paper on post-edsa i songs

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7

L|yec~dg/ Ygjdjdngjg g{ Ngegog Ag8

@g~udv{gam Jca{ljv{}godvgvtca am [g{ocam G}d{dam Ycv{-Lkvg

%Ygylo ag ndagvg vg <{e KOV\ G~{v Fcam~lvv accam Yln! 7</ >97>$

Kgrdk @dfeglo @! Vga H|gaKl Og Vgool \adrl~vd{t-@gadog/ Bdodydac Klyg~{`la{

k``vgah|gaIm`gdo!fc`

Gnv{~gf{ 8

@gegogmg gam mg`ygada am `mg g}d{da vg ygm{g{gog am jgvgtvgtga am `mg

jdo|vgam ygaody|aga g{ am `g{g{gm|`ygt ag gjogvgam-ngtga %Ylcyol Yc}l~$! @|og vg

‟O—Da{l~ag{dcagol‐ am ygakgdmkdmgam jdo|vgam vcvtgodv{g/ ‟Nloog Fdgc‐ am `mg

yg~{dvgacam ga{d-ygvdv{gam D{gotgac/ ‟Gtlvgng`gm}gog—‐ am jdo|vgam jca{~g-gyg~{eldk vg [d`cm Gy~djg/ egammgam vg ‟N~lgk gak ^cvlv‐ g{ ‟Vcodkg~d{t Bc~lrl~‐ am jdo|vgam

|atcadv{g am `mg `gammgmg}gam G`l~djgac g{ ‟Ngtga Jc‐ vg ygageca am Ng{gv

@dod{g~ vg Ydodydagv/ agyg{|agtga ag gam ndvg am `mg g}d{da vg y~lvl~ngvtca am

jgvgtvgtgam-ngtga %ylcyol—v edv{c~t$! Gam Lkvg Ylcyol Yc}l~ D ag agmyg{govdj vg

kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv gt agmo|}go am `g~g d̀am g}d{dam agmndndmgt am dng—{ dngam

yl~vylj{dng edammdo vg {dag{g}gm ag ‟`gygtgygam ~lnco|vtca!‐ Vg mgngt am `mg

jcavly{c edammdo vg jgvgtvgtgam-ngtga %ylcyol—v edv{c~t$ adag K~! Ec}g~k Xdaa g{ K~!

[l~lvd{g Md`lalx-@gflkg/ vdvdyg{da am ygylo ag d{c gam ygakgdmkdmgam ylac`laca am

`mg g}d{dam v|`gvgog d̀a vg jgvgtvgtgam-ngtga |ygam `gdogmgt vg }gv{cam

jca{ljv{c gam ygmogoga{gk am `mg {|ammgodga am `mg `gjg|~dam da{l~lv %fogvv

fca{~gkdf{dcav$ ag `gvdvdyg{ vg {g{ocam g}d{dam ycv{-Lkvg %‟Egakcm am Ydodydac vg

@|akc/‐ ‟Vgtg} vg N|ncm‐ g{ ‟J|`|v{g Ag‐$! Ygmegeg`ndamda kda am ygylo ag d{c gam

`gmjgjgdngam ygagag} am dng—{ dngam |~dam ygaody|aga vg ‟{gm|`ygt‐ g{ ‟jgndm|ga‐ am

Lkvg D |ygam `gjgygm-g`ngm vg ygmogoga{gk vg jge|amjgmga am ~lndvt|adv`cam

edv{c~djgo am `mg octgodv{g am kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv! Ndndmtgam-kdda vg ygylo ag d{c gam

agcnvl~ngegam ygm-d~go am {g{ocam ag`g`gtgadam nl~vtca am jgvgtvgtgam ycv{-Lkvg

D8 l|yec~dg vg kd|`gac—t ‟aga|`ngodj‐ ag kl`cj~gvtg/ ygag}gmga am yg{|oct ag

ygjdjdngjg n|avck am ygmygyg{|oct am `mg yg{gjg~gam vcvtc-ljcac`djc am ydag{govdj

ag kdj{gk|~g vg ygageca am ‟ngmcam kl`cj~gvtg/‐ g{ gam {dydjgo ag ygm-||mgodam



>

‟ngegog ag‐ ag v|`gvgmdvgm ygmygyg{|oct am agjgmdvagam n|egt/ `gt ygjdjdngjg `ga

c }gog/ `gt kdj{gk|~g `ga c }gog! Vg ygamjgogeg{ga/ ogt|ada am ygylo ag d{c ag

mg}dam gfflvvdnol g{ da{loodmdnol vg elal~gvtcam ycv{-Lkvg D gam jgn|o|ega/ jge|o|mga

g{ jca{ljv{cam ygamjgvgtvgtga am {g{ocam g}d{dam ycv{-Lkvg!

qqq

Ygad`|og

Dvgam ygakgdmkdmgam ylac`laca gam ygmodjeg am `mg g}d{dam agm{g{gog am

jgvgtvgtga am `mg jdo|vgam ygaody|aga g{ am `g{g{gm|`ygt ag gjogvgam-ngtga

%Ylcyol Yc}l~ ~lrco{v#|y~dvdamv$! Gam `mg `gjgvgtvgtgam g}d{dam d{c—t ngegmd am

{dag{g}gm ad K~! [l~lvd{g Md`lalx-@gflkg am \adnl~vdkgk am Ydodydagv %7442$ ag ‟`mg{dadm `|og vg dngng‐ ‖ `mg {dadm am c~kdag~tcam `g`g`gtgam o|`gecj vg `mg jdo|vgam

ygaody|aga g{ dng—{ dngam yc~`g am gjogvgam ngtga ag agmndndmgt am go{l~ag{dncam

ygagag} edammdo vg dogam ngegmd am jca{l`yc~g~tcam ‟ydadydam jgvgtvgtga‐ vg md{ag am

jg}goga am y|}gam yg~g ~d{c vg `mg cydvtgo ag n|o}gmga am jgygamtg~dega!

O|`gmgagy `ga c edakd/ yg{|oct `gam dag}d{ am dng—{ dngam elal~gvtca c gmgk kdam

ag}gmod{ vg goggog am `mg agjdngjg/ gam `mg g}d{da am `mg jdo|vgam ygaody|aga g{

`mg gjogvgam-ngtga gt `gjgn|o|egam ngegmd am ‟`mg {dadm am jgvgtvgtgam-ngtga‐

%rcdflv cb ylcyol—v edv{c~t$ ag ‟!!!jg~gad}gam edakd ndagngammd{ vg `mg cydvtgo ag

nl~vtca am jgvgtvgtga/ vg `mg ygam|agedam `dktg/ vg `mg {ljvn|j ag `gkgogv

mg d̀{da/ vg jca{~cogkcam j|o{|~g‐ %Xdaa/ >99;$! Vg`gjg{}dk/ `gogjd gam

ygamgamgdogamga vg ygagagodjvdj edammdo vg `mg g}d{ am `mg jdo|vgam ygaody|aga g{ am

`mg gjogvgam-ngtga!

Agam|am|ag vg {gogga am `mg `gjgvgtvgtgam g}d{ ag ngegmd am ‟`mg {dadm

`|og vg dngng‐ g{ ‟`mg {dadm am jgvgtvgtgam-ngtga‐ gam ‟O—Da{l~ag{dcagol‐ %‟GamDa{l~agvt|agol‐$ am ygakgdmkdmgam jdo|vgam vcvtgodv{g g{ jdo|vgam `gammgmg}g ag

dvda|og{ ad L|måal Yc{{dl~ accam E|atc 69/ 75=7 ndogam {|mca vg gadedogvtca am Yg~dv

Fc``|al %gam jg|ag-|agegam yg`gegoggam ydag`|a|ga am `mg `gammgmg}g vg

n|cam `|akc ag agmdam davyd~gvtca am `mg v|`|ack ag vcvtgodv{g g{ jc`|adv{g$/ g{

adogyg{ga am `|vdjg ad Ydl~~l Klmlt{l~ accam 7555 %Mo|fjv{lda/ >995$! N|jck vg



6

‟Egyyt Nd~{ekgt/‐ ‟O—Da{l~ag{dcagol‐ gam dvg vg `cv{ {~gavog{lk ag g}d{da vg n|cam

kgdmkdm! [|ogk am Ndnodtg/ `gt vgoda vg egocv ogeg{ am }djg gam ‟O—Da{l~ag{dcagol/‐ ngmgt

ag `gyg{|{|agtga vg yg`g`gmd{ga am vd`yolam ygmvdyg{ vg `mg rdklc am dng—{ dngam

nl~vtca ad{c vg Tc|[|nl! Egod`ng}g/ gam Tc|[|nl rdklc ag d{c gt agmogog`ga am

ngegmd am `gedmd{ ;9 nl~vtca am ‟O Da{l~ag{dcagol‐8 e{{y8##}}}!tc|{|nl!fc`#}g{fe3r0`=Y~R{XGM;@!

Yg`gag ag`ga am `mg yg~{dvgac am jdo|vgam ga{d-ygvdv{g vg D{gotg accam Djgog}gam

Kdm`ggam Ygakgdmkdm gam ‟Nloog Fdgc‐ %‟@gmgakgam Kdogm/ Yggog`‐$ ag `gt nl~vtca

kda vg dng—{ dngam }djg mgtg am Lvygatco/ [|~jdve/ Damolv/ G~gndf/ Gol`ga/ @gakg~da/

Bdodydac g{ny! ng{gt vg `mg rdklc ag agjg|yocgk vg Tc|[|nl! Gam ‟Nloog Fdgc‐ gt

{|amjco vg dvgam ml~dotgam %yg~{dvgac$ ga{d-ygvdv{g ag |`ddndm vg dvgam `gmgakgam

kdogm! D{dag{gm|ndoda adtg vg daddndm ag vgjgod `gam `g`g{gt vdtg vg ygjdjdygmognga/

vdtg—t ndmtga am `g~gamgo ag odndam! Vg`ga{gog/ egammgam vg jgvgo|j|tga gt

jca{~cnl~vtgo yg ~da gam ‟Gtlvgng`gm}gog‐ am jdo|vgam jca{~g-gyg~{eldk vg [d`cm

Gy~djg! Ygag}gmga am g}d{dam d{c gam ygmng~do c ygmygvogam am `mg jg{|{|ncam

`g`g`gtgam Gy~djgac vg `mg y|{dam `gagagjcy %‟Ncl~‐$! Dydagmng}go am dvgam

e|jc` vg [d`cm Gy~djg gam ygm-g}d{ ad{c kgedo vg kd|`gac—t eg{l vyllfe gam dogam

ngegmd am g}d{ %@|{gvg/ >977$! [da|{|{|oga am dogam yda|ac am yg~{dkcam Gb~dfga

Ag{dcago Fcam~lvv %GAF$ gam ygmngng}go vgygmjg{ yg~g vg jgadog/ ngegmd am

ygmm|ad{g vg jgadogam `mg ygjdjdngjg gam ygm-g}d{ ad{c vg c~dedago ag jca{ljv{c%Kockoc/ >977$! Vg G`l~djg Og{dag/ dagg}d{ yg ~da gam ‟Lo Y|lnoc \adkc/ Hg`çv Vl~ç

Rlafdkc‐ %‟Gam Agmjgjgdvgam Ngtga gt Edakd @gmgmgyd‐$ ag adodjeg am ngakgam

W|dogygtøa |ygam dygmkd}gam gam {gm|`ygt am `mg `gammgmg}g ag agjgygm-g`ngm

agam `gogjd vg ygmjgegogo ad Vgorgkc~ Goolakl vg Fedol ndogam jg|ag-|agegam

y~lvdkla{lam @g~udv{g vg n|cam `|akc ag ago|jocj vg yg`g`gmd{ga am loljvtca! @gt

nl~vtca d{c vg Bdodydac %‟G}d{ am [gm|`ygt‐ am ngakgam Yg{g{gm$ g{ `g~g`d ygam dngam

}djg!

Vg `mg ydjl{ g{ v{~djl am `mg `gammgmg}g vg Lv{gkcv \adkcv g{ dng ygam

ngavgam m|`gmg`d{ am Damolv gt `g~d~dadm yg ~da gam ‟N~lgk gak ^cvlv‐ g{ ‟Vcodkg~d{t

Bc~lrl~!‐ Dvda|og{ gam {|ogam ‟N~lgk gak ^cvlv‐ %‟[dagygt g{ @mg ^cvgv‐$ accam 7477/

agmdam ycy|og~ ygmjg{gycv am v{~djl vg Og}~lafl/ @gvvgfe|vvl{{v accam 747> ag



;

adoge|jga am `mg ngnglam `gammgmgmg}g c jgtg—t dag c gvg}g am `mg

`gammgmg}g/ g{ adogyg{ga am `|vdjg accam kljgkg =9 %N~gxdoo/ >994$! @|og acca/

agmdam dvg ag d{c vg `mg ycy|og~ ag g}d{da am `mg jdo|vgam |atcadv{g vg G`l~djg!

Dvda|og{ vg yl~vylj{dng am `mg dag c gvg}g am `mg `gammgmg}g/ ygag}gmga am

‟N~lgk gak ^cvlv‐ gam ygjdjdngjg yg~g vg dvgam `gjg{g~|amgam ody|aga j|am vgga

gam jg~gyg{gam `gm{g`gvg am `mg ygam|agedam ygamgamgdogamga %‟n~lgk‐$ g{

jg~gyg{gam `gmjg~cca am `ggtcv/ `gvgtg g{ kdvla{lam yg`|`|egt %‟~cvlv‐$ gt

`gjgjg`{ga ag am ng}g{ {gc!

Mdag`d{ ag`ga am ‟Vcodkg~d{t Bc~lrl~‐ c ‟Ygmjgjgdvg @gmygjgdoga`ga‐ %747<$

gam ed d̀m am ‟Hcea N~c}a—v Nckt‐ ‖ ag vdtg ag`gam ydagm`|oga kda am ed d̀m am

‟Ng{{ol Et`a cb {el ^ly|nodf‐ c ‟Moc~t/ Moc~t Egoolo|hge‐ ‖ |ygam ndmtgam-kdda gamjgegogmgega am `mg |atca vg ygm{g{gm|`ygt am jdo|vgam ygmmg}g g{ am jdo|vgam

vcvtgodv{g ognga vg vdv{l`gam jgyd{godv{g %M~lmc~t/ f! >979$! Accam >977/ nda|jock kda

am ygm-g}d{ am ‟Vcodkg~d{t Bc~lrl~‐ gam `mg `gammgmg}g vg ]dvfcavda kgedo vg `mg

`gadcn~gam jca{~g-|atca ad Mcnl~agkc~ Vfc{{ ]gojl~! Mgtg am ‟N~lgk gak ^cvlv‐ g{

‟Vcodkg~d{t Bc~lrl~/‐ gam ‟]l Vegoo Crl~fc`l‐ %‟[gtc—t @gm{g{gm|`ygt‐$ ag dvda|og{

accam kljgkg ;9 gt agagag{dodam n|egt vg jca{l`yc~g~tcam j|o{|~g! Agmdam ycy|og~

ag g}d{da d{c am `mg {|`|{|{co vg ~gvdv`c am `mg y|{dam G`l~djgac ognga vg `mg

Gy~djgac-G`l~djgac accam kljgkg <9 egammgam 29! Accam Cj{|n~l >977/ vg ygmndvd{g

ad Yl{l Vllml~ %dvgam ycy|og~ ag gj{dndv{gam bcoj vdaml~ vg Lv{gkcv \adkcv$ g{ am

jgatgam `mg jgvg`g vg ydjl{ am jdo|vgam Cff|yt ]goo V{~ll{/ dag}d{ adog gam ‟]l

Vegoo Crl~fc`l‐ %Vgogxg~/ >977$! Gam jdo|vgam Cff|yt ]goo V{~ll{ gt agmvd`|og ndogam

dvgam ocjgo ag y~c{lv{g vg G`l~djg ognga vg ygmdmdam mgadk am `mg `gtgtg`gam

jgyd{godv{g ag n|`|n|c vg {cy 7, am ycy|ogvtca am Lv{gkcv \adkcv! Gtca vg

cff|yt}goov{!c~m %gam ydagjg|ag g{ ydagjgycy|og~ ag }lnvd{l am jdo|vgam Cff|yt ]goo

V{~ll{#C]V$/ ‟gam jdo|vga gt davyd~gkc am `mg ycy|og~ ag gjogvga vg Ledy{c g{ [|advdg

g{ o|`gognga vg ydagjg`gtg`gam 7, am ycy|ogvtca ag agm{g{gjkg am `mg {|a{|ada

am dvgam kd `gjg{g~|amgam ljcac`tgam mocngo•‐ Vg jgvgo|j|tga/ `gt nl~vtca ag

gam jdo|vgam C]V vg egocv ng}g{ ygam|agedam o|amvck g{ vla{~cam ngtga vg n|cam

`|akc!



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Gam ngavgam Ydodydagv gt `gt `mg g}d{dam v|`gvgog`da kda vg jgvgtvgtgam-

ngtga mgtg am {|ogam ‟Ngtga Jc‐ ag dvda|og{ ad Hcvl Fc~gxca ‟E|vlam Ng{|{l‐ kl Hlv|v

accam kljgkg >9 |ygam {|odmvgda gam d`yl~tgodv`cam G`l~djgac ag |`gmg} vg

jgogtgga am jgvdvdogam yg og`gam ag ^ly|nodjg am Ydodydagv/ am|ad{ edmd{ ag agmdam

ycy|og~ ndogam g}d{da am y~c{lv{g vg ygageca am Ng{gv @dod{g~ ag dydag{g} am

kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv `|og 74=> egammgam 7457! Ng{gt vg ygagagodjvdj ad K~! Md`lalx-

@gflkg %7442$/ `g~g`dam g}d{dam ngegmd am jgvgtvgtgam-ngtga gam dvda|og{ am `mg

jgvgyd am o|`gam Yg~{dkc Jc`|adv{g am Ydodydagv c YJY %ag d{dag{gm accam 7469 jgtg

{dag{g}gm kdam YJY-7469$ g{ am Yg~{dkc Vcvtgodv{g am Ydodydagv/ ag kd eg`gj ag `gv

ag|ag yg vg ygmdmdam g}d{ am {|ogam ‟Ngtga Jc!‐ Ng{gt vg `mg vgamm|adgam caodal

mgtg am Yg`ngavg-Kl`cj~g{djcam Ygg~goga c Ygklyg ‖ ag ydag`g`gegogga am

Yg`ngavgam Jgmg}g~ga am Lk|jgvtca am ngmcam Yg~{dkc Jc`|adv{g am Ydodydagv

%edmd{ ag jdogog ndogam Fc``|adv{ Yg~{t cb {el Yedodyydalv c FYY$ ‖ gj{dnc ~da gam

ngmcam Yg~{dkc Jc`|adv{g am Ydodydagv vg ygmodjeg am `mg g}d{dam v|`gvgog`da vg

jgvgtvgtgam-ngtga/ yg~{dj|og~ vg yl~vylj{dng am jgadogam g~`gkcam ~lnco|vtca ag

agmvd`|og accam 7424 vg yg`g`gmd{ga am ygm{g{g{gm am Ngmcam E|jncam Ngtga c

Al} Ylcyol—v G~̀ t %AYG$ gam cydvtgo ag e|jnc am FYY! @g{g{gmy|ga vg

e{{y8##}}}!ygklygcaodal!fc`#daklu!yey#g}d{ gam g~fedrl am dogam g}d{ ag adodjeg am

`mg m~|ycam ygamj|o{|~g am FYY! @gt vg~dod ~dam g~fedrl am ‟`mg g}d{ am ^lnco|vtcamYdodydac‐ gam Bdodydac G~{dv{v bc~ Ag{dcago Kl`cf~gft ag `g{g{gmy|ga ag`ga vg odaj ag

d{c8 e{{y8##~lrvcamv!{~dyck!fc`#! Ng{gt vg mdag}gam ygmngngvg-ngvg am `gagagodjvdj/

}gog ygam jc`y~lelavdncam ygm-gg~go ag jgeg}dm am mdag}g ad K~! Md`lalx-@gflkg

yg~g vg `mg g}d{da am YJY-7469 g{ am Yg~{dkc Vcvtgodv{g am Ydodydagv/ gam agdvgngodjg{

yg~g vg `mg g}d{da am FYY! Mgt|a`ga/ accam 7445 gt dadog{egog am \adrl~vd{t cb {el

Yedodyydalv Y~lvv gam ‟@|cm8 Gam Ag~g{dnc am Jgagt|aga vg @g{gmgogam Kdm`gam

Ngtga vg Ydodydagv‐ ag ydag`g{a|m|{ga ad Mlogfdc M|dool~`c g{ dadegakg am Dav{d{t|{ vg

Ygad{djga g{ Vdadam am Vg`ngtgaga %DYGVG$! Gam ‟@|cm‐ gt ‟jgody|aga am `mg odeg`/

{gogjgtg`n|egt/ {gogg~g}ga/ ~lyc~{gel/ ygagtg`/ yg~gamgo#ygmm|ad{g/ ygn|og/ kgmod/

v|mdogaca %‟j}la{c‐ vg Ndvgtg$/ `gdjodam j}la{c/ g{ ngegmd am acnlog‐ am `mg jgk~l

%yda|ac$ g{ `gvgam ydag`|`|a|ga am FYY ag v|`gvgjog} vg ygagecam `|og 74=>

egammgam 744=!

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2

Gam `mg g}d{dam ngegmd am ‟`mg {dadm `|og vg dngng‐ g{ ‟`mg {dadm am

jgvgtvgtgam ngtga‐ gt jg~gad}gam v|`gvgog`da vg `mg {|ammgodga am `mg |~d %fogvv

fca{~gkdf{dcav$ vg ody|aga/ oga{gk `ga c edakd! Ag~d{c gam dvgam {gogegagtga ag

agmygygjd{g vg {|ammgodga am `mg |~d ag |`dd~go vg `mg agngammd{ ag g}d{da am `mg

jdo|vgam ygaody|aga g{ `mg gjogvgam-ngtga8

G]D[ [\AMMGODGA

‟O—Da{l~ag{dcagol‐ \~dam @gammgmg}g rv! \~dam Jgyd{godv{g

‟Nloog Fdgc‐ Yg~{dvgacam Ga{d-Ygvdv{g rv! Jgyd{godv{gam

Ygvdv{g

‟Gtlvgng`gm}gog—‐ Jg{|{|ncam Gy~djgac rv! Y|{dam

@gagagjcy

‟Vcodkg~d{t Bc~lrl~‐ \~dam @gammgmg}g rv! \~dam Jgyd{godv{g

‟N~lgk gak ̂ cvlv‐ \~dam @gammgmg}g rv! \~dam Jgyd{godv{g

‟]l Vegoo Crl~fc`l‐ Y}l~vgam Ga{d-^gvdv{g %jg~g`deg—t

Gy~djgac-G`l~djgac$ rv! Y}l~vgam

^gvdv{g %jg~g`deg—t G`l~djgacam y|{d$

‟Ngtga Jc‐ Jg{|{|ncam Ycy|ogvtca rv! Kgt|egam

Jcocatgodv{g‟Lo y|lnoc |adkc/ hg`çv vl~ç rlafdkc‐ @mg @gammgmg}g rv! @mg Jgyd{godv{g

Yg|ag}g8 Adodjeg gam {gogegagtga ng{gt vg ygmvdyg{ am `gagagodjvdj vg ot~dfv am `mg

agngammd{ ag g}d{! Edakd d{c gam ygam|agedam {|ca am jgvgo|j|tgam ygagagodjvdj jgtg

dnda|ck og`gam vg dvgam {gogegagtga gam `mg {|ammgodgam |`dd~go vg occn am `mg

agngammd{ ag g}d{da |ygam `gmvdondam o|avg~ga c vy~damncg~k am y~cvlvcam dogogyg{ vg

{ljv{cam gj{}go ag v|v|~dda vg ygagagodjvdj ag d{c %gam {g{ocam g}d{dam ycv{-Lkvg D$!

Egamgk dygjd{g am {gogegagtgam d{c gam ~g{dcagol am ygmogogyg{ am @g~udv{gam

jca{ljv{}godvgvtca vg {g{ocam g}d{dam v|v|~dda!

@l{ckcocedtg

Gam {gm|`ygt am Lkvg Ylcyol Yc}l~ D ag agmyg{govdj vg kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv gt

agmo|}go kda am `g~g`dam g}d{dam ngegmd am jgvgtvgtgam-ngtga ag agmndndmgt am dng—{



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dngam yl~vylj{dng edammdo vg {dag{g}gm ag ‟`gygtgygam ~lnco|vtca‐ mgtg am ‟Egakcm

am Ydodydac vg @|akc‐ am Gyc Edjdam Vcfdl{t/ ‟Vgtg} vg N|ncm‐ am [el Hl~jv g{

‟J|`|v{g Ag‐ am Tgac! Dvgvgdogod` am ygylo ag d{c gam agngammd{ ag {g{ocam g}d{dam

ycv{-Lkvg vg y~cvlvc am @g~udv{gam jca{ljv{}godvgvtca |ygam `gdoga{gk gam `mg

{|ammgodga am `mg `gjg|~dam da{l~lv %fogvv fca{~gkdf{dcav$ ag ag`g`gtgad vg ng}g{

g}d{ am jgvgtvgtgam-ngtga! G~nd{~g~tcam ydadod am `gagagodjvdj gam {g{ocam g}d{dam d{c

kgedo vg agcnvl~ngegam ygmjgjgdng am yl~vylj{dng am `mg d{c! N|jck kd{c/ }gog ygam

`gjgn|o|egam la{~t vg Mccmol Vfecog~ %caodal kg{gngvl am `mg ygagagodjvdj $ edammdo

vg ‟Vgtg} vg N|ncm‐ g{ ‟J|`|v{g Ag‐ am Tgac! Ngmg`g{ `gt dogam ygagagodjvdj ag

gam dvdagmg}g edammdo vg ‟Egakcm am Ydodydac vg @|akc‐ g{ {dagogjgt ag ~da d{c vg

jgogogngv yg og`gam ag ‟@|vdfgo ^lakl~damv cb {el Yedodyydal Ag{dca‐ ad Fe~dv{d-Gaal

Fgv{~c %Cubc~k \adrl~vd{t Y~lvv/ >977$/ }gog vg `mg agngammd{ ag ygm-gg~go gam

m|`g`d{ am ola{lam @g~udv{g vg ygmvdyg{ am `mg agngammd{ ag g}d{da!

]gog yg ~dam {lvdv c kdvl~{gvtca vg `mg agam|am|agam |adnl~vdkgk vg @l{~c

@gadog ag m|`g`d{ am @g~udv{gam jca{ljv{}godvgvtca vg ygmegeg`ndam am {g{ocam

g}d{dam d{c ag `gt luycv|~l ag ~da ag`ga vg `dktgam `gdav{~lg`! Egod`ng}g/ dvgam

nl~vtca am ‟Egakcm am Ydodydac vg @|akc‐ gam dag}d{ agam odrl vg `dvg ngmc dodndam

gam t|`gcam kg{dam Ygam|ocam Fc~gxca F! Gw|dac! Gam ‟J|`|v{g Ag‐ gt mdag`d{

ag`gam ngfjm~c|ak vc|ak am GNV-FNA > vg dvgam y~cm~g`gam agmv|v|~d vg

jgogmgtgam yg`ngavg vg ygagecam `gogyd{ ag gam ygmngvg am ygam|oc vg V{g{l cb

{el Ag{dca Gkk~lvv accam >977! Vg `mg e|odam {gca am kljgkg 49 gt agmdam ycy|og~

kda vg ~gktc gam ‟J|`|v{g Ag!‐ Vg`ga{gog/ ydag{|m{cm ag`ga gam la{~gkgam

dav{~|`la{go am ‟Vgtg} vg N|ncm‐ vg dvgam lkdvtca am Ydact Ndm N~c{el~! Vg

jgvg`ggam-ygogk/ gam luycv|~l am {g{ocam g}d{dam d{c vg `dktgam `gdav{~lg` gt

ygd`ngng} og`gam c v|yl~bdfdgo kgedo gam ‟Egakcm am Ydodydac vg @|akc/‐ ‟J|`|v{g

Ag‐ g{ ‟Vgtg} vg N|ncm‐ gt ‟d{dag{gamego‐ %‟`gkl rdvdnol‐$ ‟am|ad{ gam jgodmd~gam

ygaody|aga g{ yg`y|od{djg vg `g~g`dam jgvc gt daggodv‐ %‟n|{ {el vcfdgo gak ycod{dfgo

ngfjm~c|ak da `cv{ fgvlv dv f|{ c|{‐$/ j|am dogogyg{ vg Ydodydagv gam jgeg}dm ag

cnvl~ngvtca ad Y~cy! @g~dag M~űdadč %>977$ edammdo vg `mg odjegam-vdadam ag `|og vg

kg{dam Nocjlam Vdogamgada#bc~`l~ Lgv{l~a Nocf %`mg ngavg vg Vdogamgam L|~cyg ag



5

kg{dam d`yo|}lavtgkc am \atcam Vcntl{ c \adca cb Vcrdl{ Vcfdgodv{ ^ly|nodf#\VV^$!

Vg`gjg{}dk/ `gjgygm-gg`ngm agam `gogjd gam @g~udv{gam jca{ljv{}godvgvtca |ygam

`gdodm{gv gam `mg `gjgvgtvgtgam g}d{ ag d{c vg agydyda{cam ygmega{cam vg jg}gogam-

jgn|o|ega vg ygagag} am `mg `g`g`gtga %cnvcolvflafl$ g{ ygmjg}gmod{ vg

jcolj{dncam jg`gogtga %aca-~l`l`n~gafl$!

Gam jca{ljv{}godvgvtca gt {|`|{|jct vg ygmo|o|mg~ am dvgam yg~{dj|og~ ag

gjkgam yg`ygad{djga mgtg am {|og/ acnlog c g}d{/ vg ygagecam ydagm`|oga ad{c! Vg

y~cvlvcam d{c—t dadogog~g}ga gam ody|agam agmo|}go vg gjkgam yg`ygad{djga/ yg~{dj|og~

gam `mg jcakdvtcam vcvtc-ljcac d̀jc am `mg `g`g`gtga vg ygagecam dtca!

Godav|ack d{c vg ygagag} ad Ga{cadc M~g`vfd %745<8 77>$ g{ am dng ygam @g~udv{g g{

~lgodv{g ag edakd `ggg~dam ded}gogt gam odjegam-vdadam g{ gam dakdndk}go ag o|`djeg ad{c/vg ody|agam jgatgam ydagm`|oga8 ‟•gam gogmgk am vdadam gt kd og`gam agmv|v|og{ c

agmydyda{g ‖ j|`ngmg/ kd adtg ndadndmtgam-n|egt gam jgatgam d`gedagvtca ‖ yg~g

og`gam vg jgatgam vg~dodam ygm-goggog/ yg~g og`gam jgatgam vg~d}gda gam c~gv am

ygmodjeg! Vdtg—t agmdmdam gogmgk am vdadam og`gam vg yg`g`gmd{ga am jcamj~l{dvgvtca/

cnel{dvgvtca g{ edv{c~dvdvgvtca am jgatgam `mg d`gedagvtca!‐ J|am ygededa{|og{ga

gam ygmogog~c am `mg vgod{g/ `gdn|n|ck gam vdagnd ad M~g`vfd vg yg`g`gmd{ga am

mgad{cam jgdvdyga8 gam d`gedagvtca am dvgam gogmgk am vdadam gt kd vd̀ yolam

d`gedagvtca j|akd dvgam `gadylv{gvtca am d`gel am jgatgam agvtca %c ody|aga$!

Da{l~lvgkc gam `mg @g~udv{g vg jca{ljv{}godvgvtca am `mg gjkgam yg`ygad{djga

mgtg am `mg {|og g{ g}d{ kgedo vg `gygm`|og{ g{ ~lnco|vt|ag~tcam yc{lavtgo am `mg

d{c mgtg am ydag{|{|agtga am yg{|oct ag yg`g`gtgmygm am `mg g}d{da am `mg

jdo|vgam ygaody|aga g{ gjogvgam-ngtga vg jgvgtvgtga am kgdmkdm!

Vg jgadogam jgygage|aga/ gam `mg kgjdogam m|~c am jdo|vgam vcvtgodv{g g{

jc`|adv{g %c @g~udv{g$ ag vdag Jg~o @g~u g{ B~dlk~dfe Lamlov gt jgy}g agmv|og{ am `mgg~{dj|ocam m|`gmg`d{ am jca{ljv{}godvgvtca am `mg gjkgam yg`ygad{djga/ ngmg`g{

gam `mg gjkgam d{c—t kd jgvdamycy|og~ am jgadogam `mg v|og{dam ycod{djgo mgtg am

‟Fc``|adv{ @gadblv{c‐ g{ ‟Kgv Jgyd{go!‐ Egod`ng}g/ vg ‟F~d{dfgo Ac{lv ca {el G~{dfol8

[el Jdam cb Y~|vvdg gak Vcfdgo ^lbc~` Nt g Y~|vvdga‐ %75;;$/ adodag} ad @g~u gam

`lavgelam ga{d-jgyd{godv{g am {|ogam ‟Kdl Vfeolvdvfela ]lnl~‐ c ‟]lgrl~—v Vcam‐



4

%‟G}d{ am @gmegegnd‐$ ad Elda~dfe Eldal! Ygjvg am {|og ad Eldal gam ~lnlotca am `mg

`gammgmg}gam Vdolvdga accam 75;;! Vd B~dlk~dfe Lamlov gam jg|ag-|agegam agmvgoda

vg Damolv am ‟Kdl Vfeolvdvfela ]lnl~‐ %Gve{ca/ >977$! Dvdagoda kda ad Lamlov gam ‟El~~

[dk`gaa‐ %‟Mdaccam [dk`gaa‐$/ dvgam g}d{dam ngtga c bcoj vcam `|og Kla`g~j ag

y|`gygjvg vg ygmyg{gt am dvgam `g{gakgam `gmvgvgjg jgt Mdaccam [dk`gaa/ dvgam

`gygam-gydam ygamdaccam `gto|yg %ogakoc~k$! Vg dvgam v|og{ ag`ga accam Yln~l~c =/

75<2/ dndagod{g ad Lamlov jgt @g~u gam {|amjco vg dvgam ‟`|a{dam g}d{da‐ am `mg

`gammgmg}g vg Yg~dv ag {|`|{|odmvg jgt Agycolca Ncagyg~{l! Gtca jgt Lamlov/ gam

ycy|og~dkgk am agvgndam g}d{da gt lndklavtg am agydyda{cam ygmedag am jgygamtg~dega

ad Ncagyg~{l! Vg dvg ag`gam odeg` jgt El~`gaa Vfeoÿ{l~ accam @gtc 7</ 755</ dadvg-

dvg ad Lamlov gam `mg ~lnco|vt|ag~tcam g}d{da vg jgatgam ygageca %jgndogam ag gam

‟El~~ [dk`gaa‐$! @godag} vg `mg egod`ng}gam d{c ag `dv`cam vdag @g~u g{ Lamlov gt

agmndmgt-kdda vg jgegogmgega am jca{ljv{}godvgvtca am `mg gjkgam yg`ygad{djga!

N|jck vg ygmogoga{gk vg `mg {|ammgodgam ygaody|aga vg {g{ocam g}d{dam ycv{-

Lkvg/ ygmegeg`ndamda kda am ygylo ag d{c gam `gmjgjgdngam ygagag} am dng—{ dngam

|~dam ygaody|aga vg ‟{gm|`ygt‐ g{ ‟jgndm|ga‐ am Lkvg D |ygam `gjgygm-g`ngm vg

ygmogoga{gk vg jge|amjgmga %l`y{dalvvv$ g{ jge|amegamga %bcoot$ am ~lndvt|adv`cam

edv{c~djgo am `mg octgodv{g am kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv! Ndndmtgam-kdda vg ygylo ag d{c gam

agcnvl~ngegam ygm-d~go am {g{ocam ag`g`gtgadam nl~vtca am jgvgtvgtgam ycv{-Lkvg

D8 l|yec~dg vg kd|`gac—t ‟aga|`ngodj‐ ag kl`cj~gvtg/ ygag}gmga am yg{|oct ag

ygjdjdngjg n|avck am ygmygyg{|oct am `mg yg{gjg~gam vcvtc-ljcac`djc am ydag{govdj

ag kdj{gk|~g vg ygageca am ‟ngmcam kl`cj~gvtg/‐ g{ gam {dydjgo ag ygm-||mgodam

‟ngegog ag‐ ag v|`gvgmdvgm vg ygmygyg{|oct am agjgmdvagam n|egt/ `gt ygjdjdngjg

`ga c }gog/ `gt kdj{gk|~g `ga c }gog! Daggvgegam `gmdmdam gfflvvdnol g{ da{loodmdnol

vg elal~gvtcam ycv{-Lkvg D gam jgn|o|ega/ jge|o|mga g{ jca{ljv{cam

ygamjgvgtvgtga am {g{ocam g}d{dam ycv{-Lkvg vg yg`g`gmd{ga am ygm-gg~go ag d{c!

@ckloc am ygagagodjvdj ag d{c gam dadod`ngm ag ygagagodjvdj ad K~! Md`lalx-Gngk ag

ydag`gmg{gam ‟@mg [dadm @|og vg Dngng8 Jgvgtvgtga am Yg~{dkc Jc`|adv{g am

Ydodydagv g{ Yg~{dkc Vcvdgodv{g am Ydodydagv vg G}d{/ 7469-74<<‐ %7442$/ gam gjog{ adag K~!

Ec}g~k Xdaa g{ Ga{ecat G~acrl ag ‟Rcdflv cb g Ylcyolv Edv{c~t cb {el \ad{lk V{g{lv ‐



79

%>99;$ g{ gam gjog{ ad ^cnndl Odnl~`ga ag ‟@t Vcam Dv @t ]lgyca8 Ylcyol—v Vcamv/

G`l~dfga Fc``|adv`/ gak [el Ycod{dfv cb F|o{|~l/ 7469-74<9‐ %744<$! Ocedjgo ag

ygmygyg{|oct ~da d{c am ygylo ag ‟Gam Ngmcam Ody|aga/ 74=>-74528 Dvgam Ygad`|ogam

Ygm-gg~go vg @|vdjg g{ Ody|aga‐ ad Y~cy! ^g|o Agrg~~c am \adnl~vdkgk am Ydodydagv

%>995$!

J}la{c vg Odjck am @mg G}d{8 Gam @mg @gt-gjkg g{ Gam Jgadogam ‟Y|od{djg‐

Gam ‟Egakcm am Ydodydac vg @|akc‐ gt adodjeg am ngakgam Gyc Edjdam Vcfdl{t

%Gyc$! Gycodag~dc @gndad Edjdam Vcfdl{t gam c~dedago ag ygamgoga am ygamjg{ ag agam

`gmvd`|og—t `gt `gedmd{ 79 `dtl`n~c %Ocog~mg/ >99>$! M~gk|g{l am G{lalc kl @gadog

\adrl~vd{t gam {g{ocam agm{gmgo ag `dtl`n~c am Gyc ‖ vd Hd` Yg~lklv/ Ncnct Mg~crdooc

g{ Kgaat Hgrdl~! Ng{gt vg egogmg am {djl{ vg `mg fcafl~{ am Gyc `|og accam kljgkg

=9 egammgam accam >994 g{ vg yg{|oct ag ycy|og~dkgk am jgadogam `mg vdjg{ ag g}d{da/

edakd jgogndvgam vgndedam `g{gm|`ygt gam `gdav{~lg` vdamdam fg~ll~ am Gyc! Gam

fcafl~{ adog ag ydag`gmg{gam ‟GYC Jgtgam-Jgtg Yg/‐ accam >994 gt `gt y~dfl ~gaml

ag 7/999 egammgam >/999 ydvc %Oc/ >994$! Gtca `dv`c jgt Hgrdl~/ vg ygageca am

kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv/ `gt `mg fcafl~{ vdog vg `mg ec{lo ngoo~cc` ag gam y~dfl ~gaml gt

7/>99 egammgam >/<99 ydvc %Ocog~mg/ >99>$! Gam ycy|og~dkgk am jgadogam `mg g}d{da gt

ydag{|agtga am ygmogogngv accam >992 am ‟Jg`d aGYC @|ag/‐ dvgam goo-v{g~ {~dn|{l

gon|` ag agmogog`ga am fcrl~ am `mg vdjg{ ag jga{g am Gyc! J|am dvgvggogam-gogam

gam `g{gm|`ygt adogam `gdav{~lg` vdamdam fg~ll~/ `gvgvgndam jgndogam vdog vg |yyl~

vlm`la{ am yl{dn|~mlvtg %c `gv `g{ggv yg$!

]gogam darcorl`la{ vg ga|`gam c~mgadvgvtcam gj{dndv{g gam Gyc ndogam dvgam

ygamjg{/ ngmg`g{ gj{dnc d{cam {|`|ocam vg y~cygmgakgam ga{d-@g~fcv vg

yg`g`gmd{ga am `mg vg{d~djgo ag jcavtl~{c ygmjg{gycv am gvgvdagvtca vg dvg vg `mg

odkl~ am cycvdvtca ag vd Vla! Nladmac ‟Adact‐ Gw|dac/ H~! %Fgyg~gv/ >99;$! O|`gecj

kda vg `mg jdocv-y~c{lv{gam ga{d-@g~fcv g{ vg Lkvg Ylcyol Yc}l~ D gam {g{ocam jgvgyd

am Gyc %Ocog~mg/ >99> g{ Fedam/ >977$! Vd Hgrdl~ gt dvg ~da vg `mg ygam|agedam

fcarlac~ am Jcam~lvc am @g`g`gtgam Ydodydac DD c Jc`ydo DD! Gam Jc`ydo DD gt dvgam

c~mgadvgvtcam `|o{dvlj{c~go ag d{dagtc vg ogt|adam ygmjgdvgeda gam `mg dakdndk}go g{



77

ygamjg{ ag agagag}gmga am ygmndnd{d} c ygmygyg{govdj vg y}lv{c am acc—t Ygam|ocam

Hcvlye Lhl~fd{c Lv{~gkg %gam Jc`ydo D gt nda|c ag`ga vg ygageca am kdj{gk|~gam

@g~fcv$! Dav{~|`la{go gam Jc`ydo DD vg {gm|`ygt am Lkvg Kcv#DD ag agmyg{govdj jgt

Lv{~gkg accam >997! O|`gecj vg Lkvg DD vdag Yg~lklv g{ Hgrdl~ %Fgyg~gv/ >99;$!

Ng{gt vg jgatgam `mg ygegtgm vg y|nodjc/ vd Yg~lklv gt dvg ~dam gj{dndv{gam ga{d-

Moc~dg @gfgygmgo-G~~ctc! Accam loljvtcam y~lvdklavtgo am >979/ yc~`go ag

dydagegtgm am Gyc gam jgadogam ygmv|yc~{g vg jgakdkg{|~g am acc—t Vlagkc~ Nladmac

Vd`lca ‟Actact‐ F! Gw|dac DDD vg yg`g`gmd{ga am jgadogam jge|od-e|odegam fcafl~{

ndogam m~|yc ag dvdagmg}g accam @gtc >979 vg @|vdf @|vl|` vg M~llaedoov %@gogogk/

>979$! [da|ok|jga adag Hgrdl~/ Yg~lklv g{ Mg~crdooc gam gyg{ ag kljgkgam ygm-g}d{ am

Gyc ndogam m~|yc vg g~g} ag dtca!

Vg`ga{gog/ `mg gj{dndv{g ag`ga gam n|`|n|c am [el Hl~jv/ gam ngakgam

o|`djeg vg g}d{dam ‟Vgtg} vg N|ncm!‐ Gj{dnc vg jdo|vgam ga{d-Moc~dg gam [el Hl~jv!

Gam ncjgodv{g g{ ygam|agedam md{g~dv{g am ngakg ag vd Fedjct Y|~g jgvg`g gam doga

ygam `dtl`n~c am [el Hl~jv gt {|`|{|m{cm yg ~da egammgam amgtca vg `mg jdocv-

y~c{lv{g am `mg gj{dndv{gam m~|yc/ ng{gt vg `mg ngod{g vg ygegtgmga g{ vg gj{}go ag

ygmvgjvd am `gagagodjvdj! Ydag{|{|agtga d{c am `mg rdklc am jgadogam ygm{g{gamego vg

`mg agvgndam y~c{lv{g ag `gjdjd{g vg }}}!g~jdncamngtga!c~m! Ydagjge|odam nlvlv ag

ag agjd{g am `gagagodjvdj vd Fedjct Y|~g vg ‟Vcag am Ngtga >977/‐ dvgam ~god `gogyd{

vg Ng{gvgam Yg`ngavg vg O|amvck am W|lxca ag jgvgngt am jg|ag-|agegam V{g{l cb

{el Ag{dca Gkk~lvv#VCAG ad Ygam|ocam Actact Gw|dac! [gegv ag ycod{djgo gam

adogog`ga am jg~g`dega vg dng ygam g}d{ am [el Hl~jv!

Adodjeg ag`ga am ngakgam Tgac gam ‟J|`|v{g Ag!‐ Vd Kcam Gngt gam ncjgodv{g

am Tgac ag amgtc—t kdvngaklk ag! Vd Kcam gt m~gk|g{l am \adnl~vdkgk am Ydodydagv ag

dvg vg `mg ygg~gogam d{da|{|~dam ag ngo}g~{l am gj{dndv`c! Gtca vg @|o{dyot vd{l amngakgam Yg{g{gm %e{{y8##yg{g{gm!`|o{dyot!fc`#hc|~ago#d{l`#;#Odv{ScbSYg{g{gmS@l`nl~vS745;-744>$/ vd Kcam g{ gam dvg

yg vg {g{ocam c~dedago ag `dtl`n~c am Tgac gt `mg kg{dam jgvgyd am Yg{g{gm/ dvgam

y~cm~lvdncam ngakg ag jdogog kgedo vg jgadogam `mg g}d{dam {gegv ag ycod{djgo ag

o|`gmgagy vd`|og accam `mg e|odam {gca am kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv! @g~g`dam g}d{da am

Tgac gam `gt `lavgelam ygaody|aga g{ yg`y|od{djg mgtg am ‟[~gyc/‐ ‟Lvl`‐ g{

http://www.arkibongbayan.org/

http://patatag.multiply.com/journal/item/4/List_of_Patatag_Members_1984-1992

http://www.arkibongbayan.org/

http://patatag.multiply.com/journal/item/4/List_of_Patatag_Members_1984-1992



7>

‟@fHc!‐ N|jck kd{c/ mgtg ad Fedfjct Y|~g/ ngegmd ~da am jdo|vgam ga{d-Moc~dg vd Kcam

Gngt!

Vg jgn||ga/ `gt kd~lj{gam jcaljvtca vg `mg c~kdag~tcam `g`g`gtga gam

Gyc/ [el Hl~jv g{ Tgac kgedo vg jgadogam ygmogecj vg `mg jdocv-y~c{lv{g/ ygm{|m{cm vg

`mg jdocv-y~c{lv{g g{ ygmodjeg am g}d{dam v|`gvgog`da vg `mg ygjdjdngjg am

`g`g`gtga! Mgt|a`ga/ vg {g{ocam ngakg/ edmd{ ag oga{gk g{ `godag} gam jcaljvtca

am [el Hl~jv vg `gvg kgedo vg yg{|oct ad{cam ygmogecj vg `mg jca{l`yc~g~tcam jdocv-

y~c{lv{g am `mg gj{dndv{gam m~|yc! Gam mgad{cam jcaljvtca %c gam jgj|ogamga ad{c$

gam e|`|ncm vg ygmjgjgdng-dng am yl~vylj{dng am {g{ocam ngakg vg ygm-d~go am

{|ammgodga am `mg |~dam ygaody|aga/ g{ vg jdagedag{aga am Lkvg D!

[|ammgodga am @mg \~d8 Vg Dogod` am Jg~yl{g/ Vg Dngng} am @lvg g{ Vg Jgovgkg

Vg ‟Egakcm am Ydodydac vg @|akc‐ am Gyc ag dvda|og{ vg |agam ygag|ega c bd~v{

yl~vca %m|`gmg`d{ am ‟jc‐$ {dog dvdaga{gnd gam ygm-d~go am {|ammgodga am `mg |~d vg

ody|agam Ydodydac gogam-gogam vg ygmjgjgdvg am `mg y}l~vgam jca{~g-kdj{gk|~g ag ‟—kd

ag‐ ‟ygygtgm‐ ag ‟`g}gog‐ ygam `|od c jgtg—t ‟`gng}d‐ gam ‟jgogtgga‐ ag ‟jgt{gmgo

ag{dam `d{ed!‐ Yg~g vg Gyc/ gam ‟`gygtgygam yg~ggam ygmngngmc‐ gt `gjgjg`{ga

‟ngv{g—{ `gmjgdvg {gtcam ogeg{!‐ Vg ygagag} am Gyc/ gam Lkvg gt dvgam gjogvgamv|y~gfogvv/ dvgam ygm-ggovgam ga{d-kdj{gk|~g og`gam/ }gogam |~dam ag`g`gtgad c

agmygyg{gjnc am `mg ygamtgtg~d/ gam jgg}gt gt gam kdj{gk|~g og`gam8 ‟@gvkga gam

agmgmgagy vg g`dam ngtga#@gmjgvg`g agam `ged~gy g{ `gtg`ga#Jgyd{-ndvdm `gk~l/

yg~d/ g{ v|akgoc#Agmdam Ogamd{ d{cam ngegmd am `|akc!‐ Vg`gjg{}dk/ {dog dydagdogod` am

Gyc vg jg~yl{g c fg~yl{ %‟v}ly{ |akl~ {el ~|m/‐ vgnd amg vg ‟]el~l dv {el Ocrl‐ am

Nogfj-Ltlk Ylgv $ am ygag}gmgam kl`cj~gvtg ognga vg kdj{gk|~g gam ygm-d~go am

{|ammgodga am `mg |~d %`gmvgvgjg g{ `g~god{gam {gmgo|avck rl~v|v ygamdaccam

`gto|yg#ogakoc~k g{#c ogakm~gnnl~ : `gammgmg}g rl~v|v jgyd{godv{g: v|akgocam

`l~vlag~tc am kdj{gk|~g rl~v|v `mg gj{dndv{gam ga{d-kdj{gk|~g$! Kgyg{ ndmtgam-kdda ag

gam kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv gt dvgam ~led̀ lam {gegv ag agmdam jgjg`yd am `mg

ygamdaccam `gto|yg/ jgyd{godv{g g{ny! jgtg ag`ga {dag}gm ad Nlalkdf{ Gakl~vca

%745=$ vd @g~fcv ag ‟v|y~l`l fgfdw|l!‐ Gam ‟fgfdw|l‐ gt {l~ d̀acam



76

agamgamge|o|mgam ‟ygamdacca/‐ ‟ncvv‐ c ‟g`c!‐ Ndogam ‟v|y~l`l fgfdw|l/‐ }gogam

mdag}g gam kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv j|akd dygmyg{|oct gam `mg yg{gjg~gam vcvtc-

ljcac d̀jc am `mg agmkggam gk`dadv{~gvtca ag }gogam dng j|akd ygm-gjd{ vg

kgt|egam yg`|`|e|aga %bc~ldma darlv{`la{$/ ygmjg{god vg gm~dj|o{|~g/ jg}goga am

dak|v{~dtgodvgvtca/ ygmygygag{dod am jg}goga am o|yg %ogakolvvalvv$ am `mg

`gmvgvgjg g{ ygmygygogog am jged~gyga am `mg c~kdag~tcam `g`g`gtga egngam

agmndndmgt am dogam jcavlvtca vg jgy}g lod{l! @gjgn|o|egam vdydda vg c~dedago gam

cnvl~ngvtca am G`l~djgacam ljcac`dv{g ag vd Y~cy! Hg`lv J! Nctfl %7446$ edammdo vg

vd{}gvtca am Ydodydagv vg ygageca am kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv8 ‟ Go{ec|me yl~ fgyd{g dafc`l

da {el Yedodyydalv ~cvl nl{}lla {el lg~ot 7429v gak {el `dk-7459v/ {el dafc`lv cb {el

fc|a{~t—v ycc~ `ghc~d{t klfodalk! ^lgo }gmlv bloo veg~yot da nc{e ~|~go gak |~nga g~lgv/

lrla da yl~dckv }ela {el fc|a{~t }gv luyl~dlafdam ~log{drlot ~gydk m~c}{e da ag{dcago

dafc`l•Lw|d{t }gv ac{ ―{~gklk cbb— bc~ m~c}{e da {el Yedodyydalv! ^g{el~/ nc{e }l~l

vgf~dbdflk {c g {lfeacf~g{df klrlocy`la{ v{~g{lmt }lkklk {c ga |ah|v{ ycod{dfgo gak

lfcac`df c~kl~!‐ Adodag} ~da ad Nctfl ag e|amjgm %l`y{t$ g{ `gjg-v{g{|v w|c gam

y~cm~g`gam ygam-ljcac`tg am kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv/ ngmgt ag ogocam agmygyg{dngt vg

jgatgam mg`ygada ndogam ‟v|y~l`l fgfdw|l‐ 8 ‟[el {lfeacf~g{v }ec bc~̀ |og{lk

Yedodyydal klrlocy`la{ v{~g{lmt |akl~ Y~lvdkla{ @g~fcv kdk ac{ fegoolaml {el fc|a{~t—v

dalmgod{g~dga lfcac`df gak ycod{dfgo c~kl~!‐ Edakd agjdagngam gam `mg c~kdag~tcam`g`g`gtga vg `mg vdagvgndam ‟nlalydvtc‐ vg dogod` am kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv jgtg

edakd jg{gjg-{gjgam gam {|ammgodgam `gtg`ga rl~v|v `ged~gy/ jgyd{godv{g rl~v|v

`gammgmg}g g{ny! gt |`d~go vg ygagecam dtca vg gatc am `mg jdocv-y~c{lv{g/ ydjl{ g{

v{~djl am `mg `gammgmg}g/ `g~god{gam {gmgo|avck %|~nga ycc~$ g{ `mg `gmvgvgjg vg

ygam|am|ag am `mg y}l~vg vg Jgod}g %Olb{$! Dvgam lndklavtg am ygm-d~go am {|ammgodga

am `mg |~d vg ygageca am kdj{gk|~g gam ygmngng}go ad @g~fcv vg `mg v{~djl am `mg

`gammgmg}g g{ dng ygam |~d am y~c{lv{g agam dkljog~g gam Ng{gv @dod{g~! Vg jgndog am

cydvtgo ag ygmngng}go/ `g~g`dam kl`cav{~gvtca am `mg `gammgmg}g yg~g vg `gv

`g{ggv ag vgeck/ am `mg `gmvgvgjg yg~g vg ~lyc~`g vg o|yg/ am `mg jg{|{|nc ognga

vg ygamgamg`jg` am jgadogam `mg o|ygda/ g{ am `mg gj{dndv{gam agm{g{gm|tck am

jg~gyg{gam yga{gc ognga vg `mg ygam-ggn|vc am kdj{gk|~g gam agd{gog vg dogod` am

~led`lam @g~fcv %^cflv/ >99;$!



7;

Vg ygageca am kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv gt agmvd`|ogam o|`gjgv gam jdo|vgam

jc`|adv{g ag nda|n|c am Fc``|adv{ Yg~{t cb {el Yedodyydalv %FYY$ g{ am e|jnc ad{c ag

{dag{g}gm ag Al} Ylcyol—v G~`t %AYG$! Gtca jgt K~! Kgrdk V{ldanl~m %745=$8 ‟@g~fcv

}ec egk fd{lk {el fc``|adv{ {e~lg{ gv {el h|v{dbdfg{dca bc~ @g~{dgo Og}/ }gv {el nlv{

~lf~|d{l~ {el AYG fc|ok egrl egk! Edv `dv`gagml`la{ cb {el lfcac`t/ edv m~llk gak

{el m~llk cb edv gvvcfdg{lv/ gak {el m~c}dam fca{~gkdf{dcav cb Yedodyydal vcfdl{t k~l}

{el e|am~t/ ec`lolvv/ gak ecylolvv {c {el AYG!‐ Aggjd{ gam `g~g`dam `g`g`gtga vg

FYY g{ AYG kgedo vg ygmndndmgt ad{c am go{l~ag{dnc vg kd `gjg{g~|amgam vdv{l`g vg

dogod` am kdj{gk|~g ag y|`gygnc~ vg dogam vlj{c~ og`gam am lod{l/ dvgam vdv{l`g ag

{dagm|~dgam ‟f~cat fgyd{godv`‐ %Gndagolv g{ G`c~cvc/ >99<$!

[dog jdagod`|{ga kda am Gyc ag jg~g`dega vg `mg `gtgtg`ga gt agag{dodamjgvgn}g{ am kdj{gk|~g egammgam vg `gmdam `gog}gj ag `gog}gj ag gam y~c{lv{gam

ga{d-kdj{gk|~g am `gvgam Ydodydac! Jg{|agtga/ gam gvgvdagvtca og`gam ad Vlagkc~

Nladmac ‟Adact‐ Gw|dac/ H~! gam agmdam {d{dv %vyg~j$ am `gog}gjgam ygm-gngakcag am

ygammd{agam |~d vg jgo|av|~ga %|~nga `dkkol fogvv$ g{ lod{l vg kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv

%Gndagolv g{ G`c~cvc/ >99<$! Vg`gjg{}dk/ jgy|ag-y|ag gam ygmvgvga{gnd am

‟Egakcm am Ydodydac vg @|akc‐ vg {|ammgodga am `mg |~d ag `godag} ag |`d~go g{

|`dd~go yg ~da egammgam amgtca! ‟Ngmvgj‐ vg ola{lam @g~udv{g gam ‟Egakcm am Ydodydac

vg @|akc‐ kgedo dydagogogmgagy ad{c gam dvgam od`d{gkcam ygagag} ag `gt ygmjg-

|{cytgac %|{cydga$ j|am vgga daggjgogam gam da{l~lv am agmegeg~dam |~d g{

ydagmegeg~dgam |~d gt `ggg~dam `gmdam ddvg {|amc vg ygm-|aogk am ngavg!

Vg`ga{gog/ `gt yged}g{dm gam ‟Vgtg} vg N|ncm‐ am [el Hl~jv edammdo vg ygm-

d~go am {|ammgodga am `mg |~d vg ygageca am Lkvg D ag d{da|{|~dam ad{cam ‟ygogngv ag

`c~c-`c~c/‐ dvgam jgk|kg-k|kgam jgmgagyga vg jgadogam ygadamda %‟d{c jgtg gt

{c{cc3‐$ jgtg ag`ga d{dag{gacam adog j|am yg~g ‟jgadac‐ gam vdagvgndam ‟ygmngngmc‐vg Lkvg! Agvg g}d{ `dv`c ‖ vg |agam vgjacam ‖ gam vgmc{ vg jgadogam vg~dodam {gacam!

‟N|`geg am ygamgjc‐ vg ygageca am Lkvg am|ad{ ‟{|oct vg ygmjgjgygjc‐ gam `mg

`g`g`gtgam Ydodydac ‖ ‟`gt |{gam yg{d gyc‐ kgedo vg ygm{|{co am y|`god{ vg kdj{gkc~

vg ygag}gmgam kln{ ~ly|kdg{dca vg `mg da|{gam am kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv! Vg dvt| am

~lyc~`g vg o|yg %yg`g`gegmd am o|yg vg `mg {gmgn|amjgo c ogak {c {el {dool~ $/ adodag}



7<

am ‟Vgtg} vg N|ncm‐ ag ‟{|oct gam odmgtg vg dng{ dngam egfdlakg‐ kgedo gam `mg

ygamdaccam `gto|yg c `mg ogakoc~k %mgtg am ygam|ocam y|`god{ vg kdj{gkc~$ gt

ygamdacca yg ~da ‖ edakd yg mgagy ag agdyg{|{|ygk gam yg`g`gegmd am o|yg vg `mg

agmn|n|amjgo ad{c ‖ jgtg ag`ga gam `mg ‟`gammgmg}g{/ `gmvgvgjg‐ gt

‟j|`gjgog`‐ yg ~da ‟gam vdj`|~g!‐ Kgyg{ ndmtgam-kdda ag gam ‟~lyc~`g vg o|yg‐ am

kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv g{ am |agam gk d̀adv{~gvtcam Gw|dac gt jgy}g edakd agmdam

`g{gm|`ygt mgtg am ydag{|{|agtga am ygmjgjg~cca am Fc`y~lelavdrl Gm~g~dga

^lbc~` Y~cm~g` Lu{lavdca }d{e ^lbc~`v %FG^YL^$ vg dogod` am gk d̀adv{~gvtcam

@gfgygmgo-G~~ctc g{ djgog}gam gk`dadv{~gvtcam Gw|dac! Jg{|agtga/ d{da|{|ogj kda am

dogam gj{dndv{gam m~|yc gam ygmvgvgng{gv am `gv ~gkdjgo ag Mla|dal Gm~g~dga ^lbc~`

Ndoo %MG^N$! J|am agm{gm|`ygt gam y~cm~g`g vg ~lyc~`g vg o|yg am kdj{gk|~gam

@g~fcv g{ am |agam gk`dadv{~gvtcam Gw|dac/ edakd ag jgjgdogamgada yg gam FG^YL^ c

jgtg—t gam MG^N!

Agadad}gog gam [el Hl~jv/ mgtg ad Gakl~vca ag gk`dadv{~gvtcam ‟fgfdw|l‐ ~da

gam |agam ~led`lam Gw|dac {|ogk am kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv jgtg }gogam agmngmc vg

jgogmgtga am `mg vd`yolam `g`g`gtga ygmjg{gycv am Lkvg D! Mgad{c ~da gam

ydag{|{|agtga am jc`y~lelavdncam ygm{gogjgt ad Flfdodc [! G~dooc %>999$ vg jgogmgtga

am ngavg vg dogod` am kgog}gam ~led`lam ycv{-Lkvg D %|agam gk`dadv{~gvtcam Gw|dac

g{ gk`dadv{~gvtcam ^g`cv$ vg yg`g`gmd{ga am gjog{ ag ‟M~llk gak Nl{~gtgo!‐ Gam

{gegv ag ygmndndmgt-kdda am [el Hl~jv vg `mg dvt|am vcvtc-ljcac`djc %|{gam/

~lyc~`g vg o|yg/ ‟agjg}ga‐ g{ ‟jg~gegvga‐$ ag edakd ag~lvcong am Lkvg D gt dvgam

ygm{g{gamjgam dngodj ‟vg dngng} am `lvg‐ ‖ vg gktlakg am yg`gegoggam agjg|yc vg

jgndvl~g g{ vg gktlakg `dv`c am `mg `g`g`gtgam {dog ‟agmogogjgk agam {|ocm‐ jgtg

ag`ga ‟{dtgj ag `g||`ycm/‐ `gk|k|~cm vg ygmngngammgga am dng—{ dngam y}l~vgam

y|od{djgo ‖ gam `mg |vgydam agjgggylj{c vg n|egt am `mg c~kdag~tcam `g`g`gtga

ag vdtgam agmndmgt-jgygamtg~dega vg ndvg g{ {gm|`ygt am Lkvg D! Ydag{damjgk am [el

Hl~jv gam ‟ygamgamgog`ygm‐ c ‟ygammdmdvdam‐ vg jg`gogtga am `mg `g`g`gtga g{

am yg`gegogga vg yg`g`gmd{ga am ygmmg`d{ am g}d{ vg djg{ocam ygag|ega c {ed~k

yl~vca ag gj`gam-gj`g jgygm gam ogt|ad—t dog~g}ga gam jgvgo|j|tgam jgogmgtga am



72

ody|aga %mgtg am jg~gad}gam ygagagodjvdj ag m|`gmg`d{ am yg~ggam klvj~dy{dnc ag

|`dd}gv vg ygmmg`d{ am ‟gjc‐ |ygam edmd{ ag `gmdam {|acm-g}{c~d{g{dnc$!

Edakd ~da oga{gk gam ygmngammd{ am ‟J|`|v{g Ag‐ vg {|ammgodga am `mg |~d!

Dvda|og{ d{c vg djgog}gam ygag|ega c vlfcak yl~vca ag agm{g{gamjgam

`gjdygmkgtgocmc vg dvgam jgogecj vg Lkvg D %gam {gcam `gt edog-edogam jg~d{ca$! Gam

jg~d{ca gt vd`ncoc am ygmkg~god{g vg Ydodydagv %d{c gam v{l~lc{tydfgo ag mg`d{ am `mg

`gmngngjgo-nc{l ag jgjg~g`yc{ ogam gam jd{g vg ygmndod g{ ygmndndod#ygmnlnla{g am

`mg h|aj#vf~gy$! Vg `mg agjg~ggam {gca/ gam jg~d{ca gt vd`ncoc ag ~da am jg}goga am

{d~gega c ec`lolvvalvv8 gam `mg }gogam `g{d~ega gt vg jg~d{ca {|`d{d~g/ kgog-kgog gam

jgjg|a{d adogam g~d-g~dga! @godag} j|am mgtca/ ag vg ygagag} am v|`|og{ am ‟J|`|v{g

Ag/‐ gam Lkvg D gt dvgam ygm-ggovgam adoge|jga am `g~g`dam `geded~gy/ jgtg amgdvgam `ged~gy/ dvgam {gcam `gt edog-edogam jg~d{ca gam ydadodam ‟j|`|v{geda‐ am Tgac/

dogam {gca ygmjg{gycv am ‟`gygtgygam ~lnco|vtca!‐ Kljgkg 49 ag agam dv|og{ gam

‟J|`|v{g Ag‐ jgtg vg ygagecam dtca/ `gt kgedoga gam Tgac ag d{gacam vg {gcam `gt

jg~d{ca j|am ‟j|`|v{g ag‐ vdtg g{ j|am ‟gtcv yg ng gam n|egt ag{da/‐ j|am ‟jgtg yg ng‐

am `gt jg~d{ca ag `gmyg{|oct vg ygmogogjngt vg n|egt ag {dog }gog ag`gam

dydagmngmc dogam {gca ygmjg{gycv am ‟~lnco|vtca!‐

Ogocam {|`damjgk gam ygm-d~go am {|ammgodga am `mg |~d vg cnvl~ngvtca am

Tgac ag ‟agjd{g jd{g %gam {gcam jg|vgy ag kg{d—t o|`gecj vg Lkvg$ jgegyca#`gt edog-

edogam jg~d{ca#e|`da{c vg `gt ^cndavca#{|`gamg n|cam `gmegyca#vdjg{ jg acca vg

[R#jgvl/ jgvg`g jg kcca vg ~god#yl~c amgtc—t agm-ddvg#agmogogjgk vg `gt Lkvg!‐

Agmogogjgk yg ~da vg Lkvg gam {gcam `gt jg~d{ca ‖ gam vd`ncoc am `mg c~kdag~tcam

`g`g`gtga ag agad}gog vg ygamgjc am Lkvg ‖ am|ad{ dogam {gca ygmjg{gycv am

‟~lnco|vtca/‐ `gm-dvg ag og`gam vdtg g{ {dog dad}ga %c agygm-d}gaga$ ag am `mg

‟`gtg`ga‐ ag jgvg`g acca vg ‟~lnco|vtca‐ gtca vg ‟Egakcm am Ydodydac vg @|akc!‐Kd `ga {gegv/ gam ‟J|`|v{g Ag‐ gt agmygyged}g{dm am yga|a|`ngodj am ‟`gtg`ga/‐

am lod{l/ am `mg fgfdw|l vg jgadogam o|`gam mg}gda ngmc gam Lkvg D8 gam ygag{dodeda

gam v{g{|v w|c j|am vgga edakd ogeg{ gt `gt cyc~{|adkgk ag |`|aogk gam n|egt! Yg~g

vg Tgac/ gam {|ammgodga am `mg |~d gt `godag} ag `gjdjd{g yg ~da vg jgovgkg/ vg

jge|ng~ga am `mg ngmgt-ngmgt/ vg o|mg~ ag adogogjg~ga am {gcam `gt edog-edogam



7=

jg~d{ca/ vg ogngv am ‟^cndavca‐ g{ dng ygam do|vtca am jg|aog~ga! Gam egocv kd

agmngngmcam `gog}gj ag gm}g{ c mgy vg ygmd{ga am `mg `geded~gy ag }gogam-}gog g{

am `mg `gtgtg`ga ag agm{g{g`gvg am `gmgakg g{ `go|ecam n|egt vg jgndog am

ygmygygod{-ygod{ am `mg jca{l`yc~g~tcam gk d̀adv{~gvtca gt ydag{|{|agtga kda am

lv{gkdv{djg edammdo vg dafc`l veg~l am |yyl~ <9, g{ nc{{c` <9, am ycy|ogvtca ng{gt

vg kg{cv vg y~lvla{gvtca ad M! [c`gv Gb~dfg/ bc~`l~ gk`dadv{~g{c~ am Ag{dcago

V{g{dv{dfv Cbbdfl %AVC$/ ag ydag`gmg{gam ‟Bg`dot Dafc`l Kdv{~dn|{dca da {el Yedodyydalv/

745<->9948 Lvvla{dgoot {el Vg`l‐8

Yg|ag}g8 Vg~dodam odjeg am `gagagodjvdj gam {gogegagtga ng{gt vg kg{cv vg y~lvla{gvtca ad M! Gb~dfg!

Ygagag} vg Lkvg D8 L|yec~dg vg Ygavg`ga{gogam Ygmjgjgdvg/ [|o|t-[|oct ag

Ygjdjdngjg g{ Ogakgv am Ngegog Ag



75

O|ack ag o|ack vg l|yec~dg gam `mg {d{dj am ‟Egakcm am Ydodydac vg @|akc‐

kgedo dvda|og{ d{c ygmjg{gycv ag ygmjg{gycv am Lkvg D accam 7452! Vg ygagecam dtca/

ag`g`gtgad gam mgogj am n|cam vg`ngtgagam Ydodydac ag n|cam-ygm`g`gogjdam

d{dag{gamego vg `|akc gam jgatgam ‟egakcm/‐ gam kd|`gac—t ‟`gygtgygam yg~ggam

ygmngngmc!‐ ‟Jgt vg~gy ygogam `gmdam Ydodydac‐ gtca vg g}d{da kgedo vg yg`g`gmd{ga

am ygmjgjgdvg am `mg `g`g`gtga ognga vg kdj{gk|~g/ ‟agmdam ogamd{ d{cam ngegmd am

`|akc!‐ Agamgamg~go d{c vg ng}g{ dvg ag `gmdam `gygm`g{tgm g{ ‟E|}gm `|odam

ygtgmgam |`d~go gam kdod`‐ ag ag`gtgad vg ygageca am kdj{gk|~g! Jgy|~d-y|~d gam

ygmmg`d{ am ‟kdod`‐ yg~g {|j|tda gam kdj{gk|~g vgygmjg{ ndadndmtgam-kdda ad{c gam `mg

`g{d{dakdam ygmogngm vg jg~gyg{gam yga{gc ag agmgagy vg ygageca am kdj{gk|~gam

@g~fcv/ {god}gv vg y~cygmgakg am `mg ~lndvt|adv{g ag kd|`gac—t `ge|vgt ag yda|ac

vd Bl~kdagak L! @g~fcv! Agjg{gog vg ]goo cb ^l`l`n~gafl vg Nga{gtcm am @mg

Ngtgad vg W|lxca Fd{t %`gogyd{ vg @^[ W|lxca Grla|l V{g{dca$ gam `mg ngtgadam

agmn|}dv am n|egt c agm-gogt am jgadogam yg}dv g{ ygmck |ygam dngmvgj gam `gygaddo

ag kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv! @gvdvdyg{ vg odaj ag d{c gam doga vg `mg ygamgoga am `mg

ngtgadam d{c8 e{{y8##nga{gtcm!}c~ky~lvv!fc`#{el-}goo# ! @g~g`d ~dam gjog{ ‖ ag mgtg am

‟@g~{dgo Og} da {el Yedodyydal8 @t V{c~t‐ %>992$ ad Vlagkc~ Gw|dodac ‟Alal‐ W! Yd`la{lo/

H~!: ‟Fcah|mgo Kdf{g{c~vedy cb Bl~kdagak gak D`lokg @g~fcv‐ %7452$ ad Y~d`d{drc @chg~lv:

g{ ‟VC@L G^L V@G^[L^ [EGA C[EL^V8 [el Edv{c~t Cb @g~fcv— F~cat Fgyd{godv`‐%7447$ ad ^dfg~kc @gagyg{ ‖ gam agmygyg{|agt vg ygm-d~go am ‟kdod`‐ vg ygageca am

Ng{gv @dod{g~!

\ygam edakd ag `|odam ‟|`d~go gam kdod`/‐ d{dag{gamego am ‟Egakcm am Ydodydac vg

@|akc‐ gam od}gagm am kl`cj~gvtgam yg`y|od{djg8 ‟[dadm am ng}g{ {gct ndmtga am

ygavda!‐ Yg~g vg Gyc/ vgyg{ agam `gmjg~cca am yg~{dvdygvtca vg y~cvlvcam y|od{djgo

gam `gvg |ygam `gegkogamga gam yga|a|`ngodj am kdj{gk|~g! ]gogam yged}g{dm gam

g}d{ j|am yggac gj{}go ag `gjgjg`{ga gam ‟jg{g~|amga‐ ag jggjdng{ am ‟jg{c{cegaga‐

g{ ‟jgogtgga‐ vg yg`g`gmd{ga og`gam am ygmdmdam ‟`gmjgvg`g‐ am ‟`ged~gy‐ g{

‟`gtg`ga‐ ndogam `mg ‟`gmjgjgyg{dk‐ ‟vg Ygamdacca!‐ Vg ygagag} am agmv|og{ am

‟Egakcm am Ydodydac vg @|akc‐ vgyg{ agam kgedoga yg~g mgagy ag `gmkd}gam gam

yga|a|`ngodj am kl`cj~gvtgam yg`y|od{djg/ ngegog ag gam dng yg vg kl`cj~gvtgam

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74

ygam-ljcac`tg! Agm{gycv gam g}d{ vg ygm-gvgam ycvdnol gam ogeg{ ‟Ngv{g{ `gmjgdvg

{gtcam ogeg{'‐

Vg`ga{gog/ `godag} ag `godag} gam j~d{dvdv`c am ‟Vgtg} vg N|ncm‐ vg

jgndm|ga am Lkvg D ag `gmk|oc{ am gj{}go ag ~lyc~`gam vcvtc-ljcac`djc vg n|egt

am `mg c~kdag~tcam Ydodydac vgygmjg{ agdv|og{ gam g}d{ ag d{c accam kljgkg 49 ag!

Yg~g vg [el Hl~jv/ dvgam ‟jgvda|amgodamga‐ g{ ‟jgegamgoga‐ gam ygamgjcam ‟jgogtgga‐

am Lkvg D kgedo edakd mgagy gam jgogtggam d{c! ‟N|`geg‐ og`gam ‟am ygamgjc/‐ g{ gam

‟ogvca‐ am ygamdamdngng} am `mg kgt|ega g{ dogam lod{l c fgfdw|l vg ljcac`tg g{

y|od{djg am ngavg gt yg{|oct ag ‟dvda|nc‐ vg `mg `g`g`gtga jgtg ag`ga ‟{|oct vg

ygmjgjgygjc‐ vg ‟|{gam yg{d gyc‐ am `mg o|`gecj vg Lkvg! Jg{|agtga/ {dagammgy am

|agam gk`dadv{~gvtcam Gw|dac gam ~lvycavdndodkgk vg ygmngngtgk am `mg da|{gam amkdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv jged{ yg amg `godag} ag gam `g~g`dam y~ctlj{cam da|{gam ad{c

mgtg am dvgam ndotcam kcotg~ ag Ng{gga A|folg~ Yc}l~ Yoga{ gt `ggac`gotg

%GB^CKGK/ >99=$! Yg~g vg [el Hl~jv/ gam Lkvg D gt dvg og`gam ‟ygogngv ag `c~c-

`c~c‐ am `mg agmegeg~dam |~d/ dvgam ygmygygod{ og`gam am agvg y}lv{c am|ad{ edakd am

`mg y~cm~g`gam vcvtc-ljcac d̀jc mgtg am y~dng{dvgvtca/ kl~lm|ogvtca/ g{

odnl~godvgvtca ag yg{|oct ag agmygyged~gy vg `mg `g`g`gtga! Gtca vg g}d{/ gam

`mg `g`g`gtga gt {dog agmvgvgtg} ‟vg n|ncm‐ g{ j|am edakd `gmdmdvdam vg

jg{c{cegaga ag }gogam ygmngngmcam dkda|oc{ gam Lkvg D/ j|am `gmygyg{|oct vg

ygmogogjgk ‟agam {|ocm gt {dtgj ag `g||`ycm!‐ Ngjgv gam mgod{ am g}d{ vg jg}goga am

kl`cj~gvtgam ygam-ljcac`tg vg ygagecam ‟{|oct gam odmgtg vg dng{ dngam egfdlakg‐

egngam gam `mg ‟`gammgmg}g{/ `gmvgvgjg/ j|`gjgog`‐ yg ~da ‟gam vdj`|~g!‐

@gjgn|o|ega kda gam ygmngammd{ am g}d{ vg ygmygyg{|oct am ‟jgm|o|ega/ agjg}ga/

jg~gegvga‐ vg ygageca am vdagvgndam ‟ngmcam kl`cj~gvtg‐ ygmjg{gycv ag `gyg{govdj

gam kdj{gk|~g! Yg~g vg [el Hl~jv/ }gog yg ~dam jggt|vga vg ody|aga/ `gt~cca yg ~dam

jg{d}godga kgedo edakd agjdjdagngam gam ogeg{ am `g`g`gtga vg |`dd~go ag vdv{l`g g{

gam `mg agjdjdngjg yg~g vg ygmngngmc gt jg~gad}gam ydagyg{g}ga yg ~da am

‟jg~gegvga‐ am mcntl~ac! Mgtg am dydagjdjd{g vg cn~g `glv{~g ad Odac N~cfjg ag ‟C~g

Y~c Acndv/‐ agmyg{|oct vg ygageca am |agam gk d̀adv{~gvtcam Gw|dac gam

yg`g`gvogam vg `mg gj{dndv{g ag ydagmndnda{gamgam jgvgyd am jdo|vgam jc`|adv{g vg



>9

ngavg! Ng{gt vg {gog ad G~dooc %>999$/ agmyg{|oct gam `gogogam ygmogngm vg jg~gyg{gam

yga{gc vg dogod` am |agam gk`dadv{~gvtcam Gw|dac! Gam ‟kdod`‐ ag dagvgega am ‟Egakcm

am Ydodydac vg @|akc‐ ag edakd ag `|odam dd~go gt `|odam aga|`ngodj! Egod`ng}g/

kcj|`la{gkc gam `g~gegv ag kdvyl~vgo vg `mg `gmvgvgjgam agm~god vg @lakdcog

accam 745= |ygam dmdd{ gam ygmjgjg~cca am ~lyc~`g vg o|yg! Edakd jg{gjg-{gjg ag

`gmdam gam gagj am kdj{gkc~ ag vd @g~fcv/ gam amgtc—t Vlagkc~ Bl~kdagak

‟Ncamncam‐ @g~fcv/ H~! gt agmg}g ygam {|odmvgda kda gam djgog}gam gk`dadv{~gvtcam

Gw|dac ag ydag`|`|a|ga am gagj am kg{dam Ygam|ocam Fc~t Gw|dac vg dvt| am

ygmogngm vg jg~gyg{gam yga{gc vg ygageca am |agam gk`dadv{~gvtcam Gw|dac!

@gngngvg vg odaj ag d{c gam ‟n|jgv ag odeg`‐ ad Vlagkc~ Ncamncam ag {|`|{|odmvg vg

e|`ga ~dme{v ~lfc~k am |agam gk`dadv{~gvtcam Gw|dac8

e{{yv8##}}}!bgflnccj!fc`#ac{l!yey3ac{lSdk0>4;7=76=9279;57 ! Mdag`d{ ad Vlagkc~

Ncamncam gam kg{cv `|og vg [gvj Bc~fl Kl{gdallv cb {el Yedodyydalv %[KBY$ |ygam

ndmtgam-kdda gam ygm-d~go kda am ygmogngm vg jg~gyg{gam yga{gc ygmjg{gycv am

kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv vg dogod` am |agam gk`dadv{~gvtcam Gw|dac8

‟•`c~l {ega 7!> `doodca rdf{d`v cb kdvocfg{dcav k|l {c `dod{g~t cyl~g{dcav/ 76< fgvlv cb

`gvvgf~lv/ 7/92; rdf{d`v cb v|``g~t lulf|{dcav/ gak >9/<>6 rdf{d`v cb doolmgo g~~lv{

gak kl{la{dca•‐

Agm{gycv gam ‟Vgtg} vg N|ncm‐ vg ygmndndmgt-kdda am fec~|v ag

agmygyggogogam edakd kgyg{ `gmogjgk ‟agam {|ocm‐ gam `mg `g`g`gtga |ygam edakd

ag yg{|oct ag ‟`g|`ycm!‐ D{c—t dvgam ygag}gmga ag d{|oct gam ygjdjdngjgam vdad`|oga

vg Lkvg D %g{ `gv `ggmg yg ~d{c$ |ygam `gjg`{ga gam dvgam ody|aga j|am vgga ogeg{

gt agm{g{g`gvg am kl`cj~gvtg kd og`gam vg og~gamga am y|od{djg/ j|akd yg{d vg

og~gamga am ljcac`tg/ dvgam ngavg j|am vgga gam ng}g{ dvg—t agm{g{g`gvg am

jg~gyg{ga vg kdvla{lam yg`|`|egt ag jg~gad}gam {dag{g`gvg og`gam am `mg

`gtgtg`ga vg ody|aga! Edakd jg{gjg-{gjg ag egammgam vg `mg jdocv-y~c{lv{g vg

ygageca am ~led`lam @gfgygmgo-G~~ctc g{ vg ygageca am djgog}gam gk`dadv{~gvtcam

Gw|dac/ yg{|oct ag dagg}d{ am [el Hl~jv gam ‟Vgtg} vg N|ncm‐ ag ygnc~d{cam-ygnc~d{c

~da am `mg ~godtdv{g kgedo vg `gjgn|o|egam `lavgelam agagag{dodam `gjgn|o|ega

vgygmjg{ egocv }gogam ygmngngmcam `gjgn|o|ega vg ygmygygod{ am `mg

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>7

gk`dadv{~gvtca `|og acca egammgam amgtca! Vgjvd gam `gagagodjvdj vg kd `gndogam

ag jdocv-y~c{lv{g ag adoge|jga am `mg `g`g`gtgam agmegegamgk yg ~da am mgagy ag

jg{|yg~ga am `mg ygamgjc am Lkvg D8 vg {|}dam gg}d{ gam [el Hl~jv/ edakd `ggg~dam

edakd g}d{da gam ‟Vgtg} vg N|ncm‐ kgedo {|oct gam ygmvgvgtg} am `gvg vg n|ncm/

{|oct gam ygmvgvgj~dydvtc adog vg yg`g`gmd{ga am }gogam jg{gy|vgam ygjdjdngjg

|ygam `gjg`d{ gam `mg ygamgjc am Lkvg D ag {dagodj|~ga ag `gmdam am `mg

ygam|agedam agjdagngam kd{c!

Almg{dnc ~da gam ygagag} am ‟J|`|v{g Ag‐ vg ygam`g{gmgogam lylj{c am Lkvg

D! Ygmjg{gycv ‟j|`|v{geda‐ gam n|egt am `mg c~kdag~tcam `g`g`gtga dogam {gca

ygmjg{gycv adogam o|`gecj vg Lkvg/ mda|ad{g am Tgac gam `gvgvgtgam {gmyc vg

‟~lnco|vtca‐8 ‟Agygacck jd{g vg [R#V|`g`g jg vg ~god#Jgvg`g `mg `gk~l#Ydadmdoga`mg {gamjl#\`ddtgj jg yg#Vg eg~gy am `mg v|akgoc#Ag`dmgt jg yg am ~cvgv#Ag agndod

`c vg jga{c!‐ Dydaggogog ~da am g}d{ gam ygylo am ygagag`ygog{gtg vg Lkvg D8 ‟Kgog-

kgog `c yg#Lv{g{}g ad Vga{c Ad÷c#Lvjgy|og~tc—{ Ndnodtg#G{ vgamjg{|{gj ag ~cvg~tc#G{

vg md{ag am Lkvg#O|`|eck jg—{ agmkgvgo yg#C|~ Bg{el~/ Egdo @g~t/#b~c` {el

nc|a{t #{e~c|me Fe~dv{ c|~ Oc~k/ G`la!‐ Vg yg`g`gmd{ga am dvgam ygmygyg{g}g gt

ndadmtgam-kdda kda am g}d{ gam ycy|og~dkgk am Lkvg D8 ‟Yln~l~c nla{l vgdv#Agam vd Gyc

gt |`godv#Amd{d `c—t egammgam {lamg#Vg jg{g{goca#Agy|ad{ gam yga{goca `c#Yl~c edakd

ngol#Vgnd `c#@g~g d̀ ag`ga jg`l!!!‐ Jg{|agtga/ edakd og`gam vg Lkvg agm{dy|a-{dyca

gam `mg {gc |ygam ygngmvgjda gam kdj{gk|~gam @g~fcv! Dvgam jge|amegamga gam

y~cygmgakg am `mg ~lndvt|adv{gam `gjg-@g~fcv ag agmvgvgndam vg ‟D`yl~dgo @gadog‐

og`gam `gt~ccam y~c{lv{g! Vg ogeg{ am `mg vla{~cam ngtga g{ o|amvck vg O|xca/

Rdvgtgv g{ @dakgagc gt `gt `mg jdocv-y~c{lv{g ognga vg kdj{gk|~g jgvgngt am

agmgmgagy vg Lkvg jgtg amg edakd ag goda{gag am `mg agmkdvjc vg jgotl j|am `gy|ad{

`ga gam yga{goca adog kgedo ‟`g~g`d ag`ga‐ vdog! Mgt|a`ga/ kd mgtg am ‟Egakcm am

Ydodydac vg @|akc/‐ edakd agmjgvtg gam ‟J|`|v{g Ag‐ vg ygmm|ad{g vg {g d̀v am

{gm|`ygt am Lkvg! Vg `mg e|odam ngegmd/ ndadmtgam-kdda am g}d{ gam ‟ygm-ddvg‐ am

c~kdag~tcam `g`g`gtgam o|`gecj vg Lkvg ‖ dogam {gca ygmjgodygv am ‟~lnco|vtca‐ ‖

ag {dog ydagngtgga ag am yg`gegogga jgtg amgtc—t ‟@gt edog-edogam jg~d{ca#E|`da{c vg

`gt ^cndavca#[|`gamg n|cam `gmegyca‐ kgedo }gogam ngegt g{ }gog ~dam {~gngec!



>>

Am|ad{/ ‟agmogogjgk‐ yg ~da vg Lkvg gam {gcam `gt edog-edogam jg~d{ca! Mgt|a`ga/ kd

mgtg am ygadadakdmga vg g}d{ am [el Hl~jv/ edakd mggacam `godag} gam ogakgv ag

kgyg{ {gegjda am `g`g`gtga gtca vg Tgac! Vg {g{ocam |od{ am ‟ngegog ag‐ agm{gycv

gam ‟J|`|v{g Ag‐8 dvgam ygm{d{dtgj c gvv|~gafl ag `gt `gmngmc `ga c }gog/ `gt

ygjdjdngjg `ga c }gog/ {|oct yg ~da gam n|egt am `mg c~kdag~tcam `g`g`gtga |ygam

odjegda gam jgadogam jgvgtvgtga ogngv vg do|vtca am jg|aog~ga ag dadogogjc am `mg

jca{l`yc~g~tcam fgfdw|l vg ody|aga ‖ dvgam ygjdjdngjgam {|agt ~dam ygjdjdngjg/ gam

`gn|egt g{ |`d~go vg md{ag am vd{}gvtcam }gogam jgn|egtga g{ {dog }gogam ygmngngmc

gam vd{}gvtca am jgatgam ygm-d~go!

Ag~d{c gam dvgam {gogegagtga ag agmn|n|ck vg mdag}gam jca{ljv{}godvgvtca8

G]D[ Ygmogoga{gk vg

[|ammgodga am

`mg \~d

Ygagag} Edammdo vg

Lkvg D

Ygag}gmga %Fgoo {c Gf{dca$

‟Egakcm am

Ydodydac vg @|akc‐

]gog @gogjdam [gm|`ygt/

Yga|a|`ngodj am

‟Kl`cj~gvtg‐

‟E|}gm `|odam ngtggam |`d~go

gam kdod`: {dadm am ng}g{ {gc—t

ndmtga am ygavda‐ %kl`cj~gvtgam

yg`y|od{djg$

‟Vgtg} vg N|ncm‐ @gt Yged}g{dm @gogjdam Jgndm|ga/

‟Ygogngv ag @c~c-

`c~c/‐ ]gogam Dkda|oc{

ag Jg|aog~ga vg

C~kdag~tcam

@g`g`gtga

[|oct gam ognga/ }gjgvga gam

jged~gyga am `g`g`gtga

%kl`cj~gvtgam ygam-ljcac`tg$

‟J|`|v{g Ag‐ @gt Yged}g{dm @gogjdam Jgndm|ga/

]gogam Dkda|oc{ ag

Jg|aog~ga vg

C~kdag~tcam

@g`g`gtga

Ngegog ag %{|o|t-{|oct ag ‟ygm-d~go‐

c ludv{lafl/ gmgdav{ goo ckkv$

Jcamjo|vtca



>6

Vdagvgog d̀a am `mg `gjgvgtvgtgam g}d{ am ngavg gam agjg~gga/ jgvgo|j|tga

g{ edageg~gy am vg`ngtgaga mgtg am dydagjd{g vg ygmv|v|~d am {g{ocam g}d{dam dvda|og{

ygmjg{gycv am Lkvg D! Kgjdogam `ca|`la{cam agmygyggogog vg kdod` am kdj{gk|~gam

@g~fcv gam ‟Egakcm am Ydodydac vg @|akc/‐ ‟Vgtg} vg N|ncm‐ g{ ‟J|`|v{g Ag‐

vgygmjg{ ndadndmtgam-kdda am {g{ocam g}d{dam d{c ag `davga vg g{dam jgvgtvgtga/

agmvg`g-vg`g gam `g~g`dam `g`g`gtga |ygam ygamdngng}ga gam jgadogam {gjc{ g{

{|o|tgam dngmvgj gam kdj{gkc~ vg yg`g`gmd{ga am jcolj{dncam ygmjgjgdvg g{ ygmjdocv!

Ngmg`g{ agj|a{la{c ag gam ‟Egakcm am Ydodydac vg @|akc‐ vg ygmkd~d}gam am

yga|a|`ngodj am kl`cj~gvtgam yg`y|od{djg/ ydagyggogogegaga ag`ga {gtc am ‟Vgtg}

vg N|ncm‐ g{ ‟J|`|v{g Ag‐ ag kgyg{ dygmyg{|oct gam ygjdjdngjg c gam ygmegegagy am

kgga {|amc vg daggvg` ag {|agt ag ygmngngmc kd og`gam vg vdv{l`gam yg`y|od{djg/

j|akd `gmdam vg vdv{l`gam ygam-ljcac`tg am ngavg! @gagag{dodam ‟kd {gycv gam

~lnco|vtca/‐ `gagag{dodam }gogam jg{|yg~ga gam ygamgjc am Lkvg D/ DD g{ `mg v|v|ack

ygam Lkvg egammg—{ edakd agmdmdam mgagy gam jgogtgga am `mg `g`g`gtga vg

gvylj{cam ycod{djgo g{ ljcac`djc ‖ egammg—{ `gt `mg `g`g`gtgam `gt edog-edogam

jg~d{ca ag {|`g{gamg og`gam vg n|cam `gmegyca vg ogngv am `mg ^cndavca g{ dng

ygam do|vtca am jg|aog~ga/ g{ egammg—{ gam `mg `gt-g~d og`gam am egfdlakg gam

`godmgtg! Vgnd amg vg dvg ygam g}d{dam ydag`gmg{gam ‟[g{v|ocj‐ %c~dedago am ngakgam

N|jock ag ad~lrdrl am Ng`ncc$/ ‟egngam `gt {g{v|ocj‐ %vcfdgo yt~g`dk$/ ‟edakd`g{g{gycv d{cam m|oc!‐

Vgygmjg{ edakd ag`ga mggacam ndadndmtgam-ygavda vg `dktg g{ ygg~gogam

`gdav{~lg` gam `mg mgad{cam g}d{da ‖ g{ `gkgogv amg—t d{dag{gamego og`gam agam

}gogam ygmygygod}gagm vg jgodmd~gam ygamjgvgtvgtga g{ ygaody|aga %edv{c~dfgo gak

vcfdgo ngfjm~c|ak$/ {|amj|oda am ng}g{ `|og{ ag `g`g`gtga ag d`|og{ kda gam dng

ygam agn|n|ogmgam `g`g`gtga edammdo vg {gm|`ygt g{ jgndm|ga am Lkvg D g{ am dng

ygam ygjdjdngjg am vg`ngtgagam Ydodydac! @gdag` ag mg`c{ vg edv{c~dfgo g`alvdg g{

edv{c~dfgo ~lrdvdcadv` am `mg agn|n|ogmgam `gjg-@g~fcv %g{ `gjg-Gw|dac ag ~da$ gam

{g{ocam g}d{dam vdadyg{ vg ygylo ag d{c!

Vg `dad`|`/ kgyg{ dy~lvl~ng am `mg `|og{ ag `g`g`gtga gam m|ad{g/ gam

goggog/ gam `dv`cam ygm-g}d{ vg `mg g}d{dam d{c vgygmjg{/ mgtg am vdagnd ad @doga



>;

J|akl~g ‟Gam ygjdjdngjg am vgamjg{g|ega ognga vg kdj{gk|~g gt ygjdjdngjg am m|ad{g

ognga vg ygmjgod`c{!‐ %‟[el v{~|mmol cb `gajdak gmgdav{ {t~gaat dv {el v{~|mmol cb

`l`c~t gmgdav{ bc~ml{{dam!‐$ @gm{gm|`ygt `ga gam `mg ~lndvt|adv{g g{ `gt g`alvdg

ag ‟~lndvgeda‐ gam jgvgtvgtga |ygam d{g`ycj ndogam ‟ngtgad‐ c ‟`gmgodam ag yda|ac‐

gam kdj{gkc~ ag vd Bl~kdagak Lk~goda @g~fcv c jgtg—t vgndeda ag vga{c g{ yl~ylj{c gam

|agam gk`dadv{~gvtcam Gw|dac/ ogmdam ag~d~dtga gam `mg `gjgvgtvgtgam g}d{dam ycv{-

Lkvg D |ygam dyggogog vg `gkog gam `mg {|agt ag agmgagy g{ gac yg gam kgyg{

`gmgagy vg jgvgtvgtgam adododjeg am ngtga `dv`c!

GYYLAKDU8

Ot~dfv am ‟Egakcm am Ydodydac vg @|akc‐ am Gyc Edjdam Vcfdl{t

Kd ag jc ygygtgm `g}gog jgam `|od!

Kd ag jc ygygtgm ag `|od `gng}d/

G{dam jgogtgga jgt {gmgo ag{dam `d{ed!

Kd ag ygygtgmgam `gng}d `|od!

@gmjgjgyd{-ndvdm odnc-odncam {gc!

Jgt vg~gy ygogam `gmdam Ydodydac!Vg`g-vg`g ddvg gam gkedjgda!

Jgdoga `ga kd ag yggodyda!

^lb~gda8

Egakcm am Ydodydac vg `|akc/

@gygtgygam yg~ggam ygmngngmc!

Jg{c{cegaga/ jgogtgga/ jg{g~|amga

Gt jgtgam `gjg`d{ agam }gogam kgegv!

Ngv{g{ `gmjgdvg {gtcam ogeg{!

@gvkga gam agmgmgagy vg g`dam ngtga!

Agmjgvg`g am `ged~gy g{ `gtg`ga!



><

Jgyd{-ndvdm `gk~l/ yg~d/ g{ v|akgoc!

Agmdam Ogamd{ d{cam ngegmd am `|akc!

E|}gm `|odam ygtgmgam |`d~go gam kdod`!

[dadm am ng}g{ {gct ndmtga am ygavda!

@gmjgjgyg{dk ogeg{ vg Ygamdacca!

D{ct ogmd ag{dam {g{gakgga!

%~lylg{ ~lb~gda {}c {d`lv$

Fckg8

@gygtgygam yg~ggam ygmngngmc!

Jg{c{cegaga/ jgogtgga/ jg{g~|amga!

Gt jgtgam `gjg`d{ ag }gogam kgegv!

Ngv{g{ `gmjgdvg {gtcam ogeg{'

Ot~dfv am ‟Vgtg} vg N|ncm‐ am [el Hl~jv8

N|}ga am Yln~l~c/ n|}ga am ygmngngmc

Gacam jogvlam ygmngngmc/ gac vg ygogmgt `c

N|`geg am ygamgjc/ ogvca gt dvda|nc

[|oct vg ygmjgjgygjc/ `gt |{gam yg{d gyc

^lb~gda8

Jgvda|amgodamga/ dvgam jgegamgoga

]gogam odn~lam jgogtgga

D{ct ydagmngngtg~ga

Ygogngv ag `c~c-`c~c/ d{c jgtg gt {c{cc

Lkvg am ygmngngmc



>2

Vgga/ jgdoga/ jgadac

Fec~|v8

Vgtg}/ vgtg}/ vgtg} vg n|ncm

Gam agmogogjgk am {|ocm

Gt {dtgj ag `g||`ycm

Vgtg}/ vgtg}/ vgtg} vg n|ncm

Gam agmogogjgk am {|ocm

Gt {dtgj ag `g||`ycm

[|oct gam odmgtg vg dng{ dngam egfdlakg

@gammgmg}g{/ `gmvgvgjg/ j|`gjgog` gam vdj`|~g

Vg~d-vg~dam jgm|o|ega/ agjg}ga/ jg~gegvga

Jgdoga atc {d{dmdoga gam `mg `g`g`gtga

%^lylg{ ^lb~gda gak Fec~|v$

N|}ga am Yln~l~c/ n|}ga kg} am ygmngngmc

Gacam jogvlam ygmngngmc

Vgga/ jgdoga/ jgadac

%^lylg{ Fec~|v$

Ot~dfv am ‟J|`|v{g Ag‐ am Tgac

^lb~gda8

J|`|v{g ag

Gtcv yg ng



>=

Gam n|egt ag{da

Jgtg yg ng

L j|am edakl

Yggac ag

L}ga `c ng

Ngegog ag

Agygacck jd{g vg [R

V|`g`g jg vg ~god

Jgvg`g `mg `gk~l

Ydadmdoga `mg {gamjl

\`ddtgj jg yg

Vg eg~gy am `mg v|akgoc

Ag`dmgt jg yg am ~cvgv

Ag agndod `c vg jga{c

%^lylg{ ^lb~gda$

Kgog-kgog `c yg

Lv{g{}g ad Vga{c Ad÷c

Lvjgy|og~tc—{ Ndnodtg

G{ vgamjg{|{gj ag ~cvg~tc

G{ vg md{ag am Lkvg

O|`|eck jg—{ agmkgvgo yg



>5

C|~ Bg{el~/ Egdo @g~t/

b~c` {el nc|a{t

{e~c|me Fe~dv{ c|~ Oc~k/ G`la!

%^lylg{ ^lb~gda$

Yln~l~c nla{l vgdv

Agam vd Gyc gt |`godv

Amd{d `c—t egammgam {lamg

Vg jg{g{goca

Agy|ad{ gam yga{goca `c

Yl~c edakd ngol

Vgnd `c

@g~g`d ag`ga jg`l

Jged{ ag g`ct-yg}dv

[|oct yg ~da gam kdvjc vg jgotl

%^lylg{ ^lb~gda$

Agjd{g jd{g jgegyca

@gt edog-edogam jg~d{ca

E|`da{c vg `gt ^cndavca

[|`gamg n|cam `gmegyca

Vdjg{ jg acca vg [R

Jgvl/ jgvg`g jg kcca vg ~god



>4

Yl~c amgtc—t agm-ddvg/

Agmogogjgk vg `gt Lkvg

%^lylg{ ^lb~gda {}c {d`lv: ogv{ {d`l }d{e kdbbl~la{ {|al$

L}ga `c ng

Ngegog ag

Ngegog ag

Ngegog ag!

NDNODTCM^GYDTG8

Gndagolv/ Yg{~dfdc A! gak Kcaag H! G`c~cvc! V{g{l gak Vcfdl{t da {el Yedodyydalv!Ygvdm Fd{t8 Gardo Y|nodvedam/ Daf!/ >99<! Y~da{! >7;/ >>7->>6!

Gb~dfga Bc~|` gak Al{}c~j ca Kln{ gak Klrlocy`la{ %GB^CKGK$! Doolmd{d`g{l Kln{ " \akl~klrlocy`la{ da {el Yedodyydalv8 G Fgvl V{|kt! Eg~g~l/ Xd`ngn}l/ >99=!]ln! 9; Hga|g~t >97>!? e{{y8##}}}!gb~ckgk!c~m#kc}aocgkv#Yedoodydalv,>9B[G,>9bdago!ykb 1

Gakl~vca/ Nlalkdf{ ‟Fgfdw|l Kl`cf~gft gak {el Yedodyydalv8 C~dmdav gak K~lg`v!‐Al} Olb{ ^lrdl} 724 %@gt‖H|al 7455$8 6‖66!

Gve{ca/ @g{{el}! ‟M~lg{ ycod{dfgo ycl`v %Ac! <$ [el Vdolvdga ]lgrl~v!‐ K~! @g{{el} Gve{cav Ycod{dfv Nocm ! 79 @g~fe >977! ]ln! 9> Hga|g~t >97>!? e{{y8##k~`g{{el}gve{ca!fc`#>977#96#79#m~lg{-ycod{dfgo-ycl`v-ac<-{el-vdolvdga-}lgrl~v#1

Nctfl/ Hg`lv J! [el Yedodyydalv8 [el Ycod{dfgo Lfcac`t cb M~c}{e gak D`ycrl~dve`la{ da {el @g~fcv L~g! Eg}gdd8 \adrl~vd{t cb Eg}gdd Y~lvv/7446!Y~da{! ;/ 5!

N~gxdoo/ Odakg! ‟N~lgk " ^cvlv8 [el Vcam!‐ Lgfe Od{{ol ]c~ok ! 9; Vly{l`nl~ >994! ]ln! 96 Hga|g~t >97>!? e{{y8##lgfeod{{ol}c~ok!{tylygk!fc`#lgfeSod{{olS}c~ok#>994#94#n~lgk-~cvlv-{el-vcam!e{`o 1

Fgyg~gv/ Mlc~ml! ‟Vcamv da {el jlt cb ycod{dfv!‐ Yedodyydal Fla{l~ bc~ Darlv{dmg{drlHc|~agodv` %YFDH$! 94 @gt >99;! ]ln! 9; Hga|g~t >97>!? e{{y8##yfdh!c~m#v{c~dlv#vcamv-da-{el-jlt-cb-ycod{dfv# 1

Fgv{~c/ Fe~dv{d-Gaal! @|vdfgo ~lakl~damv cb {el Yedodyydal ag{dca! Al} Tc~j8 Cubc~k\adrl~vd{t Y~lvv/ f!>977! Y~da{!

Fedam/ @g~j Gamloc! ‟V{g~v g{ {el LKVG Ylcyol Yc}l~ cb 7452!‐ YedodyydalLa{l~{gda`la{ Yc~{go! >< Bln~|g~t >977! ]ln! 9; Hga|g~t >97>!? e{{y8##}}}!yly!ye#al}v#>5;<<#v{g~v-da-{el-lkvg-ylcyol-yc}l~-cb-7452 1

http://www.afrodad.org/downloads/Phillipines%20FTA%20final.pdf

http://drmatthewashton.com/2011/03/10/great-political-poems-no5-the-silesian-weavers/

http://eachlittleworld.typepad.com/each_little_world/2009/09/bread-roses-the-song.html


http://pcij.org/stories/songs-in-the-key-of-politics/


http://www.pep.ph/news/28455/stars-in-the-edsa-people-power-of-1986


http://www.afrodad.org/downloads/Phillipines%20FTA%20final.pdf

http://drmatthewashton.com/2011/03/10/great-political-poems-no5-the-silesian-weavers/






69

Kladvcbb/ ^! Vl~ml! M~lg{ kgt fc`dam 8 bcoj `|vdf gak {el G`l~dfga olb{! \VG8\adrl~vd{t cb Doodacdv Y~lvv/ 74=7! Y~da{!

Kockoc/ Gtgakg! ‟Gtlvgn—g`gm}gog gak {el el~d{gml cb |@jeca{c }lVdx}l!‐ GAF [ckgt8 Caodal Rcdfl cb {el Gb~dfga Ag{dcago Fcam~lvv! Rco|`l 77/ Ac! 6<! 72->>Vly{l`nl~ >977! ]ln! 96 Hga|g~t >97>!

?e{{y8##}}}!gaf!c~m!xg#kcfv#gaf{ckgt#>977#ykb#g{6<!ykb 1B~dlk~dfe/ Lamlov! ‟Ol{{l~ {c Jg~o @g~u %= Bln~|g~t 75<2$!‐ @g~u gak Lamlov/ ]c~jv!

Rco|`l ;9/ y! <! 74>4! ]ln! 9> Hga|g~t >97>!?e{{y8##}}}!`g~udv{v!c~m#g~fedrl#`g~u#}c~jv#75<2#ol{{l~v#<2S9>S9=!e{` 1

SSSSSSSSSSSSS! ‟Lufl~y{ cb g Ol{{l~ {c Vfeoÿ{l~ %7< @gt 755<$!‐ Vfdlafl gak Vcfdl{t Rco|`l DD/ A|`nl~ 6/ 7465! ]ln! 9> Hga|g~t >97>!?e{{y8##}}}!`g~udv{v!c~m#g~fedrl#`g~u#}c~jv#755<#ol{{l~v#5<S9<S7<!e{` 1

Md`lalx-@gflkg/ [l~lvd{g! @mg {dadm `|og vg dngng8 Jgvgtvgtga am Yg~{dkcJc`|adv{g am Ydodydagv g{ Yg~{dkc Vcvdgodv{g am Ydodydagv vg g}d{/ 7469-74<<!W|lxca Fd{t8 \adrl~vd{t cb {el Yedodyydalv Y~lvv/ 7442! Y~da{!

Mo|fjv{lda/ Kcaat! ‟Klftyel~dam [el Da{l~ag{dcagol8 {el L|måal Yc{{dl~ fckl!‐

Da{l~ag{dcago Vcfdgodv`8 G W|g~{l~ot Hc|~ago cb Vcfdgodv{ [elc~t ! Dvv|l Ac! 7>9!92 Cf{cnl~ >995! ]ln! 9> Hga|g~t >97>!?e{{y8##}}}!dvh!c~m!|j#daklu!yey;3dk0;5< 1

M~g`vfd/ Ga{cadc! Vlolf{dcav b~c` F|o{|~go ]~d{damv! Kgrdk Bc~mgfv gak Mlcbb~ltAc}loo-V`d{e %lkv!$ gak ]doodg` Ncloec}l~ %{~gav!$! Ocakca8 Og}~lafl gak]dveg~{/ 745<! Y~da{!

M~lmc~t/ @g~j! ‟Vcodkg~d{t Bc~lrl~!‐ \adca Vcamv! f!>979! ]ln! 96 Hga|g~t >97>!? e{{y8##|adcavcam!fc`#|9><!e{`o 1

M~űdadč/ @g~dag! ‟Odajdam [elc~t/ Ycod{dfv/ gak G~{‐ da Mocngo Rdv|go F|o{|~lv8 Ga Ga{ecocmt! Xctg Jcf|~ %lk!$! ]lv{ V|vvlu8 Nogfj}loo Y|nodvedam O{k!/ >977!Y~da{! >=-6;

Odlnl~`ga/ ^cnndl! @t Vcam dv @t ]lgyca8 Ylcyol—v Vcamv/ G`l~dfga Fc``|adv`/gak {el Ycod{dfv cb F|o{|~l/ 7469-74<9! \VG8 Doodad Nccjv/ 744<! Y~da{!Ocog~mg/ Lodxgnl{e! .Gyc Edjdam Vcfdl{t Gb{l~ 6; Tlg~v8 D{v V{doo G Al} Kgt!. Yogal{

Yedodyydalv Caodal! 97-7< H|al >99>! ]ln! 9> Hga|g~t >97>!@gogogk/ M~l{fela! ‟Gyc {gjlv g nc}!‐ GNV-FNA Al}v Caodal! 67 @gt

>979! ]ln! 9; Hga|g~t >97>!? e{{y8##}}}!gnv-fnaal}v!fc`#la{l~{gda`la{#9<#67#79#gyc-{gjlv-nc} 1

@g~u/ Jg~o! ‟F~d{dfgo Ac{lv ca {el G~{dfol8 ‟[el Jdam cb Y~|vvdg gak Vcfdgo ^lbc~`!Nt g Y~|vvdga‐‐ Rc~}g~{v' / Ac!26 gak 2;! 9= gak 79 G|m|v{ 75;;! ]ln!9> Hga|g~t >97>!?e{{y8##}}}!`g~udv{v!c~m#g~fedrl#`g~u#}c~jv#75;;#95#9=!e{`&g~{> 1

@dool~/ Yl{l~ %kd~lf{c~$! [el Da{l~ag{dcagol! Bd~v{ ^|a#Dfg~|v Bdo`v/ >999! Kcf|`la{g~t869 `da|{lv!

@|{gvg/ Eg~|! ‟Vecc{ {el Ncl~ b~llkc` vcam ngaalk!‐ Go Hgxll~g! 7> Vly{l`nl~ >977! ]ln! 96 Hga|g~t >97>!? e{{y8##nocmv!gohgxll~g!al{#gb~dfg#>977#94#7>#vecc{-ncl~-b~llkc`-vcam-ngaalk 1

Agrg~~c/ ^g|o F! ‟Gam Ngmcam Ody|aga/ 74=>-74528 Dvgam Ygad`|ogam Ygm-gg~go vg

http://www.anc.org.za/docs/anctoday/2011/pdf/at35.pdf

http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1856/letters/56_02_07.htm


http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=485

http://unionsong.com/u025.html

http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/05/31/10/apo-takes-bow

http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/08/07.htm#art2

http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2011/09/12/shoot-boer-freedom-song-banned

http://www.anc.org.za/docs/anctoday/2011/pdf/at35.pdf



http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=485

http://unionsong.com/u025.html

http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/05/31/10/apo-takes-bow

http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/08/07.htm#art2

http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2011/09/12/shoot-boer-freedom-song-banned



67

@|vdjg g{ Ody|aga!‐ E|`gad{dlv Kdod`ga! Hga|g~t-Klfl`nl~ >995! ]ln!9> Hga|g~t >977! ;=-==? e{{y8##hc|~agov!|yk!lk|!ye#daklu!yey#e|`gad{dlvkdod`ga#g~{dfol#rdl}#7;59 1

^cflv/ @dag! ‟[el @dod{ga{ A|a gv Ycod{dfgo Gf{drdv{ gak Bl`dadv{ da @g~{dgo Og}

Yedodyydalv!‐ YC^[GO Hc|~ago cb @|o{dkdvfdyodag~t Da{l~ag{dcago V{|kdlv! Rco! 7/

Ac! 7 %>99;$! ]ln! 9; Hga|g~t >97>!? e{{y8##ly~lvv!odn!|{v!lk|!g|#chv#daklu!yey#yc~{go#g~{dfol#rdl}G~{dfol#;4 1

Vgogxg~/ Fe~dv{dga! ‟Yl{l Vllml~/ G~oc M|{e~dl Cff|yt ]goo V{~ll{/ Yl~bc~`!‐

E|bbdam{ca Ycv{ ! >> Cf{cnl~ >977! ]ln! 96 Hga|g~t >97>!? e{{y8##}}}!e|bbdam{caycv{!fc`#>977#79#>>#yl{l-vllml~-g~oc-m|{e~dl-cff|yt-}goo-v{~ll{SaS79>2>44!e{`o 1

V{ldanl~m/ Kgrdk Hclo %lk$! Da Vlg~fe cb Vc|{elgv{ Gvdg8 G @ckl~a Edv{c~t %^lrdvlk$!

Eg}gdd8 \adrl~vd{t cb Eg}gdd Y~lvv/ 745=! Y~da{! ;6=!

Xdaa/ Ec}g~k g{ Ga{ecat G~acrl! Rcdflv cb g Ylcyolv Edv{c~t cb {el \ad{lk V{g{lv!\VG8 Vlrla V{c~dlv Y~lvv/ >99;! Y~da{!

http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/humanitiesdiliman/article/view/1480

http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/ojs/index.php/portal/article/viewArticle/49

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/22/pete-seeger-arlo-guthrie-occupy-wall-street_n_1026299.html


http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/humanitiesdiliman/article/view/1480

http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/ojs/index.php/portal/article/viewArticle/49


paper on post-edsa i songs

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