pÉterdi, bálint; bendŐ, zsolt; szakmÁny, györgy; kasztovszky, zsolt: possible sources of...

PÉTERDI, Bálint; BENDŐ, Zsolt; SZAKMÁNY, György; KASZTOVSZKY, Zsolt:

Possible sources of nephrite artefacts found on

Hungarian archaeological sites(preliminary results)

Nephrite artefacts from Hungarian sites

Cca. 25 pcs.

10 pcs.

Classification according to nephrite formational types(based on bulk rock chemistry, measured with PGAA)

Microscopic features (fabric, enclosed minerals,measured with non-destructive SEM-EDX, the „original surface method”)

Type 1: „pure” tremolite-nephrite with minor magnetite, limonite,± ilmenite,± pseudomorphs after pyroxenes


Type 2: „pure” actinolite-nephritewith minor magnetite, limonite,± ilmenite

Type 3: „pure” nephrite (act + trem)with minor chlorite,± pseudomorphs after pyroxenes


Type 4: actinolite-nephrite with chlorite, relict clinopyroxenes (diopside), pseudomorphs after pyroxenes, spinel (chromite), garnet (grossular), (magnetite, limonite, ± apatite, ± titanite)


Type 5: nephrite (tremolite ± aktinolite) with chlorite, relict clinopyroxenes, spinel (chromite),but without garnet

Microscopic features (main amphibol type,measured with non-destructive SEM-EDX, the „original surface method”)

Nephrite sources in Europe

Nephrite sources withdetailed descriptions and/or

chemical data(Switzerland, boundaries of the

Bohemian Massif



Bohemian Massif

8 CuolmsColour: dark greenFabric(microscopic fabric):

compact fabric

Geochemical data: +Formation type: SMain amphibol type: AAssociated and enclosed minerals:

magnetite (isolated)

References: Dietrich and de Quervain 1968



Bohemian Massif

14 Mühlen (Mulegns)Colour: 1: dark green

2: light green, white3: spring-onion green to pistachio green

Fabric(microscopic fabric):

1: foliated (parallely fibrous)2: parallely fibrous (parallely fibrous)3: extremely foliated with lamellar jointing


chlorite, magnetite, picotite, green garnet (epidote, calcite)

References: Welter 1911; Dietrich and de Quervain 1968; Giess 2003



Bohemian Massif

16 Salux (Salouf)Colour: dark greenFabric(microscopic fabric):

compact fabric / foliated(parallely fibrous, very tough)

Geochemical data: +Formation type: SMain amphibol type: Associated and enclosed minerals:

yellowish-green garnet, picotite, chlorite,magnetite (isolated pathes)

References: Welter 1911



Bohemian Massif

25 Schwarzenbach an der SaaleColour: greenFabric(microscopic fabric):

fibrous


„hornblende”, chlorite, magnetite, leucoxene

References: Welter 1911



Bohemian Massif

26 Jordanów (Jordansmühl in Schlesien)Colour: white, greenish-creamy, bright green (light

green) to dark green, greyish-blue, blue, pink

Fabric(microscopic fabric):

compact fabric or foliated or schistose(typical non-directional, fibrous, parallely fibrous)

Geochemical data: +Formation type: SMain amphibol type: TAssociated and enclosed minerals:

1: pure nephrite2: pseudomorphs after pyroxene3: diopside, chlorite (common)4: grossular, hydrogrossular, prehnite, antigorite, Cr-spinel, titanite, apatite, monacite, zircon

References: Traube 1885a, 1885b; Sachs 1902; Gunia 2000; Mazur et al. 2006; Gil 2013



Bohemian Massif27 Złoty Stok (Reichenstein in Schlesien)Colour: bright green (light green) to dark green,

greyish-greenFabric(microscopic fabric):

compact fabric or fibrous or layered(typical non-directional, fibrous, parallely fibrous)

Geochemical data: +Formation type: SMain amphibol type: A (T)Associated and enclosed minerals:

diopside, löllingite, magnetite, carbonate, quartz, apatite, scheelite, unspecified serpentine, arsenopyrite, gold

References: Traube 1887; Gunia 2000; Gil 2013

Nephrite sources in Europe

?

Classification according to nephrite formational types,comparing artefacts with possible sources

(based on bulk rock chemistry, from reference data and new PGAA data)

Microscopic features (main amphibol type,comparing artefacts with possible sources

measured with non-destructive SEM-EDX, the „original surface method”and also EPMA for the geological sources)

Most probable sources (preliminary results)

Type Probable source

Type 1: „pure” tremolite-nephritewith minor magnetite, limonite,± ilmenite,± pseudomorphs after pyroxenes

Jordanów (Jordansmühl in Schlesien)(Lower Silesia, Poland)

Type 2: „pure” actinolite-nephritewith minor magnetite, limonite,± ilmenite

Cuolms ?(Oberhalbstein (Alpi di Platta), Switzerland)

Type 3: „pure” nephrite (act + trem)with minor chlorite,± pseudomorphs after pyroxenes

???(Jordanów?)

Type 4: actinolite-nephritewith chlorite, relict clinopyroxenes (diopside),pseudomorphs after pyroxenes,spinel (chromite), garnet (grossular), (magnetite, limonite, ± apatite, ± titanite)

Val da Faller (Faller valley):Mühlen (Mulegns), Forschella-peak, Sblocs(Oberhalbstein (Alpi di Platta), Switzerland)Salux?(Oberhalbstein (Alpi di Platta), Switzerland)

Type 5: nephrite (tremolite ± aktinolite)with chlorite, relict clinopyroxenes,spinel (chromite), but without garnet

???(Crap Farreras?)(Oberhalbstein (Alpi di Platta), Switzerland)

Most probable sources (preliminary results)

Jordanów

Oberhalbstein

Mur-river?

Acknowledgements

We are indebted to the archaeologists for affording us the opportunity to study the artefacts (especially for Katalin T. Biró, Tünde Horváth, Erzsébet Nagy, Szilvia Honti, Péter Németh, Judit P. Barna, Csilla Száraz, László Hotváth, Judit Regenye, Marcella Nagy, Ádám

Kőszegi, Gábor Ilon, Gyula Kerékgyártó, Ernő Wolf).

We want to thank the colleagues and others for helping us in our work in many ways (especially for Veronika Szilágyi, Katalin Gméling, Boglárka Maróti, Ágnes Veres, Emma P.

Szabó, Zoltán Lantos, Péter Papp).

We are grateful to all the scientists, whose works were used as reference(Belgya T., Bendő Zs., Bradák B., Cheng H.S., Cholewa P., D’Amico C., De Quervain F., Dietrich V., Dobosi G., Foltyn E. M., Foltyn E., Friedel O., Füri J., Gan F.X., Gasparotto G., Ghedini M., Giess H., Gunia P., Heierli J., Horváth T., Jochemczyk L., Józsa S., Judik K., Kalkowsky E., Kasztovszky Zs., Kis Z., Kostov, R.I., Kovář J.J., Kuča M., Majerowicz A., Meyer A.B., Molnár M., Péterdi B., Preiswerk H., Přichystal A., Révay Zs., Sachs A., Schmidt C., Schneider A., Skoczylas J., Starnini E., S. Svingor É., Staub R., Szakmány Gy., Szentmiklósi L., Szilágyi V., Szolgay Zs., T. Biró

K., Traube H., Welter O.A., Wojciechowski W., Wojcik A., Zentai L., Zhang Z.W.)

Special thanks go to the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund OTKA Grant No. K 62874 and K 100385 for their financial support.

Thank you for your attention!

pÉterdi, bálint; bendŐ, zsolt; szakmÁny, györgy; kasztovszky, zsolt: possible sources of...

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