pest control (nres 102)

8/10/2019 Pest Control (NRES 102)

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Pest Control


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Pests and Pest Control

the need for pest control

promises and problems of thechemical approach

alternative pest control methods

socioeconomic issues in pestmanagement

pesticides and policy


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The Need for Pest Control:

Defining Pests any organism that has a negative

effect on human health or economics

any organism that is noxious,destructive, or troublesome plants or animals

formosan termite fire ants

aedes mosquito

medfly


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Why control pests?

to protect our food

to protect our health

for our convenience


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Pesticide Use in the United States


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Different Philosophies of Pest

Control chemical technology

use of chemicals to kill large numbers of

the pest short-term protection

environmental and health consequences


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Control ecological pest management

control based on pest life cycle and

ecology control agent may be an organism or

chemical


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Control specific to pest and/or manipulate a part

of the ecosystem

emphasizes protection from pest integrated pest management: using

all suitable methods chemical and

ecological in a way that brings aboutlong-term management of pestpopulations and minimal environmentalimpact.


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Development of Chemical

Pesticides first-generation pesticides

(inorganic)

first attempt at chemical technology toxic to humans and agricultural plants

pests developed resistance


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Development of Chemical

Pesticides second-generation pesticides

used after WW II

organic chemicals toxic to humans and agricultural plants

pests developed resistance


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The DDT Story

DDT: the magic bullet extremely toxic to insects; seemed nontoxic to

humans and other mammals cheap

broad-spectrum and persistent

effective for disease prevention (typhus fever,

malaria) expanded agricultural production

Paul Muller awarded Nobel prize in 1948


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Aerial Spraying


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Problems Stemming from

Chemical Pesticide Use development of resistance by pests

chemical pesticides lose effectiveness resistant pest populations produce next

generations

resurgences and secondary pest outbreaks after eliminating a pest, its population rebounds

in even higher numbers than previous levels outbreaks of species populations that were not

previously at pest levels

adverse environmental and human healtheffects


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Human Health Effects

cancer, dermatitis, neurological disorder,birth defects, sterility, endocrine systemdisruption, immune system depression

agricultural workers suffer acute poisoningduring pesticide application aerial spraying and dumping bring

pesticides in contact with families and

children soldiers exposed to agent orange inVietnam suffered high rates of cancer andother diseases


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Environmental Effects

DDT led to the decline in populationsof several bird species

bald eagle peregrine falcon

bioaccumulation

biomagnification


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Biomagnification


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Nonpersistent Pesticides

substitutes for banned pesticides

breakdown after a few weeks

can still be harmful because of: toxicity

dosage

location


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Alternative Pest Control

Methods cultural control

control by natural enemies

genetic control

natural chemical control


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Complex Life Cycle of Insects


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Parasitic Wasps


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Genetic Control

chemical barriers, e.g., Hessian fly physical barriers, e.g., sticky

glandular hairs

sterile males are released into pestpopulation, e.g., botfly larvae

genetic engineering, e.g., Bt Bacillus

thuringiensis -a bacterium thatproduces a protein killing larvae ofmany insect pests


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Natural Chemical Control

a volatile chemical produced by theopposite sex of a species which alters the

reproductive behavior of the opposite sex perfumes colognes after shave natural body odors


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Natural Chemical Control

manipulation ofpests hormones or

pheromones todisrupt the lifecycle

Japanese beetle

trap


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Integrated Pest Management

(IPM) an approach to controlling pest

populations using all suitable methods

- chemical and ecological - in a waythat brings about long-termmanagement of pest populations and

also has minimal environmental impact


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Concerns with pesticides

pesticides need to be evaluated forboth intended use and impacts on

human health and the environment protection and proper training of

those who work with pesticides

public protection from risks ofpesticide residues on food products


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Pesticides and Policy

FIFRA: Federal Insecticide,Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act:

concerns 1 and 2 FFDCA: Federal Food, Drug, and

Cosmetic Act: concern 3

FQPA: Food Quality Protection Act:concern 3


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Pesticides in Developing

Countries U.S. exports > 200,000 tons of

pesticides each year = $1.6 billion

(25% banned in this country) PIC: prior informed consent =

exporting countries inform all

potential importing countries on bansto restrict pesticide or other toxicchemicals

pest control (nres 102)

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