pengantar kontrol kebisingan 2008( jilid i)

PENGANTAR KONTROL KEBISINGAN

olehMuhammad Dirhamsyah

Jurusan Teknik Mesin Universitas Syiah Kuala

2008

Dasar Kontrol Kebisingan

Kebisingan

Terminologi Suara

Tekanan dan Energi Suara

SPL = 20 log10 ( Prms/ Pref), dB

SPW @ SWL = 10 log10 (W/Wref), dB

Parameter Dasar Suara

Propagasi Suara

Tekanan Suara

Tekanan Bunyi

Konversi Tekanan Bunyi (dB dan Pascal)

Aplikasi Tekanan Bunyi

dB dan Pascal

Persepsi Perubahan Peringkat Bunyi dalam dB

Persepsi dB dan Pascal secara grafik

Penggunaan tabel

Contoh sederhana

Jenis sumber suara

Anechoic dan Reverberant Enclosures

Ruang bertekanan (Pressure field)

Ruang Suara (Sound Field)

Indek Direktivitas(Directivity Index)

Penambahan Tekanan Suara di dinding

Dua sumber suara

Penambahan peringkat dB

Pengurangan Tingkat Kebisingan

Penambahan nilai dB

Kesimpulan

• Tingkat tekanan suara dalam dB senilai

2 * 10‐5 Pascal

• Batasan kemampuan pendengara manusia sebesar 130dB

• Penambahan dan pengurangan nilai dB dapat menggunakan tabel atau rumus.

Analisa Frekuensi dan Panjang gelombang

Batasan Frekuensi dari beberapa sumber bunyi

Batasan Audibel (audible range)

Analisa Statistik

Analisa Statistik (2)

Panjang Gelombang

Panjang Gelombang dan Frekuensi

Difraksi Suara

Refleksi Suara

Analisis Frekuensi

Bentuk gelombang dan frekuensi

Jenis suara dan sinyal kebisingan

Filter

Filter Bandpass dan Bandwidth

Jenis Filter dan skala frekuensi

Filter oktaf

1/1 dan 1/3

Spektogram

Persepsi Suara

Frekuensi Suara

Kawasan Audiotori

Persepsi suara

Kontur ~~ 40dB dan Beban‐A

Kontur ~~ untuk tone semula

Kurva Beban Frekuensi

Kalibrasi dan Pembebanan

Penggunaan Beban frekuensi

Analisis Serial

Analisis Paralel

Analyzer

Spektogram dan overall levels

Contoh analisis Wavelet

(a) Time domain signal of two sine waves with varying amplitude

(b) Fast Fourier transform of the signal

(c) Wavelet transform of the same signal

Kebisingan Trafik

Contoh Kebisingan Trafik

Peringkat kebisingan trafik tergantung pada tiga faktor :(1)Volume trafik, (2)Kecepatan, (3)Jumlah kenderaan.

Katagori jalan dan jenis kenderaan

Aliran trafik dan peringkat suara

Aliran trafik dan aspek sosial

Akustik Bangunan

Sumber kebisingan

Sumber kebisingan yang meningkat dalam bangunan:- Tetangga- Trafik- Industri

Aplikasi akustik bangunan semakin meningkat dalam skop untuk mengatasi kontrol kebisingan dan gangguan bising dalam segala jenis bangunan.

Akustik bangunan

Akustik bangunan – merupakan fenomena akustik dengan ruang tertutup seperti halnya ruangan atau bangunan.

Ganggunan akustik yang terjadi berupa

•Refleksi•Penyerapan•Waktu gema

•Waktu peredaman dan lain‐lain.

Refleksi suara

• Sound can be reflected in a similar way to light

• angle of incidence = angle of reflection

• Reflecting object must be at least the same size as the wavelength

Refleksi Penundaan panjang

• In larger halls, ‘ray tracing’ can identify problematic echoes

• Echo = a reflection which arrives more than 50 ms after the direct sound

• Reflections can be prevented by covering the surfaces concerned with absorbent material or by making them into diffusing surfaces by means of a convex shape.

Penyerapan suaraMain types of absorbers:Porous materials

• consist materials such as fiberboard, mineral wools, insulation blankets, etc.

• convert sound energy into heat.• more efficient at high than low frequencies• can be used in the form of space absorbers• possible with the underside reflecting while the top is absorbent; can prevent long delayed sound at the same time, providing more reflection of sound to certain parts of the audience.

Penyerapan Suara

Membrane or panel absorbers

• good absorption characteristics in low frequency range (50 – 500 Hz)

• the approximate resonant frequency, f

f = 60 / (md)1/2

Where m = mass of the panel (kg/m2)

d = depth of the air space in m

Perilaku suara – Penyerapan suaraHelmholtz atau cavity resonatorsContainer dengan leher kecil terbuka dan ikut bergerak oleh resonansi udara dalam cavity udara

dmana c = kecepatan suara di udarar = radius leher l = panjang leherV = volume cavity

( ) ⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+

=Vrl

crfππ

π 22

2 V

l

2r

Waktu gema (Reverberation Time) Sabine’s formula

Dimana T = waktu gema, detik

V= volume ruang, m3

A= penyerapan ruang, m2

Dan 0.16 merupakan suatau empirik konstan, detik/m

Waktu gema, T60 adalah lamanya suara hilang sebesar 60 dB(A).

AVT 16.0

=

Reverberation TimeSabine’s formula

Jika luas permukaan = S, maka rata‐rata koefisien penyerapan (average absorption coefficient), ά

ά

Maka,

SA

=

αSVT 16.0

=

Penyerapan bunyi

Pada banyak jenis contoh yang digunakan menggunakan rumus,

Jika permukaan ruang digunakan dengan contoh yang berbeda, maka,

ααi

iiSS ∑=

1

∑

∑

=

== N

ii

N

iii

S

S

1

1α

α

Material Penyerap Bunyi

• Dua metoda untuk mengukur koefisien penyerapan :

• Metoda ruang gema (Reverberation chamber)

• Metoda tabung impedansi (Impedance tube)

• Metoda Reverberation chamber (ISO R354‐1985, ASTM C423‐1984 and AS 1045‐1988)

αα−

=1

Rruang,Koefisien S

Teknik Pengujian Akustik Impedance Tube

Karakteristik akustik dari panel diperoleh dengan menggunakan metoda impedance tube berdasarkan ISO 10534 (II).

Metoda Reverberation Chamber

S’= Luas permukaan total termasuk luas sampel

T’60= Waktu gema Reverberation tanpa sampel

T60 = Waktu gema (Reverberation) dengan sampel

S = Luas permukaan sampel

V = volume ruang

α = Koefisien penyerapan Sabine (absorption coefficient)

( ) )(''

'125.55 2

6060

mTSSS

TcVS ⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−−

−=α

Metoda Reverberation Chamber

Pengukuran Reverberation TimeDalam ruang gema (reverberation room):

Pada ruang normal (dengan ‐ high background noise):

Lp, dB

tT60

60 dB

Lp, dB

60 dB

T60

t

Background noise

Pengukuran Reverberation Time

• Pengukuran dapat digunakan dengan metoda dibawah.

• Sebuah mikrofon dihubungkan ke frequency analyser yang terhubung pada perekaman suara (level recorder).

• Perekaman di konversikan ke pengukuran tekanan bunyi dalam dB.

• Peralatan berbasiskan microprocessor‐based modern dapat menghasilkan grafik yang dapat langsung mengukur waktu gema (reverberation time).

Sound source

microphone

Frequency analyser

Level recorder

Jenis Reverberation Time pada Ruang3RD OCTAVE BANDWIDTH CENTRE FREQ. (Hz) REVERBERATION TIME (s)

100 1.55

125 1.60

160 1.45

200 1.30

250 1.20

315 1.05

400 1.05

500 1.00

630 1.10

800 1.00

1000 0.90

1250 1.05

1600 1.05

2000 1.05

2500 1.00

3150 0.95

4000 0.95

Bangunan AkustikApa yang harus diukur?

Suara latar (Background Noise)

Waktu gema (Reverberation Time)

Penyerapan Suara (Sound Absorption)

Isolasi suara “Airborne” dan impak(airborne and Impact sound insulation)

Airborne dan Impact

Indek Pengurangan Suara (Sound Reduction Index) atau kehilangan transmisi suara (Sound Transmission Loss)

Prinsip transmisi suara melalui dinding : W3 dan W4 merepresentasikan transmisi flanking sound ke komponen dari struktur; W3 yang selalunya di radiasikan ke ruang 2, W4 yang tidak termasuk.

Room 1W1

W4

W3

W2

Room 2

Dissipated as heat

Airborne dan ImpactSound insulation

Indek Reduksi Suara (Sound Reduction Index) atau Kehilangan Transmisi suara (Sound Transmission Loss)Koefisien transmisi suara, τ

Indek reduksi suara, R

1

2

WW

=τ

dBRτ1log10=

Pengukuran Reduksi Suara

• Metoda untuk mengukur insulasi dinyatakan secara standar nasional dan internasional.

• Metoda yang umumnya digunakan untuk mencari insulasi suara airborne adalah metoda dua‐ruang (the two‐room method).

L1 = Peringkat tekanan suara (sound pressure level) pada sumber suara dalam ruang (dB)L2 = Peringkat tekanan suara pada ruang penerima (dB)S = Luas spesimen pengujianA = Luas penyerapan suara ekivalen

dBASLLR log1021 +−=

Methoda dua ruang – Uji Lab.

Membandingkan hasil dengan keperluan – Isolasi suara

Single Figure Indices• ISO 717‐1982 menggambarkan suatu metoda yang

mempunyai gambaran tunggal dari airborne dan kurva insulasi impak suara yang di ukur berdasarkan ISO 140.

• Indek Reduksi Pembebanan Puncak suara “Weighted Apparent Sound Reduction Index, R’w

Membandingkan hasil dengan keperluan – Isolasi suara

• Weighted Normalized Impact Sound Pressure Level, L’n,w

Survey Akustik Bangunan

Insulation – Standar Akustik Bangunan

Raw insulation, DNormalised insulation, DnTNormalised insulation in dBA, DnAT

French standard NF S 31-057

Raw insulation D = L1-L2

Normalised acoustic insulation Dn =

Normalised acoustic insulation Dn,T=

International Standard ISO 140-4

Weighted normalised acoustic insulation Dn,wWeighted normalised acoustic insulation Dn,T,w

International standard ISO 717-1

Sound reduction index R International standard ISO 140-3 (NF EN 140-3)

Apparent sound reduction index R’ International standard ISO 140-4 (NF EN 140-4)

Weighted sound reduction index RWApparent weighted sound reduction index R’w

International Standard ISO 717-1 (NF EN 717-1)

Bunyi Impact

Impact normalised sound pressure level LnTImpact normalised sound pressure level in dBA LnAT

French standard NF S 31-057

Impact normalised sound pressure level LnImpact normalised sound pressure level L’nImpact standardised sound pressure level L’nT

International standard ISO 140-6 et ISO 140-7

Impact normalised weighted sound pressure level Ln,wImpact normalised weighted sound pressure level L’n,wImpact standard weighted sound pressure level L’nT,w

International standard ISO 717-2

Kebisingan Peralatan

Equipment noise normalised level LeT French standard NF S 31-057

Absorption coefficient ∝s International standard ISO 354 (NF EN 20354)

Weighted absorption index ∝w International standard ISO 11654 (NF EN 11654)

Absorption

APPLICATIONS OF BUILDING ACOUSTICS

• Impact test

• Glazing test

• Absorption test

IMPACT TEST

Overall Set‐up of the Impact Test

Chadwick Roof

Tapping Machine

Microphone

Rotating Boom

Speaker

IMPACT TEST – METHODOLOGY• Main purpose : to find a single‐number

quantity used for defining the impact sound insulation of a roof structure as stipulated in ISO 717‐2 Standard Procedures.

• Weighted Normalised Impact Sound Pressure Level denoted by the symbol, L’n,w

CALIBRATIONREVERBERATION

TIME OF RECEIVING ROOM

MEASUREMENT

BACKGROUND NOISE LEVEL MEASUREMENT

SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL INSIDE THE TEST ROOM MEASUREMENT

CALCULATION OF L’n,w

IMPACT TEST ‐ RESULTS

• In general within the frequency range of interest (From 100Hz up to 3150Hz) the difference between the received sound pressure levels from the impact test and the background noise levels are above 20dB.

• The calculated Weighted Normalised Impact Sound Pressure Level, = 48dB.WnL ,′

GLAZING TEST

RECEIVING ROOM

TRANSMITTING ROOM

Opening for Acoustic Testing 1m2

6.28m

4.41m

5.30m5.48m

AcousticDoor

Speaker

Microphone6.5m

5.5m

6.0m

GLAZING TEST

Cross section of the acoustic test rooms

TRANSMITTING ROOM

RECEIVING ROOM

Glazing Test Sample

GLAZING TEST

Sample view from the transmitting room.

ABSORPTION TEST• Location : Acoustic Laboratory, UKM

• Reverberation room capacity volume = 171 m3

• Sample test : 10 m2 wall panel

6. 32m

4.58m

5.33m

6.28m

4.41m

5.50m

5.30m

5.48m

AcousticDoor

Opening for Acoustic Testing 1m2

ABSORPTION TEST

microphone

Test sample

speaker

Cross section of the reverberation room

ABSORPTION TEST

Reverberation room

ABSORPTION TEST ‐ RESULTS

• For the wall panel sample, Alpha Sabine , α = 0.65

ABSORPTION TEST ‐ RESULTS

Korelasi dengan Vibrasi

Pengukuran GetaranMany installations in modern building, eg. Lifts and washing

machine, produce both noise and vibration.

Noise measurements must therefore be complemented by vibration measurements.

• Vibration Isolation Measurements

Pengukuran Getaran

• Measuring the Loss Factor of a Partition

the Loss Factor, η calculated from, f = centre frequency of the 1/3 octave band

T = corresponding reverberation time

Rantai Pengukuran

Analisa Frekuensi

Spektrum Frekuensi

Representasi Data

Skala Linear dan Logaritmik

Skala Frekuensi Linear dan Logaritmik

Filter Bandpass dan Bandwidth

Jenis Filter

Filter Bandwidth konstan

Filter Persentasi Bandwidth Konstan

Skala Frekuensi

Pemilihan Bandwidth

Analisa Frekuensi

Skala Amplitudo

Skala dB

Transmisi Getaran

Kondisi aktual getaran

Parameter Vibtrasi

Pemilihan parameter

Detektor / purata

Purata Waktu

Analisis sistem vs sinyal

Akselerometer

Verifikasi eksperimen

Pengujian‐pengujian

Bantalan (Bearing – outer)

Lingkungan

Melbourne Airport's Environmental Management System (EMS)

was accredited to world's best practice standard, ISO 14001 in June 2004 - making it the first airport in Australia to receive this internationally-recognised accreditation.

Airport Noise ManagementThere are four main mechanisms that are used to manage and minimise the noise effects generated by aircraft approaching or departing from Melbourne Airport.

• Control of AirspaceAirservices Australia is responsible for management and control of the flight paths used by aircraft approaching and departing from Melbourne Airport.

• Monitoring of Noise ComplaintsNoise complaints are received by Airservices on its 24-hour number 1300-302-240.

• Noise Abatement CommitteeThe Committee's role is to review the impact of aircraft noise exposure on the surrounding community and in a consultative manner, make recommendations to minimise the effect of aircraft noise. The Committee meets on a quarterly basis.

• Land use ControlsThe controls are mainly concerned with the development of residential land and are administered by the local council's statutory planning departments.

Trafik Jalan dan Rel

Trafik Udara

Pemantauan Kondisi Pemesinan

NC Milling-Machine

CNC Lathe G

ear Box

Lathe Machine

Small-Drilling Machine

• Sinyal kerusakan di tampilkan pada spektogram adalah implusif

• Prosedur perawatan perlu di laksanakan agar lebih efisien

Pemantauan Kondisi Mesin

(a)

Terjadi impuls yang mengganggu sinyal sinus

(b)

Hasil dengan Fast Fourier Transform

(c)

Menggunakan wavelet transform

Contoh analisis sinyal dengan gangguan impak

Evaluasi Performansi Mesin

Experiment setup

Raw materialDrilling operation Drilling performance

Evaluasi

Sumber bunyi pada kenderaan

Sistem Pemantauan Dini Tsunami

PRODUCTS 2006 2007 2008 2009

SURFACE BUOY RE ENGINEERED INDIGINEOUS IMPROVED VEHICLE NEW CONCEPT, MULTI PURPOSE

OCEAN BOTTOM UNIT

SIMPLE STRUCTURE SIMPLE DESIGN, IMPROVE MATERIAL

NEW APPROACH TO HOUSE PAYLOAD AND DEPLOYMENT

NEW CONCEPT, MULTI PURPOSE SCENTIFIC PLATFORM

ACOUSTIC LINK SINGLE CHANNEL OMNI DIRECTIONAL

DUAL CHANNEL, REPEATER LINK, DIRECTIONAL

DUAL CHANNEL MULTI ACCESS

FULL REDUNDANT, MULTI ACCESS, HI RELIABILITY LINK

SATELLITE LINK , WIRELESS LINK

SINGLE CHANNEL TWO SYSTEM, HALF FULL REDUNDANT

ONE SYSTEM, FULL REDUNDANT , MOBILE

INTEGRATED SYSTEM, FULL REDUNDANT, HIGH MOBILITY

SENSORY SYSTEM & PROCESSING

PRESURE SENSOR SINGLE PROCESSING

MULTIPLE SENSORSDUAL PROCESSING

TSUNAMI AND OTHER SCIENTIFICDUAL PROCESSING

INTELLIGENT SENSORY SYSTEM NETWORK, INTELLIGENT PROCESSING

READ DOWN STATION

SIMPLE RECEPTION & DISPLAY & MONITORING

MULTI DISPLAY , MULTI SERVERS, NETWORK READY

MULTI DISPLAY, SOFT SWITCHABLE MONITORING, NETWORK CAPABLE

INTERNATIONALLY CAPABLE MONITORING, FULL NETWORK CAPABLE DATA BUOY CENTER

DATA NETWORKING

NA BPPT LAN, AUTHORIZE AND PUBLIC ACCESS

NATIONAL & REGIONAL NETWORK DATA POSTING AND ACCESS

INTERNATIONAL INTERNETWORKING, INDONESIA DATA BUOY CENTER

PETA RENCANA SISTEM INA‐BUOYPENGEMBANGAN & KEREKAYASAAN

systems meet a number of data stream requirements that are essential to an operational tsunami forecast system:

1. Measurement: tsunami amplitude time series

2. Accuracy: 0.5 cm or less3. Sampling: 1 min or less4. Processing: 2 min or less5. Delivery: 5 min or less

Characteristic SpecificationReliability and data return ratio: Greater than 80%Maximum deployment depth: 6000 mMinimum deployment duration: Greater than 1 yearOperating Conditions: Beaufort 9 (survive

Beaufort 11)Maintenance interval, buoy: Greater than 2 yearsMaintenance interval, Greater than 4 yrstsunameterSampling interval, internal record: 15 secSampling interval, event reports: 15 and 60 secSampling interval, tidal reports: 15 minMeasurement sensitivity: Less than 1 mm in

6000 m; 2 ⋅ 10–7Tsunami data report trigger Automatically by

tsunami detectionalgorithm; on

demand by warning center request

Reporting delay: Less than 3 minMaximum status report interval: Less than 6 hrs

SYSTEM REQUIREMENT PERFORMANCE PARTICULARS

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

Surface Buoy, Generasi‐1 Krakatau

INMARSAT SATCOM

METEO SENSOR

RADAR REFLECTOR

ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCER

INSTRUMENTATION BAY • ACOUSTIC MODEM• INMARSAT T‐BOX• PROCESSING UNIT • AWS DATA LOGGER • BATTERY

FLASH LAMP

Ocean Bottom Unit (OBU)

Pressure sensorCPU

Battery

Acoustic modem

Releaser

MOORING CONFIGURATION

Surface BuoyINDONESIA TEWS

Sachel 1.5”, Ring ¾”

Sachel Crosby ½”Swivel Eye + Eye 5/8”, 5 tSachel Crosby ½”

PWB Chain ½”, 10m long

Floaters Bentos, 8 balls @25kg buoyancy

Steel Wire, ½”, 250 m long

Sachel ½”, Ring ¾”, Sachel½”

Sachel ½”, Ring ¾”, Sachel½”

Sachel ½”, Ring ¾”, Sachel ½”

Steel Wire, ½”, 250 m long


Sachel ½”, Ring ¾”, Sachel ½”

Acoustic Releaser MORS (40kg)

Chain PWB, ¾”, 10 m long

Parachute with 7m lines (opt)

Anchor, 75 kg

Sinker ( Steel covered Concrete) 3,2 t

Chain PWB, ¾”, 10 m long

Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾”

Sachel ¾ ”, Ring ¾”, Sachel 1”Nylon Rope 1”, 220 m long, Sachel 1 ”, Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾ ”Nylon Rope 1”, 220 m long, Sachel 1 ”, Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾ ”Nylon Rope 1”, 170 m long

Swivel Eye+ Eye, 5 t

Sachel ¾ ”, Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾ ”

Sachel ¾ ”, Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾ ”

Sachel 1 ”, Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾ ”

Sachel 1 ”, Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾ ”



Nylon Rope 1”, 220 m long, Sachel 1 ”, Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾”Nylon Rope 1”, 220 m long, Sachel 1 ”, Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾”Nylon Rope 1”, 220 m long, Sachel 1 ”, Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾”Nylon Rope 1”, 220 m long, Sachel 1 ”, Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾”Nylon Rope 1”, 220 m long

Sachel 1”

VPN or Internet

Surface Buoy INMARSAT

LES

DATA LINK BUOY – RDS, SAAT INI

BPPT GD‐1 LT.20

zona patahan

Kerak Bumi Sebelum Regangan Gaya Elastis Mencapai Limit

Gelombang Seismik

Pelepasan ‘stress’

titik kontrol

Gempabumi

Geodetic measurement: how it works

[email protected]

[email protected]

Precise Real-Time GPS:Requirements

l Reliable communication channels (dedicated lines, spread-spectrum radio, wireless Internet, satellite, FM sub-carriers, …)

[email protected]

CONTINUOUS (PERMANENT) GPS

Continuously recording GPS receivers permanently installed

Give positions instantly

Provide significantly more precise data:No errors in setting up equipment and

reoccupying sitesVery stable monuments

Many more positions to constrain time series

Can observe transient signals such as due to earthquake

GPS = Great Places to Sleep

BRUEL AND KJAER BA766611, BA766911 , BA767612, BV0052, BV0053, BV0054, BV0055, TP213, TP216

[email protected]‐BUOY SYSTEM, ENG. & DEV. – BPPTPROF JAILANI M NOORHAND‐OUT

Referensi

pengantar kontrol kebisingan 2008( jilid i)

Documents