petrologi-1-siklus batuan-2013

petropetrolologigi2 SKS teori2 SKS teori1 SKS praktikum1 SKS praktikum

by:by:hill. gendoet hartonohill. gendoet hartono

Semester 2, 20Semester 2, 201212-201-20133

Senin, jam 0Senin, jam 099..1515 – – 1010..0505 jam 10jam 10..0505 – 1 – 111..5555

Grading:Grading:20 % quizzes and task20 % quizzes and task30 % mid test30 % mid test50 % final test50 % final test

Hari/TglHari/Tgl Materi yang diajarkanMateri yang diajarkan Remark Remark

Senin/Senin/44--33-201-20133 PENDAHULUANPENDAHULUAN

Berisi tentang latarbelakang, difinisi, kedudukan Berisi tentang latarbelakang, difinisi, kedudukan petrologi di dalam geologi dan siklus batuanpetrologi di dalam geologi dan siklus batuan

Senin/Senin/1111--33-201-2013 3 dan dan 1818--33-201-20133

GENESIS MAGMAGENESIS MAGMA

Berisi tentang asal usul magma, siklus batuan, dan Berisi tentang asal usul magma, siklus batuan, dan batuan beku dan gunung api, karakteristik batuanbatuan beku dan gunung api, karakteristik batuan

2x pertemuan2x pertemuan

Senin/Senin/2525-3-201-3-2013 3 dan 0dan 011--44-201-20133

MINERAL PEMBENTUK BATUANMINERAL PEMBENTUK BATUAN

Berisi tentang seri Bowen, klasifikasi, pemerian Berisi tentang seri Bowen, klasifikasi, pemerian batuan beku dan batuan gunung api, genesisnyabatuan beku dan batuan gunung api, genesisnya


21-30 21-30 AprApr 20120133

Ujian Tengah SemesterUjian Tengah Semester

T.A. 20T.A. 201212-201-20133



TThhee RRoocckk CCyycclle e iin n SSTTNATTNASS

What is tWhat is thhee

RRoocckk CCyycclle ?e ?

The RRoocck k CCyycclle e explains how RocksRocks and Natural ProcessesNatural Processes

are related

weathering

melting

pres

sure

, hea

t

Sedimentary Metamorphic

Igneous

adalah urutan kejadian yang melibatkan pembentukan, perubahan, kehancuran, dan reformasi batuan sebagai akibat dari proses alami ...

Glossary of Geology, Bates & Jackson, AGI

RRoocckk CCyycclleeA more traditional definition is:

TheRockCycle

The Rock Cycle

The Rock Cycle

• Mineral - suatu yang terjadi secara alami padat, zat anorganik dengan komposisi kimia tertentu dan struktur molekul.

• Mineral pembentuk batuan - ada 2.500 mineral, 90% dari semua batuan dibuat hanya dari 15 mineral-mineral tsb.

The Rock Cycle

• Batuan Sedimen - terbentuk dari sedimen.

• Characteristics include:

• distinct layers

• fragments/pieces of other rocks

• organic composition (fossils)

• range in particle size -OR- mostly one sized particles.

The Rock Cycle

• Non-Sedimentary Rock - formed by heat and pressure. These rocks are known as igneous and metamorphic rocks.

• Igneous Rock - visible crystals

• Metamorphic Rock

–“banding” - parallel lines made by crystals

–bent or folded lines of crystals

–foliation - crystals line up in 1 direction

The RRoocck k CCyyccllee involves the recognition of three main classes of rocks. All three types are found in Yogyakarta

The three rock types are …

CEMETERYCEMETERY METABOLICMETABOLIC

INGENIOUSINGENIOUS

SedimentaryRocks

MetamorphicRocks

IgneousRocks Right?Right?

The eminent 18th century lawyer, doctor, gentleman farmer and founder of modern geoscience,

James HuttonJames Hutton, developed the concept of the RRoocck k CCyyccllee to show how rocks and natural, physical processes are interrelated.

Hutton knew about solar energy and gravity at the surface. He did not know about radioactive heating from inside the earth.

As a result, the RRoocck k CCyyccllee

will be self-sustaining for thousands of millions of years.

Solar energy, gravity and radioactive heating are the major forces driving the RRoocck k CCyyccllee.

Mantel, kerak dan permukaan bumi dapat dianggap sebagai mesin daur ulang raksasa;batuan yang tidak diciptakan atau dihancurkan, tetapi didistribusikan kembali dan berubah dari satu jenis batuan yang menjadi batuan yang lain.

IM

S

Diagram of the Interior of the EarthCrust

0 to 40 km 0°C

Upper Mantle40 to 670 km

1,000°C

Lower Mantle670 to 2,890 km

2,000°C

Outer Core2,890 to 5,150 km

3,700°C

Inner Core5,150 to 6,370 km

4,300°C

selesai

.

Minerals make up rocks.

Natural compounds and elements combine to form minerals.

Elements combine to form the natural compounds.

Rocks make up the Earth.

There is a hierarchy to the elements of Geology

Atoms make up elements.

Elements can be arranged, based on their identifiable properties, into the Periodic Table

Atomic Theory proposes that all matter is composed of the atoms of about 100 different chemical elements. It further proposes that chemical compounds are formed by the combination of the atoms of different chemical elements.

Only eighteight elements make up over 98%

of the earth’s crust!

Mg

Na

K

OSiAl

FeCa

.

Minerals make up rocks.

Natural compounds and elements combine to form minerals.

Elements combine to form the natural compounds.

Rocks make up the Earth.

There is a hierarchy to the elements of Geology

Atoms make up elements.

What are Minerals? How can we tell what they are?

The identifiable The identifiable

characteristics ofcharacteristics of MineralsMinerals areare

naturally occurring inorganic elements or naturally occurring inorganic elements or compoundscompounds

having an orderly internal having an orderly internal structurestructure

and a characteristic chemical and a characteristic chemical compositioncomposition,

crystal form andcrystal form and

physical properties of a physical properties of a solidsolid

There are over There are over 300300 minerals minerals

found in Michigan.found in Michigan.

alunite, amethyst, amphibole, analcite, anatase, andalusite, andesine, andradite, anglesite, anhydrite, ankerite, annabergite, anorthite, anthonyite, anthophyllite, anthraconite, anthraxolite, antigorite, apatite,

aphrosiderite, apophyllite, aragonite, ardennite, argentoalgodonite, arsenopyrite, asbestos, atacamite, attapulgite, augite,awarurite, axinite, azurite, babingtonite, baddeleyite, barite, bassetite, bastnaesite,

beaconite, beryl, biotite, bismuthinite, blomstrandine, bornite, bowlingite, brannerite, braunite, brochantite, bronzite, brookite, brucite, brunsvigite, buttgenbachite, byssolite, bytownite, calciovolborthite, calcite,

calderite, calumetite, carnallite, carnelian, celadonite, celestite, cerargyrite, chabazite, chalcedony, chalcocite, chalconatronite, chalcopyrite, chalcotrichite, chamosite, chert, chloanthite, chlorargyrite,

chlorastrolite, chlorite, clinochlore, clino-chrysotile, clinozoisite, collophane, columbite, copiapite, copper, coquimbite, cordierite, corrensite, corundum, covellite, crocidolite, cubanite, cummingtonite, cuprite,

dahllite, datolite, daubreelite, delessite, diabantite, diallage, diamond, dickite, digenite, dihydrite, diopside, dioptase, djurleite, dolomite, domeykite, forsterite, francolite, freirinite, fuchsite, fulgurite, galena, garnet,

garnierite, gersdorffite, gibbsite, glauconite, goethite, gold, halite, halloysite, halotrichite, harmotome, heterosite, heulandite, hisingerite, hollandite, hornblende,

hyacinth, hydrocarbon, hydrohausmannite, hydromica, hydromuscovite, hydrotroilite, hypersthene, iddingsite, illite, ilmenite, isle royale greenstone, jacksonite, jacobsite, jasper, jaspilite, julgoldite, kamacite,

kamiokite, kaolinite, kearsargeite, keweenawite, kinoite, koutekite, kupfferite, kutnahorite, kyanite, labradorite, langite, laumontite, lavendulan, lead, lechetelierite, ledouxite, leonhardite, lepidocrocite, lepidolite, manganoan siderite, manganocalcite, marcasite, margarite, marmolite, martite, masonite,

maucherite, melaconite, melanochalcite, melanterite, melilite, mercury, mesolite, meta-autunite, metatorbernite, metatyuyamunite, microcline, millerite, minnesotaite, mirabilite, mohawk-algodonite,

mohawkite, molybdenite, monazite, montmorillonite, muscovite, nacrite, nantokite, natrojarosite, natrolite, neltnerite, neotocite, niccolite, nontronite, oligoclase, oligonite, olivenite, olivine, orientite, orthoclase,

ottrelite, palygorskite, paragonite, paramelaconite, pararammelsbergite, paratacamite, pargasite, patricianite, paxite, pectolite, pennine, pentlandite, peristerite, perthite, pharmacolite, phengite, phillipsite,

phlogopite, phosphides, phosphorite, picrolite, picropharmacolite, pigeonite, pistacite, pitchblende, plagioclase, plancheite, plessite, polyhalite, posnjakite, powellite, prehnite, priorite, prochlorite,

protolithionite, pyrolusite, pyrope, pyrophyllite, pyrostilpnite, pyroxene, pyrrhotite, quartz, rammelsbergite, rauenthalite, rhodochrosite, rhodonite, riebeckite, ripidolite, roscoelite, rubellan, rutherfordine, rutile,

salite, salt, sanidine, saponite, saussurite, scapolite, scheelite, schefferite, schorl, schreibersite, scolectite, seamanite, semi-whitneyite, sericite, serpentine, siderite, silicon, sillimanite, silver, smaltite, smectite,

soapstone, specularite, spessartite, sphalerite, sphene, spinel, spodumene, staurolite, steatite, stellerite, stibiodomeykite, stilbite, stilpnomelane, stinkstone, strontianite, sulfur, sussexite, sylvanite, sylvite,

synchisite, szaibelyite, taenite, talc, tantalite, tellurium, tenorite, tetrahedrite, thomsonite, thuringite, tirodite, titanite, titanomagnetite, topaz, tourmaline, tremolite, trichalcite, tridymite, troilite, tyrolite,

uralite, uraninite, uranothorite, uvarovite, vaterite,, vesuvianite, violarite, viridite, vivianite, vladimirite, wairakite, whitneyite, williamsite, wollastonite, wurtzite, xanthosiderite, xonotlite, zeolite, zircon, zoisite,

zonochlorite

Each mineral has its own set of uniquely

identifiable properties or characteristics

MineralsMinerals combine to form combine to form

RocksRocks

Some RRoocckkss are made up of just one

mineral - like the sedimentary rock salt (made up of the mineral halite) that is mined near Detroit.

Others RRoocckkss are made up of many minerals - like the igneous rock

granite and the metamorphic rock

gneiss, found near Marquette.

The igneous rock granite canbe physically weathered to produce clay and sand.

Becoming a SEDIMENTARY ROCK …

Sand can become sandstone.

Clay can become shale

These sediments can be transported deposited and lithified to form sedimentary rocks.

The metamorphic rock gneiss can be physically weathered to produce clay and sand.


Sand can become sandstone.

Clay can become shale

These sediments can be transported deposited and lithified to form sedimentary rocks.

Sedimentary rocks can be physically weathered to produce sediments that can become other sedimentary rocks.


Chemical weathering dissolves the minerals in rocks. The resulting dissolved compounds could form evaporites like rock salt or rock gypsum or chemical precipitates like some kinds of limestones. What forms depends upon composition and depositional environment factors.

H2O + CO2 H2CO3

2KAlSi3O8+ 2H+ + H2O Al2Si2O5(OH)4+ 2K+ + 4SiO2


Becoming an IGNEOUS ROCK …

When magma cools to a solid it becomes an igneous rock.

Molten rock is called magma.

Any existing rock – igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary - can be subjected to enough heat and or pressure causing it to melt.

The kind of igneous rock formed depends on what was melted and how it cooled.

Igneous rocks are classified based on their mineral composition and texture.

basaltgranite

granodiorite

rhyolite

pegmatite

Igneous rocks found in Michigan include:

pres

sure

, hea

t

Sedimentary Metamorphic

Igneous

The RRoocck k CCyyccllee

Pressure, Pressure, heatheatand fluidsand fluids cause preexistingrocks or sediments to becomemetamorphic metamorphic rocksrocks

Becoming a METAMORPHIC ROCK …

When the prefix meta is applied to a rock name that means that the original rock has been metamorphosed.

If the igneous rock basalt is exposed to sufficient heat and or pressure it can be transformed into the metamorphic rock call metabasalt


If the sedimentary rock sandstone is metamorphosed it can become the metamorphic rock quartzite.

If the sedimentary rock limestone or dolomite is metamorphosed it can become the metamorphic rock marble.

If the sedimentary rock shale is metamorphosed it can become the metamorphic rock slate.


If the metamorphic rock phyllite is metamorphosed it can become the metamorphic rock schist.

If the metamorphic rock slate is metamorphosed it can become the metamorphic rock phyllite

If the metamorphic rock schist is metamorphosed it can become the metamorphic rock gneiss.

petrologi-1-siklus batuan-2013

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