pengendalian pencemaran udara di sektor industri
TRANSCRIPT
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PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN UDARA
DI SEKTOR INDUSTRI:
Prof. Ir. Puji Lestari, IPU, Ph.D
Ketua Kelompok Keahlian Pengelolaan Kualitas Udara & Limbah
Fakultas Teknik Sipil & Lingkungan- Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB)
Email: [email protected]
Webinar PSLH-ITB - 20 Mei 2020
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Industry Minus Control ??
Problem ??
SOURCE: DL-WBI
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OUTLINE
Pengantar
Kenapa Industri Perlu Melakukan Pengendalian?
Pendekatan Pengendalian
Prinsip Pengendalian Gas & Partikulat
Pemilihan Alat Pengendali Pencemaran Udara
Diskusi3
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Pengantar
Undang undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1997 tentangPengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup
PP41 tahun 1999 : Peraturan Pemerintah TentangPengendalian Pencemaran Udara
agar udara dapat bermanfaat sebesar-besarnya bagipelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup, maka udara perludipelihara, dijaga dan dijamin mutunya melalui pengendalianpencemaran udara;
KepMenLH no 13/1995 : Untuk mencegah terjadinyapencemaran udara dari jenis-jenis kegiatan sumbertidak bergerak perlu dilakukan upaya pengendalianpencemaran udara dengan menetapkan bakumutu emisi sumber tidak bergerak;
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Contoh Baku Mutu Emisi
KepMenLH no 13 tahun 1995 tentang Baku mutu emisi sumber tidak bergerak
PermenLH no 19 tahun 2017.. Tentang bakumutu emisi Industri Semen
Permen LH no 4/2014 baku mutu emisi sumbertdk bergerak untuk kegiatan pertambangan
PermenLH no7/2007, Baku Mutu emisi Keteluap untuk Industri Gula dan sawit
PermenLH no 15 tahun 2019, Baku Mutu EmisiPembangkit Thermal
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PP41/1999 (Definisi) Pengendalian pencemaran udara adalah upaya
pencegahan dan/atau penanggulangan pencemaranudara serta pemulihan mutu udara;
Sumber pencemar adalah setiap usaha dan/ataukegiatan yang mengeluarkan bahan pencemar keudara yang menyebabkan udara tidak dapatberfungsi sebagaimana mestinya;
Baku mutu emisi sumber tidak bergerak adalahbatas kadar maksimum dan/atau beban emisimaksimum yang diperbolehkan masuk ataudimasukkan ke dalam udara ambien;
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Pengendalian PencemaranUdara ?
Teknik atau cara yg digunakan untukmenyisihkan polutan baik itu menurunkansebagian maupun mengeliminasi polutanyang akan diemisikan ke udara ambienatau atmosfir dari sumber
Sebagian besar Polutan atau Pencemarudara itu berasal dari proses pembakaran Industri, Pembangkit, transportasi
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Mengapa Industri PerluMelakukan Pengendalian ?
Adanya Regulasi /Peraturan ?
Keuntungan Financial ?
Market Pressure..?
Personal Commitment ? Owner?
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Pendekatan Pengendalian
Prevention
Recycle
Re –Design
Implementasi RECP (Resource Efficient & Cleaner Production)
End of Pipe
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Prevention
Process treatment
Major waste
reduction
Large boilers (power plants, etc)
Fuel quality (ash, sulfur)
Operating conditions (low NOx)
Equipment Improvement to avoid Fugitive Emission
Characteristics: can save money; relies on process improvement; meets resistance to change
10Source : DL_WBI
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Recycle
PROCESS treatment
waste
Material
recycled
Treatment
requirements
reduced
11DL-WBI
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Redesign
NewProcess
Waste eliminated
Treatment not required
12DL-WBI
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Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production
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Resource
Efficiency
Waste Minimi-zation
People’s Well
Being
Integrated and continued application of preventive environmental practices and total productivity techniques to processes, products and services to increase efficiency and reduce risks to humans and environment
Target Utama: energy, air, Bahan Baku
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Picture of RECP
Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production
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End of pipe (Aplikasi APCS)
PROCESS treatment
waste
Characteristics: conceptually simple, may be expensive, not reliable as solution
Cannot deal with fugitive emissions
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Prinsip Dasar Pengendalian:
Peraturan Baku Mutu Emisi yang berlaku
Identifikasi Jenis Emisi
Polutan Partikulat ?
Polutan Gas ?: SO2, NOx, CO
Heavy Metal, HCL, HF
Lainya (Mercury, VOC, PAHs, PCB, Dioxin/Furan)
Sumber & Process Terbentuknya Ketel uap
Proses utama?
Material Handling process, Loading/unloading16
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Aplikasi Alat Pengendali
Pengendali emisi partikulat Dry Collector : -settling chamber, cyclone,
Elektrostatik Presipitator, dan Fabrik filter
Wet Collector : Wet scrubber, spray tower, venturiscrubbers, plate scrubbers dsb.
Pengendali Emisi Gas Incinerator/Combustion
Absorbsi
Adsorpsi
Kondensasi
FGD (Flue Gas Desulfurization)
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Dry Collector : Cyclone
Partikel > 20 µm
(multi cyclone 5-20
µm)
Efisiensi 60- 90%
Sebagai pre-cleaner
Capex rendah
Bisa beroperasi pada T
tinggi
Efisiensi rendah utk
partikel halus18
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Fabric Filter
Untuk partikel halusEfisiensi >99,9 %
Capex lebih rendah
Tidak terjadi korosi
Power moderate
Tidak tahan suhu panas
Perawatan sulit
Tidak tahan thdasam/basa
Aplikasi Semen, Baja dll
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Electrostatic Presipitator
Efisiensi tinggi 99,9%
Volume yg besar
Beroperasi pada suhutinggi.
Berumur sangatpanjang
Investasi tinggi
Tidak fleksible
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Wet Scrubber
• Pressure Drop : 0.5 – 2 in
H2O
• Efisiensi: 90 % untukPartikel > 5 micron
• L/G : 0.5 – 8 galon/1000 ft3
• Droplet size: 100 - 500 m• Menyisihkan Gas dan
Partikel
• Beroperasi pada T tinggi
• Space lebih kecil
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SO2 Controls
Wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD)
Limestone forced oxidation (LSFO) usually preferred
Spray drying (dry FGD)
Simplified versions of above
Sea water FGD
Semi-dry – Furnace Sorbent Injection, circulating bed reactor
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TEKNOLOGI FGDSEAWATER FGD
Kelebihan dan Kekurangan• Efisiensi lebih dari 90%
• Proses sederhana, tidak ada pemisahan limbah cair dan limbah padat
• Tidak cocok digunakan untuk batu bara dengan kadar S tinggi (>1%)
• Dampak terhadap lingkungan laut perlu sangat diperhatikan
SOURCE: ALSTOM 23
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DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG ( ITB) 24
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Faktor yang mempengaruhi
Pemilihan/ Design APC
Karakteristik Fisik dan Kimia dari Polutan,
proses dan Flue Gas atau effluent
Konsentrasi Polutan grain loading of the
pollutants
Tingkat Penyisihan yg dibutuhkan (Collection
Efficiency)
Distribusi Ukuran Partikel (Partikulat)
Kondisi Gas & Explosive Limit (LEL & UEL)
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG ( ITB) 25
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Karakteristik Proses dan Efluen
• Sifat flue gas atau pembawa kontaminan• Korosivitas
• Sifat asam atau basa
• Mudah terbakar
• Suhu menentukan besarnya ukuran kolektor
• Komposisi Flue Gas (CO, CO2, O2)
• Konsentrasi Polutan Utama (loading)
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DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG ( ITB)
27APTI 413
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Distribusi Ukuran Partikel Merupakan faktor penting dalam penyisihan partikel
pada Alat Pengendali partikulat
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4-5 November 2002 29DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG ( ITB)
Grade EfficiencyThe relationship between the collection efficiency and the
particle size is called the grade efficiency
Grade Efficiency BW 01/04 (Single-High Efficiency)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Diameter Partikulat (mikro)
Eff
icie
ncy (
%)
Efficiency (%) D=2,65
Efficiency (%) D=2,7
Efficiency (%) D=2,75
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2-30
Faktor Penting dalam
Pengendalian Gas
Flow rate gas (Q) rata-rata dan maksimum
Temperatur Rata-rata dan maksimum
Konsentrasi partikulat rata-rata & maksimum
Karakteristik Partikulat dalam flue gas
Konsentrasi oksigen minimum, rata-rata & maksimum
Konsentrasi Polutan gas rata-rata & maksimum
Sifat kontaminan yg mudah terbakar (ignition temperature)
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2-31
Explosive Limits
Organic compounds
Carbon monoxide
Ammonia
Hydrogen (sometimes present
with organic compounds)
Hydrogen sulfide
Source :APTI 415
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2-32
Explosive Limit (APTI 415)
Concentrations
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)
At contaminant concentrations below the LEL,
there is insufficient contaminant “fuel” for an
explosion
Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)
At contaminant concentrations above the UEL,
there is insufficient oxygen for the oxidation of
the compounds present.
APTI 415
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BAGAIMANA MEMILIH & DESIGN
ALAT YANG SESUAI DENGAN
EMISI YANG KITA MILIKI ?
Achievable
Best Available Technology
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Pemilihan Alat Untuk Industri
(Evaluasi Seluruh Proses)
ANCILLARY
EQUIPMENT
CAPTURE
HOODDUCTING
GAS
CONDITIONING
CONTROL
DEVICEFANS* STACK
POLLUTANT
REMOVAL
&
TREATMENT
Pump, Cooling Towers, and
Controls
Canopy Hoods,
Semi-Closed Hoods,
Direct Exhaust
Side Draft Hoods
Water-Cooled
Refractory,
Carbon Steel
Stainless Steel
U-Tube Cooler
Quenchers,
Spray Chamber,
Mechanical Collectors
Thickener&Clarifiers,
Vacuum Filters, Bins and
Elevators, Screw Conveyors
Backward Curved, Radial
*In some application, the
fan may be ahead of the
control device
34sumber: Noll1997
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Device
Characteristics
Device
Performance
Technical
Feasibility
Evaluation of
Source
Select Available
Control Devices
Control
Regulations
Total Annual Cost
of Alternatives
Select Best
Available Control
System
Operating PrinciplesDesign ParametersPrevious Application
EfficiencyFlexibility
Gas PreconditioningLoad-handling Capacity
Control RequirementsCorrosion
PreventionEnergy Requirements
ReliabilityChemical Requirements
Maintainability
Faktor yg perlu dipertimbangkan
dalam Memilih APCS untuk Industri
Sumber: Noll, 199735
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Table 3-1 . Industrial Pollutant Sources and
Typical Control Devices Industry Source Control System Typical gas
temperature
Asphalt
Roofing
Saturator &
Storage tanks
Scrubber, precip.,
after burner
26.7-148.9 0C
Basic Oxygen Furnace
1. Basic Oxygen Furnace
2. Charging
Hood
1. Precipitator, scrubber, bag
house
2. Same as 1
1. 1926.7-22040C
2. 65.6-204.4 0C
Benzene
Handling &Storage
1. Vents, storage,
tanks
1. Afterburner,
adsorber, refrigeration
1. 21-37.8 0C
Brick
Manufacturing
1. Tunnel Kiln
2. Crusher,mill
3. Dryer
4. Periodic Kiln
1. Scrubber,
baghouse
2. Same as 1
3. Same as 1 4. Same as 1
1. 93.3–315.60C
2. 21 0C mill
3. 121.10C
4. Same as 1
Castable
Manufacturing
1. Electric arc
2. Crusher, mill
3. Dryer
4. Periodic kiln
1. Baghouse,
scrubber
2. Same as 1
3. Same as 1 4. Same as 1
1. 1648.9–22040C
2. 210C
3. 148.90C
4. 65.60C
Chemical
Manufacturing
Waste
Disposal
1. Miscellaneous
Sources
1. Afterburner,
Flare
1. As required
Clay Refractories
1. Shuttle kiln 2. Calciner
3. Dryer
4. Crusher, mill
1. Baghouse, precipitator,
scrubber
2. Same as 1
3. Same as 1 4. Baghouse,
precipitator
1. 66-4270C kiln
2. Same as 1
3. 121.10C
4. 210C
Coal fired
Boiler
1. Steam
generator
1. Precipitator,
scrubber,
baghouse
1. 148.9-371.10C
Conical Incinerator
1. Incinerator 1. Scrubber 1. 204.4-371.10C
36sumber: Noll 1997
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Kenapa sulit dilaksanakan?
“There is no Simple answer”
Harus ada insentif, biaya yang tinggi dan
perlu komitmen dari top-bottom
Mengelola pencemaran Udara di sektor
industri diperlukan dua atau lebih
pendekatan dari sisi pemerintah, industri
dan juga dukungan masyarakat.
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THANK YOU
Terima Kasih
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