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2This Energie publication is one of a series highlighting the potentialfor innovative non-nuclear energy technologies to become widelyapplied and contribute superior services to the citizen. EuropeanCommission strategies aim at influencing the scientific and engi-neering communities, policy-makers and key market players tocreate, encourage, acquire and apply cleaner, more efficient andmore sustainable energy solutions for their own benefit and thatof our wider society.Funded under the European Unions fifth framework programmefor research, technological development and demonstration (RTD),Energies range of support covers research, development, demon-stration, dissemination, replication and market uptake the fullprocess of converting new ideas into practical solutions to real needs.Its publications, in print and electronic form, disseminate the resultsof actions carried out under this and previous framework program-mes, including former JOULE-Thermie actions. Jointly managedby the European Commissions Directorates-General for Energyand Transport and for Research, Energie has a total budget of1042 million over the period 1998-2002.Delivery is organised principally around two key actions, Cleanerenergy systems, including renewable energies and Economic andefficient energy for a competitive Europe, within the theme Energy,environment and sustainable development, supplemented by coor-dination and cooperative activities of a sectoral and cross-secto-ral nature. With targets guided by the Kyoto Protocol and associa-ted policies, Energies integrated activities are focused on new solu-tions which yield direct economic and environmental benefits tothe energy user, and strengthen European competitive advantage byhelping to achieve a position of leadership in the energy technolo-gies of tomorrow. The resulting balanced improvements in energy,environmental and economic performance will help to ensure asustainable future for Europes citizens.

with the support of the European CommissionDirectorate-General for Energy and Transport

Legal noticeNeither the European Commission, nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission, is responsible for the use whichmight be made of the information contained in this publication.The views expressed in this publication have not been adoptedor in any way approved by the Commission and should not be relied upon as a statement of the Commissions views.

Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.Printed in France

Produced byComit de Liaison Energies Renouvelables2B, rue Jules Ferry(33-1) 55868000(33-1) 55868001predac@cler.org

Notice to the readerA great deal of information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed throughthe Europa server (http://europa.eu.int).

The overall objective of the European Unionsenergy policy is to help ensure sustainable energysystem for Europes citizens and businesses, bysupporting and promoting secure energy suppliesof high service quality at competitive prices and inan environmentally compatible way. The EuropeanCommissions Directorate-General for Energy and Transport initiates, coordinates and managesenergy policy actions at transnational level in the fields of solid fuels, oil and gas, electricity,nuclear energy, renewable energy sources and the efficient use of energy. The most importantactions concern maintaining and enhancing security of energy supply and international cooperation, strengthening the integrity of energy markets and promoting sustainable developmentin the energy field.

A central policy instrument is its support and promotion of energy research, technological development and demonstration, principallythrough the Energie sub-programme (jointly managed with the Directorate-General forResearch) within the theme Energy, environmentand sustainable development under theEuropean Unions fifth framework programme for RTD. This contributes to sustainable develop-ment by focusing on key activities crucial forsocial well-being and economic competitivenessin Europe.

Other programmes managed by the Directorate-General for Energy and Transport, such as SAVE,Altener and Synergy, focus on accelerating the market uptake of cleaner and more efficientenergy systems through legal, administrative,promotional and structural change measures on a trans-regional basis. As part of the widerenergy framework programme, they logicallycomplement and reinforce the impacts of Energie.

The Internet web site address for the fifth framework programme is:http://www.cordis.lu/fp5/home.html

Further information on Energy and Transport DG activities is available at the Internet web site address:http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/index_en.html

The European CommissionDirectorate-General for Energy and TransportRue de la Loi/Wetstraat 200B-1049 BrusselsFax (32-2) 2956118TREN-info@cec.eu.int

3Electricity: Buildings are now producers!Extend our current lifestyle and consumption level to the rest ofhumanity is not possible our planet cannot supply the requiredresources without becoming unliveable. We must change our consumption level, even if this means revolutionising our energy use. Until now energy production has dictated consumption levels,

and the environmental consequences of our energyproduction were only acted on after the fact.

Today, our energy behaviour must change:

Reduce our energy requirements to ensure a sustainable development

Adapt energy production to specific energy use for overall energy efficiency

Progressively reduce our consumption of fossil fuels, condemned by the lack of resources and high pollution.

The share of renewable energies in our energy mixmust increase over half our energy production couldbe supplied by renewable energies in the long term.Whilst the evolution of the energy mix is possible,because of the decentralised nature of renewableenergy production, it will require significant changes in our current, irresponsible consumption habits.Todays careless consumers must become tomorrowsinformed, responsible, energy consumers AND energy producers.

The examples and case studies presented in this booklet are a firststep. We must work hard to promote and generalise photovoltaics,ready for the near future, when building integrated photovoltaicsbecome a financially competitive energy producer.

Didier Lenoir, Chairman of the Comit de Liaison Energies Renouvelables

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4Photovoltaic modules have gained all the necessary technical approvalsand their durability is no longer an issue the first installations are now over twenty years old. The durability of the material itself(the modules) and the productioncapacity guarantee (20 to 26 years for crystalline modules) is such that photovoltaics, when integratedinto a building, often have a longer guaranteed life than many other building elements. The construction

features (frame and glazing) havebenefited from the same research andtechnical progress as any other const-ruction material in the last twenty years.Finally, besides their electrical capabilities, building integratedphotovoltaics make a strong environmental statement. The symbolic value can be a crucial point for the image of certain companies, communities and inhabitants.As we can see, the reliability and the many ways of adapting photo-voltaics to a building make it an idealpartner for architects, both for newconstructions and renovations.

A durable material for a sustainable image

WITH A CLEAN, SUSTAINABLE IMAGE AND AN INNOVATIVE MODERNLOOK, PHOTOVOLTAICS ARE AN IDEAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL. A VARIETY OF SHAPES, COLOURS AND FORMS, AND THE ABILITY TO BLEND IN (OR STAND OUT!) ALLOWS ARCHITECTS TO EITHER HIGHLIGHT (OR HIDE) THE USE OF PHOTOVOLTAICS.

AESTHETIC

4 ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR OF BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS

Interesting repetitive shadow effects

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Photovoltaic panels can be integra-ted in buildings in many ways: for roofing, faades or as shading.They can form part of the actualstructure of a wall, providing a waterproof shell, or positionedalongside it in order to provideshade from the sun. Photovoltaicscan even act as a balustrade. Theycan often be found integrated intoroofs and curtain walls, but morerecently, photovoltaics have takenthe form of tiles and slating whichcan be very simply integrated in a conventional roof covering. The panels are mostly a midnightblue colour and their finishes givethem a hi-tech appearance. Thisaspect can be highlighted throu-ghout the entire building or conver-sely, be used as a contrast to the more rustic features of an existing construction. They thus add an undeniablycontemporary dimension to the whole.

The multiple possibilities of shapeand size of the actual panels caneven offer an outlet for creativity,by highlighting either repetitive or different features.Nowadays, the increased use of semi-transparent panels has furtherextended the range of possibilities by offering a further element oflight which can be varied at will bythe architect. In fact, the percen-tage of cover provided by the cellsand their shape can be jointly deci-ded by the architect and the manufacturer. Even better, the shade provided byphotovoltaic cells for conservatoriesand greenhouses enables the tem-perature to be controlled and pre-vents excessive heating, whichmakes semi-transparent panels aninvaluable element in bio-climaticconstruction. They can also providean innovative feature in the faadeby making use of the double envelope principle.

Flexibility in design

The versatility of photovoltaics makes it an ideal construction material

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6TECHNICPHOTOVOLTAICS CAN HELP BUILDINGS SUPPLY THEIR ENERGY NEEDS BY GENERATING ELECTRICITY FROM SUNLIGHT. THIS ELECTRICITY CAN THEN BE USED ON THE SPOT OR SOLD ON TO THE GRID.

4 ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR OF BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS

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7Solar energy Photovoltaic systems use the suns energy to produce electricity. As the amount of energy the sun delivers varies across Europe, so tothe amount of electricity generated by a photovoltaic system will vary.However, once photovoltaics are inte-grated into buildings, other criteria,such as aesthetics, weatherproofnessor shading capacity, become moreimportant. The real advantage of photovoltaics is that they are a building element that just happens to produce electricity!

Cells and Modules The photovoltaic effect, where a semiconductor generates a directcurrent (DC electricity) when exposedto light, was discovered by Becquerelin 1839 and forms the basis of modern photovoltaics.Crystalline photovoltaic cells consistsof a two layer semiconductor with a screen printed metallic network to collect the electrical current genera-ted. Because the voltage generated by a single cell is low, cells are joinedtogether inside a protective sand-wich of toughened highly trans-parent glass and plastic (transparentor opaque) to create modules.These modules can then be incor-porated into many common buildingelements as a glass panel of a giventransparency (double or triple glazed

windows, glass faades, skylights...)suitable for structural applications, as an opaque glass element, or a classic photovoltaic module.

Cell technologyThe most commonly used cell technologies are mono-crystalline,multi-crystalline and thin film. Modules with crystalline cells domi-nant the market; they have a high efficiency and long life. Whilst theyare generally shades of blue, many different colours can be made toorder by changing the thickness of the anti-reflective coating on the cell.Mono crystalline cells are generallydark blue whereas multicrystallinecells have a less regular multi-crystal composition.Crystalline cells are generally preferred for window and faadeapplications, and roof installationswhere space is limited.Thin film modules are created by the deposition of a thin layer of semi-conductor onto a smooth homoge-nous surface (glass, metal... evenflexible plastics!). The depositionprocess gives thin film modules asmooth black appearance. Whilst thinfilm modules have a lower efficiencythan crystalline cells, their manufac-ture requires less semi-conductor and is cheaper per square meter. Thin film products are particularlywell suited to industrial building faade and roof elements as well as other places where large surfacesneed to be covered.

Grid connected systemsPhotovoltaic systems can be used with(grid-connected) or without (standalone) the utility grid. In Europe the fastest growing application is gridconnected systems, because of theextended coverage of the utility grid, the flexibility of grid connected systems and the generally lower system costs involved.The photovoltaic systems direct current electricity (D.C.) is convertedto alternating current (A.C) by an

inverter, and is then injected into theelectricity grid. The inverter ensuresthat the exported electricity has thesame characteristics as the utility gridgenerally a frequency of 50Hz at230V. Other components, such asmodule wiring and electricity metersalso form part of the system.Two basic photovoltaic grid connectionsituations exist depending on the locallegal framework Photovoltaics production supplies

buildings needs and any excess production is fed into the grid

the entire production is exported to the grid. Electricity fed into the gridcan either be sold at the same price as the electricity bought from the grid (net metering) or at a different price (feed in tariff).

Of course, a photovoltaic system will only produce electricity whenexposed to light; at night the utilitygrid must supply the buildings electricity needs.

Optimal ProductionFactors that influence the productionof a photovoltaic system include the location, orientation and inclina-tion of the system, temperature and shadowing. The ideal orientation and tilt to thephotovoltaic modules will generally be due south at an angle of 30 (sou-thern Europe) to over 40 (northernEurope). However, a deviation fromthe ideal need not significantly reduceproduction a south-east photovoltaicfaade will lose just over 10% compared to an ideal system, whilstpreserving the photovoltaic systemsdouble use as a building element.Increased temperatures reduce theefficiency of photovoltaic cells, andwith their dark colouring a significantamount of solar energy is retained as heat, so adequate ventilation isessential. A module may only produceas much power as its least productivecell, so it is important that shadowingbe minimised, or accounted for in the production estimates of a system.

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grid connected systemssource: Hip hip

82kWp PV Tile Domestic System

This 2kWp systems consistsof 40 pre-cabled PV tiles,retrofitted into an existingclay-tiled roof. The pv tilesreplace 5 existing clay tiles the metal frame holding the pv module has the sameshape as the existing tiles,so no further waterproofingwork is required.

Contributing to a cleaner environment

The owners were environ-mentally motivated for their system, and were very pleased with the aesthetic integration of the photovoltaic system.

PHOTOVOLTAICS AND SINGLE DWELLINGS

PV TILE HOME SYSTEM

We wanted our home to have anactive solar architectures, and showour desire to act in favour of cleanenergy generation. We chose

to put the PV modules over the garage doorbecause our roof is not orientated towards the south. This solution also had the advantageof leaving the cabling visible from below. Paul Coste

Location Duingt, Haute Savoie (France) Building function Family homePeak Power 2.2kWpAnnual production 2000kWh/yearPV system 20m2; pre-cabled 50W

photovoltaic (pv) tile fully compatible with 9 models of Imerys Toitures clay roofing tiles.

PV system supplier Imerys ToiturePV system installer Imerys ToitureDate commissioning September 2002Overall PV Approx. 16800 installed system cost (not including VAT)

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99.6kWp photovoltaic systemThe remains of an 11th

century church have beenused to create a touristinformation centre; 3 multilevel bay windows increasethe usable space within thetourist information centre.Each of these bays is adouble PV and insulated-glass faade, with an 11cmgap between the semi-transparent PV modules and the double glazed glasswall. The air in this gap,warmed by the sun, is usedfor pre-heating the buildingin winter and ventilation in summer. The PV designers goal was to imagine an active Southfaade that would optimiseand balance the climaticbehaviour of the building(Yves Jautard)The modules are semitransparent glass-glass with a brown/black anti-reflection coating, selectedfor aesthetic reasons.

Principally installed at 38west of south, each of thethree faades contains 70Photowatt modules of 46Wp(for a total of 210 modulesor 9.6kWp). The modules are connectedin 3 series to a SMA 25000inverter before finallydelivering their productionto each phase of thebuildings three-phaseconnection. Production andconsumption is measuredthrough two disc metersinstalled in series.

Lower annual chargesThe need to createadditional working volumesunder south facing arches in a sunny region naturallylead to the idea of usingphotovoltaics. Transparentmodules added light to the workspaces whilst the innovative use of thephotovoltaics and a systemof hot air recuperationallows a substantial share of the buildings energyneeds to be supplied by the building itself. A lowerannual bill is good news for public buildings!

HIGH TECH IN HERITAGE BUILDINGSALS AND CVENNES TOURIST INFORMATION OFFICE

Location Als, Gard (France)Building function Tourist Information OfficeOwner Als Local CouncilPeak Power Three 3.2kWp faades

for a total of 9.6kWpAnnual production 6000kWh/yearPV system Made to order Photowatt

46Wp modules with a brown coating

Project Management Jean-Franois Roug/Architect

PV Design Solarteand InstallationFaade TechnicaluThermal Consultants Izuba TechnologiesDate commissioning April 2001Total cost 480000of renovation (total cost of faade: 160000)Overall PV system cost 67 000

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ECOLOGYWITH THE CAPACITY TO GENERATE CLEAN CO2-FREE ELECTRICITY FROM THE SUN, PHOTOVOLTAICS ARE PART OF THE ANSWER TO TODAYS ENERGYAND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS.

4 ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR OF BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS

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Solar photovoltaic electricity is uniqueamongst the new energy sources forthe wide range of energy and non-energy benefits which it provides,whilst the use of a photovoltaic powersystem as an integral part of a buildingprovides the greatest opportunity for exploiting non-energy benefits andfor adding value to the photovoltaicpower system.Photovoltaic power systems installedon the surfaces of buildings allow the possibilities of combining energyproduction with other functions of the building envelope, includingstructural support, weatherproofing,shading or solar thermal collection.Cost savings through these combinedfunctions can be substantial.Additionally, no high-value land is required, no separate support structure is necessary and electricity

is generated at the point of use. Thislast contributes directly to the buil-ding occupant's electricity require-ments while also avoiding transmis-sion and distribution losses andreducing capital and maintenancecosts for utilities.The integration of the photovoltaicpower system into the architecturaldesign offers more than cost benefits.It also allows the designer to createenvironmentally benign and energyefficient buildings without sacrificingcomfort, aesthetics or economy, andoffers a new and versatile buildingmaterial.Solar photovoltaic electricity cancontribute significantly to reductionsin greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity sector. Lifetime CO2emissions with current photovoltaicpower system technologies are 85 to 94% less than those from coal fired power stations and will be 95 to 97% less with new technologies.Solar photovoltaic electricity can

contribute to improvements in air quality. When it displaces coal firedgeneration, the N0x emissions are typically reduced by 50% and S0xemissions by 90%, making solarphotovoltaic electricity a valuable addition to clean air policies.Solar photovoltaic electricity can assist in securing energy supplies inboth the long-term and short-term.Dispersed photovoltaic power systemsfeeding into electricity distributionnetworks, or operating independently,can provide more reliable electricitysupplies during power outages causedby summer peaks or emergency situations.

IMEC, as a micro-electronicsresearch institute, is a centreof excellence in solar cellsresearch. For its newly builtcafeteria, it has chosen todemonstrate differentmethods of PV systemintegration.Soltech, a spin-off company of IMEC, was at that timedeveloping a technology based on acrylates, for semi-transparent PV modules, and therefore it was chosen to use this type of modules. The PV system is split up into 3 different surfaces: 2 sun shading surfaces abovethe south-oriented windows and 1 semi-transparentatrium glazing.

Each of the sun shadingsurfaces consists of 7x116Wpmodules each 1.2 m2 large.The modules are based on a glass glass sandwichand the distance between themodules is 3cm. The modulesare fixed on a steel structureusing structural glazingcomponents.In the atrium 5PV modules of 130Wp each and 1 module of 84Wp, have been integrated. The semi-transparent modules areintegrated in a doubleinsulating glazing structureand mounted in standardgreenhouse aluminiumprofiles.

Each of the 20 PV modules is connected to the local gridvia a separate module inverterof the type NKF OK4E-100.

IMEC CAFETERIAHEVERLEE

Location Kapeldreef 75, B-3000 LeuvenBuilding function Company restaurantOwner IMECPeak Power 2.38 kWpAnnual Production 1309 kWh/yearPV System sunscreens 16.13 m2,

sunspace roof 7.68 m2Architect Atenco nvEngineering IMECPV system supplier SoltechPV system installer SoltechDate commissioning 1999Overall PV system cost 25000

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ECONOMYPROVIDING THE SERVICES OF TRADITIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS SUCH AS SUN SHADING OR WATERPROOFING, PHOTOVOLTAICS HAVE MORE TO OFFER INCOME GENERATION THROUGH ELECTRICITY SALES!

4 ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR OF BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS

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For customers, photovoltaic power sys-tems offers a range of benefits, which cansignificantly increase the system value.These include providing aestheticallypleasing, non-intrusive, multi-purpose building elements, ensuring supply relia-bility, reducing energy and peak demandcharges and contributing to environmen-tal protection. Building Integrated Photovoltaics represent the combination of provenrenewable power generating technologyand the building exterior using traditio-nal building practices. It means that solarpanels are planned and built along withthe building structure. This combinationbrings benefits such as:

Financial appealcosts are combined for a building material and power generation

Distributed power generationgreater independence and less relianceon centralised fossil fuel power sources

Economies of scaleleverages large inventory of constructedsurface area for renewable power production

Improved real estate valuescapitalise on short and long term property investment

Easy integration to standardconstruction practicecan be retrofitted to existing construction or installed new

No independent support structuresminimise system cost

Hassle-free operationlow to no maintenance with no moving parts

Improved aestheticsavoids the look of being an afterthought or add-on

a winner on any terms

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PHOTOVOLTAICS IN SOCIAL HOUSINGEUROPES LARGEST RESIDENTIAL BUILDING INTEGRATED PV FACADE

Electricity from PV systemcovers part of the electricitydemand for lifts, ventilation,emergency lighting, etc in the building. Additionally, thesolar installation is connec-ted to the public grid to feed the excess electricity notconsumed in the building. With the reconstruction ofthe double tower block dwel-lings, the building ownerwanted

to set a persuasive precedentand showcase possible solu-tions for the future-orientedmanagement of apartmenttower blocks. This is clearlyvisible on the 70-meter highsouth facade with its photo-voltaic installation. Thearchitecturally magnificentPV-design was presented in the frame of the Berlin 21 bridges tothe Solar Age decentralisedproject of the HannoverExpo2000.

Location Helene-Weigel-Platz 6/7, Berlin-Marzahn

Building function Residential buildingOwner Wohnungsbaugesellschaft

Marzahn mbH, Berlin, Architect Becker Gewers Khn und KhnPV system 426m2 south facing panels;

480 modules made of multi-layer safety glass, with 72 multi-crystalline solar cells

Peak Power 48kWpAnnual Production 25,000 kWh /yearCO2 savings 72 tons/yearEnergy savings 4,500/year (corresponding

to an average of 12per apartment)

Overall PV system cost 3.6 MillionDate commissioning 2000

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FAADE INTEGRATED PVA NEW AREA OF INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION CULTURE

To demonstrate that indus-trial buildings can do morethan express the drearinessand coldness of a productioncentre the installation workfor Europes greatest steelfacade had been completedin 2002. ThyssenKrupp Stahlhas ushered in a new indus-trial construction culture eraby means of the reconstruc-tion of this building in whichthe heat fission system isaccommodated. PV ele-

ments, created according to the drafts of a renownedcolour designer, have beenattached to the facade in anundulating design. Matchingtones of green integrate the building very well in the surrounding landscapeand the wave shaped structure forms aninteresting contrast to thestraight lines of modernarchitecture. In this way it meets the demand for aninnovative triad of design,colour and functionality on an industrial building in anattractive fashion: Ecologyfor eyes as stated by theinvolved colour designerFriedrich Ernst von Ganier.

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Location ThyssenKrupp Stahl AG, 47139 Duisburg-Beeckerwerth

Building function Industrial buildingOwner ThyssenKrupp Stahl AG,

GermanyPlanner Mr. MalavasiInstaller CONTECNA, Oberhausen,

GermanyPV system 1004 solar modules

of THYSSEN-Solartec design arranged on 6 southern faades up to 24 metres in height with a pure solar surface area of approx. 1000m2

Peak Power 51.06 kWpAnnual Production 32,130 kWh/aOverall PV system cost 830,000 (includes PV facade

modules, structuring elements, installation work, inverters, cost for grid connection etc.)

Date commissioning May 2002

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In a wordDurable, modular and flexible in use, asdemonstrated by the different case studies in this publication, photovoltaics can replacediverse building elements, from glass faadesto weather proof roofs. Available in many shapes, colours and styles, photovoltaics can be integrated into any project, form high-tech science centres to prestigious heritagebuildings.Versatile, photovoltaics not only produce electricity but can also play an active role in regulating building energy use throughcontrolled shading and transparency.All these qualities make photovoltaics an ideal modern building materiel. What is more, the clean electricity produced byphotovoltaics is particularly suited to ourenergy-hungry but over-polluted world, helping to create responsible, aware consumer-producers.

Further information

The information and examples in this booklet are by no meansexhaustive; further information can be obtained through the PREDAC partners and the PREDAC website:

www.cler.org/predacthe PREDAC web site presents

the results of the PREDAC project

(case studies, snapshot of current

practices, this leaflet is downloadable

for free)

www.hespul.org(in French)

www.apere.org(in French)

www.iea-pvps.orgfor information on building

integrated photovoltaic projects

around the world, the International

Energy Agency PVPS task group

has established a searchable on-line

database with photos and information

about building integrated photovoltaic

projects and constructions.

www.pvportal.coma multi-purpose site with links

to different organisations and

companies across the world

www.demosite.cha website dedicated to photovoltaic

integration productsPREDAC coordinationEmmanuel Poussard (CLER, France)predac@cler.org

WP6 consortiumProject coordinationMelodie de l'Epine (Hespul, France)melodie.delepine@hespul.org

Isabelle Prignot (APERe, Belgium)iprignot@apere.org

Klaus Grepmeier (ZREU, Germany)grepmeier@zreu.de

graphism Atelier des grands pchers

Un projet soutenu par

l'Union Europenne

(www.cordis.lu/fp5)

et l'ADEME (www.ademe.fr),

coordonn par

le CLER (www.cler.org)