pengantar teknologi komputer
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Dasar Komputer dan PemrogramanITH110 Jurusan Teknik Elektro
Fakultas Teknik UKWMS
Teknologi KomputerTeknologi Komputer
PengantarPengantar
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Fakultas Teknik UKWMS
Generasi Komputer(1 dari 2)
Generasi Komputer(1 dari 2)
PertamaAntara tahun 1952-1958.Menggunakan tabung hampa udara.Input data menggunakan kartu.
KeduaAntara tahun 1958-1963.Menggunakan solid-state transistor cards.Storage menggunakan magnetic tape drives.
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Generasi Komputer(2 dari 2)
Generasi Komputer(2 dari 2)
KetigaAntara tahun 1964-1969.Menggunakan rangkaian sirkuit mini (chip).Kapasitas storage besar (random access).
KeempatMulai 1970 dan sampai sekarang.Menggunakan pemrograman mikro (micro- programming).Menggunakan microscopic integrated circuitry (IC - VLSI).
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Fakultas Teknik UKWMS
Komputer Generasi KelimaKomputer Generasi Kelima
Saat ini pengembangan sedang berlangsung.
Menggunakan artificial intelligence, VHDL, dan advanced parallel processing.
Mampu belajar dari kesalahan.
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Fakultas Teknik UKWMS
Karakteristik Artificial Intelligence (AI)Karakteristik Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Expert systems (membuat komputer mampumembantu memecahkan masalah.)Bahasa Alami (menggunakan suara manusia untuk berkomunikasi dengan komputer.)Simulasi sensor manusia (menggunakan komputer untuk melakukan fungsi sensor manusia seperti berbicara, melihat, dan mendengar)
Robotik (menggunakan komputer untuk mengoperasikan peralatan)
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Fakultas Teknik UKWMS
Expert Systems
Ada program yang dirancang untuk menangkap pengalaman, proses pengambilan keputisan, proses berpikir seorang ahli dalam bidang tertentu.
Sistem diciptakan dengan wawancara ahli dalam bidang tertentu dan translasi pengetahuan tersebur ke dalam serangkaian aturan dan strategi.
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Klasifikasi Komputer(1/2)
Klasifikasi Komputer(1/2)
Dapat dikelompokkan berdasarkan kategori dan ukuran
KategoriKategori Komputer Digital
Komputer Analog
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Klasifikasi Komputer(2/2)
Klasifikasi Komputer(2/2)
UkuranUkuran Personal computersDesktop computers
Network computersNotebook and laptop computersPocket computers
Midsized computers
SupercomputersMainframe computers
Servers
Personal digital assistants
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Fakultas Teknik UKWMS
KomputerDigital
KomputerAnalog
Terutama digunakan menghitung.
Unit dasar penyimpanan adalah bilangan biner atau bit.
Digunakan sebagai alat ukur.
Sering digunakan sebagai riset keilmuan.
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Personal Computers(1/2)
Personal Computers(1/2)
Desktop UnitsDesktop UnitsPeralatan dengan Central Processing Unit(CPU), monitor,
keyboard, dan mouse.
Network Computers
Network Computers
Kadang-kadang tidak ada disk drive karena terhubung ke server pada remote site.
ServersServersMampu beroperasi dengan cepat
dan kapasitas harddisk besar.
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Personal Computers(2/2)
Personal Computers(2/2)
Notebook danLaptop Computers
Notebook danLaptop Computers
PalmtopComputers
PalmtopComputers
Personal DigitalAssistants (PDAs)
Personal DigitalAssistants (PDAs)
Dapat dikoneksikan dengan docking station ada monitor
dan keyboard.
Digunakan untuk menyimpan buku catatan, jadual, alamat email.
Mempunyai fungsi lebih banyak daripada palmtop computers.
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Midsized ComputersMidsized Computers
Have been commonly referred to as minicomputers.
Are generally considered to be mainframe computers in miniature form.
Can support up to 500 online terminals.
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Mainframe ComputersMainframe Computers
These computers use a wide array of input and output devices.
They also have a variety of internal and external memory/storage devices.
Many mainframe computers support enterprise-wide computing services.
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SupercomputersSupercomputers
These computers have extremely large memories.
They are capable of processing trillions of instructions per second.
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Komponen Sistem KomputerKomponen Sistem Komputer
Input
Arithmetic-LogicControl
Output Storage
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Komponen Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Arithmetic-Logic
Storage
Control
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Kategori Input
Kertas / Paper
Magnetic
Electronic
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Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
Sering digunakan kalangan perbankan dalam proses pengecekan.
Bilangan tercetak di bawah untuk pengecekan adalah magnetized.
MICR reader membaca dan input data.Media input sangat cepat dan akurat.
Menggunakan hanya 14 bilangan dan karakter.
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Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
Scanner membaca informasi dalam bentuk karakter dan input ke dalam komputer.
Ada keterbatasan font, seperti bentuk dan ukuran karakter.
Sering digunakan kalangan bisnis untuk bermacam aplikasi berbeda.
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Mark-Sense Forms
Preprinted shapes (such as squares, rectangles, or circles) are darkened with a writing instrument.These forms are run through a scanner that reads the shape and inputs information into the system.
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Magnetic Tape
Was previously the most widely used type of input in large-volume computer operations.
Can also be used as an external data storage medium.
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Magnetic Strips
Is the type of medium found on the backside of credit cards and some ID badges.
Data stored in strip communicate with the computer.
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Magnetic Hard Disks
Are used during input, storage, and output.Disks are used to store the computer’s operating system, application software, and data.
Provide random accessing of data, resulting in faster processing speeds.
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Floppy Disks
Data are put onto floppy disks in a variety of ways.Provide a very easy-to-use medium.Common storage size is 1.44MB of data per disk.
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Electronic Transfer
Is currently the most widely used input medium.
Data/information are captured and stored at the user site.Once file is complete, it is transferred electronically to the mainframe where the data are processed.
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Keyboard Terminals
Are connected online to a computer.Transform the letters, numbers, and symbols humans are capable of reading into codes the computer is capable of reading.
Is a slow data input medium.
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Monitors
When monitors are used as an input medium, they generally are equipped with a light pen.
Their use is not considered appropriate for inputting large volumes of data.
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Point-of Sale Terminals
In many businesses, they are used in place of cash registers.
They facilitate keeping track of inventory and reordering of merchandise.
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Touch-Tone Phone
Keys on a touch-tone phone are used to communicate with a computer.
Provides a convenient data input device for certain applications.
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Audio Communication
Transforms telephones into data terminals.
Is a useful device for traveling salespeople who may need fast communication with their home office.
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Optical Laser Disks
Data are input onto the disk, which is then put onto a CD-ROM for data input.
Provides an extremely compact, fast input medium.
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Computer Mouse
Depressing the “enter” key on the mouse sends a command to the computer.
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Light Pen
Is useful for working with engineering or architectural drawings.Modifications are made by touching the line to be moved and then moving the pen tip on the screen to the desired location.
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Touchscreens
Requires the use of a monitor that has a heat- sensitive element.Touching the desired command on the monitor activates the command.
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Voice Input
Enables one to dictate material into a computer, using a microphone attached to the computer.Common word processing programs now come equipped with voice input capability.
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Handwriting Input
Requires the use of a handwriting pad that recognizes handwritten characters.
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Bar Code Input
Allows the computer input of data stored in a bar code.Is commonly used in pricing of grocery items and in the identification of books in libraries.
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Scanners
Digitize information on a paper medium so the information can be stored in a computer.
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Optical Cards
Are about the size of a credit card and can hold as much as 100MB of data.
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Video Capture Cards
Use a Web-based camera in the inputting of information into a computer.
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Smart Cards
Internal microprocessor provides the process capability.
Many of these cards can be recharged with cash value.
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Handheld Data-Entry Device
Often used to provide input for reordering and/or inventory management.
Generally use a scanner.
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USB Pen Drives
Plug into the computer’s US port.
Can store up to 1GB of data.
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StorageStorage
Types Primary
Secondary
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Primary Storage
RAM-Random Access Memory
ROM—Read-Only Memory
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Random Access Memory (RAM)
Tipe penyimpan utama yang bersifat sementara digunakan komputer dalam pemrosesan data dan informasi
User dapat mengubah data atau instruksi dalam RAM.
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Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Data atau instruksi dikodekan dan disimpan secara permanen.
Isi tidak dapat diubah.
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Tipe-tipe ROM lain
EROM (Erasable Read-Only Memory)Dapat dihapus menggunakan ultraviolet light.
PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)Dapat diprogram dengan peralatan khusus disebut ROM programmer.
EPROM (Erasable, Programmable Read-Only Memory) Dapat dihapus dan diprogram dengan
peralatan khusus.
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Cache Memory
Is used to increase the movement of work through a computer.
Serves as a high speed holding area for program instructions and data that are being processed.
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Secondary Storage
Many of the input media can also be used as secondary storage.
Among these are hard disk drives, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, etc.
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Arithmetic-Logic Unit
Mampu melakukan operasi penambahan, pengurangan, perkalian, dan pembagian.
Dapat juga membandingkan ukuran data.
Selama manipulasi/proses, data disimpan di register akumulator atau storage.
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Fungsi-fungsi Control UnitFungsi-fungsi Control Unit
1. Instructs input devices to read data into storage.2. Locates data held in storage and transfers it to memory.3. Instructs the arithmetic/logic unit to perform certain operations on the data.4. Informs the arithmetic/logic unit of the location of data stored in memory.5. Informs the output devices which information is to be printed or transferred to some other medium where it will be stored.
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OutputOutput
Many of the input media and devices are also used for output.Among these are magnetic tape, disks, keyboard terminals, monitors, etc.
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Devices Used Only for Output Include:
Printers
Printer-Plotters
Computer Output Microfilm
Computer Output Laser Disk
Audio Response Output
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Types of Printers
ImpactImpact Dot-matrix printers are of theimpact type.
NonimpactNonimpactInk-jet and laser printers areof the nonimpact type.
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Printer-Plotters
Are used primarily to prepare graphic illustrations.
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Computer Output Microfilm
Instead of getting output printed on paper, output iscreated on microfilm.
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Audio Response
Involves translating computer output into spokenlanguage.
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Computer Output Laser Disk
Output is put onto a laser disk.
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Software KomputerSoftware Komputer
Includes instructions and/or programs that enable the computer to operate as desired.
Computers use application programs and systems programs.
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Tipe-tipe Bahasa Pemrograman
Symbolic LanguagesProcedure-Oriented Languages
Problem-Oriented Languages
Fourth-Generation Languages
Visual Languages
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Distributed Data ProcessingDistributed Data Processing
Is a network comprised of several-to-thousands of computers.
Each personal computer has the ability to process data independently at the user site as well as the ability to communicate with other computers.
Computer power is placed where it is most needed.
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Alasan penggunaan Distributed Data Processing
1. Processing control is returned to the user.
2. Extensive use of personal computers is economical.
3. User department can design processing operations that meet its specific needs.4. Data do not have to be transmitted to another location.
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Keuntungan penggunaanDistributed Data Processing
1. User department has control over the processing of its data.2. May result in reduced data processing costs.3. Systems can be easily expanded or contracted to meet changing user needs.4. User departments are not at the “mercy” of a centralized computer facility.
5. Systems are less vulnerable.
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Grid ComputingGrid Computing
Also known as peer-to-peer computing.
Involves a network of computers that operates together to solve a variety of business problems.
The computers comprising the network “lend” their computer processing power as needed when a large job is being processed (run.)
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Macam-macam masalah Power Komputer
Sags-short-term decrease in voltage.
Brownouts-longer term significant decrease in voltage.Oscillations-superimposing high-frequency noise on the electrical waveform that can result in computer damage, loss of data, and software glitches.Surges-short-term increase in voltage. Spikes-short-term significant increase in voltage.
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Macam-macam masalah yang mempengaruhioperasi Komputer
Macam-macam masalah yang mempengaruhioperasi Komputer
Computer Power Problems
Computer Viruses
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Virus Komputer
Can destroy massive amounts of data/information in a desktop unit, or disrupt an entire network operation.
Kategori VirusKategori Virus
File InfectorsBoot Sector VirusesMultipartite Viruses
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Saran berkaitan denganVirus Komputer (1/2)
1. Avoid using software from unreliable sources.2. Avoid exchanging floppy disks between computers.3. Avoid letting others use your computer, especially if they want to use their own software.
4. Back up data frequently.5. Back up new software immediately-and then use only the backup copy.
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Saran berkaitan denganVirus Komputer (2/2)
6. Stop using the computer immediately if abnormal operations begin to occur.7. Use a virus detection/eradication software program.8. Be especially careful with software downloaded from the Internet.9. Be alert to the fact that computer viruses are often transmitted by e-mail messages.
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Data Warehouse
Data Mart
Data Mining
Is a centralized depositoryfor some or all of the dataaccumulated in anorganization.
Is a depository of data heldin the warehouse but thensubsequently processed andanalyzed to make it usefulto a specific group of endusers.
Involves analyzing datafor previously undiscover-ed relationships.
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Utility ComputingUtility Computing
Involves an organization’s obtaining its computing equipment from a computer utility.
Organizations pay the utility for the amount of time its computer equipment is used.