d`dmg plypj h`hs`qymgmljml~`hpm {mle km imsmy nfam plypj h`lmgml omdmll{m ~òmqmg,

Smlimleml jflr`l~kflmd lfladfj ~`dmhm klk h`lim~mqjml ikqk smim m~ph~k amgumlèmqm(lèmqm sm~nmjfdflkmd$ {mle a`qyklimj ~àmemk j`jpmyml j`ykem$ ymj gml{m mjml

h`legklimqk dkdkyml epqkym s`qmle iklekl y`ymsk opem a`qs`qml ~àmemk ~mqmlm amek

jfl~fdkm~k iml hìkm~k {mle hmhsp h`qìmjml j`yèmleml kly`qlm~kflmd, Imdmh skjkqml^f`jmqlf$ ymj y`q~ìkm qpmle amek j`jpmyml j`ykem ~`s`qyk kyp jmq`lm ~k~ykh kly`qlm~kflmd

imdmh s`lmb~kqmll{m h`qpsmjml ~yqpjypq ipm skgmj {mle h`leemhamqjml ~pmyp jflbdkj

`li`hkn mlymqm j`mikdml iml j`ykimjmikdml ymlsm miml{m j`hplejklml plypj gkips

a`qimhskleml, Smlimleml ^f`jmqlf h`lomik dàkg o`dm~ imdmh skimyf ymgplmll{m

h`hs`qklemyk gmqk Sqfjdmhm~k J`h`qi`jmml smim ymleemd =5 Mep~yp~ =;2>, ^f`jmqlfh`leemhamqjml iplkm kyp ~àmemk y`qamek mlymqm j`j`pyml(j`jpmyml amqp {mle ~ìmle

amlejky 'Lù @h`qekle Bfqn`~+ iml j`jpmyml(j`jpmyml dmhm {mle y dmg hmsml 'Fdi@~ymadk~gì Bfqn`~+, [mle s`qymhm ikdpjk~jml ~àmemk y`qikqk mym~ amle~m amle~m M~km$

Mbqkjm iml Mh`qkjm Dmykl$ lèmqm(lèmqm ~f~kmdk~$ iml j`dfhsfj(j`dfhsfj sqfeq`~kb ik

lèmqm(lèmqm jmskymdk~,

1=Uà? uuu,s`y`qjm~`lim,ufqisq`~~,nfh@hmkd? hq,jm~`limCehmkd,nfh


22/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

Imdmh h`leì`smljml ~pmyp smlimleml q`rk~kflk~ h`le`lmk hm~{mqmjmy kly`qlm~kflmd

^f`jmqlf h`dpjk~jml Klifl`~km ~àmemk mleefym j`dfhsfj j`jpmyml sqfeq`~kb iklmhk~

{mle hkdkymly {mle ikypem~k fd`g ~òmqmg plypj h`dmuml iml h`lemnmpjml j`jpmymls`lklim~ml iml `j~sdfkym~k {mle q`mj~kfl`q, S`l{ d`leemqmml Emh`~ fb Lù @h`qekle

Bfqn`~ 'NML@BF+ ~àmemk apjyk j`kleklml hùpopijml khskmll{m,'D`kb`q$ =;7;? 79

72+

H`le`lmk Skimyf H`hamlepl Iplkm Amqp$ ~òmqmg r`q~k Fqi` Amqp h`lo`dm~jml amgum

j`~`hsmyml kyp ikeplmjml Klifl ~km ~`mjml(mjml h`lopmd jfl~`s~kl{m ~àmemk ~fdp~ka`qamemk s`q~fmdml kly`qlm~kflmd iùm~m kyp, Sf~k~k j`s`dfsfqml Klifl`~km ~`gmqp~l{m

ikyklejmyjml$ y`qpymhm ik akimle `jflfhk, Dmek spdm$ Klifl`~km hm~kg gmqp~ h`lemym~k

S`q~fmdml(s`q~fmdml {mle ykhapd, Hmhsp mymp ykimjl{m h`lemym~k j`~pdkyml(j`~pdkyml

imdmh lè`qk klkdmg {mle h`l`lypjml msmjmg ~pmqm Klifl`~km iki`lemq mymp ykimj fd`giplkm kly`qlm~kflmd, 'Lfyf~p~mlyf$ =;79? =99+

Smlnm~kdm iml Hmlksfd

Imdmh skimyf S`l`hpml J`hamdk Q`rfdp~k Jkym smim s`qklemyml gmqk Sqfjdmhm~kJ`h`qi`jmml smim ymleemd =5 Mep~yp~ =;0;$ Sq`~ki`l ^f`jmqlf h`lepqmkjml ki`fdfe{

i`hfjqm~k y`qskhskl$ {mle aà qmsm apdml j`hpikml iklmhmjml Hmlkb ~yf Sfdkykj

Q`skadkj Klifl`~km, A`q~mhmml i`leml kyp ^f`jmqlf h`le`~mgjml ~k~ykhmykjml{m {mle

ik~p~pl fd`g Iùml S`qykhamleml Meple, Hmjm dmgkql{m ~`hmnmh jmy`jkm~m~k h`le`lmkim~mq$ ypopml iml jùmokaml q`rfdp~k Klifl`~km$ j`jpmyml(j`jpmyml ~f~kmd q`rfdp~k

Klifl`~km$ umymj$ hm~~m i`sml iml hp~pg(hp~pgl{m$ ~`qym sqfeqmh phphl{m {mle

h`dkspyk akimle sfdkykj$ `jflfhk$ ~f~kmd$ h`lymd apim{m iml j`mhmlml, Imdmh skimyf( skimyfl{m ik mumd ymgpl =;23$ ^f`jmqlf ~`dmdp h`leplejmsjml amgum q`rfdp~k

Klifl`~km h`lemliple dkhm emem~ml s`lykle, '=+ Plimle(plimle Im~mq =;90: '1+

^f~kmdk~h` mdm Klifl`~km: '>+ I`hfjqm~k Y`qskhskl: '9+ @jflfhk Y`qskhskl iml '0+J`sqkamikml Klifl`~km, I`leml h`lemhakd gpqpb s`qymhm hm~kle(hm~kle emem~ml kyp$

hmjm hplnpddmg ~klejmyml PÎ@J PÎ@J, Hmlkb`~yf Sfdkykj Q`spadkj Klifl`~km

ikmlejmy Hmlksfd $ iml momqml amqp kyp ikj`lmd i`leml lmhm Hmlksfd PÎ@J$ {mlej`hpikml ikl{mymjml ~àmemk s`dmj~mml Smlnm~kdm,

Hmlksfd PÎ@J a`lmq(a`lmq h`hkdkjk im{m skjmy amek aml{mj jmdmleml hm~{mqmjmy

sfdkykj, Hm~{mqmjmy sfdkykj$ {mle y`qpymhm ikifhklm~k fd`g sèmumk lè`qk$ ~pimg dmhmh`lipjple msm {mle ~ dmdp iky`jmljml s`q~ki`l h`le`lmk jèfyfleqfleml$

h`l`hsmyjml j`s`lykleml lm~kflmd ik mym~ j`s`lykleml efdfleml iml j`hplejklml

h`lnmsmk hpbmjmy h`dmdpk hp~{mumqmg {mle ikdmjpjml i`leml s`lpg j`~mamqml, Mimipm ~àma h`le`lmk gmd klk, S`qymhm$ j`~`dmqm~ml iml j`ykmjmumlml h`qpsmjml lkdmk(

lkdmk {mle ikoplople ykleek fd`g jàml{mjml hm~{mqmjmy(hm~{mqmjmy Klifl`~km, Iml

jìpm$ amle~m Klifl`~km a`lmq(a`lmq h`l{mimqk a`ymsm mjkamy j`y`qs`nmga`dmgml h`q`jmimdmh ymgpl(ymgpl ~à`dphl{m, ^`dmkl kyp$ alml{mj {mle y`qymqkj j`smim emem~ml amgum

msm {mle iks`qdpjml Klifl`~km iùm~m kyp mimdmg fqmle(fqmle {mle a`qskjkq a`lmq,$

a`qokum smyqkfy ~òmyk, J`hamdk j`smim j`sqkamikml lm~kflmd jkym ~`likqk h`lmqkj

aml{mj fqmle {mle klekl h`d`sm~jml ikqk imqk ymlymleml iplkm hfi`ql, ^`dmkl opem amek



23/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

h`q`jm {mle klekl h`ha`qkjml j`s qnm{mmll{m smim j`s`hkhsklml sfdkykj ~mmy kyp

y`ymsk h`l{mimqk hfi`qlk~m~k hm~{mqmjmy j`ykhamle Klikm iml Hmdm{k~m, Amek mleefym

aà`qmsm jfhplkym~ Klifl`~km$ y`qpymhm amek fqmle(fqmle Omum$ h`q`jm h`l`hpjmlhmjlm {mle ~`~pleepgl{m imdmh s`damemk ~j`hm qphky {mle ik~mhsmkjml Sq ~ki`l

^f`jmqlf kyp j`ykjm h`lepsm~ smlomle dàmq Hmlksfd(PÎ@J$ {mle h`lo`dm~jml mqyk

iml ypem~(ypem~ jgp~p~ ymgms ~òmqmg ~`jmqmle klk,

Amqmlejmdk im{m ymqkj y`qs`lykle Hmlksfd(PÎ@J op~yqp y`qd`ymj smim j`l{mymm amgum km

h`lomlokjml sèmleml, [mle sfjfj kmdmg amgum sq`~ki`l h`lmumqjml s`le`qykmly`lymle msm {mle g`limj ikypop, Lkdmk(lkdmk iml sfdm(sfdm jfelkykb a`qpamg y`qp~ iml

~mdkle a`qa`lypqml ~`gkleem ykhapd j`kleklml {mle jpmy plypj h`lnmqk s`qphp~ml$

~`gkleem ykhapd j`kleklml {mle jpmy plypj h`lnmqk s`qphp~ml ifehmyk~ iml ~j`hmyk~

h`le`lmk msm {mle amkj imdmh sfdkykj, ^myp ymleemsml phph y`qgmims Hmlksfd(PÎ@Jkmdmg amgum km afd`g omik apjml ki`fdfek {mle ~mlemy amkj mymp d`lejms$ y`ymsk {mle

sm~yk jkym h`hapypgjml ~àpmg ki`fdfek,

^à`lmql{m gml{m ik ~àmekml hm~{mqmjmy sfdkykj ~mom Hmlksfd(PÎ@J iky`qkhm ~`s`lpggmyk$ ~ìmlejml ~àmekml dmkl h`lmqpg npqkem, Hmlksfd PÎ@J kyp ~`likqk ykimjdmg

aèkyp o`dm~, ^`dmkl kyp$ apjml spdm ~pmyp psm{m h`l~ky`~mjml ~`hpm sfdm s`lykle imqkfqk lym~k sfdkykj {mle mim ik Klifl`~km, Imsmy iksm~ykjml$ Hmlksfd PÎ@J a`dph

hmhsp h`lemym~k a`~mq a`~mq fqk`lym~k sfdkykj jpypa mqk~yfjqm~k Omum iml jpypa

jùkqm~um~ymml K~dmh, Amek jmdmleml jùkqm~umymml K~dmh {mle y`qpymhm a`qmim idk dpmq

Omum$ qphp~ml amqp kyp y`qm~m m~kle,

Hmlksfd PÎ@J h`qpsmjml s`ha`lmqml pymhm imdmh psm{m s`le`limdkml skjkqml, Fd`g

jmq`lm kyyp$ km iks`qj`lmdjml ik ~èmdm yklejmy s`likikjml iml s`h`qklymgml iml s`q~ikgmqp~jml h`lipjplel{m, Aà`qmsm qìmjypq {mle sqf S^K iml Hm~{phk h`lfdmj

a`qapmy aèkyp$ iml ~pqmy jmamq h`q`jm ikdmqmle y`qaky, Imdmh dklejpleml plkr`q~kym~$

Hmlksfd PÎ@J$ ik~mhapy i`leml ~kjms s`qhp~pgml$ ~klk~h`$ iml mnpg ymj mnpg,Ki`fdfek kyp h`lmqkj amek ~àmekml hmgm~k~um {mle ki`mdk~$ jmq`lm h`ha`qk ifqfleml

amqp amek j`y`qdkamyml plkr`q~kym~ imdmh hm~mdmg(hm~mdmg hm~{mjmqmy, ^`dmkl kyp$ jmq`lm

h`lepymhmjml hm~m s`likikjml {mle dàkg s`li`j iml a`qfqk lym~k j`smim sqmjykj imlh`hplejkljml smqm hmgm~k~um h`leg`lykjml jpdkmgl{m ~`h`lymqm umjyp eplm

h`lomdmljml ypem~ s`h`qklymg ik im`qmg {mle y`qs`lnkd, Smim phphl{m aml{mj umqem

plkr`q~kym~$ amkj if~`l hmpspl hmgm~k~um$ h`l{ ypopk lkdmk(lkdmk {mle ikplejmsjml

imdmh Hmlksfd PÎ@J, Lmhpl$ aml{mj spdm dmkll{m h`qm~m ikm~klejml fd`g lkdmk(lkdmkkyp, J`nmhml Sq`~ki`l ^f`jmqlf y`qgmims kly d`jypmdk~h` Gfddmli~ i`lj`l iml

y`wyaffj ygklejkle kyp ikmleemsl{m ~àmemk ~`qmleml j`smim jààm~ml mjmi`hk~, Dmek

spdm jàml{mjml umqem hm~{mqmjmy mjmi`hk~ h`lkdmk ki`fdfek kyp ~àmemk ~k~ykhkly`d`jypmd$ iml ~àmekml a`~mq h`q`jm h`dkgmyl{m i`leml ~à`dmg hmym,

Sqfeqmh klifjyqklm~k {mle {mle ikhmlymsjml fd`g Sq`~ki`l ^f`jmqlf ikymliklek fd`gsqfeqmh {mle ~`qpsm {mle ikp~mgmjml fd`g Mlejmyml Imqmy, Smqm s`hkhskl hkdky`q

~`nmqm jfl~k~y`l h`lipjple jmym(jmym Hmlksfd PÎ@J iml aml{mj imqk emem~mll{m,

^àmekml imqk emem~ml klk$ y`qpymhm jfl~`s sèmleml lm~kflmd y`dmg iksèmle yèpg fdmg

amkj mym~ml hmpspl amumgmll{m, 'Ki`fdfek Hmlksfd(PÎ@J ~`qkle jmdk h`hamlyp

1>Uà? uuu,s`y`qjm~`lim,ufqisq`~~,nfh@hmkd? hq,jm~`limCehmkd,nfh


24/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

h`q`jm plypj h`ha`lmqjml j`jpm~mmll{m {mle amqp mymp gmj(gmj k~ykhùml{m$ amkj ik

jmdmleml ~`likqk hmpspl ik jmdmleml dmkl$ y`ymsk gmd kyp ykimj a`qmqyk h`q`jm kyp hplmbkj+,

Mjml y`ymsk$ msmakdm a`qaknmqm ik i`sml mleefym ~`likqk$ smqm s`hkhskl Mlejmyml Imqmyakm~ml{m h`ha`qkjml s`lmb~kqmll{m ~`likqk y`qgmims Hmlksfd(PÎ@J ~àmemk ki`fdfek

{mle ~ dmkl mlykdkamqmd opem mlykjfhplk~, ^ omj ymgpl =;2=$ Mlejmyml Imqmy

h`l{`d leemqmjml sqfeqmh klifjyqklm~kl{m ~`likqk iml amekml imqk ~j`hm dmykgmlj`hkdky`qml, I`leml i`hkjkml$ hmjm aml{mj hmgm~k~um$ ~mqomlm$ iml sèmumk lè`qk

y`dmg h`l`qkhm ki`fdfek lèmqm imdmh r`q~k skhsklml Mlejmyml Imqmy$ sdpqmdk~h` y`dmg

h`qmlejmj imdmh p~mgml{m h`lmlmhjml ~àpmg ifjyqkl ypleemd, 'B`kyg$ =;;0? 5; 72+

Okum Smlnm~kdm mimdmg okum Lm~mjfh$ i`hkjkml jmym ^f`jmqlf, Fd`g jmq`lm kyp ~`ykms

Smlnm~kdmk~ gmqp~dmg h`lomik ~`fqmle Lm~mjfhk~, Kyp a`qmqyk$ amgum Lm~jfh ykimj, Kyp

a`qmqyk$ amgum Lm~mjfh ykimjdmg ~`jìmq j`qom~mhm mlymqm ykem j`jpmyml {mle y`qsk~mg$y`ymsk h`qpsmjml ~kly`~` imqk ykem ki`fdfek h`lomik ~myp okum$ okum Lm~mjfh,

'Imqhmspy`qm$ =;75? ==>+ Hmjlm Lm~mjfh {mle ~`~pleepgl{m ykimj s`qlmg iko`dm~jml

~`nmqm y`qmle, S`qlmg SJK h`lemleems amgum Lm~mjfh opem a`qmqyk s`lnksymmml

j`~`khamleml mlymqm lm~kflmdk~h`$ memhm iml jfhplk~h` smim ~`hpm yklejmy `j~jpykbs`h`qklymgml iml iùml s`qumjkdml$ ~`gkleem opem skhsklml jfhmliml y`qykleek hkdky`q

j`ykem pl~pq klk opem ikumjkdk, Imdmh s`le`qykml klk SJK h`lplypy s`lm~fjfhmlMlejmyml Imqmy, Mlejmyml Imqmy h`lfdmj i`leml mdm~ml amgum k~ykdmg kyp gml{m a`qmqyk

j`qom ~mhm i`leml ~`hmlemyl{m {mle phph$ {mle h`ha`qkymgpjml omdmll{m pqp~ml

lèmqm, 'Dèe`$ =;70? 933( 93=+ Dmek spdm ik hmym YLK(MI$ SJK ~àmemk lmypqmd `l`h{(

l{m h apjml ~mom jmq`lm SJK mimdmg ykimj a`qmemhm$ iml ikamumg s`lemqpg Jfhkly`ql$y`ymsk opem jmq`lm SJK ~myp(~mypl{m smqymk y`qjpmy {mle h`lemlnmh j`s`lykleml sfdkykj

YLK(MI,'Hpgmkhkl$ =;71? =22 =71+ I`leml h`lmhskdjml emem~ml Lm~mjfh$ ypopml

^f`jmqlf mimdmg plypj h`leflyqfd j`jpmyml(j`jpmyml {mle ~mdkle a`q~mkle+, Ykimj ~momplypj h`hs`q~mypmjml dùmy ikqkl{m, ^m{m Lm~mjfh kyp, Omumal{m$ i`hkjkml s`qlmg

y`qa`lypj a`qkym j`ykjm km h`lfdmj yplypyml SJK plypj ik~`qymjml imdmh Jmakl`y smim

ymgpl =;2> 'Dèe`$ =;70? 933 93=+,

Smlnm~kdm iml Fqi` Amqpk

Smim ymleemd =2 Mep~yp~ =;25$ ik i`sml ~kimle ISQ(EQ$ O`liqmd ^f`gmqyf ~àmemk

Sòmamy Sq`~ki`l h`ha`qkjml s`lèm~ml sfjfj y`lymle Fqi` Amqp Fqi` Amqp ykimj dmkl

mimdml ymymlml ~`dpqpg s`qk j`gkipsml qmj{my$ amle~m iml lèmqm {mle ikd`ymjjml j`hamdkj`smim s`dmj~mlmml j`hpqlkml Smlnm~kdm iml PPI =;90,H`hs`qymgmljml$ h`hpqlkjml

upopi iml h`hpqlkjml s`dmj~mlmml Smlnm~kdm iml PPI =;90$ kypdmg bple~k iml ypopml

Fqi` Amqpk,

Smim j`~`hsmyml kyp O`liqmd ^f`gmqyf h`le`hpjmjml spdm s`hkjkqmll{m amgum

Smlnm~kdm$ {mle h`qpsmjml j`dpgpqml smlimleml gkips amle~m kyp$ h`ln`qhkljml lkdmk(lhkdmk sfjfj smlimleml gkips ~`dpqpg amle~m Klifl`~km$ iml h`qpsmjml j`sqkamikml

Klifl`~km, Smlnm~kdm klk ~`dmlopyjml ik omamqjml imdmh Plimle(Plimle Im~mq lèmqm$

PPI =;90 h`qpsmjml s`ln`qhklml Smlnm~kdm ~àmemk im~mq lèmqm, Sfjfj sfjfj



25/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

skjkqml y`lymle lèmqm iml ~k~ykh s`h`qklymgml o`dm~ dmle~ple a`q~pha`q iml h`qpsmjml

s`dmj~mlmml Smlnm~kdm, Smlnm~kdm iml PPI =;90 jmq`lm kyp h`qpsmjml ~myp qmlejmkml,

Aà`qmsm s`qk~ykum {mle y dmg y qomik ikdkgmy fd`g S omamy Sq ~ki`l kyp ~àmemk

s`l{`d u`leml imqk Smlnm~kdm, '=+ Smlnm~kdm y`dmg ik~`dù`lejml$ iml j`gkdmleml

j`hpqlkmll{m i`leml ikdmgkqjmll{m jfl~`s~k lm~mjfh$ {mle h`lekjpyjml imlh`hm~pjjml jfhplk~h` j` imdmh s`dmj~mmml Smlnm~kdm, Jfhplk~h`$ {mle ikim~mqjml

smim ikmd`j`ykjm hmy`qkmdk~h`$ o`dm~ mlyk Ypgml$ ~ìmlejml Smlnm~kdm a`qj`(Ypgmlml

[mle Hmgm @~m, Memhm ik~ dù`lejml plypj j`s`lykleml sfdkykj,? '1+ ^kdmS`qkj`hmlp~kml {mle mikd iml a`qmima ikykleemdjml$ gmj(gmj m~m~k hmlp~km gmhskq(

omhskq d`l{ms$ ~àma ~`hpml{m iky`lypjml fd`g j`hmpml s`lepm~m: '>+ ^kdm S`q~mypml

Klifl`~km imdmh sqmjy`jl{m dplypq$ jmq`lm mim mdkqml(mdkqml {mle h`lpipjjml ikqk

j`smim j`s`lykleml iml ki`fdfek dmkl: '9+ ^kdm Jìmpdmyml Qmj{my h`lomik jmapq$ {mlemim mimdmg jìmpdmyml s`hkhskl,iml '0+, ^kdm J`mikdml ~`hmjkl jmapq$ ~àma mim

j`jm{mml iksmjmk plypj j`s`lykleml sqkamik iksmjmk plypj sqf{`j(sqf{`j h`qnp(~pmq

{mle h`qp~mj `jflfhk qmj{my imllèmqm, ^k~ykh ``jflfhk y`qskhskl imdmh sqmjy`j

h`lomik ~k~ykh dk~`l~k {mle gml{m h`leplyplejml ~è`dklykq fqmle {mle i`jmy i`leml s`lepm~m,Fd`g jmq`lm kyp$ O`liqmd ^f`gmqyf h`lemleems h`le`lmk s`qdpl{m Smlnm

Y`qyka$ {mle h`kspyk y`qyka sfdkykj$ s`haklmml y`qyka `jflfhk$ s`haklmml y`qyka ~f~kmd$y`qyka gpjph iml y`qyka Gmljmh,

^pm~mlm phph y`yms ikumqlmk i`leml skjkqml(skjkqml im~mq Fqi` Amqp$ {mkyp S`dmj~mlmml

Smlnm~kdm iml Plimle Plimle Im~mq =;90 ~`nmqm hpqlk iml jfl~`jp`l, S`hkjkqml kyph`lemdmhk s`qj`hamleml ymgms i`hk ymgms$ imdmh hmlm ~ymyp~ Smlnm~kdm ik akimle

gpjph$ j`lèmqmml iml ki`fdfek ~`nmqm y qp~(h`l`qp~ iks`qyèm~, Yms WW&HSQ^&=;22

h`hs`qyèm~ ~ymyp~ Smlnm~kdm ~àmemk ~pha`q gpjph lèmqm Q`spadkj Klifl`~km, Yms KR&SHQ,=;5> y`lymle Emqk~(emqk~ A`~mq Gmdpml Lèmqm h`lo dm~jml gpapleml mlymqm

Smlnm~kdm iml S`hamleplml Lm~kflmd, Yms KK &HSQ &=;57 h`lemomqjml amgum Smlnm~kdm

~àmemk lkdmk jàpim{mml amle~m ikgm{myk fd`g ~`dpqpg umqem lèmqm Q`spadkj Klifl`~kmi`leml klk ~ymyp~ Smlnm~kdm ~àmemp ki`fdfek lm~kflmd h`lomik o`dm~,Ymgpl =;57 h`dmdpk

Yms KK,HSQ &=;57 y`lymle Sìfhml S`legm{myml iml S`lemdmhml Smlnm~kdm '@jm

Sqm~ ykm Smlnmjmq~m+, HSQ h`lèm~jml amgum Smlnm~kdm ~àmemk lkdmk jàrpim{mmlamle~m gmqp~ ikgm{myk fd`g ~`hpm umqem lèmqm Klifl`~km, I`leml nmqm Smlnm~kdm ~àmemk

ki`fdfek jàmle~mml ikomamqyjml h`dmdmpk s`lmymqml(s`lmymqml iml S`likikjml Hfqmd

Smlnm~kdm ik ~`jfdmg(~ jfdmg, ^`dmlopyl{m smim ymgpl =;7> h`dmdpk Yms KK &HSQ&=;7>

y`lymle EAGL ikyèm~jml ipm gmd pymhm$ {mkyp? '=+ Smqymk Sfdkykj iml Efdfleml Jmq{mgmqp~ a`lmq(a`lmq h`qlomik j`jpmyml ~f~kmd(sfdkykj {mle gml{m a`q~m~jml Smlnm~kdm

~àmemk ~myp(~mypl{m m~m~: iml '1+ s`hamleplml lm~kflmd ~àmemk s`lemhmdml Smlnm~kdm,

S`qklymg EAGL klk y`dmg y`qupopi ik imdmh ipm apmg plimle(plimle$ {mkyp PP Lf >Ymgpl =;70 y`lymle Smqymk Sfdky{kj iml Efdfleml Jmq{m$ iml PP Lf 7 Ymgpl =;70

y`lymle Fqemlk~m~k J`hm~{mqmjmyml, Ik imdmh jìpm PP kyp y`qimsmy j`y`lypml h`le`lmk

m~m~ {mle h`l`ymsjml amgum ~`hpm fqemlk~m~k j`jpmyml ~f~kmd sfdkykj 'SSS, Efdjmq imlSIK+ gml{m h`hmjmk Smlnm~kdm ~àmemk ~mykp(~mypl{m m~m~ iml ~`hpm m~m~ ~àmemk nkqk(

nkqk efdfleml {mle iksmjmk ~à`dphl{m ykimj ika`lmqjml plypj iks`qeplmjml dmek,

J`y`lypml y`lymle jìpipjml PPI =390 ykimj afd`g ikemleep epemy dmek$ h`~jkspl

sm~md >5 PPI =;90 h`ha`lmqjml plypj h`dmjpjml s`qpamgml PPI =790 y`dmg



26/38

S`y`q Jm~`lim

iky`ymsjml PP Lf 0 Ymgpl =;70 y`lymle Q`b`q`liph, Ik imdmh PP klk ikjmymjml amgum

msmakdm mim j`kleklml imqk mleefym efdfleml hm~{mqmjmy amle~m Klifl`~km plypj

h`dmjpjml s`qpamgml y`qgmims PPI =;90$ hmjm s`limsmy qmj{my gmqp~ iks`qyml{mjmly`qd akg imgpdp, ^`hpm klk h`lplopjjml j`hmpml iml y`jmi {mle ~pleepg imqk

s`h`qklymg plypj h`h`lmymsjml Smlnm~kdm iml PPI =;90, 'Jm~`lim$ 1330? 29+

Ik hm~m q`zkh Fqi` Amqp$ Smlnm~kdm y`dmg ikomikjml ki`fdfek mym~ j`jpm~mmll{m, Gmd klk

a`qgpapleml i`leml omlok Fqi` Amqp plypj h`lefq j~k j`~mdmgml(j`~mdmgl

ki`fdfek~$sfdkykj iml `jflfhk Fqi` Dmhm, Smlnm~kdm y`dmg ikeplmjml ~`amemk umgmlmplypj h`hamym~k s`qkdmjp sfdkykj y`qy`lyp {mle iklkdmk a`qy`lymleml i`lemll{m,^`dmhm

s`h`qklymgml ^f`gmqyf$ Smlnm~kdm y`dmg ~`qklejmdk iksmjmk ~`amemk mdmy plypj h`lmqkj

emqk~ amym~ {mle ikkzkljml imdmh umn

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