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‘Green’ Architecture A rough guide for the confused…

Melanie Latham

RIBA CA DipConsHistEnv (RICS)

ST ANN’S GATE ARCHITECTS LLP

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Introduction

TECHNICAL STUDIES & EXPERIENCE• 1992 – Study on Regionalism

• 1993 – Standardisation and the

intangible ‘loss of place’

• 1996 - Master study on the

buildings of C.A.T (Centre forAlternative Technology, Wales)

• 2006 - Post Graduate Diploma in

Conservation of the Historic

Environment

• 2008 - Masters Dissertation

– “How historic building

conservation can contribute to

sustainable development…” CONSERVATION…of?

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‘Green’ Architecture • PART ONE

• Sustainable Development

• Legislation and Guidelines

– Code for Sustainable Homes (CfSH)

– ‘Passiv Haus’

• PART TWO

• Sustainable building

– RURAL Case Study

– URBAN Case Study• The Future of Building in 2030?

– Opportunities and challenges

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ENERGY CONSUMPTION

– Transport & Travel

– Lighting and Power

– Heating

– Waste

– Water use

– Food consumption

– Leisure activities – Industrial processes

– Manufacturing

– Construction

• 44% of energy use is within buildings

• The population is only increasing!...• SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?

PART ONE – Sustainable Development

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Sustainable Development

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Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment that …

“..meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs…”

Gro-Harlem Brundtland - The Brundtland Commission1987

“THE THREE

SPHERES”

Economic Sustainability

Social Sustainability

Environmental Sustainability

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The context of buildings & community

• Economic Sustainability

– Affordability to build, use, run and

maintain, local economy, enterprise

support, supported growth

• Social Sustainability

– cultural heritage, continuity, identity,

use and mindset, community, people

• Environmental Sustainability

– Choice of materials, design layout,

passive efficiency, specifications,

renewables, personal choices

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The housing need in the UK

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The minimum carbon footprint…?

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Our existing homes Over 80% of 2025 housing stock already exists

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‘ECO’ BUILDING

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IS IT ALL ABOUT..

“.. Teletubbies houses?..”

“..a hobbit hole?.....” “..a treehouse?...”

“..use of renewable energies?”

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Teletubbies

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Hobbit holes and treehouses

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Technology and Renewables

• Solar Thermal• Photovoltaics (PVs)

• Combined Heat andPower (CHP) units – Gas or Micro

• Biomass

• Ground Source HeatPumps (GSHP)

• Air Source Heat

Pumps (ASHP)

• Hydro electricity

• Wind turbines

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The Principles of an Eco-Home

• Affordable: to build, use, run

and maintain• Environmentally friendly

materials

• Minimum of energyconsumption

• Low carbon footprint• Low-no reliance on fossil fuels

• Off-grid?

• Self build?• Self-sufficiency?

• SIMPLE?......

Brenda and Robert Vale,

Thames and Hudson, 2000

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Building Regulations

•PART L Building Regs and SAP

•TER/DER – Targets and Design

•Step change needed

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Code For Sustainable Homes (CfSH)

• Introduced 2007

• Mandatory from May 2008

– For all new homes

• BRE Eco Homes SYSTEM

– New Single national standard

– Energy performance

certificates (EPCs)

• 9 Credit categories

• Simplifying system

• Flexibility

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CfSH - CODE LEVELS

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CfSH - Target aspirations

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What is Zero-Carbon or Code 6?

Energy:• TER, building fabric, white goods/fittings, lighting, use of

renewables, cycle storage provision, home office

Water:• potable consumption (less than 80 l/p/d), rainwater collection

Materials:

• Environmental impact, responsible sourcing

Surface water run-off:

• SUDS, flood risk reduction

Waste: • site and household, recycling and composting

Pollution: • GWP /NOx emissions from materials in build

Health & Well-being: • Daylight, sound insulation, private space, Lifetime homes

Management: • Guide, CCS for work, security

Ecology:

• Protection, enhancement, economic house footprint

• Net emissions of CO2 from ALL

energy use in the home• Relevant points in 9 categories

• 6 stars – exemplar developmentin sustainability terms

• Whole building and lifestyleconsiderations

• CfSH Level 5/6 requires maxenergy use of 46kw/m2/yr )

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Basics of a CfSH House

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‘Passivhaus’ • ORIGINATED IN GERMANY in 1990s

Passivhaus Institute founded in 1996• A standard for energy use in all building

types

• Higher quality of design & construction

• Over 6,000 buildings (mostly houses)

have been built to the standard, mainlyin Germany and Austria

• Design appraised using the PHPP(Passive House Development Package)i.e not SAP used by the CfSH

• UK established practice - Carbon Liteprogramme, Bronze Silver and Gold

• Likely to lead standards in future

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Principles of Passivhaus

• Compact plan form• High levels of insulation

• Air-tight construction

• Mechanical heat recovery and

ventilation system (MVHR)• No heating – solar gain

• Energy use max 15kw/m2/yr

for heating and cooling

• TOTAL energy demand lessthan 120kw/m2/yr

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The Effect of Passivhaus

MINIMISE HEAT LOSS

MAXIMISE EFFICIENCY

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The ‘Zero-Carbon’ Challenge

Building Research Establishment (BRE)

Watford

BRE Environmental Assessment Method(BREEAM)

– Established 1980

– Updated in 2008

– Single dwellings not included

• 2003 – Offsite development initiativestarted

• 2005 - Eco-house/Code 6 competitionat the BRE

• 2007 – OFFSITE

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What is Zero-Carbon or Code 6?

Kingspan/Arup

LIGHTHOUSE

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The Challenge Legacy

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Passiv Haus Variety

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Limitations of Current Standards

• CfSH – Flexibility and choice of

points allocation

leading to manipulation

risk and trade off – No minimum standards

to certain areas of

categories

– Still catering to thosewho want to achieve

‘least worst’

• PASSIV HAUS – Focus on energy use i.e.

consumption and

running costs only for the

CO2, not whole house

footprint

– Reliance on technology

– Habit changing ignored

– Prohibitive Costs

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• Denby Dale with the Green BuildingStore – Build cost of £140k basic cost

• BRE Watford site and Ravenscraig

• PASSIV HAUS COMPETITION 2012

– Design a semi-detached residentialPassivhaus, one dwelling allocated forsocial housing and one for mid-rangemarket housing – both sharing thesame construction typology.

• To achieve a min of Level 4 of the CfSH

• Threshold of construction costs:£1,100m2 Social /£1,500m2 openmarket

• Locally sourced, low embodied energymaterials

Future Developments

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CO2 – IS More…Less?..

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‘The Jevons Paradox’

• An economic truism

“Technological progress thatincreases the efficiency with

which a resource is used, tends to

increase (rather than decrease)

the rate of consumption of that

resource” • The “it doesn’t matter now ”

attitude

• Human nature and the age of

consumerism

• The challenge of habit-breaking

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‘ A change of mindset’

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What about?...

WILL YOU?...

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QUESTIONS…?

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