pengelolaan biodiversitas agroekosistem
DESCRIPTION
PENGELOLAAN BIODIVERSITAS AGROEKOSISTEM. Mk. Manajemen Agroekosistem. Disajikan : soemarno jurs tanah fpub des 2013. Kawasan lereng G. Mahawu. Ekosistem Hutan. Agroekosistem Talun. Agroekosistem sawah. Agroekosistem Tegalan. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
PENGELOLAAN BIODIVERSITAS AGROEKOSISTEM
Disajikan : soemarno jurs tanah fpub des 2013
Mk. Manajemen Agroekosistem
Kawasan lereng G. Mahawu
Agroekosistem sawah
Agroekosistem Tegalan
Agroekosistem Talun
Ekosistem Hutan
Diunduh dari: http://agbiodiversity.com/AgBiodviersityProject/Howbiodiversitysupportsfarmprofits/tabid/133/Default.aspx....... 8/12/2012
BIODIVERSITAS
.
Biodiversity, Agriculture & Ecosystems
• What is Biodiversity• Agrobiodiversity• Biodiversity and Agriculture in the
landscape • extensification and intensification
• Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services• Agriculture and Ecosystem Services
Diunduh dari: www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012
DEFINITIONS OF BIODIVERSITY
‘The variability among living organisms and the ecological
complexes of which they are part, including the diversity within
species, between species and of ecosystems.’
Diunduh dari: www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012
Reed Noss, "Indicators for
Monitoring Biodiversity: A
Hierarchial Approach",
Conservation Biology 4(4):355-
364. 1990.Diunduh dari: www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012
Agrobiodiversity and SugarcaneCultivated / planned biodiversity
sugarcane
Associated biodiversity
soil micro-organisms (mineral cycling, pest control, pollination, soil formation and structure?)
Additional / other biodiversity
snakes, birds, insects, rodents,…..
Wild biodiversity outside agricultural ecosystems
Diunduh dari: www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012
Diunduh dari: www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... .
...... 8/12/2012
Aneka spesies tumbuhan bawah dan penutup tanah dijumpai di kebun
kakao.
Sumber: http://ww3.hdnux.com/photos/07/54/74/2019114/3/6
28x471.jpg
Agrobiodiversity and CacaoCultivated / planned biodiversity
Cacao, fruits?, timber?, medicines?, other NTFPs
Associated biodiversity Pollinating insects?soil micro-organisms Shade trees(mineral cycling, pest control, soil formation and structure?)
Additional / other biodiversity Plants, trees, fungi, reptiles, amphibians, birds, insects, mammals,…..
Wild biodiversity outside agricultural ecosystems
Diunduh dari: www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012
Agrobiodiversity and staple crops in PNG (potato, taro, yams)
Cultivated / planned biodiversity
Potato, taro, yams
Associated biodiversity soil micro-organisms (plants, insects & decomposers in fallow vegetation?)(mineral cycling, pest control, soil formation and structure?)
Additional / other biodiversity
Plants, trees, fungi, reptiles, amphibians, birds, insects, mammals,…..
Wild biodiversity outside agricultural ecosystems
Diunduh dari: www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012
Diunduh dari: www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... .......
8/12/2012
MangroveID - Delta Mahakam, Pertambakan udang di kawasan Delta Mahakam umumnya
dibangun secara ekstensif tradisional dengan luas lahan petakan tambak diatas 5 ha. Hal ini tidak saja dapat merusak hutan mangrove dalam areal yang sangat luas, akan tetapi juga dalam kondisi terbuka seperti itu akan berdampak terhadap
perubahan kondisi lingkungan misalnya perubahan kualitas air tambak.
Diunduh dari: http://mangroverindonesia.blogspot.com/2011/08
/tambak-silvofishery-di-handil-8-kawasan.html ....... 12/12/2012
Diunduh dari: biodiversitas agroekosistem lahan sawah di di musim kemarau, smno juli 2011
Lahan tebu
Lahan tomat
Lahan jagung
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:Focus on Ecosystem Services
The benefits people obtain from ecosystems
Diunduh dari: www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012
Focus: Consequences of Ecosystem Change for Human Well-being
Diunduh dari: www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012
MA Conceptual Framework
Direct Drivers
Indirect Drivers
EcosystemServices
Human Well-being
Direct Drivers of Change Changes in land use Species introduction or
removal Technology adaptation and
use External inputs (e.g.,
irrigation) Resource consumption Climate change Natural physical and
biological drivers (e.g., volcanoes)
Indirect Drivers of Change Demographic Economic (globalization,
trade, market and policy framework)
Sociopolitical (governance and institutional framework)
Science and Technology Cultural and Religious
Human Well-being and Poverty Reduction
Basic material for a good life Health Good Social Relations Security Freedom of choice and
action
Diunduh dari: www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012
Sustainable Use of Agricultural Biodiversity:
An essential aspect of natural resources management in
agricultural ecosystems
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
What is agricultural biodiversity?
It includes all components of biological diversity of relevance to food and agriculture:
the variety and variability of plants, animals and micro-organisms
at genetic, species and ecosystem level which are necessary to sustain
key functions in the agro-ecosystem, its structures and processes.
Local knowledge and cultural diversity can be considered an essential part of agrobiodiversity as it is the human activity of agriculture which conserves this biodiversity.
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Importance (value) of biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems
In agricultural systems biodiversity is important 1. for the production of food, fibre, fuel, fodder...(goods) 2. to conserve the ecological foundations to sustain life (life
support function) 3. to allow adaptation to changing situations 4. and to sustain rural peoples’ livelihoods (sustainable
agriculture – food security, income, employment,...)
Specificity: it has been developed through human intervention over generations and it requires human management to sustain it.
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Agricultural Biodiversity is complex
ECOSYSTEMS DIVERSITY varied production systems habitats and landscapes
Human Management practices and decisions
Crop based systems: food/fibre
crops, pasture, trees (planned + harvested spp.)
Mixed systems and associated biodiversity:
soil organisms, pollinators,
predators
Livestock based systems: pasture, rangelands, cattle, small ruminants,
poultry...
GENETIC and SPECIES DIVERSITY
wild and domesticated
CULTURAL DIVERSITY
Case studies and experiences to be shared among countries and farming systems
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Need to address all components of agrobiodiversity
• Habitat diversity (mosaic of land uses varies with soil and terrain, hedges, borders, trees in the landscape; farm type)
• Inter-species diversity (plant, animal and microbial)• Inter-species diversity (very important for agrobiodiversity) genetic
resources, unique traits –resistance to drought, cold, disease, etc, rooting, aspect, taste, storage, etc.
• Harvested species and Associated species (pollinators, beneficial/harmful predators, soil organisms – health/ disease,…)
• as well as Cultural diversity (type of farmer and farm; regulations; common property resources/ownership)
• and to understand implication of agrobiodiversity on ecosystem functions/processes and the services provided (see adapted Table by J. Paruel, Environmental controls and effect of land use on ecosystem functioning in temperate Argentina)
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
ENHANCEMENTS
Pollinators Predatorsand Parasites Herbivores Non-crop
Vegetation Earthworms SoilMesofauna
SoilMicrofauna
PollinationGeneticintrogression
PopulationregulationBiologicalcontrol
BiomassconsumptionNutrientcycling
CompetitionAllelopathySources of naturalenemies Crop wildrelatives
Soil structureNutrientcycling
DecompositionPredationNutrient cycling
NutrientcyclingDiseasesuppression
AGROECOSYSTEMBIODIVERSITY
FUNCTIONS
COMPONENTS
From Altieri, M.A. Biodiversity and pest management Agro-ecosystems, Haworth Press, New York, 1994)
MANAGING AGRO-ECOSYSTEM BIODIVERSITY
Intercropping Rotations No-Tillage Green manures WindbreaksAgroforestry Cover crops Composting OM inputs
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: FUNCTIONS (biodiversity related examples)Food production The portion of gross primary production extractable as raw food. or
for processing for food (Game, crops, nuts, fruits by hunting, gathering, subsistence or commercial farming)
Raw materials The portion of gross primary production extractable as raw material (Production of wood, energy/fuel, fodder, ..)
Genetic resources Sources of unique biological materials and products. (Plant varieties, animal races, medicinal extracts, products for materials science, genes for resistance to plant pathogens/crop pests, ornamental species, pets,
Climate and Gas Regulation: of global temperature, precipitation, other biologically mediated climatic processes at global/local levels (GHG); of atmospheric chemical composition (CO2/O2 balance, C sequestration, CO3 for UVB protection)
Resilience/Disturbance Regulation: ecosystem response to environmental fluctuation, mainly controlled by vegetation structure (storm protection, flood control, drought recovery, other aspects of habitat response).
Water Regulation and Supply: of hydrological flow/regimes; water retention, storage, provisioning in the watershed: (Infiltration, soil water retention determined by vegetation cover/structure; water supply in aquifers, surface water bodies; availability for consumption, irrigated agriculture, industry, transport)
Erosion control and Sediment retention: prevent loss of soil by wind, rain impact, runoff; storage of silt in ecosystem, in lakes and wetlands.
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: FUNCTIONS (biodiversity related examples) 2
Soil formation Processes of weathering of rock; soil build up (Accumulation of organic material
Nutrient cycling: storage, cycling, processing, input of nutrients (N fixation, nutrient cycles - N,P et al, breakdown of organic materials to soil OM- humus)
Waste Detoxification recovery of mobile nutrients, removal /break down of excess or toxic nutrients/ compounds, pollutions control (detoxification by soil organisms).
Pollination Movement of floral gametes. (Supply of pollinators for the reproduction of plant populations- insects, bats, birds)
Biological control Trophic (food web) dynamic regulations of populations (pest-predator interactions e.g. IPM, control of disease transmissions)
Refugia habitat for local/ transient populations (Nurseries, habitat for migratory species, for locally harvested species, over wintering grounds
Recreation Providing opportunities (eco-tourism, outdoor recreational activities –hunting, fishing, birdwatching)
Cultural Providing opportunities for non-commercial uses (Aesthetic, artistic, educational, spiritual, and/or scientific values of ecosystems).
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Understanding Human Pressures on and threats to agricultural biodiversity
Increasing pressure on species and their environments:• Population growth and poverty (increasing demand)• Overexploitation, mismanagement• Expansion into wetlands and fragile areas• Intensification and Specialisation of agriculture – market forces• Pollution• Urbanisation, changing consumption patterns, globalisationThreats and risks • loss of plant and animal species • loss of plant varieties and animal races/breeds (loss of unique traits)• also loss of essential natural processes
– pollination by insects, birds, bats etc.– regeneration of soils by micro-organisms
• also reduced resilience.
Need to increase resilience of agriculture and human capacity to adapt (to harsh periods, drought, climate change, pests, diseases) by maintaining a
wide array of life forms with unique traits (e.g. trees that survive drought or cattle that reproduce in harsh conditions).
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Wide range of case studies illustrate Sustainable Use of agrobiodiversity
• Integrated agro-ecological approaches : IPM, soil biological management • Community-based adaptive management – animal and plant genetic
resources, diverse farming systems• Local knowledge systems
– multiple uses of species (diet, nutrition, medicines; gender differentiated knowledge of agrobiodiversity
– community perspectives/strategies in managing crop and livestock and associated biodiversity; coping strategies for HIV/AIDS, climate change)
• Ecosystem approach: address all components, systems functioning and services and human management (cf. EA principles)
• Strengthening viability of farm-livelihood systems with under-utilized and under-valued biodiversity (opportunities; options)– grasslands (grazing species preference, productivity; deep roots-below ground
biomass)– mountains (adaptation to altitude, cold; disease resilience, etc.) – marketing (diverse products, niche markets, organic agriculture, etc.– recognition of positive externalities (valuing ecological services provided by
biodiversity associated with agricultural systems)
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Need to use common Agricultural DefinitionsSustainable agriculture is ecologically sound, environmentally sustainable,
economically viable, socially just and culturally appropriate … is based on a holistic scientific approach and productive over the long term.
Farm System : the farm household, its resources, and the resource flows and interactions at this individual farm level
Farming System: a population of individual farm systems that have broadly similar resource bases, enterprise patterns, household livelihoods and constraints
Sustainable agricultural systems provide a range of goods (food, fuel, fibre, materials, etc.) and services (also considered as positive externalities)
Need to select indicators for monitoring sustainability: • soil (sustained health + productivity, prevent soil erosion, minimise off-site
impacts, ... ); • water (water retention, maintain water regime, flood protection, etc); • vegetation (protective land cover, structure, biomass, C sequestration)• biodiversity (resilience, adaptability, opportunities) conservation of wildlife and
wild species; agricultural biodiversity: genetic resources inter- and intra- species, farmed and associated species, ecosystem functions,
• air quality (minimise greenhouse gas emissions)• rural amenities (e.g. landscape, tourism).
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Need to build on ongoing global agro-biodiversity fora/intergovernmental
processes• CBD Programme of Work on Agricultural Biodiversity: 4 components on
Assessment, Adaptive Management, Capacity Building, Mainstreaming) – International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of
Soil Biodiversity – International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of
Pollinators
• International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture FAO IT-PGRFA
• International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) Sec. hosted by FAO• FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture CGRFA• FAO Committee on Agriculture COAG These have resulted in: • Assessment, Monitoring and Priority Actions: GPA-PGR, SOWAGR, Good
Practices: SLM, Conservation agriculture, IPM, ....• Guidelines: PGR, AGR, Pollinators, soil biodiversity, ecosystem
approach, farmer rights, • Panel of Experts… etc.
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
The International Treaty on Plant Genetic resources for Food and Agriculture (IT)
• This legally binding instrument is crucial for sustainable agriculture. It provides a framework for national, regional and international efforts to conserve and sustainably use plant genetic resources for food and agriculture - and for sharing the benefits equitably, in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity.
• IT-PGRFA was adopted by the 31st session of the FAO Conference (Resolution 3/2001)
• It entered into force on 29 June 2004. http://www.fao.org/ag/cgrfa/itpgr.htm
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of PGRFA
Priority Activity Areas
In Situ Conservation and DevelopmentActivity 1. Surveying and Inventorying of PGRFA2. Supporting On-farm Management and Improvement of PGRFA3. Assisting Farmers in Disaster Situations to Restore Agricultural Systems4. Promoting in situ Conservation of Wild Crop Relatives and Wild Plants for Food production(Sustainable) Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources ActivityActivity 9 Expanding characterization, evaluation and core collection10 Increasing genetic enhancement and base broadening11 Promoting sustainable agriculture12Promiting under-utilized crops and species13 Supporting seed production and distribution14. developing new markets for local varieties an diversity rich productsalso Ex situ conservation.....
Capacity building and Institutions.....Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources
• FAO is coordinating its development to guide international action for the sustainable use, development and conservation of domestic animal diversity
• supported by the Inter-governmental Technical Working Group on Animal Genetic Resources
• An essential element is the first State of the world's animal genetic resources - a comprehensive overview of farm animal biodiversity; country-driven process (as agreed by CGRFA-8 in 1999).
• First stage of reporting completed >170 Country Reports, reports by International organizations on relevant activities see DAD-IS.
• CGRFA-10 decided that the 1st Report, including the Report on Strategic Priorities for Action should be finalized at the First International Technical Conference on Animal Genetic Resources in 2007, hosted by the Government of Switzerland in 2007 in Interlaken
• Draft Report on Strategic Priorities for Action was reviewed by electronic Regional Consultations.
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Exotic genetic resources not sustainable
Indiscriminate crossbreeding
Genetic resources for future needs
Domestic Animal Genetic Resources at Risk
Include stakeholders in decision-making
Identification of sources of funding
Support breeder associations
Strengthen extension services
Desirable commitments by governments
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA)
• The CGRFA deals with policy, sectorial and cross sectorial matters related to the conservation and utilization of genetic resources for food and agriculture.
• It develops and monitors – the Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources
and – the Global System for Plant Genetic Resources – for food and agriculture.
• It has been addressing genetic resources in a stepwise manner (plant genetic resources animal …..) but has agreed on the need for an ecosystem approach
• Hence the side event on its 20th anniversary (CGRFA 10): Mainstreaming agricultural biodiversity for food security (8-10 November 2004) and resulting in the publication on Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach (See website)
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Options for technical support to countries in enhancing sustainable use of AGBIO
• Enhance biodiversity through– Sustainable agriculture– Sustainable pastoralism– Sustainable intensification (enhance productivity and function)– livelihoods’ diversification
• Managing seed systems to promote the sustainable utilization of crop genetic resources
• Economic analysis: marketing, addressing and valuing the multiple roles of agriculture (See www.fao.org/es/esa/roa) and externalities
• Integrate into poverty alleviation strategies
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Case studies of Sustainable agriculture - enhancing agricultural biodiversity
• Increased use of mixtures (intercropping, multistorey, agro-forestry, crop-livestock systems)
• Access to a wide range of good quality genetic material (plant and animal)– Promote production of local germplasm and commercialization– Promote decentralized and participatory breeding
• Improve use of genetic diversity as part of IPM strategies• Monitor and identify underutilized species, support needs• Develop sustainable management practices and post-harvest and
marketing methods; • Stimulate demand for diverse local products (niche markets, labelling,
registration) • Review and promote policies for development and use e.g. biodiversity
conseravtion and coping with climate changeDiunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
From Micro-organisms e.g. bacteria + fungi
Micro & meso-fauna protozoa,
nematodes to acari & springtails
Macro-fauna e.g. ants, termites, earthworms
Soil Biodiversity
...Roots in the soil and their interactions with species above & below
ground
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Managing PollinatorsManagement practice:In Himachal Pradesh in
Northwest Indian Himalayas farmers are using colonies of honeybees – Apis cerana and Apis mellifera for pollination of apple crop.
An organized system of hiring and renting bee colonies for
pollination exists.
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-
01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Kelompok Tani "Laduni Mutiara Lestari" menyediakan madu asli, dengan harga yang kompetitif dan kualitas
madu terbaik
Diunduh dari: http://spkpdesacikanyere.blogspot.com/2011/01/lebah-
madu.html ....... 8/12/2012
Also reduced premature fruit drop in apple, peach, plum, and citrus.
Partap 2000bMisshapen fruit decreased by 50%
48112Strawberry
Partap, 2000a9/353524Citrus
Partap et al, 200011/143913Plum
Partap et al, 200029/234422Peach
Dulta and Verma, 1987
15/103310Apple
Reference Increase in fruit size (length/ diameter) (%)
Increase in fruit weight (%)
Increase in fruit set (%)
Crop
Impact of Apis cerana pollination on fruit productivity
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Thatching, Busia District
Gramminae Conservation through Sustainable management and Use
Practices are part of the wider agricultural system. This takes two main forms:
• on-farm-strips of uncultivated land, ‘hedgerows’ of
grass and bush, fallow land, fenced graminae-rich plots…
• off-farm- management of community grazing
lands, seasonal wetlands, rocky outcrops and hillsides, sacred sites…
- controlled burning• traditional uses and skills
Minimizing impacts of farming practices on wild biodiversity- making best use of resources
Grass-strips between crops-Machakos District Kenya
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Case studies/Opportunities for Sustainable intensification
Sustainable management practices: controlled burning and grazing, woodlots for energy and timber, field borders/hedges, crop-livestock-forestry interactions are key to maintaining diverse habitats and landscapes that support biodiversity
Human management of ecosystems may increase species diversity – semiarid savannas: managed pasture, control invasive forest and shrub species,
harvesting, gathering and planting– diversified agro-silvo-pastoral systems– multi-layer farming systems: trees, perennials- banana, coffee, annuals)
Planned settlements/roads: reduces lands with potential, avoid biodiversity hotspots, environmentally-friendly (green belt, trees, etc.)
Protected areas, buffer zones, specific action to safeguard those groups and species that are more sensitive to human use than others, to allow hunting and gathering and in situ conservation of landraces/farmers varieties/breeds
Land use planning by communities and sub-catchments to promote biodiversity. Vary land use type with soil type, terrain, microclimate, access to water. Patchwork of settlements, cropland, pasture, forestland, and protected areas.
Regulations : stocking density, seasonality, quotas, user groups, etc.
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Sustainability - adaptation to change and enhancing systems’ resilience
• Supporting the ability of farmers to remain agile in responding to new challenges, by adapting their production system
• Resilience or adaptive capacity are properties of the actors and the system in which they function
• Resilience may indicate a return to the status quo. Agility/adaptability refers to continuously moving targets/changing situations
• Need to sustain use and sustain adaptive capacity to increase probability of meeting future needs
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
FAO: Roles of Agriculture ProjectPremise 1: Agriculture provides multiple non-commodity outputs that are not
valued by market transactions may be under-produced relative to what society desires.
Premise 2: As income rises (socio-economic/agricultural development), the economic importance of the commodity outputs of agriculture decreases in relative terms, and willingness to pay for its other roles increases
Policy challengeto Address Externalities (costs or benefits not valued in the market and not
adequately taken into account by actor/decision maker)to Safeguard Common Resources/Public Goods (rules of access and use;
mechanisms for collective action to prevent degradation, under / over use)to Integrate natural resources management /ecosystem approach (resources,
and their products, are interlinked, management /policy measures for one resource/sector affects the others
to Create resource/ecosystem friendly markets that generate growth and promote sustainable use/management of resources and ecosystems.
Studies conducted in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Morocco
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Global: Social stability Poverty Alleviation
Regional/National: Rural-urban migration
(social implications) Welfare systems
substitute Social capital formation Biodiversity: diverse
livelihoods
Local: Social stability of rural
community Rural employment Family values, gender
impact. Bodiversity-coping
strategies; risk mgmt
Global: Ecosystem resilience Climate change mitigation (C,
land cover) BiodiversityRegional/National: Ecosystem resilience Watershed mgmt (prevent
soil erosion & off-site impacts)
Water (stable regime; flood prevention)
Biodiversity plant + animal genetic
resources; services wild spp.+ wildlife
conservation Air quality (reduce GHG)Local: Ecosystem resilience Biodiversity farmed spp., associated
spp., ecosystem functions NRM- soil+ water
conservation Pollution control
Global: Economic Growth Poverty alleviation World Food Security
Regional/National: Access to food National security Food safety support in times of crises
(remittances, migration, fiscal support, food aid)
Local: Local / household food
security Biodiversity: nutrition; pest +
disease control, options Sustainability Employment Income services
Global: Cultural Diversity Indigenous Knowledge
Regional/ National: Cultural heritage Cultural identity Perception of roles of
agriculture
Local: Landscape, recreation,
tourism Indigenous knowledge
(disaster prevention, biodiversity, medicinal applications)
Traditional technology.
FOOD SECURITY POVERTY ALLEVIATION
CULTURAL ROLEGender; Heritage; IK
SOCIAL VIABILITYEquity; Stability
ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES
Roles of Agriculture
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Targeting Communities livelihoods and nutrition through local agrobiodiversity
Market opportunities• Premium price for local products• Increased productivity of landraces (improved seed quality; crop
rotations; water harvesting• Add-value products (fruit and milk processing)• Production of herbs, medicinal plants, honey (bee keeping)• Handicrafts and EcotourismNutrition /dietary diversity and opportunities• Dietary energy supply can be satisfied without diversity
but micro-nutrient supply cannot (e.g. essential fatty acids; amino acids)
• Wild and domesticated species and intra-species diversity play key roles in global food security
• Different species/varieties have very different nutrient contents
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Understanding impacts/implications of HIV/AIDS on agro-biodiversity
Less labour
Less labour intensive crops Reduction in land cultivated
Reduction in crop range and variety
Loss of knowledge
Loss of genetic diversity
HIV/AIDS impact on PGR?
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Environ-mental Service
providers
Natural capital & properties that ‘come with the territory’
Absence of threats
Mitigation, increase in filtering
Dynamic landscapes
Control over territory
Efforts
functions
Recognition & rewards
Water quantity, evenness of flow & quality
Biodiversity & landscape beauty
Terrestrial carbonstorage
implications
Environ-mental Service
beneficiaries
Direct benefits
transaction costsOpportunity costs
Environ-mental Service
providers
Natural capital & properties that ‘come with the territory’
Absence of threats
Mitigation, increase in filtering
Dynamic landscapes
Control over territory
Efforts
functions
Recognition & rewards
Water quantity, evenness of flow & quality
Biodiversity & landscape beauty
Terrestrial carbonstorage
implications
Environ-mental Service
beneficiaries
Direct benefits
transaction costsOpportunity costs
Catchments: strengthen relation between ‘upland land users (as providers’ of ES) and lowland land + water users (beneficiaries)
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Mainstreaming biodiversity for sustainable agriculture and food security
Programmes, Institutions and Capacity Building
• Multi-sectoral approaches: agricultural, environmental, land, water, community development, planning and finance (coordination; committees).
• Mainstreaming in national programmes (poverty alleviation, gender)• Land use planning at community and watershed levels (landscape; habitat
dimensions)• Supporting on farm management • Networks : e.g. plant genetic resources, research + development • Participatory assessment, monitoring and early warning systems• Information systems (threatened resources, threats etc)• Training and education: curricula, adult education, extension, gender• Raising awareness of importance (value) - public, private sector decision makers
(local media, schools, etc)
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Agriculture-environment collaboration – identify synergy, mutual benefits
BiodiversityAgricultureProductivityAdaptationMaintenance of ecosystem functions
Agriculture BiodiversityDelivery of ecosystem services
IncentivesEcological knowledge
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012