pashudhan prakash_edition-4.pdf

7/26/2019 PashuDhan Prakash_Edition-4.pdf

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jk"Vh; i'kq vkuqoaf'kd lalk/ku C;wjks(Hkkjrh; f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn~)

djuky& 132 001(gfj;k.kk) Hkkjr

i'kq/ku izdk'kprqFkZ vad


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laj{kd ,oaizdk'kd & Mk- cyfoUnj dqekj tks'kh

eq[; lEiknd & Mk- izeksn dqekj flag

lEiknd eaMy & Mk- vfuy dqekj feJ

Mk- js[kk 'kekZ

Mk- lkdsr dqekj fujatu Mk- fodkl oksgjk

Jh lriky

i'kq/ku izdk'k

prqFkZlaLdj.k

ISSN 0976-4569

jk"Vh; i'kq vkuqoaf'kd lalk/ku C;wjks] djukyHkkjrh; f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn~

f"k ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj]f"k Hkou] ubZfnYyh

vad&4(o"kZ&2013)

eqdbUVSd fizaVlZ,.M ifCy'klZ343]igyh eafty] eqxy dWuky]

djuky & 132 001(gfj;k.kk)Qksu ua-0184&4043541] 3292951bZ&esy%[email protected]


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fo"k;&lwph1- Nkhlx


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13- xqfu;k Qkmy dsizeq[k jksx ,oa vkfFkZd C;kSjk 50

c`ts'k flag] ,l ds flag ,oavfuy dqekj

14- [kqjidk ,oaeqagidk Vhdk% i'kq laj{k.k esalgk;d 55

^xksiky jkenklth xksous] ,e 'kadj ,oa, ds 'kekZ

15- i'kq fpfdRlk gsrq ?kjsyw vkS"kf/k;kavkSj mudk iz;ksx 57

lR;sUnziky flag ,oalatho flag

16- ekal% ,d iks"kd ,oacgqeq[kh vkgkj 60

js[kk 'kekZ] lksfudk vgykor ,oaekqlwnu VkafV;k

17- Hkkjr dh ekal mRiknu djusokyh HksM+dh uLysarFkk ekalkgkjh Hkkstu dk egRo 65

latho flag ,oa bUnzthr xkxqyh

18- lEiw.kZ vkgkj ofV~Vdk f[kykusdsykHk 68

vkse gfj prqosZnh] vkrZcUkq lkgw] lqjsUnzdqekj la[;ku] j.kkhj flag HkV~V ,oaeukst dqekj f=ikBh

19- dqDdqV vkgkj esa fo"k;qDr dodksadk izHkko ,oajksdFkke 71

jke flag] vlhr cju e.My ,oafnO;k

20- Hkkjr esapkjsdh vko';drk ,oamiyCkrk 73

pUnz ukFk feJ] jkt iky ehuk] lrh'k dqekj ,oafodkl xqIrk

21- f"k okfudh% pkjk mRiknu ds fy, vkfFkZd :i lsl{ke rduhd 75

jktiky ehuk] pUnzukFk feJ] lrh'k dqekj ,oafodkl xqIrk

22- vO;ofLFkr i'kq izcUku ,oai;kZoj.kh; izHkko 77

lrh'k dqekj] pUnzukFk feJ] jkt iky ehuk ,oafodkl xqIrk

23- fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksadsyksd lkfgR; esai'kq/ku dk egRo 80

lriky] ih dsfot ,oach dstks'kh

24- i'kq/ku uLy iathdj.k% jk"Vh; lEink dh lqj{kk 84

ih ds fot] ,l dsfujatu] ,e ,l VkafV;k ,oach dstks'kh


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Nkhlxqdsgq, gksrsgSaA dku NksVs,oa{kSfrt rFkk ekFkk lery]likV ,oalhksgksrsgSaA dkslyh uLy dsxk;ksa dsFku NksVso dVksjsuqekgksrsgSaA buds pwpd (VhV~l)] dhi (Quy)dsvkdkjdsgksrsgSaA nqXk f'kjk (osu) de fodflr gksrh gSA

j[k&j[kko

LFkkuh; yksx dkslyh xk;ksadksvfkdre~eghuksaesa[kkldj jch Qly dsle; ckgj [kqysesa pjusdsfy, NksM+ nsrsgSaA ysfdu[kjhQ esapjokgksa }kjk lqcg esa lHkh ?kjksaesatkuojksadksbdB~Vk djdsxko dsckgj xksBu esa ns[kHkky djusdsfy, Hkstfn;k tkrk gSA xksBu esa,d lkFk 800&1000rd tkuoj feyrsgSaA 'kke dsoDr lHkh tkuoj vius?kjksa esaokil ykSV tkrsgSaA Nkhlx


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i'kqku izdk'k & (prqFkZvad&2013)

iztuu fo'ks"krk,

dkslyh uLy dh xk;ksadsizFke mUekn (bLVl) dh vk;qyxHkx 3&4lky gksrh gS,oa4&5o"kZdh vk;q esabudk izFkeO;kr gksrh gSA bl uLy dsxk;ksadh iwoZxHkkZkku vofk 6&7ekg ,oa C;kr varjky 1&2lky rd gksrh gSA tUe dsle;budscNM+ksadk otu cgqr de ik;k x;k gSA eknk cfN;k dk otu 12&15fd-xzk- ,oauj cNM+sdk otu 13&15fd-xzk-gksrk gSA dkslyh uLy dh xk;ksaesaiztuu lacakh leL;k, tSlsxHkZikr (,ckWj'ku)] fu'py tUe (fLVy cFkZ)] [ksM+h vojksku

(jsVsU'ku vkQ IyklUVk) dscgqr de izlax ik;stkrsgaSA ijarq,u,LVldh leL;k cgqr vfkd gksrh gS] ftldk izeq[k dkj.kHkkstu esaiks"k.k rRoksadh deh gSA

mRiknu {kerk

dkslyh uLy dh xk;ksadh nqXk mRiknu {kerk cgqr de gSA vfkdre ?kjksaesanwk dksizk;% cNM+ksadksfiyk fn;k tkrk gSA ,ddkslyh xk; dh izfrfnu nqXk mRikn {kerk yxHkx &1yhVj rd gksrh gSA ijarqdqN tkuojksaesavfkdre mRiknu ,dyhVj lsvfkd ik;k x;k gSA bu xk;ksadh nqXk mRiknu vofk 6&7ekg rd gksrh gSA dkslyh uLy dh xk;ksa dsnwk esaolkdh ek=k 3.5ls4.0%rd gksrh gSA

fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk;sa

dkslyh uLy esa mke jksx izfrjkskd] mPp rkieku (47 C)dks lgusdh 'kfDr ,oafuEu iks"k.k {kerk okyslw[kk pkjk (kkudk iSjk) [kkdj thou;kiu djus dh fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk;sagksrh gSaA


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VksMk HkSal& uhyfxjh igkM+ksadh fof'k"V uLylkdsr dqekj fujatu] ih dkFkhjou] latho flag ,oaj.kthr flag dVkfj;kjk"Vh; i'kqvkuqoakf'kd lalk/ku C;wjks] djuky (gfj;k.kk)

HkSalksadksHkkjr esa,d vxz.kh Ms;jh i'kqds:i esans[kk tkrk gSA gkykfd nwk HkSalksalsfeyusokyk ,d izeq[k mRikn gS] ijUrqbudk ekl mRiknu o Hkkj&okgu esaHkh fo'ks"k ;ksxnku gSA rfeyukMwdh uhyfxjh igkM+ksaesa ikbZtkusokyh VksMk HkSalksa dhfxurh rsjg iathr HkSalksadh uLyksa esagksrh gSA budk uke uhyfxjh esa jgusokysVksMk tutkfr dsuke ij gS] tksfd bu HkSalksadksikyrsgSaA VksMk tutkfr dsyksx yxHkx 800o"kks lsHkh igyslsuhyfxjh dsigkM+ksa esajg jgsgSavkSj budk thou;kiueq[;r% bUghaHkSlkas dsbnZ&fxnZgh dsfUnzr jgrk gSA lkfgR; esabu HkSalksdk lEcUk VksMk tutkfr lslu~1603lsHkh igyslsof.kZr gSA igkM+ksaesajgusokyh bl vdsyh HkSal uLy dh 'kkjhfjd jpuk ckdh lHkh unh; HkSalksalsdkQh fHkUu gSA ;sHkSalsuhyfxjh igkM+ksadsokrkoj.k esaiw.kZr;% vuqdwfyr gSarFkk [kqysesa fo"ke rkieku dksiwjh rjg lslgu djusesa l{ke gSaA budhnqXk mRiknu {kerk e;e Lrj dh gS] tksfd 2&6yhVj izfrfnu gSA O;kid izcUku iz.kkyh esaikyh tkusokyh bu HkSalksadksigysnynyh; HkSalksads:i esaigpkuk x;k ftudksckn esaxq.klw=h; vkkkj ij unh; HkSalksads:i esaoxhZr fd;k x;kA

forj.kVksMk HkSalksadk HkkSxksfyd forj.k rfeyukMwdsuhyfxjh ftysds pkjks rkyqdksaesa uhyfxjh dsigkM+h {ks= esagSA oSlsrkseq[;r%VksMk tutkfr dsyksx gh bldksikyrsgSa] ijUrq nwljh tutkfr;k tSlsfd ckMkxk ,oadksVk Hkh budksdqN la[;k esaj[krsgSaA VksMk tutkfr dsyksx bl HkSalksa dslkFk NksVh&NksVh cfLr;ksa] ftUgsafd eq.M dgk tkrk gS] esajgrs gSaA ;scfLr;k if'pehrFkk nf{k.k&if'peh fn'kkvksadsuhyfxjh pkjkxkgksaesaeq[; :i lsleqnzry ls2000ehVj o vfkd pkbZij QSyh gqbZgSaAbl {ks= esavkSlru 116ls- eh- o"kkZizfro"kZeq[;r% twu lsvDrwcj ekg dsnkSjku gksrh gSA bl dkj.k gh bl {ks= esaiwjslkypkjkxkgksaesagjh ?kkl miyCk jgrh gS] ftl ij ;g HkSalsaeq[;r% fuHkZj jgrh gSaA

VksMk pjokgs dbZ lfn;ksa ls bu HkS alks a ds lkFk uhyfxjh dh igkfM+;ksa esa fopj.k dj jgs gSaA VksMk tutkfr dk bu HkS alks a

ls fo'ks "k lEcUk g S D;ksafd o s bldks bZ'ojh; ojnku ekurs gSa A bu HkS alk sa dks rhu i zdkj ls oxhZr fd;k x;k g SA igyhoks HkS alsa tks taxy esa jgrh gS aA buds nwk dk nksgu dsoy taxy esa jg jgs VksMk i qtkjh yksx kkfeZd vuq"Bkuksa gsrq djr s

uj VksMk i'kq eknk VksMk i'kq


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gSaA bu HkS alks a dks Fkh&bj dgk tkrk g SA nwljh rjg dh HkS als ftUgsa ^ik sLFk&bj* dgk tkrk gS] VksMk cfLr;ksa esa jgrh g Sao budk Hkh nwk dsoy efUnj ds iqtkjh kkfeZd vuq"Bkuk sa d s fy, gh dj ldrs gSaA rhljh rjg dh HkS als ^fQFk&bj* dsnwk dk mi;ks ax ?kj syw [kir ds fy, gksrk gSA

VksMk i'kqku la[;k

VksMk HkSalksadk vkSlru >q.M vkdkj34

HkSalsa(2

ls123

HkSal) izfr>q.M ntZ fd;k x;k gSA lu~1994

esaVksMk HkSalksadh dqyla[;k3313vfHkfyf[kr gS] ftuesa 1809o;Ld eknk] 700o;Ld uj] 584vo;Ld eknk o 850iM~Ms'kkfey gSaA lu~ 2005esagq, ,d losZ{k.k dsvuqlkj] 70>q.Mksaesa VksMk HkSalksadh la[;k dsoy 1476ikbZxbZA vLrq] ;sHkSal uLy laj{k.k dslUnHkZesa[krjsesagSA

i'kq O;ogkj

iw.kZ:i lsikyrwu gksusdsdkj.k bu HkSalksa dk O;ogkj vkked gksrk gS vkSj bUgsadsoy budk i'kqekfyd gh lEHkky ldrkgSA bl rjg dk O;ogkj bUgsa taxy esataxyh tkuojksa lscpusesa enn djrk gSA ,d >q.M dh HkSalsnwljs>q.M ds lkFk izk;%ughafeyrhA

vkokl

bu HkSalksa dksizk;% [kqys esaj[kk tkrk gSvkSj ;spkjkxkgksaij fcuk fdlh vfrfjDr [kqjkd dsB.Mso iBkjh {ks=ksaesavklkuh lsjg ldrh gSaA NksVsiM~Mksa dksjkr esaB.M lscpkusdsfy, fo'ks"k >ksiM+h cukdj j[kk tkrk gSA o;Ld HkSalksa dks[kqysckM+sesajkr ds le; j[kk tkrk gSA bu ckM+ksalsxkscj lky esa,d ckj fudkyk gh tkrk gSA

iks"k.k

HkSalksadk iks"k.k eq[;r% pjkbZij fuHkZj jgrk gSrFkk bUgsafdlh Hkh izdkj dk nkuk@jkfrc ugha fn;k tkrk gSA dsoy o"kZesanksckj ,d fo'ks"k lekjksg esadsoy eknkvksadksued fn;k tkrk gSA nwk fudkyusdsmijkUr HkSlksadksrqjUr pjusdsfy, taxy

NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS] tcfd NksVscNM+so cNfM+;ksa dksvklikl gh pjusfn;k tkrk gSA

taxy esa fopfjr VksMk HkSalksa dk ,d >q.M uotkr VksMk i'kq


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VksMk HkSal& uhyfxjh igkM+ksadh fof'k"V uLy

ck 'kkjhfjd lajpuk

tUe ds le; T;knkrj cNM+ksadk jax gYdsihysjax ;k gYds/kwlj jax dk gksrk gS] tksfd 'kkjhfjd o`f dslkFk Hkwjsjk[kdsjax esaifjofrZr gkstkrk gSA izkjEHk esa cNM+ksa ds 'kjhj ij yEcscky ekStwn gksrsgSa] tksmez ds lkFk NksVso fojy gksrspystkrsgSaA psgjs] xnZu o vxzvZ'kjhj ij cky vfkdre~la[;k esagksrsgSaA uj HkSalksa esa ckyksadk jax xgjk gksrk gSvkSj peM+hT;knkrj gYds/kwlj jax esa gksrh gSA flj dk vkdkj dkQh cM+k o Hkkjh Hkjde rFkk 'kjhj dslery gksrk gSA ekFkk pkSM+k gksrk

gSA flj dsij LysVh jax dsdkQh cM+slhax gksrsgSa] tksfd pkSM+kbZ esavZo`kkdkj :i esackgj rFkk ij dksQSysgksrsgSaAVksMk HkSalsae;e 'kkjhfjd lajpuk okyh gksrh gSaA VkxsNksVh o etcwr gksrh gSaA v;u o`kkdkj rFkk e;e :i lsmUur gksrkgSA Fku csyukdkj fljsij xksykdkj gksrsgSaA nqXk ul cgqr T;knk mUur ughagksrhA xnZu dsikl i'kqdh Nkrh ij gYdsHkwjsjax dsnksxksykdkj fu'kku gksrs gSaA

nqXk mRiknu

VksMk HkSalksa esanwk mRiknu dh {kerk vkSlru 2-5fd-xzk- izfrfnu ntZdh xbZgS] tksfd flQZ ?kkl ij fuHkZj jgrs gq, e;e ntsZdh gSA vfkdre nqXk mRiknu 6-6fd-xzk- izfrfnu ntZ fd;k x;k gSA nwljsC;kr rd nwk mRiknu esao`f gksrh gS] rRi'pkr~mkjorhZC;krksa esa de gksrk tkrk gSA nqXk dky vkSlru 198fnu] 603fd-xzk- nwk dslkFk ekik x;k gS] tksfd nwljh HkSalh;

uLyksa dh rqyuk esa dkQh de gSA nwk esadqy vkSlr olk dh ek=k 8-28% (4-8ls14-0%dschp) gksrh gStksfd Hknkojh HkSalksadslerqY; o cgqr lkjh vU; uLyksalsvfkd gSA izksVhu o dqy Bksl dh vkSlru ek=k 4-2o 16%vkadh xbZgSA

fiNyh 'krkCnh rd VksMk tutkfr dsyksxksadk izeq[k ikjEifjd O;olk; Msjh m|ksx gh jgk gS] tksfd khjskhjsle; dslkFkcnyko dh rjQ gSA T;knkrj HkSalksa lsfnu esanksckj nqX/k nksgu fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesanwk Fkuksa esamrkjusdsfy, HkSal dscPpsdh enn yh tkrh gSA nwk lw[k tkusdsckn dqN HkSalksadksfnu dsfy, taxy esaNksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA uj cNM+ksadks6ls12eghusdschp ekl dsfy, xzh"e rqdsvkxeu ls igys csp fn;k tkrk gSA

iztuu

lkekU;r;% VksMk >q.Mksaesa iztuu dsfy, uj dksughaj[kk tkrk gSA uj cNM+ksa dks,d lky rd dh mezesacsp fn;k tkrk

gSvFkok taxy esa izkfrd lgokl dsfy, NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA iztuu dsle; ;staxyh HkSalsadqN fnu dsfy, eknkvksads>q.M ds lkFk jgrsgSaA bl iz{ks= esa VksMk HkSalksadk nwk c


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mi;ksfxrk

VksMk HkSalksarFkk Ms;jh dh mi;ksfxrk VksMk tutkfr dh yksdxkFkkvksa,oaizkFkZukvksa esacrkbZxbZgSA ;sHkSlsaflQZ pjkbZ ij fuHkZjjgrh gSavkSj bUgsa dksbZvfrfjDr jkfrc bR;kfn ughafn;k tkrk gSA VksMk yksxksa dh bu HkSalksalsvfkdrj vk; nwk cspdj gksrhgSA FkksM+h cgqr ek=k esa?kh ,oaeD[ku bR;kfn Hkh cspk tkrk gS] ftUgs;snwljh tutkfr;ksa cMkxk] dksVk] b#yk bR;kfn yksxksadkscsprsgS vkSj cnysesa diM+k] vukt bR;kfn [kjhnrsgSaA nwk dsvfrfjDr bUgsaekl ds fy, Hkh mi;ksx esayk;k tkrk gSa]

ftlesavfkdrj uj iM~Msgh gksrsgSaA kkfeZd vuq"Bkuksadsfy, dHkh dHkh budh cfy Hkh nh tkrh gSA yxHkx lHkh uj iM~Mksadks9ls12eghusdh mezesaekal gsrqcsp fn;k tkrk gSA bu lc ds vfrfjDr cgqr cM+s>q.Mksals izkIr xkscj dkso"kZesa,dckj ckM+slsfudky dj ,oalq[kkdj cspk tkrk gS] ftllsdkQh vPNh vkenuh gks tkrh gSA

vkuqoaf'kd xq.k fukkZj.k

ekbkslsVsykbV rFkk ekbVksdkf.M;k dh Mh&ywi Ja[kyk dsvkkkj ij nwljh HkSalksadh rqyuk esa VksMk HkSalksaesamifLFkr fofokrkdk v;;u fd;k x;k gSA 25ekbkslsVsykbV fpUgdksadsv;;u lsdqy 105,yhy ik, x,] tksfd vkSlru 4-2,yhy@yksdl FksA VksMk HkSalksa esae;e ntsZ dh gsVksjkstkbxksflVh ik;h xbZtksfd vkSlr ls0-048de gSA lclsjkspd rF; ;g gSfd VksMk HkSalksadh la[;k de rFkk NksVs@lhfer HkkSxksfyd {ks= esagksrsgq, Hkh buesavUr% iztuu tksfd ,Q-vkbZ-,l-osY;w

}kjk fudkyh xbZ] de Lrj ij FkhA ftldk dkj.k iztuu esataxyh HkSalkasdk ;ksxnku vfkd gksuk gksldrk gSA bl ckr dhiqf"V] bl uLy esatsusfVd cksVyusd dh vuqifLFkfr lsHkh gqbZA pkj unh; HkSalksa] VksMk] lkmFk dukjk] ejkBokM+h rFkk eqjkZgdsekbkslsVsykbV fo'ys"k.k }kjk lkmFk dukjk rFkk VksMk HkSalksadksdkQh utnhd ik;k x;kA ekbVksdkf.M;k Mh-,u-,edsfo'ys"k.k lsbu pkjksauLyksaesae fodkl lEcUk dsvkkkj ij Hkh lkmFk dukjk vkSj VksMk HkSalksaesagsIyksVkbi lgHkktuvfkdre Fkk] ftldk dkj.k budk Hkwxksyh; Lrj ij utnhd gksuk gksldrk gSA

milagkj

VksMk HkSalsa ,d egRoiw.kZ Ms;jh i'kq gS] ftldk lkekftd] kkfeZd rFkk lkaLfrd :i lsVksMk tutkfr dsthou esaegRoiw.kZLFkku gSA ijUrqbudh ?kVrh gqbZla[;k ,d fpUrk dk fo"k; gSA NksVso uotkr i'kqvksaesavR;fkd e`R;qnj] de gkssrspkjkxkgksa

dh la[;k] taxyh tkuojksa}kjk budk f'kdkj dqN ,d ,slsdkj.k gSa ftudh rjQ ;ku nsuk vfr vko';d gSA VksMk leqnk;dsyksxksa esathou 'kSyh dscnyko dh otg lsi'kqikyu dksNksM+dj nwljsfdlh vU; dk;ksdh rjQ cku Hkh buHkSalksdsmkjthfork dsfy, [krjk gSA budslaj{k.k dsfy, gkWykfd yxHkx 25VksMk cfLr;ksadks'kkfey djds,d iapiUMkoj VksMk HkSal iztud laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh xbZgS] tksfd budsikyu ds fy, dbZrjg lsiz;kljr gSA rfeyukMw jkT;dsi'kqikyu foHkkx dksvkSj Hkh vko';d dne mBkdj rFkk lkFk gh bldslaj{k.k dsfy, VksMk tutkfr dsyksxksadkstkx`rdjusdh vko';drk gS] ftllsfd bl vewY; HkSal dkscpk;k tk ldsA


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fgekpy izns'k dh vewY; /kjksgj& pkewFkhZ ?kksM+kiznhi dqekj Mksxjk] lathr dVksp] ;'kiky Bkdqj] o:.k la[;ku ,oajkds'k Bkdqji'kqiztuu ,oavkuqoaf'kdh foHkkx] i'kqfpfdRlk ,oai'kqikyu egkfo|ky;]

fgekpy izns'k f"k fo'ofo|ky;] ikyeiqj (fgekpy izns'k)

Hkkjro"kZdh dqy i'kqtula[;k dk yxHkx ,d izfr'kr fgLlk ?kksM+k iztkfr dsi'kqvksalscurk gSA LorU= Hkkjr dsioZrh;jkT;ksaesa;krk;kr dslk/kuksaesacgqr mUufr gqbZ gSa] fQj Hkh xzkeh.k vkWpy esavkt Hkh ;krk;kr cgqr gn rd ?kksM+k iztkfrdsi'kqvksa}kjk gh lapkfyr fd;k tkrk gSA gekjsns'k esa?kksM+ksadh dqy N% uLysaikbZtkrh gSa] muesalsgh ,d pkewFkhZ(fLirh)?kksM+k gS] tksfd fgekpy izns'k dsfy, izfr dh ,d vewY; /kjksgj dk Lo:i gSA izns'k dsioZrh; ps&uhpsko fn;k x;k gSA

bu ?kksM+ ksa dh ;g fo'ks"krk g S fd ;g vf/kd pkbZ okys {ks=ksa (leqn z ry ls 10ls 15gtkj QqV) esa Hkyh Hkkafr


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8


izpfyr iztuu ifr

izns'k ds fLirh mie.My ds vUrZxr fiu ?kkVh esa pkewFkhZ ?kksM +ksa dk iztuu ;gk ls fdlkuksa ds fy, thfodk dk ,d lzksr gSA'kxue ,oa dqaxjh iapk;r ds yxHkx 15xkoksa ds fdlku pkewFkhZ ?kksM+ksa dk iztuu oSKkfud rjhds ls dj jgs gSa vkSj izfr o"kZ;gk ls mke uLy ds pkewFkhZ ?kksM+s fo; gsrq dktk] jkeiqj ,oa ysg&yn~nk[k rd Hkst s tkrs gSaA ;gk ds fdlkuksa dh thfodkblh O;olk; ij fuHkZj gSA bl {ks= esa i ztuu gsrq uj ?kksM+ksa dh p;u izf;k {ks= ds vuqHkoh ,oa c qtqxZ ?kksM+k ikydksa dh

,d lfefr ds }kjk oSKkfud rjhds ls dk;kZfUor dh tkrh gSA {ks= ds lHkh O;Ld uj ?kksM +ksa dks bl lfefr ds le{k p;ugsrq izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA bu lHkh ?kksM+ksa esa ls dqN ,d pqfuank ?kksM+ksa dks gh mldh dn&dkBh] uLy dh vuq:irk] pky]jax ,oa vU; ekin.Mksa dk iw.kZ vkadyu djus ds mijkUr p;fur fd;k tkrk gSA vU; O;Ld uj ?kksM+ks a dk cf/k;kdj.k djfn;k tkrk gSA rnksijkUr bu ?kksM+k sa dk iztuu gsrq lHkh ?kksM+k ikyd mi;ksx djrs gSaA bl dk;Z ds fy, bu uj ?kksM+k sa dkseknk ?kksfM+;ksa ds lkFk izkfrd lekxe gsrq pkjkxkgksa esa NksM+k tkrk gSA lfefr bl dk;Z ds fy, dqN 'kqYd Hkh fu/kkZfjr

djrh gS] tksfd ml ?kk sM+k ikyd gks feyrk g S] ftldk uj ?kksM+k p;fur gksrk gS vkSj og bl dk mi;ksx mu uj ?kksM+s dsj[kj[kko ij djrk gSA bl izf;k ls fdlkuk sa esa izfr;ksfxrk dh Hkkouk c


15/100

9

fgekpy izns'k dh vewY; /kjksgj& pkewFkhZ ?kksM+k

rkfydk 2% pkewFkhZ ?kksM+kasdk 'kkjhfjd ifjeki (lSaVh ehVj)

ifjeki mez 1 o"kZ lsde mez 1 ls3 o"kZ mez 3 o"kZ lsij

uj (118) eknk (73) uj (140) eknk (93) uj (258) eknk (433)

'kkjhfjd yEckbZ 95-56 95-50 117-76 113-91 129-85 122-28

2-41 2-78 1-61 1-13 0-85 0-94

Nkrh dh ifjf/k 99-76 98-46 138-64 135-41 143-12 140-56

2-73 3-27 1-43 1-36 0-60 0-61

'kkjhfjd pkbZ 95-40 94-49 124-87 123-42 132-14 131-19

2-36 2-74 1-26 1-03 0-64 0-67

dkuksadh yEckbZ 10-05 11-07 12-87 12-94 15-33 15-56

0-30 0-33 0-36 0-46 0-34 0-17

eqg dh yEckbZ 32-41 32-69 37-53 37-48 50-37 49-030-39 0-83 0-74 0-93 0-84 0-91

eqg dh pkSM+kbZ 13-73 14-21 16-78 17-14 21-61 20-73

0-26 0-70 -80 0-46 0-17 0-43

xnZu dsckyksa

dh yEckbZ

21-52 21-06 24-11 27-78 29-22 28-97

0-31 0-92 0-68 0-19 0-11 0-13

iwN dh yEckbZ 29-34 35-11 49-83 50-20 60-26 55-55

0

-70 0

-25 0

-35 0

-23 0

-89 0

-29

rkfydk 3% pkewFkhZ ?kksM+ksa dsiztuu vkWdM+s

iztuu vkadM+k vkSlr lhek

izFke rq p ds le; mez(ekg) 18-630-69 15&24

izFke feyu dsle; mez(ekg) 32-240-76 30&34

izFke izlwfr dsle; mez(ekg) 43-680-13 41&46

xHkZ/kkj.k ds fy, feyu la[;k 2-170-03 2&3

izlwfr lsxHkZ/kkj.k dk le; (fnu) 29-351-58 10&50

nksizlwfr dschp vUrjky (fnu) 371-721-69 345&380

xHkZdky (fnu) 332-260-63 330&335


16/100

10


laj{k.k dk;Ze

bl uLy ds?kksM+ksa dh ?kVrh tula[;k dks/;ku esaj[krsgq,ifj;kstuk dsvUrZxr ,d laj{k.k dk;Ze Hkh lEiw.kZfd;kx;kA iztuu {ks= (fiu ?kkVh) esagh uLy ds vuq:i 58o;LdxHkZorh eknk ?kksfM+;ksadk p;u fd;k x;k rFkk vPNsj[kj[kko

gsrqmUgas,d fu/kkZfjr jkf'k Hkh miyC/k djokbZxbZA iwjsxHkZdky esamUgsa le; ij vU; rduhdh ijke'kZHkh fn;kx;kA bu eknkvksalsmRiUu uj larkuksadk nwljspj.k esap;ufd;k x;k] vPNsj[kj[kko gsrqmUgsaHkh fukkZfjr jkf'k miyC/kdjokbZxbZ] rkfd bu dk mi;ksx uLy laj{k.k gsrqfd;k tkldsA ifj;kstuk dsbu iz;klksadks{ks= escgqr ljkgk x;kA

fu"d"kZ

pkewFkhZ ?kksM+ksadk fgekpy izns'k dsvf/kd pkbZokys {ks=ksa esa cgqr mi;ksx gS] ijUrqbudh la[;k fujUrj ?kVrh tk jgh gSA

fo; dsdkj.k vPNh uLy ds?kksM+ksa dksizns'k ls ckgj Hkstk tk jgk gS] ftllsiztuu {ks= esa bu dh la[;k vkSj de gksrh tkjgh gSA c


17/100

11

ladj iztuu dk mR"V ifj.kke&o`Unkouh xk;KkusUnz dqekj xkSM+] Hkkjr Hkw"k.k] eUtqukFk iVsy ,oaeqds'k flagi'kq/ku mRiknu ,oa izca/ku vuqHkkx

Hkkjrh; i'kqfpfdRlk vuqla/kku laLFkku] bTtruxj (mkj izns'k)

Hkkjro"kZesaladj iztuu dk vkjEHk lu~1875esaiVuk dsvklikl 'kksVZgkSuZlkM+ksadsns'kh xk;ksa esa iz;ksx dslkFk gqvkA enzkljkT; dsuhyfxjh {ks= ,oa vklke rFkk caxky ds ioZrh; {ks=ksaesaHkh ;wjksfi;u la?kksarFkk pk; mRikndksa}kjk ladj iztuuyxHkx blh le; izkjEHk fd;k x;kA lSU; QkeksZij ladj iztuu fons'kh uLyksatSlshft;u] tlhZ] xksjuls] vk;j'kk;j ,oa'kksVZgkSuZ ,oans'kh uLyksatSlslkghoky] gfj;kuk] Fkjikjdj] flU/kh ,oafxj ds iz;ksx ls1891esaizkjEHk gqvkA ,d vU; ladjiztuu ifj;kstuk bEihfj;y Msjh fjlpZbaLVhV;wV] caxykSj ij vk;j'kk;j ,oagfj;kuk@jsM fla/kh dk iz;ksx djds1910esavkjEHk gqbZA i'kq/ku vuqla/kku LVs'ku] glj (enzkl jkT;) usvk;j'kk;j ,oajsMfla/kh dk iz;ksx djdsladj ifj;kstuk 1919esavkjEHk dhA Hkkjrh; f"k vuqla/kku laLFkku] iwlk (fcgkj) us1920esarFkk bykgkckn f"k laLFkku us 1924esa ladj iztuudk dk;ZvkjEHk fd;kA jkW;y deh'ku vkWu ,xzhdYpj (1926) usLi"V fd;k fd xksikydksadks 3500yhVj nw/k izfr C;kr

izfr xk; izkIr djus dsfy;s ns'kh i'kqvksadk ladj uLyksa lsiztuu djkuk pkfg;sAxkslao/kZu dh dsUnzh; ifj"kn~us1961esavof.kZr xksi'kqvksadk ladj.k gkSYLVhu&hft;u] czkmu fLol ,oatlhZ uLyksalsdjusdh laLrqfr dhA i'kqikyu foHkkx dsoSKkfud iSuy (1965) usp;u }kjk of.kZr uLyksadsfodkl] vof.kZr i'kqvksadsmke 'kq uLyksa }kjk mRFkku ,oal?ku {ks=ksaesaladj iztuu viukus ij tksj fn;kA Hkkjrh; f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn~(1955)usladj i'kqvksaesa fons'kh jDr dh izfr'krrk dk vkadyu djusdsfy;sioZrh; {ks=ksaesa ,d ladj ifj;kstuk tlhZuLy dslkFk vkjEHk dh x;hA

fons'kh ,oa ns'kh uLyksadh mi;qDrrk tkuusdsfy;s] fons'kh uLy dh mfpr jDr izfr'krrk dk vkadyu djusds fy;s] var%iztuu dk izHkko tkuusdsfy;s,oauLy okrkoj.k dh izfrf;k dk irk yxkusdsfy;svf[ky Hkkjrh; leUo; vuqla/kku

ifj;kstuk (xksiq'k) vizSy] 1996lsdk;Zjr~gqbZA ;g ifj;kstuk bTtruxj] yke] jgqjh] tcyiqj ,oagfju?kVk bZdkbZ;ksaijpykbZxbZA bl ifj;kstuk esa bTtruxj bdkbZij hft;u] czkmu fLol ,oa tlhZfons'kh ewy dh uLysa,oagfj;kuk Lons'khuLy iz;ksx dh xbZA ifj;kstuk dsvUrxZr vusd ladj ykbuksadksfodflr fd;k x;k ,oa mudh mRikndrk dk vkadyufd;k x;kA lu~1985esavf[ky Hkkjrh; leUo;u vuqla/kku ifj;kstuk (xksiq'k) dslekIr gksusdsi'pkr~bTtruxj bdkbZij lHkh ykbuksadks/khjs&/khjsvkil esafeyk fn;k x;kA vUrr% lu 2006esayxHkx 10ihf


18/100

12


'kkjhfjd cukoV o xq.k%oÙnkouh i'kqvksadk 'kkjhfjd jax eq[;r% cknkeh gksrk gSaA ;|fi dkys] lQsn ,oa xgjsihysi'kqdhdqN la[;k Hkh feyrh gSA lkekU;r% iwjs'kjhj dk jax ,d lk gksrk gS] ysfdu dqN i'kq jax fcjaxs] NkW;kfdr ;k fpkhnkj Hkhgksrsg SaA eq[k ca/kuh lkekU;r% lysVh gksrh gSA vxzlj vf/kdrj i'kqvksaesalQsn gksrk gS] ysfdu dqN i'kqvksaesa;g cknkeh]dkyk ;k xgjk ihyk Hkh gksrk gSA iwN e/;e lsyEch gksrh gSA iwNkxzdkyh ,oa lQsn nksuksajax dh feyrh gSA vxzlj voryizdkj dk gksrk gSA eq[k ca/kuh e/;e vkdkj dh ,oaxy dEcy NksVk gksrk gSA 'kjhj lkekU;r% e/;e ,oaxBhyk gksrk gSA vk[ksa

e/;e vkdkj dh ,oapedhyh gksrh gSaA dku e/;e vkdkj dsikf'Zod xfBr gksrsgSaA oÙnkouh xk;ksa esaoSlsrkslhax ik;stkrsgSa] ijarqtUe ds ckn cNM+s@cNfM+;ksadslhxksadk jks/ku dj fn;stkusds dkj.k o;Ld xk;safcuk lhax dsgh fn[kkbZiM+rhgSaA lkekU;r% oÙnkouh xk;ksaesaxnZu iryh ,oayEch gksrh gSaA Vkxse/;e vkdkj dh ,oa'kjhj lsHkyh Hkkfr oxkZdkj :i eastqM+h gksrh gSA 'kjhj dsij NksVs@e/;e vkdkj dspednkj cky gksrsgSaA v;u lkekU;r% nzksf.kdk] dVksjk] xksyk ;k 'kadqdsvkdkj dk gksrk gSA Fku vf/kdrj csyukdkj] dhikdkj ;k uk'kikrh dsvkdkj dsgksrsgSaA oÙnkouh xk;ksa esaFkuksdh vkSlryEckbZ yxHkx 5-25ls-eh- ,oa ,d Fku dk O;kl yxHkx 2-25lsa-eh- gksrk gSA oÙnkouh i'kqvf/kdkW'kr% lh/ksLoHkko dsgksrsgSaA oÙnkouh i'kqvksa dh pkbZ] yEckbZ,oa gVZxFkZfuEu rkfydk esanh xbZ gS%

rkfydk 1% oÙnkouh i'kqvksadh pkbZ] yEckbZ ,oagVZ xFkZoxZ pkbZ (ls-eh) yEckbZ(ls-eh) gVZ xFkZ (ls-eh)

xk; 122 156 172

lkM+ 128 172 195

i'kqvksadh la[;k%Hkkjrh; i'kqfpfdRlk vuqla/kku laLFkku bTtruxj dsxk; ,oa HkSal iz{ks= esatuojh 2013dksoÙnkouh i'kqvksa dhdqy la[;k 411Fkh] ftuesa ls358eknk ,oa53uj i'kqFksA eknk i'kqvksa esa50N% eghusrd dh vk;qdscPps] 22N% eghuslsckjg ekgrd dh vk;q dscPps] 101,d lsrhu o"kZ rd dh vk;qokyh cNfM+;ksa] 142nqX/k mRiknu djusokyh xk;sa,oa 26'kq"d xk; lfEefyr


19/100

13

ladj iztuu dk mR"V ifj.kke&oÙnkouh xk;

FkhA uj i'kqvksaesa 29,d o"kZrd dh vk;qokyscPps] 4,d lsnkso"kZrd dh vk;qokys;qok lkaM ,oa19o;Ld lkaM lfEefyr FksAHkk- i- fp- v- la- bTtruxj uslu~ 1997ls2012rd dqy 1313oÙnkouh i'kqvksadh uhykeh Hkh i'kq ikydksadschp dh gSAbl {ks= esaoÙnkouh i'kqvksa dh la[;k c


20/100

14


i'kqx`g fuekZ.k gsrqLFky lw[kk ,oapsLFkku ij gksuk pkfg,] tgk ikuh u tek gksrk gks] nyny jfgr gksrFkk vR;f/kd o"kkZdsLFkku lsnwj gksA i'kqx`g dh nhokj dh apkbZ1-5&2-0eh-] Nr dh pkbZ3-0&4-0eh-] Q'kZdh


21/100

15

ladj iztuu dk mR"V ifj.kke&o`Unkouh xk;

rkfydk 3% fofHkUu i'kq lewgksagsrq vko';d larqfyr nkusdh ek=k

voLFkk nSfud vko';drk (fd- xzk- @i'kq @ fnu)

1- o;Ld xk;

(v) 'kkjhfjd j[k j[kko 1-0

(c) nqX/k&mRiknu 1-0&1-5fd- xzk-@2-5&3-0fd- xzk- nqX/k mRiknu(l) xkfHku i'kq dh vko';drk 1-5

(n) 'kq"d xk; 1-5&2-0

2- cfN;k

(v) 18ekg 2-5

(c) 12&18ekg 2-0

(l) 6&12ekg 1&1-5

rkfydk 4% larqfyr nkuk feJ.k dsvo;o ,oamudk izfr'kr

nkuk vo;o izfr'kr ek=k

xsg dk pksdj 47

[kyh (lks;kchu@eqxQyh@ljlksa) 20

eDdk 30

[kfut feJ.k 02

lk/kkj.k ued 01

lkekU; rkSj ij 8&10fd- xzk- nSfud nqX/k mRiknu djusokysi'kqvksa dksfnu esanksckj (12?kaVsdsvarjky ij) gkFk ls

nqguk pkfg,A mllsvf/kd nqX/k mRiknu djusokysi'kqvksadksfnu esarhu ckj gkFk lsnqguk pkfg,sA vfr mPp nqX/k mRiknd(20fd- xzk- lsvf/kd) i'kqvkasdsnksgu gsrqnqX/k nksgu e'khuksa dk iz;ksx okaNuh; gSA nqX/k nksgu dk le;] voLFkk ,oarqlsvizHkkfor jguk pkfg,A nqX/k nksgu dh izf;k dksi'kqds nqX/k mrkjus dsmijkar 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz laiUu dj nsuk pkfg;sA blizf;k dk iw.kZle; i'kqdsnqX/k dh ek=k dsvk/kkj ij 5&10feuV gksldrk gSA nqX/k nksgu gsrq iw.kZgLr fof/k dk iz;ksxdjuk pkfg;sA nqX/k nksgu lsiwoZi'kqLoPN gksuk pkfg;sA csgrj gksfd i'kqdksnqX/k nksgu lsiwoZHkyh&Hkkafr ugyk fn;k tk;sAijarq 'khr rqesabllscpuk gh csgrj gksxkA ugykuslsi'kqds'kjhj] Fkuksa,oav;u vkfn ij yxk xkscj] xanxh vkfn /kqytkrh gSftllsLoPN nqX/k mRiknu lqfuf'pr gksrk gSA

nqX/k nksgu lsiwoZFkuksa] v;u] XokysdsgkFk vkfn dksiksVkf'k;e ijeSaxusV ds0-1izfr'kr ?kksy ls/kksdj lkQ rkSfy;slsikasN

nsuk pkfg,A i'kqdsFkuksals iw.kZnqX/k nksgu vko';d gSvU;Fkk i'kqdsFkuksaesafodkj mRiUu gksldrk gSA FkuksalsnqX/k dslkFk fNNM+s] [kwu vkfn vkusij ;k Fku dk fNnzcan gkstkusij FkuSyk jksx gksldrk gS] ftldsmipkj gsrqi'kqfpfdRlddh lykg vko';d gSA i'kqvksa dksnqX/k nksgus lsiwoZ larqfyr nkuk fn;k tk ldrk gSA ,slk djusij i'kqnqX/k vklkuh lsmrkj nsrk gSA nqX/k nksgu lslacaf/kr crZu] e'khu] dsu vkfn dksvPNh izdkj lslkQ djdsiz;ksx djuk pkfg;sA nqX/k nksgudsmijkar nqX/k dks;Fkk'kh?kzlgdkjh nqX/k lfefr ;k fo; dsUnzij igqapk nsuk pkfg;s] D;ksafd nqX/k 'kh?kz [kjkc gksusokykinkFkZgSrFkk j[kusls[kjkc gkssusij vkfFkZd gkfu gksldrh gSA


22/100

16


izk;% xkfHku i'kq xHkZ ds7&8ekg iwjk gkstkusij nqX/k mRiknu dkQh de dj nsrsgSaA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa xkfHku i'kqdk nqX/k1&2fd- xzk- igqpusij can dj nsuk pkfg;sA bllsxk; dsxHkZesaiy jgscPpsdk mfpr fodkl gksxk rFkk lkFk gh og vxysC;kar esamPp nqX/k mRiknu gsrqrS;kj gksldsxhA bl izdkj ds365fnu dks305fnu nqX/k dky rFkk 60fnu 'kq"d dky ds:i esa lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldsxkA

lqfu;af=r iztuu%o`Unkouh xk;ksa lsvPNs cNM+s cNfM+;k izkIr djusgsrqvko';d gSfd mudksxehZdsy{k.k izdV djusij

mke nqX/k mRiknu {kerk okyslkaMksals;k mudsfgehr oh;ZlsxfHkZr djk;k tk;sA lkaM+ksdspquko esa/;ku j[kuk pkfg,fd iztud lkaM xfHkZr djk;stkusokysi'kq(xk;@cNfM+;k) ls5&6ihf


23/100

17

ns'k esavxz.kh jktLFkkuh HksM+lEinkv:.k dqekj rksej1] vk'kh"k pksiM+k] vfuy dqekj feJ2,oa ,l ,e dsudohdsUnzh; HksM+ ,oau vuqla/kku laLFkku] vfodkuxj (jktLFkku)1xksi'kqifj;kstuk funs'kky;] xzkl QkeZ jksM] esjB Nkouh (m-iz-)] 2jk-i-vk-la-C;wjks] djuky (gfj;k.kk)

Hkkjr esa yxHkx rhu&pkSFkkbZturk viuh thfodksiktZu dsfy, izR;{k ;k ijks{k :i lsf"k ;k bllslacaf/kr {ks=ksa lstqM+hgqbZgSA ns'k dh xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk esay?kqjksefUFk;ksa (HksM+&cdjh) dk mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku gS] D;ksafd bu i'kqvksalsfu/kZufdlku tqM+sgq, gSaA [ksrh dslkFk&lkFk HksM+&cdjh ikyu u dsoy vkfFkZd :i lsykHknk;d gS] cfYd vPNk i;kZoj.k cuk;sj[kus esa Hkh lgk;d gSA ns'k dsmu {ks=ksaesaHksM+&cdjh ikyu lhekUr fdlkuksa] [ksfrgj etnwjksavkSj ?kqeUrw i'kqikydksadkizkphu O;olk; gStgk Qly mRiknu izk;% O;kIr izfrdwy f"k&tyok;qdh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa dsdkj.k dkQh eqf'dy gSA HksM+ dkNksVk vkdkj] 'kkjhfjd vko';drk ,oacgqi;ksxh gksuk] i'kq/ku esa,d fo'ks"k egRo j[krk gSA Hkkjr ds'kq"d] vZ&'kq"d ,oaioZrh; {ks=kasesalfn;ksa ls"kdksadh thfodk dk eq[; vk/kkj HksM+ ikyu gh jgk gSA HksM+ ikydksa dh vkfFkZd n`f"V dksns[krsgq, mudsfy, cM+si'kqvksa (xk;] HkSal vkfn) dh [kjhn] mudk j[k&j[kko rFkk 'kkjhfjd vko';drk dksiwjk djuk ,d dfBudk;Zgksrk tk jgk gSA

jktLFkku esaHksM+ ikyu ,d cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ,oaykHkdkjh O;olk; gSD;ksafd ;gk ij Qly mRiknu] o"kkZdh deh rFkkvfuf'prrk gksusdsdkj.k dkQh nq:g gSA jktLFkku dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx 'kq"d ,oae: {ks= dsvUrxZrZvkrk gSA ;gk ijvf/kdrj [ksrh o"kkZ ij vk/kkfjr gSA o"kkZu gksusdsdkj.k i'kqikyu esaHksM+ ikyu "kdksadh vk; dk eq[; lk/ku gSA jktLFkkudh Hkw&lEink] tyok;q] leqnzry lspkbZ,oaouLifr esafofo/krk dk izHkko ;gk miyC/k HksM+ksa ij Hkh iM+rk gS] ftllsHksM+ksadksfofHkUu uLyksads:i esaigpkuk tk ldrk gSA jktLFkku esapksdyk] ukyh] ekjokM+h] exjk] iwxy] tSlyesjh] ekyiqjk]lksukM+h ,oa [ksjh HksM+ uLysaikyh tkrh gSaA buesalspksdyk vkSj exjk uLy lsxyhpk cukusdsfy, mke izdkj dh u izkIrgksrh gSA lksukM+h ,oa ekyiqjk uLy dh HksM+ksalsizkIr u eksVh fdLe dh gksrh gSftldksuenk cukusdsfy, iz;ksx esayk;ktkrk gSA HksM+ la[;k ,oaHksM+ ikyu O;olk; dh n`f"V lsmkj if'peh {ks= ns'k esanwljk LFkku j[krk gSA bl {ks= esaiatkc]

gfj;k.kk] mkj izns'k dseSnkuh Hkkx] jktLFkku] xqtjkr rFkk e/; izns'k vkrsgSaA bu lHkh jkT;ksa dh tyok;qvkerkSj ls'kq"d,oavZ&'kq"d izdkj dh gSrFkk ;gk dsHkwfeghu ,oalhekUr "kdksadk eq[; O;olk; HksM+&cdjh ikyu gh gSA

HksM+ ikyu esa jktLFkku vU; izkUrksadh rqyuk esa egRoiw.kZLFkku j[krk gSA i'kqx.kuk dsvuqlkj] ;gk HksM+ksadh la[;k ,d djksM+43yk[k 12gtkj gSftldk 99izfr'kr Hkkx xkoksa esagSA HksM+ksalsjkT; dks150&200djksM+ :i;sizfro"kZ izkIr gksrsgSA jkT;esayxHkx 2-5yk[k ifjokj lh/ksrkSj ij HksM+ O;olk; ij rFkk bruh gh la[;k esabu lsizkIr mRikn tSlsu] ekl] peM+k dsfoi.ku o u ij vk/kkfjr m|ksxksaij vkfJr gSaA HksM+ksalsjktLFkku esadjhc 200yk[k fd-xzk- u] 400yk[k fd-xzk- eklo 57yk[k ux peM+k feyrk gSA jktLFkku esafiNys5&6o"kksesaHksM+ksadh la[;k esa17izfr'kr c


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ekyiqjk

bl uLy dh HksM+ dk uke jktLFkku dsVksad ftysdh ekyiqjkrglhy dsuke ij iM+k gSA ;g eq[; :i lsekl mRiknd uLygS ftldh u eksVh fdLe dh gksrh gSA ekyiqjk uLy dh HksM+sa

eq[; :i ls t;iqj] Vksad ,oa vtesj ftyksaesaikbZtkrh gSaA blds'kjhj dh cukoV etcwr ,oaxBhyh gksrh gSA bl uLy dsi'kqvksadk psgjk gYdsHkwjsjax dk gksrk gSA budsdku NksVs,oaeqM+sgq,rFkk iwN iryh vkSj e/;e yEckbZ dh gksrh gSA iwN dh vkSlruyEckbZyxHkx 24ls- eh- gksrh gSA budseqg] isV o Vkxksaij uugha gksrh gSA nksuksafyax lhax jfgr gksrsgSaA o;Ld uj dk 'kkjhfjdHkkj 36&42rFkk eknk dk 24&30 fd- xzk- gksrk gSA cPpksadkvkSlr tUe Hkkj 2-6&3-5fd- xzk- gksrk gSA o;Ld uj dh yEckbZo pkbZe'k% 68&74rFkk 62&72ls- eh- rd gksrh gSrFkk eknk dh yEckbZ 61&65rFkk pkbZ 60&64ls- eh- rd gksrh

gSA bl uLy dsuj o eknk e'k% 18,oa 14ekg dh vk;qij iztuu ;ksX; gkstkrsgSaA HksM+ksalsmRiUu u lQsn o vf/kdeksVh fdLe dh gksrh gSA bu HksM+ksals izfro"kZyxHkx 0-8&1-4fd- xzk- u izkIr gksrh gSA bulsizkIr u dsrUrqdh yEckbZ]O;kl rFkk esMwys'ku e'k% 5&7ls- eh-] 40&50ekbZkWu rFkk 70&85izfr'kr gksrk gSA budh eknk HksM+ksa esanw/k dh ek=k vPNhgksrh gSftllsviuscPpksadksBhd lsikyu dj ysrh gSA HksM+sizfrfnu yxHkx 350&650xzk- nw/k nsrh gSA budsuj cPpksa dksekal dsfy, ikyk tkrk gSrFkk l?ku f[kykbZ ls6ekg dh vk;qij budk 'kkjhfjd Hkkj yxHkx 30fd- xzk- rd gkstkrk gSA

exjk

bl uLy dh HksM+saeq[; :i lsjktLFkku dschdkusj] tSlyesj] ukxkSj ,oapw: ftyksaesa ikbZtkrh gSaA budk 'kjhj etcwr ,oaxBhyk gksrk gSrFkk [kky dk jax gYdk xqykch gksrk gSA budk psgjk lQsn jax dk rFkk vk[kksadh xksykbZij gYdsjax ds/kCcs

gksrsgSa] tksbl uLy dh eq[; igpku gSA bu HksM+ksadsdku e/;e yEckbZdsrFkk eqM+sgq, gksrsgSaA budh iwN iryh o e/;eyEckbZ(yxHkx 20ls- eh-) dh gksrh gSA bl uLy ds i'kq dk 'kjhj e/;e lscM+k gksrk gSA bu HksM+ksa dh Vkxse/;e yEckbZdh rFkk buds[kqj l[r ,oalQsn jax dsgksrsgSaA uj o eknk nksuksa lhax jfgr gksrsgSaA bl uLy dso;Ld uj o eknk dkvkSlr 'kkjhfjd Hkkj e'k% 24&28,oa 18&22fd- xzk- gksrk gS]tcfd ifjiDo uj o eknk dk 'kkjhfjd Hkkj e'k% 34&36rFkk27&30fd- xzk- rd igqp tkrk gSA uj i'kqds'kjhj dh yEckbZopkbZe'k% 64&68rFkk 62&54lseh- gksrh gStcfd eknk i'kqdh yEckbZ62&66rFkk pkbZ 60&62ls- eh- rd gksrh gSA bldsuj o eknk cPpksadk vkSlru tUe Hkkj e'k% 2-9,oa2-6fd-

xzk- gksrk gSA uj o eknk e'k% 18o 20ekg dh vk;qij iztuu;ksX; gkstkrsgSaA exjk lsizkIr u fo'o esaxyhpsfuekZ.k dsfy,mke ekuh tkrh gSA bl uLy dh HksM+s1-8&2-3fd- xzk- rd uizfro"kZnsrh gSaA buls izkIr u e/;e Js.kh dh] pednkj o lQsnjax dh gksrh gSA u dsrUrqdh yEckbZ5&7ls- eh- rFkk rUrqdh vkSlr eksVkbZ35&45ekbkWu gksrh gSA


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19

ns'k esavxz.kh jktLFkkuh HksM+lEink

pksdyk

;g uLy 'ks[kkoVh ,oa Nkij dsuke ls tkuh tkrh gSA bl uLy dhHksM+seq[; :i lsjktLFkku ds'ks[kkoVh bykdstSlspq:] >wU>wuw]lhdj] ukxkSj rFkk chdkusj ,oat;iqj ftyksadsjsfxLrkuh {ks=ksa esaikbZtkrh gSA bl uLy dsi'kqlk/kkj.kr;% e/;e ,oaoxkZdkj gksrs

gSA bu HksM+ksadk eqg xgjsHkwjsjax dk gksrk gS] tksfd flj rFkk uhpsvk/kh xnZu rd QSyk jgrk gSA bu HksM+ksadsdku NksVsrFkk nksuksafyaxlhax jfgr gksrs gSaA budh iwN iryh o e/;e yEckbZ(yxHkx 25ls- eh-) dh gksrh gSA bl uLy dsuj rFkk eknk i'kqvksadh 'kkjhfjdHkkj e'k% 32&36,oa 22&28fd- xzk- gksrk gSA bu HksM+ksadh yEckbZo pkbZyxHkx ,d leku gksrh gSftllsi'kqoxkZdkj fn[kkbZnsrkgSA uj i'kqdh vkSlr yEckbZo pkbZe'k% 65&67rFkk eknk dh 58&82ls- eh- gksrh gSA eseuksadk tUe Hkkj 2-2&2-8fd- xzk- gksrk gSA eknkvksa esanw/k dh ek=k de gksrh gS] ftldsdkj.k eseusdetksj rFkk NksVsdn dsgksrsgSaA bl uLy dksjktLFkku dh esjhuksdgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd vU; jktLFkkuh HksM+ksadh rqyuk esabl uLy dh u lokZf/kd eqyk;e ,oackjhd

gksrh gSA bl uLy dh HksM+ lsizfro"kZ1-0&1-8fd- xzk u izkIr gksrh gSA bulsizkIr u dsrUrqdh yEckbZ 5&7ls- eh-] rUrqdk O;kl 24&30ekbZku rFkk esMwys'ku 20&30izfr'kr gksrk gSA

ekjokM+h

jktLFkku dsekjokM+ {ks= esavf/kdrk lsikbZtkus okyh HksM+ dh uLy dksekjokM+h dgk tkrk gSA ;g HksM+ eq[; :i lstks/kiqj] ikyh] ukxkSj] tkykSj] ckM+esj] fljksgh rFkk bu ftyksalsyxsgq, {ks=ksaesaikbZtkrh gSA bl uLy dh HksM+ksadk 'kjhje/;e vkdkj dk gksrk gSA HksM+ksadk psgjk dkysj ax dk gksrk gSrFkk ;g jax xnZu dsfupys Hkkx rd QSyk jgrk gSA budsdku dkQh NksVsrFkk vanj dh vksj eqM+sgq, gksrsgSaA uj o eknk nksuksssgh lhax jfgr gksrsgSaA budh iwN iryh o NksVh lse/;eyEckbZ dh gksrh gSA bldsuj dk 'kkjhfjd Hkkj 28&35rFkk eknk

dk 25&30 fd- xzk- rd gksrk gSA uj i'kqdh yEckbZ ,oapkbZe'k% 68&74rFkk 58&64ls- eh- gksrh gS tcfd eknk dh yEckbZ,oapkbZ e'k% 66&70rFkk 56&60ls- eh- gksrh gSA bl uLy dhHksM+ksadk 'kjhj lqxfBr ,oaetcwr rFkk budh VkxsyEch o etcwrgksrh gSa ftldsdkj.k bl uLy dh HksM+sanwljh uLy dh HksM+ksadhrqyuk esa vf/kd nwjh rd pyusesal{ke gksrh gSaA uj o eknk HksM+sae'k% 14o 18ekg dh vk;q ij iztuu ;ksX; gkstkrh gSaA eseuksadk tUe Hkkj 2-7&3-2fd- xzk- gksrk gSA bl uLy dh HksM+ lsizfro"kZ1-4&2-3fd- xzk- lQsn o eksVh Js.kh dh u izkIr gksrh g SA bulsizkIr u ds rUrqdh yEckbZ 7&9ls- eh-] rUrqdk O;kl 32&40ekbZkWu rFkk esMwys'ku 55&65izfr'kr gksrk gSA

ukyh

bl uLy dh HksMa+sjktLFkku dsxaxkuxj] pw:] >qU>quwvkSj gfj;k.kk dsfglkj ,oajksgrd ftyksads nf{k.kh HkkxksaesaikbZ tkrhgSA ;g ukyh {ks= dgk tkrk gSD;ksafd ;gk dk /kjkry uhpk gSA ;g e/;e lscM+svkdkj dh uLy gS] ftldk 'kjhj etcwr


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20


gksrk gSA budspsgjsdk jax gYdk Hkwjk rFkk [kky dk jax xqykchgksrk gSA bu HksM+ksa dsdku yEcso ikhuqek gksrsgSaA nksuksafyax lhaxjfgr gksrsgSA bu i'kqvksadh VkxsNksVh rFkk [kqj ihys jax dsgksrsgSaAbudh iwN iryh o yEckbZesaNksVh gksrh gSA bu HksM+ksa dk lokZfkdHkkx u ls


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21

ns'k esavxz.kh jktLFkkuh HksM+lEink

dh gksrh gSA i'k qvk sa dh Vkxsa e/;e yEckbZ dh rFkk [kqj dkys jaxds gksr s g SaA budh Ropk dk jax lQsn gksrk gSA bl uLy ds uj oeknk dk vkSlr 'kkjhfjd Hkkj e'k% 30&34rFkk 25&30fdxzk-gksrk gSA i'kq dh vkSlr yEckbZ rFkk pkbZ e'k% 66&70rFkk62&66lseh- gksrh gS] tcfd eknk esa e'k% 62&67,oa 60&64

lseh- gksrh gSA uj15

o eknk18

ekg dh vk;q ij iztuu ;ksX;gks tkrs gSaA eseuksa dk tUe Hkkj 2-4&3-0fd- xzk- gksrk gSA budhu e/;e Js.kh dh rFkk lQsn jax dh gksrh gSA HksM+k s dk okf"kZdu mRiknu 1-5&2-2 fd- xzk- gksrk gSA u ds rUrq dh yEckbZ5-0&6-5 lseh-] O;kl 32&38 ekbZkWu rFkk esMwys'ku 58&65izfr'kr gksrk gSA

tSlyesjh

bl uLy dk uke jktLFkku dstSlyesj ftysdsuke ij j[kk x;k

gStksfd bl uLy dk tUe LFkku gSA ;g uLy tSlyesj dsvykoktks/kiqj rFkk ckM+esj ftyksadsif'pe lhekvksa ij Hkh eq[; :i lsikbZtkrh gSA jktLFkku dh vU; lHkh HksM+ uLyksals;g cM+s vkdkj dh gksrhgSA budh 'kkjhfjd cukoV lqn`


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22


buds dku yEc s rFkk yVds gq, gksr s gSaA bu HksM+k sa dk psgjk dkys jax dk gksrk gSA budh vk[kk sa ds vkl&ikl dkyskCcs rFkk ekFks ij lQsn /kkfj;k Hkh ikbZ tkrh gSaA bu HksM+ks a eas lhax ugha gksrs rFkk budh iwN iryh o e/;e yEckbZ dhgksrh g SaA o;Ld uj ,oa eknk dk vkSlr 'kkjhfjd Hkkj 35&40rFkk 26&30fd- xzk- gksrk gSA buds eseuksa dk tUe Hkkj2-8&3-5fd- xzk- ds e/; gksrk gSA bu HksM+ks a ls izkIr u lQsn jax dh rFkk e/;e Js.kh dh gksrh gSA HksM+ks ls izfro"kZ1-2&1-8fd- xzk- u izkIr gksrh gSA u ds rUrq dh yEckbZ 5&7ls- eh-] O;kl 35&40ekbZkWu rFkk esMwys'ku 60&70

izfr'kr gksrk gSA bu HksM+k sa l s ekyi qjk uLy dh vis{kk de nw/k gksrk g S] ftlls buds eseua s dh o `f nj ekyiqjk uLyds eseuksa dh vis{kk /kheh gksrh gSA


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23

i'kqvksa dk mfpr j[k&j[kkonsoozr flag

i'kq/ku mRiknu izcU/k foHkkxi'kqfpfdRlk ,oai'kq foKku egkfo|ky;] xks- c- iUr f"k ,oaizkS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky;] iUruxj (mkjk[k.M)

Hkkjro"kZesai'kqikyu izeq[kr;% nqX/k O;olk; gsrqfd;k tkrk gSA nqX/k O;olk; dsfy, i'kqikyd xk; rFkk HkSalsaikyrsgSaAfofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;katSlsokrkoj.k] tyok;q] {ks=] lalk/ku ,oacktkj dh miyC/krk dksns[krsgq, i'kqiztkfr dk pquko,oamudh la[;k dk vkadyu fd;k tkrk gSA nqX/k O;olk; esavf/kdkf/kd ykHk izkfIr gsrq xk; dks12eghusesarFkk HkSal dks12&14eghus dsvarjky ls,d LoLFk ,oamke uLy dscPpsdkstUe nsuk pkfg,A xkS&HkSal oRl dk ikyu bl izdkj gksfd og 3&3-5o"kZ(xk;) rFkk 3-5&4o"kZ (HkSal) dh mezesaizFke ckj C;kg ldsA bu mn~ns';ksadslkFk&lkFk izR;sd izdkj dsi'kqvksadk LoLFk jguk ,oamudh yxkrkj mfpr o`f Hkh vR;f/kd vko';d gS] ftudh izkfIr gsrq i'kqikyd dkslkekU; i'kqizca/ku dsfuEu fcanqvksa ij /;ku nsuk pkfg,A

i'kqvksadh igpku

,d dq'ky i'kqizca/ku dsfy, izR;sd i'kq dh iDdh igpku j[kuk cgqr t:jh gSA i'kqdh igpku dsfy, mudsdku esaVSx;k muds'kjhj ij uEcj yxk;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh i'kqigpku dh fof/k mi;ksxh gksusdsfy;sml ij yxsgq, fu'kku dksvklkuh lsyEcsle; rd fn[kusokyk gksuk vko';d gSA

ekudksadk r; djuk

,d dq'ky izca/ku dsfy, izR;sd ekud dksr; djuk pkfg,] tSls& e`R;qnj] tUe nj] izFke C;kgusdh mezbR;kfnA ,sslkdjuslsi'kqikyd le; dk lnqi;ksx dj ldrs gS_ mudsfujh{k.k ,oafu.kZ; ysusdh {kerk esalq/kkj gksrk gS] ftllsmRiknuykxr esa de [kpZvkrk gSA

vkokl O;oLFkki'kqvksadksokrkoj.k dsizdksi ls cpkusdsfy, vkokl dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA Hkkjr esai'kqvksadh vkokl O;oLFkk ij fo'ks"k/;ku ughafn;k tkrk gSA O;ofLFkr i'kq/ku Qkeksij gh leqfpr vkokl O;oLFkk ns[kusdksfeyrh gSA i'kq/ku izca/k esai'kqvksadh vkokl O;oLFkk dk lclsvf/kd egRo gSA lqfu;ksftr ,oai;kZIr vkokl O;oLFkk dsfcuk i'kqvksadk n{k izca/k v/kwjk ghjg tkrk gSA vkokl O;oLFkk dh vuqi;qDr ;kstuk lstgka /ku rFkk Je dk nq:i;ksx gksrk gS] lkFk gh lkFk ogkaykHk Hkh degksrk gSA i'kqvksa dh leqfpr vkokl O;oLFkk gsrqfuEu fcUnqvksaij /;ku nsuk vko';d gksxkA

vkokl LFky&i'kqvkokl LFky dk lgh pquko djuslsges'kk ds fy, /ku rFkk le; dh dkQh cpr gksrh gSA vkokl LFky'kgj ;k cktkj dsutnhd gksuslsmRiknksa dh fch esalqfo/kk gksrh gSlkFk gh lkFk fofHkUu inkFkksdsLFkkukUrj ,oavkokxeu

ij gksusokys[kpZ,oale; esaHkh cpr gksrh gSA yxkrkj LoPN ,oaleqfpr ek=k esaikuh dk lzksr vkokl O;oLFkk dsfudVgksuk pkfg,A aph] lery vkSj mitk Hkwfe] rkykc&unh lsnwjh rFkk mfpr ty fudkl dh O;oLFkk lspkjk mRiknurFkk i'kqLokLFk ij vuqdwy izHkko iM+rk gSA vkokl LFky eq[; lM+d lsFkksM+k gVdj (300&500eh-) nwj gksusls ;krk;krdh v'kkfUr rFkk nq?kZVukvksalscpko esaenn feyrh gSA vkokl O;oLFkk ij lrr~fctyh dh miyC/krk lsfofHkUu dk;ksdsleqfpr lEiknu esaenn feyrh gSA i'kqvkokl dspkjksarjQ vf/kdkf/kd la[;k esa isM+ gksaftllsrst gok] vkfn lscpko jgsA

vkokl Hkouksadk [kkdk&i'kqvkokl Hkouksadk [kkdk ogkaij jgus okysi'kqvksadh vf/kdkf/kd la[;k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA;g fcUnqblfy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd blesa ckn esaQsj&cny djuk eqf'dy gksrk gSA i'kq'kkyk ,oackj&ckj iz;ksx esa vkus


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24


okyh bekjrksadksdsUnz esafLFkr vkaxu dspkjksarjQ bl izdkj cukuk pkfg, fd mu ij i'kqikyd ds?kj lsvklkuh iwoZdfuxjkuh dh tk ldsA cM+si'kqvkoklksadk uewuk vaxzsth dsC, E, I, L;kUdsvkdkj dk gksuk pkfg,A mudh yEch v{k js[kk'khr izns'kksaesamkj lsnf{k.k rFkk xeZ izns'kksaesaiwoZlsif'pe esa j[kuslsi'kq'kkyk esaizdk'k vkSj gok dk dkQh vPNk izos'kjgrk gSA i'kqvksadsvkokl LFky rFkk dk;ZdrkZvksa dsvkokl esa ok;q dh fn'kk dk Hkh [;ky j[kuk pkfg,] ftllsi'kq'kkyk dhxa/k bR;kfn lscpk tk ldsA

vkokl Hkouksadk foU;kl&i'kqvksads vkokl dh la[;k vf/kd gksusij mudksbl rjg fu;ksftr djsafd ftllsfofHkUuLFkyksaij tkusesa de lsde le; yxsA lkFk gh lkFk os brusutnhd Hkh u gksfd vkx yxusij nwljs vkokl mldh pisVesavk tk;sA lkekU;r% cM+h i'kq'kkykvksadschp esayxHkx 25eh- dh nwjh gksuh pkfg,A miyC/k txg dk lgh mi;ksx djusdsfy, iwjsizkax.k dksxksykdkj vkfr iznku djuk dk;Z{kerk dkslqxe cukusesa lgk;d gksrk gSA

vkokl Hkou dh fo'ks"krk,sa&vkokl Hkou lLrs] etcwr] vkd"kZd vkSj fVdk gksuspkfg,A mudk fuekZ.k kwi rFkk rst gokvksadscpko esalgk;d gksuk pkfg,A mudk fMtk;u ,slk gksfd iwjsizkax.k dk voyksdu vklkuh lsfd;k tk ldsvkSj Jfedksadk leqfpr ykHk Hkh mBk;k tk ldsA vyx&vyx izdkj ds i'kqvksadsfy, vyx&vyx ckM+sgksuspkfg,A vkokl esai'kqvksadsmBus&cSBusrFkk vkjke djusdsfy, i;kZIr rFkk lqfo/kktud LFkku gksuk pkfg,A i'kqvkokl esaizpqj ek=k esarkth goko jks'kuh dk izca/k gksuk vko';d gSA vkokl Hkou lkQ lqFkjs,oalw[ksgksuslsi'kqLokLF; vPNk jgrk gS] ftllsmRiknudh ykxr dk de [kpZgksrk gSA Msjh Hkou etcwr vkSj vkd"kZd gksusdslkFk&lkFk /kwi vkSj rst gokvksa dscpko esa lgk;dgksuspkfg,A mudsfMtkbu lknso ljy gksa] ftlls mudh ykxr ij de [kpZvk;sA lHkh edkuksadk eq[; }kj lM+d dhrjQ gksuk pkfg,A

vkokl iz.kkyh&bl eqnnsdsizHkkoh fopkj gsrqvkokl esaj[kstkus okysi'kqvksadh la[;k] Jfedksadh miyC/krk ,oaviukbZtkus okyh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks/;ku esaj[kuk pkfg,A Hkkjro"kZesai'kqvksadsj[kusdh nksfof/k;ka viukbZtkrh gSaA

cUn ?kj iz.kkyh esai'kqcUn edkuksaesacka/kdj j[kstkrsgSA mudsO;k;ke dsfy, edkuksads lkFk txg NksM+h tkrh gSA ,sls?kjksadkscukusesa vf/kd ykxr yxrh gSA rFkk muesa pkjk&ikuh vkSj LoPNrk ij Hkh vf/kd O;; gksrk gSA i'kqleqfpr O;k;ke lsHkh oafpr jgrsgSA ;g iz.kkyh BaMsizns'kksadsfy, mi;qDr gSA eqDr ?kj iz.kkyh esai'kq[kqysj[kstkrsgSA osvko';drk vuqlkjpkjk&ikuh ysdj ?kwersgq, vkjke djrsgSaA 'kfDr'kkyh i'kqdetksj i'kqvksadksijs'kku djrsgSA ijarqvko';drk iM+usijvf/kd i'kqvksadksHkh ,slsvkoklksaesacka/kk tk ldrk gSA ;g iz.kkyh lknh rFkk de [kpZokyh gSarFkk izk;% m".k ;k 'khrks".kizns'kksaesafn[kkbZnsrh gSA

dqN i'kqikyd viuh xk;ksadksges'kk [kqyk j[krsgSrFkk vU; mUgsa dqN le; dsfy, cka/kdj j[krsgSA cM+s pjkxkgksa esai'kqeqDr LoHkko lsHkh ?kwersjgrsgSA dHkh&dHkh i'kq,d gh LFkku ij j[kstkrs gSA tgkaij mudk pkjk&ikuh ,oanqgku gksrk gSAfeYd ikyZj iz.kkyh esa i'kqvksadksnqgku dsfy, ,d vU; lkQ lqFkjh txg ij ystk;k tkrk gS] bllsLoPN nw/k mRiknuesaenn feyrh gSA

yxHkx chl xk;ksadh la[;k rd i'kqikyd mUgsa,d gh ykbu esacka/k ldrsgSA ,sls?kjksaeaspkjsdk LFkku vkokl dh yEckbZ

esa,d rjQ cuk;k tkrk gSvkSj nwljh rjQ lQkbZ] nqgku ,oaO;k;ke dsfy, txg gksrh gSA i'kqvksa dh vf/kd la[;k gksusij mUgas,d gh Nr dsuhpsnksykbukss esacka/kk tkrk gSA ;g nksizdkj lslaHko gSA izFke rks nksuksaykbuksaesai'kqvksadsflj ,dnwljsdsvkeuslkeusgksrsgSarFkk chpksa&chp esapkjk [kkusdk LFkku gksrk gSaA vkokl dh yEckbZesa nksuksarjQ lQkbZ] nqgku,oaO;k;ke dsfy, txg gksrh gSA nwljsizdkj esanksuksa ykbuksa esai'kqvksadh iwaNs,d nwljsdh rjQ vkokl dschp esa gksrh gSAizR;sd ykbu dsfy, vyx&vyx pkjk [kkusdk LFkku Hkou dh yEckbZesanksuksarjQ gksrk gSA Hkou dschpksachp esalQkbZrFkk nqgku dsfy, txg gksrh gSA i'kqvksadsLokLF;] j[kj[kko ,oadk;Z dh ljyrk dsfy, ;g fof/k Js"B gSA


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i'kvksadk mfpr j[k&j[kko

fdlh Hkh i'kqvkokl esa vkokl dsfofHkUu Hkkx vkSj mudsxq.k&fuEu :i lsik;s tkrsgSa%

Q'kZ&i'kqvkokl esaQ'kZdk egRoiw.kZLFkku gSA ;g etcwr] fVdk] vkjkenk;d] x


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xzkE; ifjfLFkfr;ksaesai'kqikyd vDlj de i'kqikyrsgSaA muds vkokl dh O;oLFkk i'kqikyd ds ikl /ku dh miyC/krk ijfuHkZj djrh gSA i'kqikyd viusi'kqvksa dksvf/kdrj dPps?kjksaesavkSj dHkh&dHkh iDds?kjksaesa Hkh j[krsgSA izR;sd ifjfLFkfresai'kqdkso"kkZ] BaM] xehZ] yw vkSj rst gokvksalscpkusdk izca/k djuk pkfg,A Nr dh apkbZyxHkx 12QhV j[kuh vko';dgSA edkuksadspkjksarjQ Nk;knkj o`{k yxk nsuslsokrkoj.k dsizdksi lscpk tk ldrk gSA i'kq?kj dksapsLFkku ij cukuslsmudh lkQ&lQkbZj[kusesenn feyrh gSA izR;sd oxZ dsi'kqdsfy, vkokl dh vko';drk rkfydk esafn;sx;sfooj.k

dsvuqlkj gh djuh pkfg,Ai'kqvksadsmfpr izca/k dsfy, o;Ld i'kq,d ?kj esagksuspkfg,A nw/k nsusokyh vkSj fcuk nw/k dh xk;@HkSal vyx&vyx gksaANksVs&NksVscPpksadks3ekg dsvUrj dsoxZcukdj vyx&vyx j[kuk pkfg,A vf/kd i'kq ,d lkFk ughaj[kus pkfg, vU;Fkkvkilh Vdjko vf/kd gksrk gSrFkk jksx 'kh?kz QSyrsgSA jksxh rFkk tYnh C;kusokyh eknk dksvyx j[kuk pkfg,A i'kqvksadkspkjk izfrfnu nks&rhu ckj Mkyuk pkfg,A ,d lkFk gh dbZfnu dsfy, pkjk ughaMkyuk pkfg,A pkjsdh ukfy;ksadksxehZesanksckj rFkk lnhZesa,d ckj vo'; lkQ djuk pkfg,A Q'kZdksde lsde le; dsfy, xhyk j[kuk pkfg,A i'kqvksadsleqfpr O;k;ke dh O;oLFkk muds vPNsLokLF; dsfy, vko';d gSA

leqfpr ikuh dk izca/k

i'kqvksadksyxkrkj izpqj ek=k esaLoPN ty dh izkfIr dk izca/k gksuk pkfg,A ikuh 'kjhj dk ,d egRoiw.kZvo;o gSA bldhdeh lsHkkstu dsikpu esavM+pu iM+rh gS] 'kjhj lqLr jgrk gS] xehZ&lnhZvf/kd eglwl gksrh gSrFkk c


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i'kvksadk mfpr j[k&j[kko

fcNkou fcNkuk

i'kqvksadksBaM dsekSle esafcLrj yxkuk vfr vko';d gSA mudh fcNkou dsfy, lw[kk iqvky] xUusdh ifk;ka] Hkwlk bR;kfndke esayk;k tk ldrk gSA fcNkou dh eksVkbZyxHkx vk/kk QqV gksuh pkfg,A fcNkou dks jkstkuk myV&iyV djuk t:jhgSA xhysvkSj xansfcNkou dksQSaduk vkSj mldh txg u;k fcNkou yxkuk i'kqvkasdksvkjke iznku djrk gSrFkk BaM esagksusokyh fofHkUu chekfj;ksalsHkh cpko djrk gSA

dhVksalscpko

o"kZdsdqN eghuksaesatc ekSle vknzZvkSj xeZgksrk gS rc eD[kh] ePNj vkSj vU; dhV i'kqvksadks vR;f/kd cSpsu j[krsgSaA

,slk gksusij i'kq vkjke lsoafpr jgrk gS] pkjk de [kk ikrk gSvkSj mRiknu de djrk gSA dqN efD[k;kafofHkUu izdkj ds

tkuysok jksx Hkh QSykrh gSaA bu lscpusdsfy, i'kqvksadkslw[ksvkSj apsLFkku ij cka/kuk pkfg,A muds xkscj bR;~kfn dksnwj

Qsduk pkfg, rFkk dhV uk'kd nokb;ksa dk iz;ksx Hkh djuk pkfg,A lw[kh gqbZuhe dh ifk;ksadk /kqvkadjuk Hkh bl leL;k ds

lek/kku esa lgk;d gksrk gSA

LoPNrk ,oalQkbZ

LoPNrk ,oa lQkbZ dh mfpr O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,] ftllsi'kqvksadkscgqr lh chekfj;ksa lscpk;k tk ldrk gSA LoPNrk dsdq'ky lEiknu gsrqvkokl Hkouksa,oamudsvkl&ikl jks'kuh dk leqfpr izca/k gksuk vko';d gSA lQkbZ dks,d fu;fer eds:i esadjuslsvklkuh jgrh gSA i'kq'kkyk esa,d= gq, xkscj bR;kfn dksnwj Qsdusadk izca/k gksuk pkfg,A i'kq'kkyk esa uhetSlso`{kksadsgksuslslQkbZvkSj okrkoj.k dks'kq j[kus esaenn feyrh gSA

okg~; i'kqvksa lscpko

okg~; i'kqtSlsdqks] fcYyh] [kjxks'k] lqvj] fl;kj vkSj ykseM+h bR;kfn dks i'kq'kkyk esa ?kqlus;k mldsbnZ&fxnZ ?kweusls

jksduk pkfg,A ,slsi'kq fofHkUu izdkj dh chekfj;ksadksQSykrsgSaA lkFk&lkFk u;si'kqvksa dsvkxeu ij mUgasrqjar i'kq'kkyk

esanwljsi'kqvksadslaidZ esa vkusls jksduk pkfg,A u;si'kqvksadksyxHkx ,d ekg rd ,d nwj LFkku ij j[kdj vPNh rjg

fuxjkuh j[kuh pkfg,A

xks&HkSal oRl dk ikyu

xks&Hk Sal oRlksa dks mudh eka dk [khl vkSj nw/k vo'; fiykuk pkfg,A ijarq blds fy, mUg sa eka ds Fku ls fiykukvko';d ugha gSA dq'ky izca/k gsrq oRlksa dks eka ls nwj j[kk tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa mudh mez vkSj 'kjhj vkSj otu ds vuq:igh nw/k nsuk pkfg,A ,slk dju s ls gesa xk;&Hk Sal ds dqy nw/k mRiknu dk Hkh irk py tkrk g SA lkFk gh lkFk oRlksa dksHkh mfpr ek=k esa iks"kd rRo izkIr gkssrs gSaA oRlksa dks okg~; ,oa vkarfjd ijthfo;ksa ls cpkus ds fy, feuk'kd nokb;ksadk iz;k sx djuk vko';d g SA

'kkjhfjd o`f dh tkudkjhi'kqikyd dkspkfg, fd og viusi'kqvksadh 'kkjhfjd o`f dh fu;fer tkap djsaA bldsfy, mlsvius i'kqvksadk otu ysrsjguk pkfg,A oRlksaesa'kjhj dsotu dksizR;sd ekg dsvarjky ij ukik tk ldrk gSA cM+s gksusij ;g vUrjky rhu ls N%ekg gksldrk gSA otu djusdh lqfo/kk u gksusij mudslhusdh eki dj ldrsgSa] tksfd 'kkjhfjd o`f dk vPNk ifjpk;dgSA i'kqvksadksvPNh [kqjkd djus,oa iztuu gsrqHkh muds'kkjhfjd otu dk vuqeku gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA


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[kqjksadh ns[kHkky

dqN i'kqvksaesa[kqjksadsrsth lsc


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Hkkjrh; i'kqku dh izeq[k leL;k% ck>iu dsdkj.k ,oamudk fuokj.kuouhr dkSj 1] nhid 'kekZ 2] ,l- ih- ,l- lkseoa'kh 3,oaMh- dslnkuk 4

1Hkkjrh; i'kq fpfdRlk] vuqlUkku laLFkku] bTtruxj] cjsyh (mkj izns'k)2jk"Vh; Msjh vuqlakku laLFkku] djuky (gfj;k.kk)3f"k foKku dsanz] jktekrk fot;kjktsflafk;k f"k fo'ofon~;ky;] eanlksj (e/; izns'k)4

jk"Vh; i'kqvkuqoaf'kd lalkku C;wjks] djuky (gfj;k.kk)

i'kqku fdlh Hkh jk"V dh lq[k] le`f ,oa lEiUurk dk lzksr gSaA i'kqku dsfodkl dh dgkuh lnk lsgh ekuo thou dsfodkl dh dgkuh ls tqM+h gqbZgSA i'kqku dk tgk lkaLfrd Lo:i gS] ogha vkfFkZd egRrk Hkh gSA orZeku esans[ksarksgekjsns'k esa i'kqiztuu lEcUkh leL;k, ns'k dsi'kqku fodkl esalclscM+h ckkk gSa] ftldsdkj.k gekjk izfr i'kqmRiknu vU;ns'kksalsihNsjg tkrk gSA

ck>iu

ck>iu uj o eknk nksuksa izdkj ds i'kqvksa esa gks ldrk gSA eknk&i'kqvksa esa ck>iu dk vFkZ gS xHkZ kkj.k u djukA

jksxxzflr eknk izkfrd vFkok f=e :i lstuusafnz; esa oh;Z Mkyus ij Hkh xHkZ kkj.k ugha djrhA ck>iu voLFkkLFkk;h ;k vLFkk;h nksuksa izdkj dh gks ldrh gSA LFkk;h :i ls eknk&i'kqvksa esa iztuu 'kfDr dk kl gksuk ck>iudgykrk gSA i'kqku esa cka>iu fofHkUu dkj.kksa tSls fd iks"k.k] 'kkjhfjd xM+cM+h] vkuqoaf'kd vkSj laked dkj.kksalsgksldrk gSA okLro esans[kk tk;srks ck>iu ,d vdsyh chekjh u gksdj vusd dkj.kksa dk lfEeJ.k gSA

ck>iu dsizdkj ,oadkj.k

ck>iu dks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esackVk tk ldrk gS%

v- vLFkk;h ck>iu%blesa i'kqvksadsxHkZ kkj.k u gksusdsdkj.kksadk irk yxkdj fpfdRlk dh tk ldrh gS,oa blsnwjfd;k tk ldrk gSA

c- LFkk;h ck>iu%blesai'kqdsbl jksx dksnwj ughafd;k tk ldrk gSA

ck>iu dseq[; dkj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa%

1- lajpuk fodkj& h ekfVZu] vaxksadh deh] iztuu vaxksaesafodkj bR;kfn

2- nq?kZVuk ls mRiUu fodkj

3- 'kkjhfjd f;k lEcUkh fodkjv) gkeksZu vlarqyu

c) en esa u vkuk (,ubLVl)%& vf;k'khy vaMk'k;] ijflLVsaV dkiZl y;wfV;e

l) 'kkar rqdkyn) flfLVd vaMk'k;

4- iks"k.k esadeh ;k vlarqyu

5- chekfj;k tSlsczqlqYyksfll] fofcz;ksfll] Vkbdkseksuhbvfll] ysIVksLikbjksfll }kjk iztuu ra= dsvaxksaesa fodkj tSlsik;ksesVk] lfoZlkbfVl] esVkbfVl vkfnA

6- vkuqoaf'kd dkjd% iztuu lajpuk@f;k esatUetkr nks"k


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7- dqizcaku ,oavU; dkjd tSlsrqdky dk lgh vkadyu u fd;k tkuk ,oale;kuqlkj xHkkZkku u djk;k tkuk] i'kqdhvfkd vk;q] rq] rkie] jks'kuh vkfnA

vkerkSj ij ik;k x;k gSfd xkoksa esa xk; vkSj HkSal dh vksljksaesadjhc 4 ;k 5 lky rd rqe; voLFkk ughavkrh gSA blrjg ;si'kqigyh C;kr gksusrd 6 lky ;k bllsHkh vfkd mezdsgkstkrsgSaA bu i'kqvksa dh vksljksa dk LokLF; Hkh Bhdughagksrk gSA tksi'kqLoLFk fn[krsHkh gSamuesaHkh djhc 4 ;k 5 lky rd xehZesavkusdsdksbZy{k.k izdV ughagksrsgSaA

,slsi'kqvksa dstuukaxksadk ijh{k.k djusij irk pyrk gS fd tuukax ;k rksfcYdqy ifjofkZr gh ughagq, gksrsgSa vFkok deifjofkZr gq, gSaA bldk izeq[k dkj.k ;g gSfd i'kq dkscsaA,slh voLFkk dks'kkar xehZ;k lkbyasV ghV dgrs gSaA ,slsesai'kqikyd ;gh le>rsgSafd i'kq xehZesa vk;k gh ughaA

en esau vkuk (,ubLVl)%;g Hkkjrh; i'kqku dh izeq[k leL;k gS rFkk bldk izeq[k dkj.k gSfd i'kqvksadsxehZesvkus dkirk u yx ikukA ,ubLVl dsvU; dkj.k tSls fMEcxzafFk dk fodkl u gks ikuk] ,d ;k nksuksavaMk'k; dk vuqifLFkr gksukAbu lcdk izeq[k dkj.k gSxksusM~y fjt dk lgh lsdke u djukA dHkh&dHkh ,d vaMk'k; dslgh lsdke u djusds dkj.k;sfodkljksk vkaf'kd Hkh gksldrk gSA ,ubLVl dk lgh funku VVksydj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

tuu xzafFk dk vYi ifjokZu (xksusMy gkbiksiykfl;k)%bldsizeq[k dkj.k tSlsfd tc ,d ;k nksuksvaMk'k; lkekU; dhrqyuk esaNksVsgks] cNM+sdksnwk fiykrh xk; esa Y;wfVukbftax gkeksZu dk fuLrkj.k de gksusdsdkj.k ph; xfrfofk de gkstkuk] xzh"e "ek ruko (lej ghV LVsl)A ;fn 33-5 fMxzh lsfYl;l o 18-2 fMxzh lsfYl;l ij dkeksaekn vofk dh rqyukdjsarksen p yEck] en dh vofk de vkSj en dh rhozrk de gkstkrh gSA

fMEcxzafFk 'kks"k%fMEcxzafFk 'kks"k iks"k.k lacakh leL;kvksa lsgksrk gSvkSj ;g lcls vfkd mPp mRiknu okysi'kqvksa esans[kkx;k gSA

vko`fr iztuu (fjihV czhfMax)%i'kqvksadh iztuu {kerk de gksusdk ,d vU; eq[; dkj.k gSA i'kqesadbZ ckj xHkkZkku dhvko';drk gksrh gSA ,slsi'kqvksaesalkekU;r% fu;fer enp gksrk gS] i'kqdstuukaxksalsdksbZeokn ugha vkrk rFkk i'kqdksrhu ;k bllsHkh vfkd ckj xHkkZkku djkusij xHkZughaBgjrkA blds Hkh nkseq[; dkj.k gSa&

d) fu"kspu dk u gksuk

[k) Hkzw.k dh 'kh?kze`R;qgkstkuk

bl voLFkk dsdbZdkj.k gks ldrsgSatSls&oa'kkuqxr lslEcfUkr] 'kjhj dstuukaxksadh lajpuk esadksbZ =qfV gksuk] gkeksZudk vlarqyu] vaMk.kq;k 'kqk.kqesadksbZ=qfV] dqiks"k.k vkSj dqizcUk bR;kfnA ;fn Hkwz.k dh e`R;qi'kqdsxkfHku gksusds8 ls16 fnu ckn gksrh gSrksi'kq dsenp ij dksbZfoijhr izHkko ughaiM+rkA ysfdu vxj ;g 16 ls25 fnuksadsckn gksrhgSrksi'kqdsxehZ esavkusdk vUrjky c


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Hkkjrh; i'kqku dh izeq[k leL;k% ck>iu dsdkj.k ,oamudk fuokj.k

izcakdh; dkj.k%i'kqvksadh vfkd la[;k] vkoklh; txg dh deh] LoPNrk dh deh vkfn dkj.kksalsHkh en esau vkusdhleL;k gksrh gSA bldsvfrfjDr vU; dkj.k tSlsfd 66%xk;ksa dsen dsy{k.k 'kke 6 ctsvkSj lqcg 6 ctsdschpfn[kkbZnsrsgSarFkk ftu xk;ksaesaen dh vof/k 12 ?kaVslsde gksrh gSA muesaendky T;knkrj NwV tkrk gSA gky dsoSKfudijh{k.kksa n~okjk ;g fl gkspqdk gSfd xehZdsfnuksaesavfkd xehZdsdkj.k i'kqvksadh FkkbZjkbM xzfUFk ij izHkko iM+rk gStksfd i'kqvksafd iqu#Riknu {kerk dkslhkk izHkkfor djrh gSA bldsvfrfjDr vi;kZIr rki] lw;Zdh jks'kuh dh deh rFkk vU;

dqizcUk Hkh i'kqiztuu ij cgqr xgjk izHkko MkyrsgSaA xUnsrFkk vaksjs] fcuk jks'kunku okysi'kq'kkyk i'kqdh iztuu {kerkdkslhksizHkkfor djrs gSavkSj muds LokLF; ij Hkh dqizHkko Mkydj muesavusd izdkj dsjksx mRiUu dj nsrsgSaA ftldsQyLo:i eknk&i'kqvksadh iztuu 'kfDr esadeh vk tkrhA

iks"kd rRoksadh deh%gekjsns'k esaizk;% lUrqfyr vkgkj u feyusdsdkj.k yxHkx 30 ls40 izfr'kr i'kqck>iu dhvoLFkk esavkrsgSaA i'kqvkgkj esaizksVhu] [kfut yo.k ,oafoVkfeUl dh deh lseknk i'kqdstuukax iw.kZ:i lsfodflr ughagksikrsA izk;% ns[kk tkrk gS fd i'kqikyd viusi'kqvksa dkslarqfyr vkgkj ughaf[kykrsgSaA ;gk ij ;ku nsus;ksX; ckr ;ggSfd i'kq pkgsfdruh gh mUur uLy dk D;ksau gks] mllsvfkdre ykHk larqfyr vkgkj fn, fcuk ughafy;k tk ldrkAizloksRrj iks"k.k iztuu dsfy, lclsegRoiw.kZ gSA izlo dsiwoZo mijkUr Hkkstu esadqy ikpu iks"kd rRo (VhMh,u) de gksusij iztuu {kerk izHkkfor gksrh gSA foVkfeu ^,* dh deh lsHkh i'kqvksadh iztuu {kerk izHkkfor gksrh gSA bu i'kqvksadksjkstkuk

foVkfeu ^,* ds bUtsD'ku rFkk [kfut yo.k nsdj budh deh iwjh dh tk ldrh gSA [kfut yo.k nsuslsi'kqvksads'kjhj esadSfYl;e dh Hkh vkiwfrZgksrh jgrh gSA foVkfeu Mh dh deh lsfMac{kj.k esa nsjh rFkk en dsladsrksaesa deh vkfn y{k.k fn[kkbZnsrsgSA iz;ksxksan~okjk ns[kk tk pqdk gSfd ftu i'kqvksaesa'kjhj dks vko';d tkZughafeyrh] muesaxehZds y{k.k ughavkrsgSaA QkLQksjl dh deh ds dkj.k i'kqvksa esansjh lsr:.kkbZvoLFkk 'kq: gksrh gSrFkk xehZdsy{k.k cgqr de ifjyf{kr gksrsgSaA[kwu esa QkLQksjl dh ek=k 3 fe- xzk- lsde gksusij bldh deh dsy{k.k fn[kusyxrsgSaA iqu:Riknu dsfy, i'kq dks10ls12 xzke QkLQksjl izfrfnu feyuk pkfg,A nqkk: i'kqvksa dksQkLQksjl dh dqN T;knk vko';drk gksrh gSA

Ms;jh ;k i'kqikyu rHkh ykHkdkjh gksldrk gS] tc xk; vkSj HkSal fu;fer :i xkfHku gksrh jgsarFkk izlo vUrjky T;knku gksA i'kqC;kusdsi'pkr 90 fnuksadsvUnj fQj lsxkfHku gkstkuk pkfg;sA xzkeh.k {ks=ksaesa ik;k x;k gSfd i'kqC;kusds

djhc 6 ;k 7 eghusrd rksxeZgh ughagksrsgSftllsC;kar lsxHkZBgjusdk vUrjky ctk; 90 fnuksadsgksusdsdbZeghuksard dk gkstkrk gSA bldsnksizeq[k dkj.k gksldrsgSa] igyk dkj.k ;g gSfd i'kqikyd uotkr cPpsdksjkstkuk nwk nqguslsigysi'kqdk nwk nks;k rhu ckj fiykrsjgrsgSaA ifj.kke Lo:i i'kqesaxehZdsy{k.k 'kh?kzizdV ughagksrsA nwljk dkj.k;g gSfd i'kqikyd tkucw>dj i'kqdks'kh?kzxkfHku djkuk ugha pkgrsgSa D;ksafd muesa ;g kkj.kk gSfd ,slk djusij i'kq dsnwk esadeh vk tk;sxhA vr% ;gk ij ;ku nsus;ksX; ckr ;g gSfd i'kqdksxehZesavkusij i'kqikyd dksmlsrqjUr xkfHkudjokusdsfy;systkuk pkfg;sA

lkokkfu;k

1- izk;% ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd i'kqikyd ;k rkscgqr 'kh?kzvFkok i'kqdh xehZ fudy tkusij xkfHku djkusykrs gSaA ,slsesa

;ku nsus;ksX; ckr ;g gSfd vxj i'kq'kke dksxehZesavk, rksvxysfnu lqcg vkSj ;fn i'kqesaxehZds y{k.k lqcgfn[kkbZiM+srksmlh fnu 'kke dksxkfHku djkusds fy;systkuk pkfg;sA

2- i'kqikyd vfkdrj i'kqdsxehZdsy{k.k ns[kuslsvufHkK jgrs gSaA mUgsajkstkuk 'kke rFkk lqcg fcuk fdlh :dkoVdsi'kq esaxehZdsy{k.k ns[kuspkfg;sA


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3- HkSalksesatuu rqdkfyd gksrh gS] xehZ dsfnuksaesa[kkldj ebZ&twu dseghusrd HkSalksaesa xehZdsy{k.k fn[kkbZ ughaiM+rs;k cgqr gh vYidkfyd rFkk de fn[kkbZnsrs gSaA i'kqikydksadks bldsfy;svyx lsfuEufyf[kr O;oLFkk djuhpkfg;s%

vkokl [kqyk gksuk pkfg;sftlesaNk;k dh O;oLFkk gksA i'kqdsckM+sesaxehZdsfnukasaesa[kl&[kl dh pVkbZdk mi;ksxdjuk pkfg;sA

i'kqdkslqcg o 'kke [kwc ugykuk pkfg;srFkk nksigj dh xehZdsle; ikl dsfdlh rkykc vFkok iks[kj esayksVusnsukpkfg,A i'kq dkslwjt dh lhkh xehZ lscpkuk pkfg;sA

bl rqesa i'kq dkspkjk ;k Hkwlk 'kke ;k jkr dksvFkok cgqr lqcg fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

gj le; LoPN ,oai;kZIr ek=k esa ikuh i'kq dsfy, miyCk gksuk pkfg,A

T;knkrj HkSalksaesa xeZgksusdsy{k.k jkr esaLi"V fn[kkbZnsrsgSa] vr% xehZ dsy{k.k nsj 'kke vkSj lqcg gh ns[kstkus pkfg,ftllsxwaxh ghV ;k lkbysaV ghV esavkusokysi'kqHkh xkfHku djk;stk ldrsgSaA

i'kqvkasdsiks"k.k esavfkd ;ku nsuk pkfg;s] xfeZ;ksa esai'kqvksadksgjspkjsdh vFkok lkbyst dh O;oLFkk vxj gkslds

rksvo'; djuh pkfg;sAck>iu dk funku ,oamipkj

ck>iu dh leL;k dsfunku ,oamipkj gsrq i'kqfpfdRld lsijke'kZdjuk pkfg,A pwfd ck>iu ,d la;qDr dkj.kksalsgksusokyh chekjh (voLFkk) gS] vr% bldk dksbZ ,d bykt ughagSaA ;fn jksx iks"kkgkj dh deh ls gSrksi'kqdkslUrqfyrvkgkj ftlesaizpqj ek=k esaizksVhu o [kfut yo.kksa dk feJ.k gksa] fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA ;fn jksx dk dkj.k gkekZsu dkvlUrqyu ;k deh gS rksbldk funku fdlh ;ksX; i'kqfpfdRld lslykg ysdj djk;k tk ldrk gSA bldsvfrfjDrck>iu ;fn tuusafnz; jksxksadsdkj.k gSrksHkh lehiLFk xHkkZkku dsUnz tkdj i'kqdk mfpr mipkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

i'kqikydksadksviusi'kqvksalsvfkdre ykHk izkIr djusds fy;smudsuotkr f'k'kqvoLFkk lsi'kqdsC;kusrd rFkk

ckn esa iqu% i'kqdsxkfHku gksus rd muds[kku&iku] jgusdh O;oLFkk vkfn dk iwjk&iwjk ;ku j[kuk t:jh gSA bldsfy;svxj i'kqikyd viusikl izR;sd i'kqdk fjdkMZj[ksa rks;g dqN ykHkdkjh gksrk gSa] tSlsi'kqds tUe dh rkjh[k]i'kqdsizFke ckj xeZgksusrFkk xkfHku gksus dh frfFk rFkk i'kqdsizFke C;kr dh rkjh[k vkSj fQj iqu% xHkZ gksusdh fnukadoxSjgA


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i'kqvksa esaf=e xHkkZkku esa gksusokyh =qfV;k,oamudk fuokj.klat; dqekj feJ ,oaloZthr ;knom- iz- ia- nhu n;ky mik/;k; i'kqfpfdRlk foKku fo'ofo|ky;] eFkqjk (mkj izns'k)

nqkk: i'kqvksaesa f=e xHkkZkku uSlfxZd xHkkZkku dh vis{kk vfkd lqjf{kr] mi;ksxh ,oa ykHknk;d gksus dsckotwn vfkdka'ki'kqikydksa}kjk bl rduhd dksviuk;k ughatk jgk gSA bl rduhd dh yksdfiz;rk de gksusdsfofHkUu dkj.kksaesa ls,deq[; dkj.k bl rduhd }kjk xHkZkkj.k dh nj dk de gksuk Hkh gSA bl fofk }kjk xHkZkkj.k nj dk de gksuk fdlh rduhdhdeh dsdkj.k u gksdj oju f=e xHkkZku dk;ZdkkZvksa}kjk vKkurko'k dh tkusokyh =qfV;ka gSaA

oh;Z LVkW dksrjy u=tu ik= lsfudkyuslsysdj oh;Z dksi'kq(xk;@HkSal) dsiztuu vax esaMkyusrd ,slh f;k;sagSaftudksvxj leqfpr


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?k) mfpr le; lsiwoZ ;k ckn esa f=e xHkkZkku djuk

eknk i'kqdksrq dh e; voLFkk lsvfUre voLFkk dschp f=e xHkkZkku djus lslQy fu"kspu dh vR;kfkd laHkkoukjgrh gSA ;fn xehZdh izkjfEHkd voLFkk ;k vfUre voLFkk dsi'pkr~f=e xHkkZkku djrsgSa rks'kqk.kq ;k v.Mk.kqdsavfkdvk;qgkstkusdsdkj.k xHkZkkj.k dh laHkkouk vR;aUr de gkstkrh gSA

M-) oh;Z LVk dks fudkyusgsrq oh;Z LVkWt lsHkjsduLrj dksrjy u=tu ik= dh xnZu dsfupysHkkx ls ij mBkuk

oh;Z LVkW dksduLrj esa lsfudkyusgsrq;fn yEch fpeVh dk iz;ksx fd;k tk, rksduLrj dksrjy u=tu ik= dh xnZu dhfupyh lrg lsij mBkusdh vko';drk ughagksxhA ijUrqdk;Zdksvfr'kh?kziw.kZdjusdsyksHko'k f=e xHkkZkku dk;ZdrkZoh;Z LVkt lsHkjsduLrj dks mldh xnZu lsij rd mBkdj oh;ZLVkW dksmaxfy;ksalsfudky ysrsgSA rjy u=tu lsiwjh rjg Hkjsgq, ik= (k;ksdsu) dh isanh lsysdj bldh xnZu dh fupyh lrg rd dk rkieku &192ls-xzs- rd gksrk gSAijUrqxnZu dh fupyh ,oaijh lrg dschp rkieku &192ls-xzs- lsysdj 0-2ls-xzs- rd gksrk gSA vr% duLrj dh xnZudksfupyh lrg lsij mBkusrFkk mlsiqu% vanj j[kusij mlesj[ksgq, oh;Zdksrkieku dsvpkud mrkj&p


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i'kqvksaesaf=e xHkkZkku esagksusokyh =qfV;k,oamudk fuokj.k

f=e xHkkZkku dh vfkdre lQyrk gsrq lq>ko

mijksDr =qfV;ksa}kjk gksusokyh gkfu;ksadks;ku esaj[krsgq, f=e xHkkZkku dk;ZdrkZvksa}kjk fuEukafdr f;kvksadks vo';viukuk pkfg,%&

1- oh;ZLVkW dksfudkyusgsrqoh;ZLVkWt lsHkjsduLrj dksrjy u=tu ik= dh xnZu dh fupyh lrg lsij dHkh umBk;saA

2- oh;ZLVkW dksduLrj lsfudkyusgsrqges'kkyEch fpeVh dk iz;ksx djsaA D;ksafd maxfy;ksalsLVkW fudkyusgsrqduLrj dksij rdmBkuk iM+sxk tks fd oh;Zdh xq.kokk dksfuf'pr gh izHkkfor djsxkA

3- tesgq, oh;Zdksfi?kykusgsrqoh;ZLVkW dks37ls-xzs- 1ls-xzs- (95&103QkjsugkbV)rkieku okysikuh esade lsde 30lsd.M

,oavfkd lsvfkd 1feuV rd vo';j[ksaA

4- ikuh dk rkieku ekius gsrq FkekZehVj dkiz;ksx lqfuf'pr djsaA

5- fuf'pr le; rd LVkW dksmfpr rkiedsikuh esaj[kusdsfy, ?kM+h dk iz;ksx djsaA

6- f=e xHkkZkku ;a= esaMkyuslsiwoZLVkW dksLoPN diM+sls vPNh rjg lq[kk ysaA

7

- LVkW dks dkVrsle; bl ckr dk ;ku j[ksafd LVkW dksmlesamifLFkr ok;qdscqycqys(,;j ccy) dschp lsdkVk tk,rFkk dkVusds ckn dk ijh Nksj f=e xHkkZkku ;a=@f=e xHkkZkku xu dsijh Nksj dslekukUrj gksA

f=e xHkkZkku ,d lqjf{kr rduhd gSysfdu vfkdka'k i'kqikyd ;g dgdj blsviukuslsfgpfdpkrsgSa fd blds}kjkxHkZkkj.k dh laHkkouk de jgrh gSA f=e xHkkZkku dk;ZdkkZ;fn mijksDr lq>koksadksviukrs gSrks f=e xHkkZkku }kjkxHkZkkj.k dh laHkkouk c


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xk;&HkaSl lsizfr o"kZ ,d cPpk izkIr djusgsrq vR;Ur mi;ksxh tkudkjhlat; dqekj feJm- iz- ia- nhun;ky mik/;k; i'kqfpfdRlk ,oai'kqikyu fo'ofo|ky;] eFkqjk (mkj izns'k)

viuh xk;] HkSal lsizfr o"kZ ,d cPpk izkIr djusdsfy, vkSj vR;f/kd nqX/k mRiknu gsrqi'kqikyd cU/kqfuEu fcanqvksaij/;ku nsaA

1- viusi'kqvksadks gj rhljsekg var%fe;ksa(isV ds) dh vkS"kf/k i'kqfpfdRld dh lykg lsnsaA

2- lHkh i'kqvksadks25ls30xzk- [kfut feJ.k izfrfnu f[kyk;saA

3- iztuu ;ksX; eknk i'kqdkslw{e rRoksa dh iwfrZgsrqU;wVhlsd cksyl 2lqcg ,oa2lk;a 15fnu rd f[kyk;saA

4- izR;sd i'kqdks5ls20fd- xzk- gjk pkjk izfrfnu f[kyk;saA

5- i'kqdksizR;sd voLFkk ,oaekSle esai'kqfpfdRlky; lslaidZdj i'kqvksaesagksusokyh chekjh ,oa mldh jksdFkkedsckjsesatkudkjh izkIr djsa,oaVhdkdj.k djk;saA

6- xk;@HkSal dksC;kusdsnksfnu iwoZlsi'kqdksxquxqusLoPN ikuh lsugykdj lkQ o lw[kk j[ksaA ihNsdh rjQ ls


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xk;&HkaSl lsizfr o"kZ,d cPpk izkIr djus gsrqvR;Ur mi;ksxh tkudkjh

37

13- C;kusds rqjUr ckn ;fn uotkr cPpsdkslkWl ysus esa dfBukbZgksrksmldsfiNysiSj idM+dj ij dh vksj mBkysaA fQj mldso{k (Nkrh) Hkkx ls xnZu] ukd dsfNnzrd ekfy'k djdsmldh ukd vkSj eqg ij Qalh tkyh@lzkodkslkQ djsa vkSj cPpsdksukfldk fNnz esamaxyh ls [kqtykgV iSnk djusij cgqr lk rjy lzko (E;wdl) ckgjfudyrk gSA

14- i'kqvkSj mldsuotkr cPpsdks lkQ lqFkjh txg ij cka/ksA

15- C;kusds6-15fnuksadsvUnj ek ,oacPpsnksuksadksfeuk'kd vkS"kf/k vo'; nssaA

16- xk;@HkSal dksC;kusds50ls60fnu ckn xehZdsy{k.k fn[kykbZnsusij i'kqdk f=e xHkkZ/kku djkuk pkfg,A tksi'kqC;kusdsnksekg rd xehZughavkrsgSmudk i'kq fpfdRld lsmipkj djkuk pkfg,A

17- f=e xHkkZ/kku djkusdsnksekg i'pkr~ xHkZdh tkp vo'; djk;sa] ftlls'ks"k xHkZdky esaml i'kqdh ns[kHkky mfpr:i lsdh tk ldsA ;fn i'kq xfHkZr ughagksrk gSrksxHkZu Bgjusdsdkj.kksadk i'kq fpfdRld dh enn lsirk djusdk iz;kl djsa] ftllsmldk leqfpr mipkj gksldsA xHkZdky ds nkSjku i'kqdkslarqfyr vkgkj nsuk pkfg, ftllsxHkZLFk f'k'kq dk fodkl gksldsA

18- gj i'kqikyd dksviusi'kq dh vk;q] xehZesavkusdh frfFk] xfHkZr gksusdh frfFk rFkk C;kusdh lEHkkfor frfFk ,oa C;kusdh frfFk;ksadk ys[kk tks[kk j[kuk pkfg,A mijksDr fcUnqvksa ij /;ku nsuslsi'kqdk iztuu le; lsgksxk rFkk xk; esaizfr ,d o"kZesa,d cPpk ,oa HkSal esa gj 13eghusesa,d cPpk iSnk djuk vklku gksldrk gSA ftldsifj.kke Lo:ivf/kd nqX/k mRiknu }kjk vf/kd ykHk dek;k tkuk lEHko gks ldrk gSA

19- ;fn ukfHk&uky u VwVh gksrks'kjhj ls2&3lsUVh ehVj nwj rd futZehr /kkxsls ck/k nsuk pkfg, vkSj bldsi'pkr~fdlh futZehr dSaph dh lgk;rk ls,d lseh nwjh ij dkV nsaA dVsLFkku ij thok.kqizfrjks/kh yks'ku (chVkMhu) yxk;sarFkk mldk efD[k;ksavkSj dkSvksalscpko djsaA

C;kusdsckn xHkkZ'k; dk lae.k

i'kqdsC;kusdsckn Hkwjsjax dk fcuk cncwnkj lzko lkekU; :i ls vkrk gSA vr% i'kqds C;kusdsi'pkr~ xHkkZ'k; dk lae.kcgqr lkekU; ckr gSA lae.k ds dkj.k nqX/k mRiknu ,oai'kqdsvxyh ckj le; lsxfHkZr gksusij Hkh iz'u fpUg yx tkrk gSA

lae.k dh rhozrk fuEu ckrksaij fuHkZj djrh gS%

1- xHkkZ'k; esalzko dh ek=k dh vf/kdrk

2- xHkkZ'k; vkSj i'kqdh jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk

3- thok.kqvksadsiks"k.k gsrqcpsinkFkksdh ek=k vFkkZr~xHkkZ'k; esa:dsgq, tsj vkfn dh ek=k

y{k.k

1- C;kusdsi'pkr~cncwnkj rjy lzko xHkkZ'k; ls ew= ekxZ}kjk ckgj fudyuk

2- xHkkZ'k; ls vR;f/kd ek=k esarjy inkFkZvkuk

3- nw/k dk de gksuk

4- i'kqdk pkjk [kkuk ,oaikuh ihusesadeh gksuk

5- xqnk ,oa;ksfu ekxZ}kjk fujh{k.k djusij i'kqdksvlguh; nnZ gksuk


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6- xHkkZ'k; dk lkekU; vkdkj lscM+k gksuk

7- 'kjhj dk rkieku lkekU; lsvf/kd ;k de gksuk

8- i'kqesayaxM+kiu gksuk

xHkkZ'k; dslae.k dh ljy ,oami;ksxh tkp fof/k

xehZdsle; i'kqds;ksfu }kj lsfudyslzko dh 3ls5feyh ek=k dks5ls6izfr'kr dkfLVd lksMk ds?kksy esa,d ij[kuyhesafeykdj mls80ls100fMxzh lsUVhxzsM dsxeZikuh esaj[k nsaA ;fn dqN le; (30ls40feuV) ckn ;k bllsde le;esagh /khjs/khjs?kksy dk jax ihyk gksusyxrk gSrkslae.k dk gksuk fuf'pr gSA vf/kd ihyk jax gksusij xEHkhj lae.k gksusdh laEHkkouk gksrh gS;fn ihyk jax ughavkrk gSrks;g le>uk pkfg, fd lae.k ughagSA

f=e xHkkZ/kku dh vf/kdre~ lQyrk gsrq eq[; lq>ko

1- ;fn fdlh vkslj dk f=e xHkkZ/kku djuk gS] rksmldk 'kjhj Hkkj izFke ckj f=e xHkkZ/kku djuslsle; 240-250fd-xzk- lsde ughagksuk pkfg,A

2- i'kqds tuu vaxksalsfdlh Hkh izdkj dk vlkekU; lzko ugha gksuk pkfg,A

3- i'kqfjihV [email protected] ;qDr ugha gksuk pkfg,A ,slsi'kqvksadkslEiw.kZ mipkj djusdsi'pkr~gh f=e xHkkZ/kku djukpkfg,A

4- f=e xHkkZ/kku lsiwoZxqnk ijh{k.k }kjk lE;d xHkZtkap djuk vfr vko';d gSA

5- f=e xHkkZ/kku lsiwoZi'kqdk lgh rqdh igpku gsrqlE;d ijh{k.k djuk Hkh furkUr vko';d gSA

6- lkekU; izlo dsmijkUr de lsde 2eghus,oavlkekU; izlo rFkk tsj :duk] xHkZikr] dfBu izlo dsmijkUr delsde 3eghusi'pkr~gh f=e xHkkZ/kku djuk pkfg,A

7- rq dse/; dky lsvfUre dky dschp f=e xHkkZ/kku djuk pkfg,A

8- i'kqvksaesa xehZvf/kdka'kr% 'kke 6ctslsizkr% 6ctsdse/; gksrh gSA

9- f=e xHkkZ/kku dsle; 'kkUr okrkoj.k gks,oai'kqdksruko eqDr j[ksaA

10- cPpk nsusdsckn 2ls3ekg dsvUnj i'kqdksiqu% xfHkZr djk;saA

11- f=e xHkkZ/kku dsrqjUr ckn i'kqdks er nkSM+k,A

12- f=e xHkkZ/kku djuslsigys,oa ckn esai'kqdksNk;k esa j[ksaA

13- gjspkjsdslkFk lUrqfyr vkgkj nsaA

14- vkokl goknkj] Nk;knkj o Hkwfe lery gksA

15- le; ij laked jksxksalscpko gsrqvkW;y ,MtqosaV Vhdk yxok;saA


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i'kqvksa esacka>iu dh leL;keksgu flag Bkdqji'kqfpfdRlk foKku ,oai'kqikyu egkfo|ky;] tcyiqj (e/; izns'k)

Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk ,oalkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl esa f"k ,oai'kqikyu dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA gekjsns'k dh 70izfr'krtula[;k xkoksa esafuokl djrh gSA i'kqikyu ,oaf"k ;gk ,d nwljs dsiwjd gSA i'kqvksaesacka>iu ,d O;kid leL;k gS] tksuj ,oaeknk nksuksai'kqvksaesagksrh gSA

i'kqikyu O;olk; ls tqM+s fdlkuk sa] i'kqikydksa dks i'kq ls lacaf/kr dbZ leL;kvksa ls tw>uk iM+rk gSA izk;% ns[kk tkrk gS fd tcrd i'kq nw/k ns jgs gksrs gS] fdlku i'kq ds xje gksus ;k u gksus ds ckjs esa lksprk gh ughaA mldh /kkj.kk gksrh gS fd tc rd i'kqnq/kk: gS] xkfHku ugha gkssxkA ifj.kkeLo:i ,d C;k ar ls nwljh C;k ar dk vUrj yxHkx 15eghus ls 30;k 40eghus rd ;kblls Hkh vf/kd gks tkrk gSA tkuus ;ksX; lPpkbZ ;g gS fd C;kar ds 50fnu ls nq/kk: xk;] HkSals fu;fer :i ls 20&22fnu esa xje gksus yxrh gSa vkSj le; ij lkaM@Hk Sals ls feykus ij ;k f=e xHkkZ/kku fof/k ls i'kq xkfHku gksus ;ksX; Hkhgksrk gSA nks C;karksa esa yEcs vUrj ls] nw/k dh dqy ek=k ls rqyukRed :i ls i'kq ds vkgkj rFkk j[k&j[kko dh dher

Hkh vf/kd gksrh gSA bl okLrfodrk dks fdlku HkkbZ utj vankt dj O;FkZ esa gh ?kkVk lgrs gSaA blh nkSjku i'kq esa xehZ dsy{k.k Hkh detksj gk s tkrs g aS] ftlls i'kqikyd ;g ugha le> ikrk fd i'k q xehZ e sa gS vFkok ugh a] lkFk gh i'kq dh xkfHkugksus dh {kerk Hkh de gks tkrh gS vkSj bl rjg ds i'kqvksa e sa xHkZ Bgjuk ,d dfBu leL;k curk tkrk gSA bl leL;k lscpus ds fy, vko';d gS fd ,sls i'kq dh gj 7;k 10fnu ds vUrj ls tkp dh tk; s rFkk i'kqfpfdRld }kjk gh mfprvko';d bykt djk;k tk;sA ;gk ;g le> ysuk t:jh gS fd vU; O;fDr tSls dEikm.Mj] LVkdeSu] bUlsfeusVj vkfnds }kjk fpfdRlk djkus ls cgqr gh de ykHk ;k dksbZ Hkh ykHk u gksus dh laHkkouk gh gSaA fdlkuk sa ds fgr esa dqN fo'ks"kckrsa bl izdkj gSa%

1- nq/kk: i'kqizR;sd lky ,d cNM+k ;k cfN;k nsA

2- i'kqdksC;kusdsckn 90ls120fnu dsHkhrj fQj lsxkfHku gkstkuk pkfg, vkSj bl rjg izR;sd o"kZ nw/k lkr ;k vkBekg feyuk pkfg,A bl rjg dk i'kqgh vkfFkZd :i lsykHkdkjh gksldrk gSA

cka>iu dsdkj.k i'kqvuqRiknd ,oaO;FkZgkstkrsgSaA cka>iu dsdkj.k i'kqvksadh mRiknu ,oaiztuu {kerk ?kV tkrh gS]ftllsi'kqcsdkj gkstkrsgSa,oai'kqikyd dksfoo'k gksdj i'kqdksdkQh de nkeksaij cspuk iM+rk gSA

cka>iu dsdkj.k

i'kqvksadscka>iu dsizeq[k dkj.k fuEu gSa%

1- vlkekU; iztuu vax

iztuu ra= esatUe lsgh ;k fQj ckn esadqN ,slh vlkekU;rk vk tkrh gS] tksi'kq dks cka> cuk nsrh gSA tUe lsgksusokyhdqN vlkekU;rk,afuEu gS%

,d ;k nksuksagh vaMk'k;ksa dk vuqifLFkr gksukA

,d ;k nksuksavaMk'k;ksadk vkdkj NksVk gksukA

uj i'kqvksaesa,d ;k nksuksao`"k.k dk NksVk gksukA

,d vFkok nksuksavaMuyh dk iw.kZr% fodkl u gksukA


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hekfVZu dh fLFkfr esauj dk eknk nksuksauooRl ,d lkFk iSnk gksrs gSa] ftllsuj oRl rksiw.kZr;k lkekU; gksrk gS] ysfdueknk cfN;k lkekU;r% cka> gksrh gSA eknk oRl dsokg~; tuu vax rkslkekU;] ijUrq varfjd tuu vax lkekU;r% ujxq.k iznf'kZr djrsgSaA

xEHkhj fLFkfr esatuukax o`"k.k lsfeyrs gSa] ijUrqmlesa'kqk.kqvksadk mRiknu ughagksrkA de izHkkfor fLFkfr esaeknktuu ra= NksVk gksrk gS,oavaMk'k; de fodflr gksrk gSA

tUe dsckn Hkh cka>iu gksldrk gSftldsizeq[k dkj.k fuEu gS%&

xHkkZ'k; esaeokn dk gksukA

xHkkZ'k; esa?kko gksukA

vaMuyh dk vaMk'k; lsfpid tkukA

dHkh&dHkh vkijs'ku dsckn xHkkZ'k; vkrksa;k isV dh nhokjksalsfpid tkrh gSA

;ksfu esalae.k ds dkj.k mlesadM+kiu vkukA

vUM ufy;ksaesa ikuh Hkj tkukA

eknk tuu vaxksa esadSalj gksukA

(2) vlkekU; 'kkjhfjd f;k;sa

pqi xehZ ;k lqIr xehZ%bl voLFkk esai'kqxehZdsLi"V y{k.k iznf'kZr ughadjrk gS] ftlds dkj.k i'kqikyd dksi'kqdsxehZesa vkusdk irk ughayx ikrk gSA

gkWjeksuy dkj.k%eknk i'kqvksaesagkjeksUl dh deh dsdkj.k vaMk'k; NksVk jg tkrk gSA bLVkstu gkWjeksu dh vf/kdrk rFkkizkstsLVku gkWjeksu dh deh dsdkj.k i'kqxehZesavkrk gS] ijUrqxHkZ /kkj.k ughadj ikrk gSA vktdy xkoksaesa vkWDlhVksflugkjeksu dk iz;ksx cgqrk;r esagks jgk gS] ftlsi'kqikyd nw/k fudkyusokyk bUtsDlu dgrsgSaA i'kqvksaij ;g batsDlu

gkfudkjd izHkko Mkyrk gStksfuEu gS% i'kq'kjhj esavlarqfyr gkjeksu dsdkj.k i'kqxehZesaughavkrsgSvkSj bl gkjeksu ds yxkrkj iz;ksx djusls i'kqvksadk

xehZesavkuk gh can gks tkrk gSA

;g gkjeksu nw/k dslkFk ckgj fudyrk gSA i'kqdscPpksa}kjk blsihusls muesaifjiDork nsj lsvkrh gSA

euq";ksa }kjk bl rjg dsnw/k dk lsou djuslsdSalj rFkk cPpksaesa fofr;k gksusdh lEHkkouk,ac


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i'kqvksaesacka>iu dh leL;k

41

cM+sMs;jh iz{ks=ksaij eknk dsxehZesavkusdk irk ughayxrk gSA vr% cM+siz{ks= ij eknk i'kqdh xehZdk irk yxkusdsfy,Vhtj lkaM j[kuk pkfg,A dHkh&dHkh vdq'ky O;fDr ds}kjk f=e xHkkZ/kku djuslsi'kqtuukaxksa esa{[email protected] gkstkrkgS] ftllsi'kqcka> gksldrk gSA vr% i'kqikydksadksdq'ky O;fDr ds}kjk gh f=e xHkkZ/kku djokuk pkfg,A

lae.k jksx dsdkj.k cka>iu

i'kqvksaesaxHkZikr] cPpsnkuh dk iyVuk] cPpsnkuh esalwtu dk vk tkuk] cPpsnkuh esa eokn dk iM+ tkuk] vaMuyh esalwtu vkuk,oaeokn iM+us tSlsvkfn dsdkj.k lae.k gksuslscka>iu gkstkrk gSA bu fLFkfr;ksa esai'kq ij /;ku u fn;k tk; rksthok.kq]fo"kk.kq] izksVkstksvk] dod vkfn ds}kjk tuukaxksaesa lae.k gksus lscka>iu gks tkrk gSA ,slslaked jksx lsxzflr i'kqvksa dksvyx dj] i'kqfpfdRld lstkp djok dj bldk leqfpr bykt djkuk pkfg,A i'kqvksadksN% eghusdsvUrjky ds cknfeuk'kd nok nsuh pkfg,A cNM+s ,oacNM+h dsC;kusdsrqjUr ckn tYn lstYn mldh ek ds}kjk pkVusnsuk pkfg, ftllsxk; esaeerk cdj o i'kqtkp ds ckn

lgh&lgh bykt Bhd le; ij nsdj i'kqikyd dk [kpZ de dj ldrk gSo i'kqikyd dksnw/k lsizkIr vkenkuh c


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tEew dsijthoh tfur jksxjkts'k dVksp] vuh'k ;kno] jkts'k xksnjk ,oalkfgy dqekjijthoh foKku foHkkx] i'kqfpfdRlk ,oai'kqikyu egkfo|ky;]'ksj&,&d'ehj f"k ,oaizks|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky;] vkj-,l- iqjk] tEew (tEewo d'ehj)

ijthoh og tho gStksnwljsthokkjh ij viuk thou O;rhr djrsgSaA ;snksizdkj dsgksrsgSA 'kjhj dsvUnj jgusokys var%ijthoh dgykrsgSarFkk 'kjhj dh Ropk ij jgusokysokg~; ijthoh dgykrsgSaA

(d) vUr% ijthoh tfur jksx

1- ;r&ywd

;sjksx QSfl;ksyk dsdkj.k mRiUu gksrk gSA ;g nksizdkj dk gksrk gS&rhozvkSj fpjdkyhuA rhoz n'kk esai'kqvpkud ej tkrkgSA uFkquksa ij jDr fefJr >kx vkrk gSrFkk xkscj esa[kwu vkrk gSA fpjdkyhu n'kk esaHkw[k de gkstkrh gS] tkuoj dh 'kfDr{kh.k gksusyxrh gSA 'ys"e&dyk,a ihyh iM+ tkrh gSarFkk lwtu vk tkrh gSA Ropk lw[k tkrh gSA HksM+ksdh u fxjusyxrh

gSA i'kq nqcZy ,oa"kdk; gkstkrk gSA vDlj i'kqdksvfrlkj ;k dCt gkstkrh gS] rFkk gYdk cq[kkj jgusyxrk gSA vUrr%i'kqdh e`R;qgkstkrh gSA

xk; HkSalksaesavDlj dCt gkstkrh gSA xkscj djrsle; i'kqdksdkQh d"V gksrk gSA jksx dh rhozn'kk esai'kq dksvfrlkj gkstkrk gSrFkk i'kqdetksj gkstkrk gSA tEew{ks= dsdaMh {ks= esavDlj bl jksx dk izdksi ik;k tkrk gSA

mipkj ,oa cpko

1) jksx dk lUnsg gksrsgh i'kq fpfdRlkfkdkjh lslykg ysuh pkfg,A

2) i'kqvksadks[kM~M ;k unh ds vkl&ikl ughapjkuk pkfg,A

3

) i'kqvksadkslkQ ikuh fiykuk pkfg,A4) i'kqvksadks?kksa?kk okysrkykc vFkok unh dk ikuh ughafiykuk pkfg,A

5) ?kksa?kksadksu"V djusdsfy, uhyk FkksFkk (dkWij lYQsV) dk ?kksy (,d yk[k esa,d Hkkx) mi;ksx dj ldrsgSaA

6) jksxh i'kqvksadsxkscj dksunh ;k rkykc dsikuh lsnwj j[kuk pkfg,A

7) jksxh i'kqvkasdk bykt djuk pkfg,A

jSQksDlkukbZM 7-5fe-xzk-@fd-xzk- 'kjhj Hkkj

VkbZdykosUMktksy 12fe-xzk-@fd-xzk- 'kjhj Hkkj

,yosUMktksy 7-5fe-xzk-@fd-xzk- 'kjhj Hkkj

2- vkr ds ywd

;sjksx ,sEQhLVkse dh fofHkUu iztkfr;ksalsgksrk gSA blesa i'kqdks vfrlkj] [kwu jfgr xkscj] [kwu dh deh rFkk lwtu tSlsy{k.k vk tkrsgSaA xkscj esavfodflr ywd ik;stkrsgSaA i'kq dkQh detksj gkstkrsgSarFkk ckj&ckj ikuh ihrsgSaA Hkkjh ek=kesai'kqvksadh e`R;qgkstkrh gSA bl jksx dk mipkj ,oe~cpko ;r ywd tSlk gSA ;g jksx tEew lsflafpr {ks= esai'kqvksa esaHkkjh la[;k esaik;k tkrk gSA


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tEew ds ijthoh tfur jksx

43

3- isV vkSj vkr esaxksyfe tfur jksx

isV vkSj vkar esaxksyfe tkuojksaeas[kwu dh deh dj nsrsgSA ;sfe vkar dkscan dj nsrsgSA dbZfe ikpd iz.kkyh esafodkj mRiUu dj nsrs gSaA i'kqvksa esavfrlkj gkstkrk gSA i'kqcgqr tYnh detksj gkstkrsgSaA i'kq[kkuk&ihuk cUn dj nsrsgSaA lqLrh vkSj nqcZyrk dsdkj.k i'kqvolUu gkstkrsgSaA vUr esai'kqdh e`R;qgkstkrh gSA i'kqdh u mRiknu rFkk nwkmRiknu {kerk esa Hkkjh deh vk tkrh gSA

mipkj vkSj cpko

,yosUMktksy] QSuosUMktksy] ehosUMktksy] dykstsVy] vkbZojeSdVhu bR;kfn vkS"kf/k;k bykt dsdke vkrh gSaA cpko dsfy,NksVscPpksadksek lsvyx lkQ pkjkxkg esapjkuk pkfg,A i'kqvksadksikuh dsutnhd yxh ?kkl ughaf[kykuh pkfg,A i'kqvksadksfu;fer :i lsnokbZ fiykuh pkfg,A tkuojksadspkjxkg Hkh cnyrsjguspkfg,A

4- fppfM+;k cq[kkj

;g NksVh mezrFkk larfr dsi'kqvksaesavfkd gksrk gSA nslh uLy dsi'kqvksaesa;g jksx de ik;k tkrk gSA ;g jksx gk;yksekuked fppM+h }kjk QSyk;k tkrk gSA bl jksx esai'kqvksadks cq[kkj (40ls42C) gkstkrk gSaA vka[kksaesa ikuh cgusyxrk gS] i'kq

flj >qdk ysrk gSA blesaylhdk xzafFk;kao vka[kksadh iydsalwt tkrh gSA i'kqvpkud gh [kkuk&ihuk NksM+ nsrk gSA og dkQhlqLr o detksj gkstkrk gSA 'kjhj esa [kwu dh deh gkstkrh gSA i'kq nks&rhu fnu esaej tkrk gSA

mipkj ,oa cpko

cqikjokdksu] ikjokdksu] vkSDlhVsVjklkbZfDyu vkfn vkS"kf/k;kabykt dsdke vkrh gSaA bl jksx dh jksdFkke dsfy, fppfM+;ksadksu"V djuk vko';d gSA

1) i'kq'kkyk esapkjksaiM+h gqbZ?kklQwl dkstyk nsuk pkfg,A

2) i'kq'kkyk esaxM~


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([k) ckg~; ijthoh tfur jksx

;g i'kqvksadsLokLF; ,oamRiknu ij cqjk izHkko MkyrsgSaA ;g ijthoh pkj izdkj dsgksrsgSa%

1) fdyfu;ka%;s rhu izdkj lsgkfu djrsgSa%&v) gok }kjk {kfr igqapk dj ftldsdkj.k i'kqvksaij efD[k;kavke.k djrh gSavkSj ogkadhM+siM+ tkrsgSa] ftlls[kky

dh dher de gkstkrh gSA

c) jDr pwl dj i'kqesajDr dh deh dj nsrsgSaAl) fdyfu;kavU; izdkj ds fo"kk.kq] thok.kq] fjfdVfl;k ,oa izksVkstksvk jksx lapkfjr djrsgSaA

2) tw%tc fdlh i'kqds'kjhj esacgqr T;knk tw,a gkstkrh gSarksog cgqr ijs'kku gkstkrk gSA og tqvksadsdkj.k gksusokyh[kqtyh dksfeVkusdsfy, vius'kjhj dksjxM+rk gS] ftllsRopk [kjkc gkstkrh gSvkSj iifM+;kaiM+ tkrh gSaA nwk dhmRiknu {kerk de gkstkrh gSA

3) ekbV~l%vusd izdkj dsfNnzcukdj i'kqvksa dh Ropk esaizos'k dj tkrsgSarFkk [kkt o [kqtyh mRiUu djrsgSaA ;sizk;%irysrFkk vYi ckyksaokysHkkxksaij tSlsVkax dsHkhrjh Hkkxksaij ik, tkrsgSaA [kkt fofHkUu izdkj dh gksrh gS] ftlesalSjksfIVd] lkjdksfIVd] fMeksMSfDod eq[; gSaA

4) fiLlw%fiLlw dsdkVuslstkuoj esa[kkt rFkk ,syftZd fj;sD'ku gkstkrk gSA

mipkj

c;qVksDl 1%50] vkbZcjeSdVhu (200fe-xzk-@fd-xzk- 'kjhj Hkkj)] DykstSaVy (10fe-xzk-@fd-xzk- 'kjhj Hkkj)] MksjkesDVhu (200fe-xzk-@fd-xzk- 'kjhj Hkkj)

jksdFkke

1- i'kq'kkyk esaiM+h ?kkl dkstykukA

2- i'kq'kkyk esa?kkl bR;kfn dk tek u djukA

3- i'kq'kkyk esaxM~


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45

fgekpy izns'k dsi'kqvksaesaikbZ tkusokyh mHkjrh chekfj;ka% jksdFkke o byktlqHkk"k oekZ] eunhi 'kekZ] izlsuthr kj] jkts'k pgksrk] 'kSytk dVksp ,oajes'k pUn dVksplw{ethoh foKku foHkkx] i'kqfpfdRlk ,oai'kqfoKku egkfo|ky;] ikyeiqj (fgekpy izns'k)

xy?kkaasVw (,p-,l-)chekjh o bldsdkj.k%;g ikLpqjsyk uked thok.kqlsgksrh gSA ;g thok.kq vfkdrj lkl dh iz.kkyh esaik;k tkrk gS vkSji'kqvksadh vojkskd 'kfDr {kh.k gksusij ;g chekjh djrk gSA ;g jksx lafer i'kq dslEidZlsgksrk gSA fgekpy izns'k esalu~2003ls2009rd bl chekjh dspkSchl izdksi ntZfd, x, gSaA

i'kqvksadh iztkfr%eq[;r% xk;] HkSal] cdjh o lqvj bl chekjh lsxzflr gksrsgSaA

eq[; y{k.k%cgqr rst cq[kkj] lkal ysusesadfBukbZ] xyso xnZu esalwtu] Hkw[k u yxuk o vpkud e`R;qbldsy{k.k gSA

jksdFkke o bykt%cjlkr dsigyso vizSy&ebZesacpko dk Vhdk yxok,aA chekj i'kqvksadksvU; i'kqvksalsvyx djsarFkklQkbZdk fo'ks"k ;ku j[ksaA

laked xkStkrh; fueksfu;k

chekjh o bldsdkj.k%bl chekjh dsthok.kqjksxh i'kqds[kkalh djusij ok;qe.My esaQSyrsgSaA xzg.k'khy detksj i'kqlkalysusij bl chekjh lsxzLr gkstkrsgSaA

i'kqvksadh iztkfr%xk;] HkSal] cdjh o dHkh&dHkh HksM+ bl chekjh lsxzflr gksrsgSaA

eq[; y{k.k%rst cq[kkj ,oalkal u ysldusds dkj.k i'kqdh e`R;qA ;g jksx izk;% cgqr nsj rd pyrk gS] khjs&khjsHkw[k degksrh tkrh gSo nnZiw.kZ[kkalh gksrh gSA i'kq uhpsflj >qdk ysrk gS] detksjh c


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eq[; y{k.k%ukfHk esalwtu rFkk cncwnkj ihd] cq[kkj o nLr bR;kfnA dHkh&dHkh thok.kqftxj o tksM+ksaesa rdyhQ iSnkdjrsgSaA tksM+ksaesalwtu o yaxM+kiu bldsy{k.k gSaA

jksdFkke o bykt%i'kq dsC;kusdsle; dejk lkQ lqFkjk gksuk pkfg,A xHkZuky dkVusdsckn uotkr i'kqdh ukfHk esa,UVhlSfIVd ?kksy o fVapj vk;ksMhu yxkdj ckak nsrFkk tc rd ukfHk lw[kdj fxj u tk, rc rd fVapj vk;ksMhu yxkrsjgsaA jksx xzLr i'kqvksaesa,UVhck;fVDl dsVhdsyxok,aA

yaxM+h (ch- D;w-)

chekjh o bldsdkj.k%;g DyksfLVfM;e pksfovkbZuked thok.kqlsgksrh gSA chekjh i'kqds[kwu o ey ew= }kjk ikuh o[kkusokyh phtksalsnwf"kr gksuslsgksrh gSA i'kqikyu foHkkx fgekpy izns'k dsvuqlkj] lky 2003dsckn esa bl chekjh dsnksizdksi ntZgSaA

i'kqvksadh iztkfr%eq[;r% xk; o HkSal bl chekjh ls xzflr gksrsgSa ijUrqdHkh&dHkh HksM+ esaHkh ;g chekjh ikbZtkrh gSA ;gchekjh ;qok i'kqvksa(3ekl ls2lky rd dh mez) esa vfkdrj ikbZtkrh gSA

eq[; y{k.k%dakks] xnZu] ihB o iSjksaesaihM+k] dkykiu rFkk lwtu] rst cq[kkj] yxHkx rhu fnuksaesadHkh Hkh vpkud i'kq

dh e`R;qgksldrh gSAjksdFkke o bykt%chekj i'kqvksadks vU; i'kqvksalsvyx dj nsaA izfro"kZ cpko dk Vhdk ebZ eghusesayxok,aA ,sEihflfyudk Vhdk chekjh dh 'kq:vkr esaykHknk;d gksrk gSA

{k; jksx@ V~;qcjdwyksfll (Vh- ch-)

chekjh o bldsdkj.k%;g chekjh ekbZdkscSDVhfj;e cksfol uked thok.kqlsgksrh gSA ;g thok.kqlkal o ikpu iz.kkyh }kjk'kjhj esaizos'k djrsgSaA ;g chekjh lafer i'kqdslhkslEidZesavkus;k mldslzkoksalsgksrh gSA

i'kqvksadh iztkfr%lHkh iztkfr dsi'kqeq[;r% xk;] HkSal] HksM+] cdjh o i{kh bl chekjh lsxzflr gksrsgSaA

eq[; y{k.k%blesadHkh&dHkh de cq[kkj dkQh fnuksard jgrk gS] [kkalh] lkal ysusesadfBukbZ] detksjh Hkkj esadeh] tksM+ksaesalwtu bl dsy{k.k gSaA

jksdFkke o bykt%V~;qcjdqfyu VsfLVax djok,arFkk chekj i'kqvksadksvU; i'kqvksalsvyx dj nsaA

tksuhl fMlht (iSjk V~;qcjdwyksfll)

chekjh o bldsdkj.k%;g chekjh ekbdkscSDVhfj;e iSjkV;wcjD;qyksfll uked thok.kqlsgksrh gSA chekj i'kqdslEidZ esavkuso ihusdsikuh vkSj [kkusokyh phtksadschekj i'kq dsxkscj lsnwf"kr gksus lschekjh gksrh gSA

i'kqvksadh iztkfr%xk;] HkSal] dHkh&dHkh HksM+ o cdjh bllsxzflr gksrsgSaA

eq[; y{k.k%vkerkSj ij cq[kkj ugha gksrkA ijUrqdHkh nLr o dHkh dCt jgrh gSA cgqr iryscncwnkj nLr gksrsgSa] tksvkefpfdRlk lsBhd ughagksrs] Hkkj esadeh o vR;kfkd detksjh bl jksx dsy{k.k gSaA

jksdFkke o bykt%tksuhl VSfLaVx djok,a rFkk chekj i'kqvksadksvU; i'kqvksalsvyx dj nsaA bl chekjh dsfy, mi;qDrcpko Vhdk 'kh?kzgh miyCk gksusdh laHkkouk gSA


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fgekpy izns'k ds i'kqvksaesaikbZtkusokyh mHkjrh chekfj;ka% jksdFkke o bykt

47

FkuSyk

chekjh o bldsdkj.k%;g chekjh dbZizdkj dsthok.kqvksavkSj QaQwn vkfn dsdkj.k gksrh gSA i'kqvksa dk xansLFkku esjgus;k Xokyksa}kjk xansgkFkksalsnwk nqgusdsdkj.k thok.kqi'kqvksadsFkuksa rd igqprsgSaA ;fn i'kqdsFkuksa esat[e gksa] i'kqvfkdnwk nsusokyk gks;k i'kqdk nwk Bhd


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48


nkn ;k yr

chekjh o bldsdkj.k%;g xksy p tSlk izk;% c


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fgekpy izns'k ds i'kqvksaesaikbZtkusokyh mHkjrh chekfj;ka% jksdFkke o bykt

49

bDokbu bUQyw,atk

fgekpy izns'k dsfcykliqj] dkaxM+k vkSj gehjiqj ftyksaesalu 2008esabl chekjh dsrhu izdksi ntZfd, x, gSaA

chekjh o blds y{k.k%;g chekjh bUQyw,atk , uked fo"kk.kqlsgksrh gSA ;g chekj i'kqvksa dsukd dslzkoksa lsQSyrh gSA

i'kqvksadh iztkfr%;g jksx eq[;r% ?kksM+ksa] [kPpjksavkSj xksesagksrk gSA cq[kkj (41.1lsa- xzs-) lw[kh [kkalh] ukd lslzko] i'kqvksa

dksHkw[k de gksuk] detksjh bl chekjh dsy{k.k gSA bl chekjh dh vofk1

ls3

fnu gSAjksdFkke o bykt%lkQ lQkbZ dk ;ku j[ksao tkuojksaesacpko dk Vhdk yxok,aA lafer i'kqvksadksvU; i'kqvksalsvyxdj nsavkSj ,suVhck;fVd dk Vhdk yxok,aA

HksM+o cdjh esapspd

fgekpy izns'k esalu 2009lsbl chekjh dsnl ls Hkh vfkd izdksi ntZfd, x, gSaA

chekjh o blds y{k.k%;g chekjh dSijhikWDl uked fo"kk.kqlsgksrh gSA ;g chekj tkuojksadslkFk lEidZesa vkusls,;jkslksy}kjk gksrh gSA lafer i'kqvksadh ykj] ukd o vk[k dk lzko] nwk] ew= vkSj ey ls;g fo"kk.kqchekjh QSykrk gSA

eq[; y{k.k%lafer i'kqesacq[kkj40

ls- xazs- rd gksrk gSA ukd o vka[k ls lzko o 'okl dh nj esao`f gkstkrh gSA izHkkfori'kqdh Hkw[k de gkstkrh gSvkSj og kuq"kkdkj ihB dslkFk [kM+k gksrk gSA gksBksa dsvklikl ?kko] 'kq:vkr esacxy esaykyxhgksrh gSvkSj ckn esa?kko gkstkrk gSA iwN ij Hkh ?kko gks tkrsgSaA

jksdFkke o bykt%chekj tkuojksadks vU; i'kqvksalsvyx dj nsaA lHkh nwf"kr {ks=ksadh lQkbZdhVk.kquk'kd lsvPNh rjglsdjsaA i'kqvksaesacpko dk Vhdk yxok,aA


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50


xqfu;k Qkmy dsizeq[k jksx ,oavkfFkZd C;kSjkc`ts'k flag] ,l dsflag ,oavfuy dqekjxksfoUn oYyHk iUr f"k ,oaizkS|ksfxdh fo'o fo|ky;] iUruxj (mkjk[kaM)

dqDdqV dh vU; iztkfr;ksa esack[k] xqfu;k Qkmy] cVsj bR;kfn izeq[k gSaA iatkc] gfj;k.kk esafpkjk] mkjh eSnku esafrrkjhrFkk isulqyj Hkkjr esa pkbuk eqxhZ bR;kfn ukeksalsigpkustkusokyh xqfu;k Qkmy ,d egRoi.kZvkenuh dslzksr ds:i esade [ksrh okysfdlkuksadsvkfFkZd Lrj dkspk mBkusdk ,d egRoiw.kZ ek/;e gSA vZl?ku ifr esaxqfu;k Qkmy ,d,slk i{kh gStks de ykxr esavf/kd vk; nsldrk gSA xqfu;k Qkmy eqfxZ;ksa dh rqyuk esaifjfLFkfr lsvf/kd la?k"kZdjusokyh gksrh gSrFkk blesachekfj;k de yxrh gSaA blds ikyu esa cgqr vf/kd tkudkjh dh vko';drk ugha gksrh rFkk ykxrHkh eqxhZ ikyu dh rqyuk esade yxrh gSA ;si{kh fdlh Hkh okrkoj.k o tyok;qesajg ldrsgSaA fdlh fo'ks"k rjg ds?kj dhvko';drk ughagksrhA vQykVkSfDlu dkslgu djusdh {kerk eqfxZ;ksalsT;knk gksrh gSA xqfu;k Qkmy dsizeq[k jksxksa,oamudsmipkj dk fooj.k ,oaxqfu;k Qkmy ikyu dk vkfFkZd fo'ys"k.k bl ys[k esaHkh izLrqr~fd;k tk jgk gSA

xqfu;k Qkmy dsizeq[k jksx vkSj mudh jksdFkke

oSlsrksx qfu;k Qkmy dh jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk vU; dqDdqVksadh rqyuk esadkQh vf/kd gksrh gSrFkk lkFk gh lkFk fofo/kifjfLFkfr;ksaesaHkh ;svf/kd lgu'khy gksrh gS rFkk bldkspjkbZvk/kkfjr vZl?ku ifr ij ik;k tk ldrk gSA ;s ns[kkx;k gSfd 'kq:vkr esaxqfu;k Qkmy esae`R;qnj vU; dqDdqVksadh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gSA

xqfu;k Qkmy esayxus okyh chekfj;ksadksge eq[;r% nksHkkxksaesafoHkDr djrsgSa%

(1) vlaked rFkk vYirk chekfj;ka

xqfu;k Qkmy taxyh iztkfr dk i{kh gksusdsdkj.k vf/kd laosnu'khy gksrk gSA 'kq#vkr esa e`R;qnj lewg esavf/kd HkhM+]laosnu'khyrk] BaMd] vf/kd xehZrFkk vf/kd lf;rk dsdkj.k gksrh gSA budsdhV~l dh e`R;qnj ij vkdfLed Hkkstu

ifjorZu] Hkw[k] pwatksadk lw[kuk] B.Mk okrkoj.k rFkk vU; izcU/kdh; dkjdksdk Hkh izHkko iM+rk gSA vf/kd rkie] vknzrk]okrkoj.kh; ncko rFkk vU; izdkj dsO;o/kku tSlsnok;sa nsusesaxyrh] ukspuk o gkfudkjd xSlsa(veksfu;k o dkcZu eksuksvkDlkbM) Hkh e`R;qnj dksc


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xqfu;k Qkmy ds izeq[k jksx ,oavkfFkZd C;kSjk

51

6- nok nsusesaxyrh u gksbldsfy, vko';d gSfd nokvksadk iw.kZfooj.k

pashudhan prakash_edition-4.pdf

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