panOULU(public access network OULU)

Professor Timo OjalaUniversity of Oulu

Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUrban Computing and Cultures research group

Finlandhttp://www.panoulu.net

3Ojala T, Orajärvi J, Puhakka K, Heikkinen I & Heikka J (2011) panOULU: Triple helix driven municipal wireless network providing open and free Internet access. Proc. C&T 2011, Brisbane, Australia, 118-127.

• panOULU ~ Campus networks of 5 municipalities and 4 other public organisations + panOULU subscriptions sold by 4 ISPs• Each provider is responsible for

maintenance and expenses of its WLAN zone

• Common core services are sponsored by City of Oulu and University of Oulu

• ~1440 IEEE 802.11 APs• Appear as one large uniform WLAN

to users (SSID: panoulu)• Provide open (no authentication)

and free (no payment) Internet access to the general public

RotuaariWLAN

OuluNET

OukaWLAN

KampusWLAN

panOULUsubscriptions

panOULUregion

Infrastructure: panOULU WLAN

Founding of panOULU WLAN and consortium on Oct 15, 2003

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Voucher(24 hour guest account)

4 founding membersUniversity of Oulu & Oulu Polytechnic (Academia)

City of Oulu (Government)OPOY (incumbent ISP owned by City of Oulu, Industry)

Logo

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panOULU: City of Oulu’s motivation

"Open wireless network is a civil right"(former) CIO Ilari Heikkinen, City of Oulu

Open and free wireless Internet access in public service points/areas as municipal infrastructure

panOULU: City of Oulu’s Competence Oulu 400 program (2005-2007)

• Part of City of Oulu’s 400th anniversary gift to the citizens• 2.4 MEUR development program funded from the City of Oulu’s

strategic funds• 9 subprojects including

• panOULU: expansion of the City’s OukaWLANzone by 400 APs

• OmaOulu: Municipal e-service portal• Guidance: Training of citizens’ ICT skills

6Installation of the 400th AP Celebrating a job well done

panOULU clinics educating

general public

panOULU: City of Oulu’s mesh deployment (1)Only 5 of ~60 mesh APs at downtown have fixed backhaul connection

Reduces backhaul expenses in the long run

panOULU: City of Oulu’s mesh deployment (2)

Examples of mesh AP’s (4-6 radios)

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panOULU subscription: Incorporating telco incentive in municipal wireless

• Operator provided ”turnkey” solution, which comprises of …• Broadband connection (typically xDSL)• Standard business subscription for subscriber’s own production use

• Traffic routed via operator’s uplink (VLAN #1)• panOULU hotspot for guests and visitors

• WLAN AP(s), switch and L2 link for hooking up the AP(s) into panOULU• Traffic routed via panOULU’s uplink (VLAN #2)• L2 connection roaming with existing panOULU network

• Installation and maintenance• Leasing package (operator owns all HW)

panOULU

ISP”POP”

L2 connection

panOULU subscription: For example restaurants, pubs and cafes have chosen it

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Regional ’panOULUseutu’ network (2008-2013)• Controller-based WLAN zones in eight nearby municipalities• Two mesh zones (Nallikari camping, Virpiniemi sports center)• Existing panOULU provides core services• Deprecated in the Oulu region’s municipal merger in 2013

Municipality APsHailuoto 4Haukipudas 32Kempele 36Kiiminki 30Liminka 30Muhos 17Oulunsalo 35Tyrnävä 20Total 204

Eample of providing multiple logical networks with same infra in University of Oulu’s WLAN zone

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Two logical networks (SSID’s)• eduroam: authentication• panoulu: no authentication• Traffic is routed via respective VLANs and

internet gateways

One WLAN infrastructure• Controller-based deployment• Covers 4 campuses in Oulu,

Kajaani, Kuusamo and Sodankylä• ~45 pc Aironet 2700AC (a/g/n/ac)• ~160 pc Aironet 2600N (a/g/n) • ~140 pc Aironet 1140N (a/g/n)• ~30 pc Aironet 1130AG (a/g)

eduroamSSID

Cisco WISM #1 Cisco WISM #2

InternetFUNET

othereduroam

organizations

RADIUS server for 802.1X authentication

eduroamSSID

panouluSSID

panouluSSID

eduroamstaff

VLAN

panouluVLAN

eduroamstudents & visitors

VLAN

Usage in May 2014• 53868 unique devices• 1.53 million sessions• 18.3 million online minutesStats from 497 APs (<50% of all APs)

500011/2006

100009/2007

150009/2008

panOULU WLAN: Usage as Internet access network (1) Number of unique devices using panOULU WLAN every month

20000 3/2010

25000 2/2011

30000 9/2011

35000 2/2012

40000 9/2012

Sharp valleys every summer as universities and schools are on holidays

45000 2/2013

50000 10/2013

55000 9/2014

panOULU WLAN: Usage as Internet access network (2)Usage normalized with the number of APs since 1/2008

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2004

1 5 920

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1 5 920

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2008

1 5 920

09 1 5 9

2010

1 5 920

11 1 5 9

2012

1 5 920

13 1 5 9

2014

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Unique devices Unique devices per AP 1000 minutes of online time per AP

1/2014 vs 1/2008: 6-fold increase in devices/AP 3-fold increase in online time/AP

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Profiling of devices using the ”CITY” part in May 2014

AttributeAll

Devices

Manufacturer

Nokia Apple Intel Samsung

# devices 53868 12189 18313 2067 12830

Proportion of all devices (%) 100 22.8 34.0 3.8 23.8

# APs used by the devices 497 488 480 374 479

Proportion of devices with "home AP” (%) 60.6 52.7 56.3 94.8 64.8

User type

"Heavy users” (%) 15.1 16.0 17.9 6.5 13.1

”Visiting users” (%) 35.2 41.2 36.2 22.0 32.9

"Casual users” (%) 49.7 42.8 45.9 71.5 54.0

Sessions

Average per device 28 33 35 9 20

Median per device 9 12 12 3 8

Proportion of mobile sessions (%) 12.6 5.3 12.3 3.6 21.6

Included provider crossing (%) 16.2 15.4 17.2 20.5 14.6

Online time

Average per device (minutes) 339 208 352 900 316

Median per device (minutes) 51 34 60 106 52

Most active 10% contribute (%) 72 71 71 71 68

panOULU WLAN: Usage as Internet access network (3)

panOULU WLAN: Usage as Internet access network (4)

Intel

Intel

Nokia

Nokia

Apple

Apple

Manufacturer proportions compiled from MAC vendor ID

Samsung

Samsung

panOULU WLAN: DPI analysis of network traffic (1)

• 49 days (7 weeks) of traffic in Nov-Dec 2012• Passive deep packet inspection with Procera Networks PL8720

hooked to the main internet gateway

Application categories Streaming media

panOULU WLAN: DPI analysis of network traffic (2)

Most popular web domains

Traffic volume # connections

panOULU WLAN: DPI analysis of network traffic (3)

YouTube usage

Laulajainen J-P, Arvidsson Å, Ojala T, Seppänen J & Du M (2014) Study of YouTube demand patterns in mixed public and campus WiFi network. Proc. IWCMC 2014, Nicosia, Cyprus, 635-641.

panOULU WLAN: 2012 study on panOULU users

Selected stats of questionnaire studies of local high school and university students conducted in May 2012

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High school(N = 92)

(%)

University(N = 924)

(%)

Have used panOULU 84 89

Has not acquired mobile phone data plan because panOULU 13 8

Has concerns about data safety in panOULU 9 39

Has concerns about surveillance in panOULU 4 20

Think that panOULU should be introduced in other cities 79 79

Ylipulli J, Suopajärvi T, Ojala T, Kostakos V & Kukka H (2014) Municipal WiFi and interactive displays: Appropriation of new technologies in public urban spaces. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 89:145-160

panOULU WLAN: Usage as R&D resource (examples)• Mobile multimedia services

• Aittola et al. (2003, 2004)• Korhonen et al. (2006)• Kukka et al. (2008)• Ojala et al. (2003, 2004)• Peltonen et al. (2003)

• Mobility/QoS/security• Kuptsov et al. (2009)• Sun et al. (2004, 2005)• Sutinen & Ojala (2005)

• Network analysis and monitoring• Ernst et al. (2007)• Kenttälä et al. (2009)• Laulajainen et al. (2014)• Ojala et al. (2005, 2008, 2011, 2012)

• Pervasive gaming• Tiensyrjä et al. (2010)

• Urban computing• Ojala et al. (2010)• Suopajärvi (2014)• Ylipulli et al. (2014)

panOULU BTpanOULU WSNBackhaul for

Ojala T, Kukka H, Heikkinen T, Lindén T, Jurmu M, Kruger F, Sasin S, Hosio S & Närhi P (2010) Open urban computing testbed. Proc. TridentCom 2010, Berlin, Germany, 1277-1288.

panOULU WLAN: panOULU Conqueror

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PC Mobile phone

Tiensyrjä J, Ojala T, Hakanen T & Salmi O (2010) panOULU Conqueror: Pervasive location-aware multiplayer game for city-wide wireless network. Proc. FNG 2010, Leuven, Belgium, 157-165.

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panOULU WLAN: QoS comparison vs commercial 3.5G (HSPA) mobile data

• Measurements conducted in Nov 2011• Measurements taken at at standstill, i.e. mobility was ignored• Note: operators deployed 3.9G (LTE) in the Oulu region in spring 2012

Connection grade distributions (%)

Ojala T, Kokkoniemi J, Luukkonen J, Hakanen T, Salmi O & Pokkinen P (2012) Reflecting QoS of low-cost multi-provider municipal WiFi on commercial 3.5G mobile data and ISM spectrum occupancy. Proc. MobiWac 2012, Paphos, Cyprus, 37-44.

Grade panOULU WLAN DNA Sonera SaunalahtiA 66 37 1 0B 28 38 87 48C 4 3 7 40D 1 10 4 12F 0 0 0 0

No connection - 12 - -

Avg. DL (Mbps) 4.5 4.7 3.8 1.3

Avg. UL (Mbps) 4.1 1.2 1.7 0.3

panOULU WLAN

(802.11n)Sonera

(LTE)

DL 72.8 51.7

UL 39.0 14.8

Ping 25 53

Grade A+ A+

More recent measurement (fall 2012)

Mean duty cycle on 2.4 GHz ISM band only 0.3 – 3.2% !!

panOULU WLAN: Mobile IP pilot (2006-2007)• Goal: Safe and seamless connections for City of Oulu’s mobile

workers in a multi-access network environment• Consortium: City of Oulu, Fujitsu Services, Secgo Software• 1-year pilot to City purchasing production system

WLANImposed profound changes on City of Oulu’sPC policy and mobile work habits

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panOULU WLAN: City of Oulu’s panOULU expenditure in 2011 (1)

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Service Service provider Expenditure (EUR)

Maintenance of standalone APs (510) Commercial 22113

Maintenance of mesh APs (70) Commercial 28494

Network hardware and software Commercial 20530

Network connectivity for APs Oulun Tietotekniikka 72629

Server room facilities Oulun Tietotekniikka 8877

Internet gateway Commercial 11514

Maintenance of core services University of Oulu 0

Total operational expenditure (EUR) 164157

Per City of Oulu’s access point (580) 283.03

Per capita (142000) 1.16

Per unique device (103095) 1.59

Per session (8667856) 0.02

Per 2 hours of online time (1749580) 0.09

Annual expenditure in 2012 and 2013

was comparable(<200 kEUR)

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panOULU WLAN: City of Oulu’s panOULU expenditure in 2011 (2)

Net tax support EUR per capita for various leisure services in 2011

This may be the first comprehensive per capita expenditure comparison between municipal wireless and other municipal services

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panOULU WLAN: City of Oulu’s panOULU expenditure in 2011 (3)

Net tax support EUR per visit for various leisure services in 2011

This may be the first comprehensive per visit expenditure comparison between municipal wireless and other municipal services

Net tax support for 1 ticket sold to Oulu Symphony Orchestra corresponds to ~2300 hours of online time in panOULU !

panOULU WLAN: Keys to success

• Triple helix of municipalities, academia and industry

• ’Champions’ providing political and operative leadership

• Cost effective outsourcing of operations and maintenance

• Have realistic expectation of WLAN’s capabilities

• Provide wireless coverage where it matters

• ’KISS’ network design to provide open and free access

• No QoS guarantees and ”contract” to users

• Involve R&D

• Publicly report data on network usage

panOULU WLAN: Challenges

• Network has become too popular for its own good• During busy hours capacity per user is rather limited

• Renewal of aging hardware in current economic situation

• Deteriorating knowledge base due to minimizing expenses• Lack of maintenance personnel

• Help desk of a multi-provider network

• Managing user expectations and media

• Rigorous assessment of the socioeconomic impact

• Legal status and public policy• Related legislation in Finland since March 2011: it is no longer criminal to use a

WLAN AP without the consent of the owner of the AP

panOULU WLAN: Future outlook

• Municipal WiFi as public good?

• Municipal WiFi vs mobile data in wireless Internet accessIEEE 802.11a/g ... IEEE 802.11n ... IEEE 802.11ac vs3.5G (HSPA) ... 3.9G (LTE) ... 4G (LTE Advanced)

• Coexistence due to challenges for mobile data• Increasing backhaul demands• Pricing models (unlimited data plans, international roaming)• ”Offloading of mobile data onto WiFi”

• Wi-Fi Alliance ”Hotspot Program” (March 2011)

• Future regulatory policies on provisioning open and free Internet access?

Thank you for your attention!

http://www.panoulu.net

Professor Timo OjalaUniversity of Oulu

Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUrban Computing and Cultures research group

Finlandtimo.ojala@ee.oulu.fi

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