phat hoc tinh yeu - ht thien tam

8/3/2019 Phat Hoc Tinh Yeu - HT Thien Tam

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Pht Hc Tinh Yu

Ha Thng Thch Thin Tm

Ngunhttp://www.quangduc.com

Chuyn sang ebook 21-5-2009Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected] Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org

Mc Lci Li Phi L

Tit I: Ngun Gc Dn Tc n Tit II: Bn Th Ph Tit III: S Din Bin Ca Ph Tit IV: Bn Giai Cp Ca X Hi n Tit I: im Xut Pht Ca Cc Tn GioTit II: Lc i Hc PhiTit IV: Tng Qut Cc Ngun T Tng n ng ThiTit I: B Tt Ging ThnTit II: B Tt Nhp ThaiTit III: B Tt Tr ThaiTit IV: B Tt n SanhTit V: Tin Nhn Xem TngTit VI: Thi T Hc Tp Vn VTit VII: My Cuc Nhn DuTit VIII: Thi T Xut GiaTit IX: Thi T Hi oTit I: m Thnh oTit II: Hai Mi Mt Ngy Suy NghTit III: c Pht Chuyn Php Lun
mailto:[email protected]://www.phatphaponline.info/kinh/Audio/Buoc%20Dau%20Hoc%20Phat/So%20Do%20Hoc%20Phat/Phat%20Hoc%20Tinh%20Yeu%20-%20HT%20Thich%20Thien%20Tam/mailto:[email protected]://www.phatphaponline.info/kinh/Audio/Buoc%20Dau%20Hoc%20Phat/So%20Do%20Hoc%20Phat/Phat%20Hoc%20Tinh%20Yeu%20-%20HT%20Thich%20Thien%20Tam/


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Tit IV: Nhn Duyn Gio HaTit V: Gio o PhtTit VI: c Th Tn Vo Nit BnTit I: Sau Thi Kit TpTit II: Kinh Pht Ting Ba Ly (Pali)

Tit III: Kinh Pht Ting PhmTit IV: Hai H Thng Kinh in Pht GioTit V: Ba Tng

i Li Phi L

Ba tng Kinh-in ca Pht-gio hin nay gm c n hn vn quyn. Trong y,nhng Kim-ngn ca ng iu-Ng v huyn-ngha ca ch T, hm n o-l thmthy v bin. Mun du ngon trong b Pht-php bao la, hay ln nh non thnh-gio nhn khp ni bng tm mt cn-khn-nht-lm, phi ph nhiu thi gi v tm lc, mgia cuc sng nhiu vng bn ngy nay, t ai lm ni. V l y, t lu bt gi c mun gom gp phn tinh yu ca thnh-gio vit ra thnh tp, gip nhng v mn omu ca c Th-Tn, c s hiu bit khi qut v php Pht. V nh ny cthc hin t nm 1963, nhn lc sp sa ra m nhn trng Pht-Hc Hu-Nghim.

Ni dung ca ton tp PHT HC TINH YU sau y gm c nhiu thin, mithin phn thnh nhiu chng, v mi chng bao hm nhiu mc. l h thng phnbit duyt gi d ghi nhn. iu ng ch l phn trch dn nhng Kinh-lun trongy, ngha l n khng c tnh cch nht nh. Ti sao th? Bi gio php ca thnh-nhn ni ra u ty thi ty c dt du, ph chp. C th mt li thuyt gio i vicn c ny thch hp nhng vi c khc khng thch hp, vi thi gian trc tin nghisong vi thi nay khng tin nghi. Cho nn mt v tn tc bo: Y theo Kinh giingha l oan cho ch Pht ba i, nhng la Kinh mt ch tc ng vi ma thuyt. Vych thu thp ca ngi kho hc Pht l khng chp Kinh, khng b Kinh, nh ngii bo: Khn cht, di cng cht, duy bit mi sng. V ngi kho hc Phtcng ng chp l b s, hay ch theo s qun phn l. V vic c qun li ny, duymi ngi t th hi, khng th ni ht c.

Trn chng tng quan, b c nng du mc thay i. Lng khng s c, thngxanh my trng t vui nhn. Xin mn hai cu ny chc s thnh tu ca duyt gisau khi c xong ton tp PHT HC TINH YU.

Ngy 12-8-1965T-khu Thin Tm, t Lin Du

Thin th nht

X Hi n Trc Khi Pht Ra i


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Tit mc:I. Ngun gc dn tc n-II. Bn th Ph-III. S din bin ca Ph-IV. Bn giai cp ca x hi n-

Kinh sch tham kho: Nhn-Vng-Kinh-S, n--Pht-Gio, Pht-Hc-i-Cng, n--Pht-Gio-S-Lc.

yu: Tit th nht, lc thut cuc di c ca chng tc Nh-L-An, sau thnh

dn n-, tri qua nm giai on: T Trung- di qua ng-Nam-, t ng-Nam-vo Ca-Nh-B, t Ca-Nh-B n n--H, t n--H xung lu vc sng Hng,v t Hng-H v Nam-n. Tit th hai, ni v l tng tn-gio ca dn tc n thixa, c th hin bng bn pho kinh: L-Cu, D-Du, Sa-Ma, v A-Tht-B Ph-.Tit th ba, k li tnh trng bin i v t tng tn-gio ca dn tc n: t a-thnqua Nht-thn, t Nht-thn ln sang khu vc Trit-hc theo ba thi i: Ph--Thin-

Th, Phm-Th v o-Ngha-Th. n--gio hin thi cng tha k t tng ca hthng ny. Tit th t, ni v s sai bit ca bn giai cp: B-La-Mn, St--L, Ph-X, Th--La. S sai bit ny c lin quan n l tng tn-gio, v dn khi hai ttro: h thng Ph- v h thng phn Ph-.

Hai h thng ny sn xut nhiu gio phi n-.

Tit I: Ngun Gc Dn Tc n

Mt tn-gio khng lun l cao siu hay thm thy n u, cng vn l sn phm

ca x hi. L sn phm ca x hi, tt nhin tn-gio nh hng n x hi v ng thicng chu nh hng ca x hi. l iu khng th trnh.

Pht-gio c mt lch s trn hai ngn nm, ng ty truyn b n vi mi nc.Ngoi nm x ca n-, Pht-gio gieo rc rt nhiu nh hng cc ni. Trong sgieo rc y, qua mi thi i, Pht-gio li ty theo tnh trng x hi ca mi a phngm c t nhiu bin thi v bn sc. V th, mun ni n im xut pht ca o Pht,khng th i su vo bi cnh lch s ca n- ng thi.

Trc y trn bn ngn nm, dn tc xa nht ca n- l ging ngi Nh-L-An (Aryan). Chng tc ny ly ngh du mc sinh sng. Trc tin h c tr

min trung nguyn -T-, ri vt qua dy ni Tn--Kh-T (Hindukush), dixung vng ng nam -T-. T ni y, h chia lm hai b, mt b di chuyn v phaty nam vo x Ba-T (Iran); mt b tin thng v pha ng nam vo x Ca-Nh-B(Kabul) v ln xm nhp min Ty-bc n-, nh ui ngi bn x, chim lnh vngBng-X-Bch (Panjab Ng-H a phng) thuc thng lu n- h (Indus). Sau ,h li i dc theo dy ni Tuyt (Hymalaya), vo ti lu vc sng Hng (Ganga,Gange). Cuc di c sau ny, thuc vo khong 1000 nm trc k nguyn. Trong mivn bi tng ca b i-s-thi Ma-Ha-B-La-a (Mahbhrata), c ni r nhng chin


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s v tnh trng gia thi gian . Cn cuc di chuyn tip tc v Nam-n, c vokhong 500 nm trc k nguyn. Trong khong thi gian ny, ghi li s giao tranhgia th nhn v chng tc Nh-L-An, ngi n- mn cnh ng tc ca cnhn m lm ra b La-Ma-Din-Noa (Ramayana), gm hai vn bn ngn bi tng.

Tit II: Bn Th Ph

Gia thi k chim lnh n- h, thuc min Ty-bc n, ging ngi Nh-L-An c gi l dn tc Nh-L-An n-. Gp ni kh hu m p, thi tit iu ha, vtsn phong ph, dn tc y hng mt i sng an nhn, vui v. V th, i vi bu triman mc, vi hin tng nht, nguyt, tinh t, non, sng, gi, my, nc, la, h u cmt nim tn thnh sng bi. l nhng l do ngi ta sng tc ra nhng bnthnh-ca v nghi thc cng t thn-linh, cu cho t nc gia nh c tiu tai, thmphc. Nghi thc nhiu th khng th ai cng thng tho c, phi c ngi ch cht

vic t t. Nhn mi sn xut mt hng Tng-l, v sau thnh giai cp B-La-Mn(Brahman).

B-La-Mn, Trung-Hoa dch l Tnh-hnh hoc Phm-hnh, ch cho phi tu hnhtrong sch. Kinh-in ca phi ny gi l Ph- (Veda), Trung-Hoa dch l Minh-lunhoc Tr-lun, c ngha: Kinh sch thuyt minh s tht v pht sanh tr hu. Kinh-inca o B-La-Mn truyn li c 4 th:

1. L-Cu Ph- (Rig-Veda): Trc tin, dn tc n- ch sng bi ca nginhng hin tng ca t nhin vt. Ln ln h tin tng mi hin tng u c thnlinh lm ch. Cc thn linh u c tnh cch o c, c quyn thng pht th gian.

ng thi li do s hm dng ca t tng trit hc, h dung hp li, ch tc ra b kinhu tin l L-Cu Ph-. L-Cu Ph-, Trung-Hoa dch l Tn-Tng-Minh-Lunhoc Th-Minh. Ni dung ca kinh ny gm nhng bi ca tn c tnh cch thn thoi,nhng cng bao hm nhiu t tng v v tr v nhn sinh quan. Trong y li c bin tpv thut dng sanh, dy nhng phng php lm cho con ngi dung sc thng titr, mng sng c lu di. T tng ca L-Cu Ph- l t tng m u cho nnvn minh v trit hc n- v cng l c s khai trin cho nhng tro lu t tnghu lai.

2. D-Du Ph- (Yajur Veda): T ni s ca ngi t nhin vt ri tin tng thnlinh, ngi ta li by ra nhng nghi thc th phng cng t. y l nguyn nhn sn xut

kinh D-Du Ph-. D-Du Ph-, Trung-Hoa dch l T-T-Minh-Lun, gi tt l T-Minh. Ni dung ca Kinh-in ny, phn nhiu u trch dn trong L-Cu Ph-, lyc bn ca s tn tng m ch tc. Trong y, ngoi vic bin tp v nghi thc cng t, lic ghi chp nhng bi ch vn t t trong cc ma. Xt qua t L-Cu Ph-, chon Da-Du Ph-, ngi ta nhn thy tn-gio thi y tuy l a thun m kim sc thinht thn, i khi li xen tp nhng t tng v cc mn trit hc.


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3. Sa-Ma Ph- (Sma Veda): cho s tn ca c tin li, v b tc phn nghil thm hon b, ngi ta li sng ch kinh Sa-Ma Ph-. Kinh-in ny cng trch dnmt phn cc tng vn trong L-Cu Ph- m lm ra. Sa-Ma Ph-, Trung-Hoa dchl Ca-Vnh-Minh-Lun, cng gi l Bnh-Minh. Trong , ngoi s ghi chp v nghi l,m nhc, lut l x on, li c ging dy v mn bc ton cho n binh php trn.

Cn c theo ba pho kinh Ph- trn y, mi khi cng thn, ngi ta u dng nhng vt tng ring bit.

4. A-Tht-B Ph- (Atharva Veda): V sau, c k li tp hp nhng bi ch thutc truyn, c ngi i tin tng, vit ra kinh A-Tht-B Ph-. A-Tht-B Ph-,Trung-Hoa dch l Nhng-Tai-Minh-Lun, cng gi l Thut-Minh. Trong y, ngi taghi chp nhng bi ch cu phc, tiu tai. Ngoi ra, Kinh-in ny cng c dy v yphng v nhiu d thut.

Bn th kinh trn y, c gi chung l T-Ph- thnh-in. l mt h thngt tng v thi xa ca n-.

Tit III: S Din Bin Ca Ph

T khi T-Ph- thnh-in c thnh lp, chng tc B-La-Mn chim a v ticao trong x hi, v thnh ra mt giai cp Tng-l. H khng cn nhng hot nghng ngoi nh khi trc, m c mt cuc sng trm t, hng ni, bo th nhngtruyn thuyt tn tng, nhng nghi thc cng t theo xa. Cc Tng-l li thm nhnhng cu vn, ngha trong kinh Ph-, ri gii rng thm ra, gy thnh mt hcphong phin ta v thn b. ng thi trn hnh thc tn-gio, nhng hnh nghi cng

tng thm phn b mt. Khi gio l cng rng, s suy bin cng su, nghi thc cngphin, th a v ca giai cp B-La-Mn cng c bn vng. Do nn vn hc, oc trong x hi, nm yn trong np c, dng nh trong trng thi kh ni chn hng.

Tuy nhin, cnh i v thng, th ngun t tng ca nhn loi cng theo thigian m bin i. T khi giai cp Tng-l mi thnh lp, cho n khong 600 nm trck nguyn, nu phn tch k, chng ta c th chia nn hc thuyt ca B-La-Mn giothnh ba thi i:

1. Thi i Ph--Thin-Th (Veda): Thi i ny khi thy t khi bn miquyn L-Cu Ph- va c sng tc, lc dn tc Nh-L-An di c xung n--h,

vo khong 2500 - 1000 nm trc k nguyn. Trong thi gian ny, gio B-La-Mnthin v s sng bi cng t, hnh thc phn chnh thuc v a-thn-gio. H c ba cthoi (lun iu): Ph- l thin th (sch ca Tri), B-La-Mn l chng tc cao qunht ca nhn loi, t l l vn nng.

Nhng t tng trn, c truyn li mt thi gian lu xa v sau. Cho n khi Phtging sinh, mt s ng gio B-La-Mn vn cn bo th ly quan nim c. Nhng l mt ch ngha chuyn ch, h khng th tri buc mi c lng ngi khi tnh th


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i mi. Hn na, lc by gi gio B-La-Mn rt kiu xa, cho nn h khng th duytr mt cch hu hiu s tn ngng ca o mnh trong x hi na.

2. Thi i Phm-Th (Brahmana - Thn-hc-th): Thi i ny vo khong 1000 -800 nm trc k nguyn, lc dn tc Nh-L-An n- di chuyn v pha ng Nam,

chim lnh khu vc ng bng ph nhiu trn b sng Hng, ly ngh canh nng lmmc tiu. Hnh thc ca Ph- khi xa thin v a-thn-gio, vic t l rt nng n,phin phc. n thi gian ny, dn chng sanh ra chn nhng nghi thc nghim cch y.V th, trong cc v thn, ngi ta chn ly t v quan trng lm trung tm tn ngng.Ba v thn ph thng nht by gi l Phm-Thin (Brahma), T-Nu-Noa-Thin (Visnu)v Thp-B-Thin (Civa). Th l i tng tn ngng bt u chuyn ln t a-thn-gio sang Nht-thn-gio.

V mt t tng, t khi Kinh-in Ph- c suy din rng thm, gio l B-La-Mn m v thn b; ngi ta gi l hc thuyt B-la-ma-noa, tc Phm-th. Phm-th l b sch ch thch v thuyt minh kinh Ph-. Phn ch yu ca sch ny, u rt

nhng ti liu trong T-Ph- thnh-in, nhng suy din su rng n ch u vi, honton c tnh cch thn hc. T tng trit hc ca Phm-th tin trin theo th t trongba giai on:

Giai on th nht, Phm (Brahma) l v thn ti cao, trc tin to ra tri t, rin Thi-dng thn, Phong thn, Ha thn... con ngi v vn hu. V th Phm cngc hiu l Sanh-ch (Prajapati). Giai on ny thin v quan nim sng to, ly thnSanh-ch lm trung tm im.

Giai on th hai, Phm l i-ng (Svayambhu), l bn th ca v tr, c tnh cchtuyt i c tn. Gi tr ca Phm ng trn hai phng din: Mt mt th duy tr ci

bn cht khng bin ng ca n; mt khc li hot ng theo hai yu t l Danh (Nama)v Sc (Rupa) m mang vn hu. Giai on ny thin v quan nim bt bin, ly i-ng lm trung tm im.

Giai on th ba, Phm l T-ng (Atman). Phm v T-ng tn tuy khc nhau,nhng cng mt th. S d c tn khc nhau nh th, v T-ng do s suy l ca trit hc,ch nh cho l ngun gc ca mun vt; cn Phm th do s kho st ca thn hc, chnh cho l t tnh ca mun vt. T-ng thuc v phng din tm l (linh hn), Phmthuc v phng din v tr (linh tnh). Cn c vo phng din tm l th linh hn btdit, khi con ngi cht th T-ng la th xc m quy thuc v Phm. Giai on ny lyT-ng lm trung tm im

3. Thi i o-Ngha-Th (Upanishad): Thi i ny thuc vo khong 800 - 600trc k nguyn. T ni Phm-th, ngi ta suy din rng thm, cho rng khi hnh nghithc c hm trit l bn trong, v nghi thc t t l biu hin cho trit l. k thuto l ny, ngi ta sng ch ra sch A-Lan-Nh-Ca (Aranyaka). A-Lan-Nh-Ca cngha l Lm-trung-th. Bi ngi trong chng tc B-La-Mn n khi ln tui th n cni rng vng, ly s t t tu hnh lm thng kha. Nhng nghi thc y u ghi chp


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trong sch ny. Nhng ni dung ca Lm-trung-th khng phi ch gii hn trong nghithc t t, m gm c mn trit l cao siu.

T Lm-trung-th, ngi ta nghin cu rng thm, ri sng tc ra b u-Ba-Ni-Sa-m, tc l o-ngha-th. Danh t o-ngha-th bao hm nhng : Mn trit hc trong

trit hc, B-mt ng, B-mt vn v B-mt ngha. B phn ch yu ca ngun t tngny, do chng tc St--L khai sng, v sau dng B-La-Mn mi ph ha suy dinrng thm. Ni dung ca o-ngha-th ch trng thuyt Phm, Ng ng nht, Phmcng Ng u l mt bn th ca v tr. Cc hin tng ca sai bit gii u l huynphp (Maya) khng ngoi bn th y m c. L tng gii thot ca o-ngha-th chialm hai phn:

Phn th nht l vic i tm gii thot, nhng gii thot phi tm chnh ni mnh,khng phi bn ngoi. Con ngi s d b lun-hi l do V-minh (Avidya) che lp,khng bit sai bit gii l gi huyn. T V-minh sanh i-dc (Kma), ri to nghip,gy ra s kh trong ng sanh-t. Mun c gii thot, phi c tinh thn t gic hng

v Tr-minh (Vidya) m tr ci gc V-minh. Hng v Tr-minh l an tr tm vo bntnh trong lng bi dng phn tr hu. Khi tm thun tnh, t nhin c gic ng,ny sanh tr hu, thy s sng cht nh chim bao. Phm v Ng thm hp, khng cnlun-hi, chng c Phm-nit-bn (Brahma nirvana). y l phn l thuyt.

Phn th hai l phi y theo php thc tu tr pht minh trc qun tr. Php thc nyli c hai phng din: mt mt l cn gi gii, la tt c dc cnh thnh hnh X-ly(Samuyasa); mt khc, phi tr vng tnh, chuyn tm ni ng tng thnh hnh Du-gi (Yoga - tng ng qun). C nh th m tu, ln ln chn ng s ton hin, tc l cgii thot, chm dt lun-hi. y l phn thc hnh.

Tm li, ba thi i trn y cho chng ta thy s din bin ca gio l Ph-,t ni th s n ch u vi thn b. Ring v o-ngha-th, cc nh nghin cu trit hcng Ty u tn dng, cho l mt sn phm tr hu cao siu ca nhn loi. V sau, cchc gi nng theo t tro ny m lp ra nhiu gio phi, nh phi S-lun th cho Ng lThn-ng, Huyn l T-tnh, danh t tuy khc, nhng l tng vn ng. Pht-gio cngnng theo mt phn trng yu ca o-ngha-th, nh thuyt lun-hi, nhng canh tnthm, thnh ra su sc v hon b hn. Ngoi ra cng c nhiu hc gi thot ly t tngPh-, ch trng t do kho cu, ri lp thnh phi trit hc t nhin. Trong chngsau, chng ta s thy nhng hc thuyt y.

Tit IV: Bn Giai Cp Ca X Hi n

Thu xa, dn tc n- rt cung knh thn linh, tn trng nghi thc cng t. Lcu, h t ra ngi Gia-trng, hoc Tc-trng, gi vic t l, gi l chc Ty-t.Ln ln, chc Ty-t ny tr thnh vic chuyn mn, nn c thay th bng cc Tng-l.Mt khc, v theo tin trin ca x hi, li pht sanh ra bn chc nghip: S, Nng,Cng, Thng. Cc ngh nghip ny ln ln tr thnh giai cp ha. Giai cp Tng-l ch


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v vic t t, chim a v ti cao. Giai cp Vua cha nm gi chnh quyn, vo a vth hai. Nhn dn ph thng nh hng nng, cng, thng, thuc v a v th ba. Cnhng ngi th dn ca n- b Nh-L-An chinh phc, chuyn theo ngh nghip thpkm nh , lm mn, l giai cp tin dn, vo a v th t.

Li phn chia giai cp , mi ngy thm cht ch. Ban s, s phn bit ch trongquan nim ca dn chng m thi. Nhng khi cc Tng-l nm c tht quyn trong xhi h lin t chc thnh bn giai cp r rt: Tng-l thuc giai cp B-La-Mn(Brahman), vua cha thuc giai cp St--L (Ksatriya), bnh dn thuc giai cp Ph-X (Vaisya), Tin dn thuc giai cp Th--La (Sdra). Hai hng trc l giai cpthng tr, hai hng sau l giai cp b tr. Bn giai cp ny theo ch th tp, cha truyncon ni, nn giai cp n l c phi i i lm n l, gy ra mt t chc x hi bt cng.

Giai cp B-La-Mn li nng vo ch ca x hi m quy nh thnh bn thi kca chng tc mnh. Bn thi k nh sau:

1. Phm-tr-k (Brahmacrin): Thi k du hc ca bui thiu nin v trng nin.Ngi trong chng tc B-La-Mn, vo khong t 7 ti 15 tui, th hc tp nh; t 16ti 39 tui, phi xut-gia theo thy hc tp Ph- thnh-in. n khi hc nghip thnhtu li c tr v nh.

2. Gia-c-k (Grhastha): Thi k sinh hot gia nh ca bui trung nin. Khi c 40 tui, ngi B-La-Mn phi tr v nh lp gia nh cho dng di khng btuyt. Thi gian ny h theo chc nghip, lm trn nhim v t t ca ngi gia trng.

3. Lm-c-k (Vnaprastha): Thi k tu dng ca bui m nin. Lc 50, 51 tuisp ln, ngi B-La-Mn lm xong nhim v gia nh, phi la nh vo ni ni su

rng vng tu luyn.4. Du-hnh-k (Parivrjaka): Thi k du hnh va t tu va ha o ca bui lo

nin. Thi k ny khng nht nh, ty theo tu nghip c vng vng, m s xut th csm hay mun. Trong khong thi gian sau cng, hng B-La-Mn mun cho thn tmc t ti gii thot, nn ni n chn khng nht nh, ry y mai . Cho nn ngitu thi k ny c tn l Kht-s (Bhiksu) hay Hnh-gi (Yati).

Bn thi k k trn l l tng sinh hot ca giai cp B-La-Mn. Theo , nungi no tu hnh t ti ch cu cnh, th c mi ngi cung knh tt bc.

Chng tc B-La-Mn ch nh ra bn giai cp, t cho mnh a v ti cao. Cnba giai cp kia, nht l hng tin dn, li b x hi khinh mit, khng c lut php boh, khng cho d phn tn ngng tn-gio v tn tng Kinh-in Ph-. Thi by gi n- ngi ta li ch ra th lut Ma-noa (Mnu), hn hp c chnh-tr ln tn-gio.Nh c php lut ny, t chc ca o B-La-Mn mi c hon thnh. Bi gio l cao y, l nng vo t tng ca phi Ph-n-, ly vic duy tr giai cp bn chngtc lm mc ch duy nht. Sng di mt ch bt cng nh th, lu ngy dn chngm ra chn nn, hng c ao c mt cuc i mi.


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S pht sanh ca cc hc thuyt nh: ch ngha khoi lc, ch ngha ym th sauy, phn ln cng bi nguyn nhn ny.

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Nn Hc Thuyt n Trc Pht Gio

Tit mc:I. im xut pht ca cc tn-gio

II. Lc-i-hc-phiII. Lc-s-ngoi-oIV. Tng qut cc ngun t tng n- ng thi

Kinh sch tham kho:Kinh Phm-ng, Kinh Sa-Mn-Qu, Lun Qung-B, n-

-Pht-Gio-S-Lc. yu:Do hon cnh, tm nim khc nhau, con ngi c nhng xu hng t tng

sai bit. hin minh s kin , tit th nht trong y ni v im xut pht ca cctn-gio gm ba nguyn nhn: tin tng thn linh, tm hiu s tht, cu thot kh. Lc-i-hc-phi tit th hai tuy ni dung phc tp, nhng v chu nh hng h thngPh-, nn i khi u xy dng trn t tng trit hc hm n quan nim Nht-thn-gio. Tu trung, hai phi Ph-n- v Du-Gi rt c thnh truyn. Tm th k sauty-lch, Thng-Yt-La ly gio ngha o Pht b sung cho hc thuyt Ph-n-,lm cho phi ny thm phn khi sc. B-La-Mn gio hay n- gio hin thi chnhl di sn ca phi ny. Lc-s-ngoi-o tit th ba, c pht xut bi hai im: t

tng t do khi cu, v quan nim ym th, hoi nghi, phn ut do ch giai cp btcng. Trong y c K-Na-Gio l thnh hnh hn c. Trong khi cc phi kia ln ln tiudit, th d th phi ny dng nh hin thi vn cn. K-Na-Gio c nhiu tn khcnh: Thin-na, L-hnh, -khi, Ni-kin, v v gio t cng c lm bit danh, nn ccnh kho cu thng lm ln, bit lp phi ny ra ngoi Lc-s-ngoi-o. Tit th ttng kt 62 gio phi thnh tm h thng. Su mi hai phi l ni v thi trc Pht-gio, cn t khi Pht-gio ra i n sau, t tm h thng ny sanh thm thnh 96phi ngoi-o. Cho nn trong nh Pht c cu:

Cu thp lc gia t tr hu.Bch thin vn kip th lun hi.(Chn su t s m chnh tr.

Trm ngn mun kip chu lun hi).


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Tit I: im Xut Pht Ca Cc Tn Gio

Gia cuc i sai bit, con ngi tt cng c nhng s thch v t tng khc nhau.Cuc sng th gian khng lm cho nhn sanh hon ton hnh phc. tha mn nhngtm nim y, cc gio phi hin ra i. im xut pht ny i c ba nguyn nhn:

1. Do kh mun cu thot ly: Trn con ng gp ghnh, gia lc tri tra nng gt,khch l hnh mi mt c ao c mt cn gi, mt bng cy mt ngh ngi. Trnng i cng th, s vui d c, cng ch l tng i. V vui tng i nn mi ckh, m s kh li thng chim phn ti a. V v kh, con ngi mi ny sanh ttng cu thot ly.

2. Do s sng tn trc hin tng ca v tr: Trong thi i ti s, con ngi chagii thch ni nhng nghi vn trc hin tng ca v tr. Cho nn h quan nim rng:mi nh sng gia bu tri u l nhng phm cch thn-thnh. Cng v th, h mi sngbi cc hin tng sng sut nh: mt tri, mt trng, ngi sao, ln chp, ngn la. H

tin tng mi phng din. Tu trung, mc ch sng bi ca h khng ngoi dcvng sanh tn cho bn thn. Ri do mi c nhng hnh thc th phng tr tai, cuphc v nhng hnh nghi cng t, ca tng thn-thnh. V th mi c cc li t tng saibit, m ngi ta gi l a-thn-gio.

3. Do s cu gii thch nguyn l nhn sanh, v tr: Li c mt hng ngi, trci tng v tr bao la, h ng tnh hiu k, mun tm hiu cc s b mt gia tri t.Li gii thch thn thoi khng lm tha mn h. Cn c vo nhng Kinh-in xa v stu tp ca bn thn, h t do kho cu v lp ra cc phi trit hc.

Tm li, im xut pht ca cc gio phi, i nh: cu thot kh c an vui,

da trn tin tng sng bi, v tm hiu mi s b mt em con ngi tr v v tr.Gio ngha Ph- m chng ta thy chng u v cc hc thuyt sau y l nhngim chng minh cho cc ngun t tng y.

Tit II: Lc i Hc Phi

Nh trn ni, gio l Ph- din bin trong ba giai on m chng ta gi l bathi i: Ph--thin-th, Phm-th v o-ngha-th. Trong lc y, li c nhng phichu nh hng Ph-, cn c vo m mang thm cho gio l ca mnh c h thng;

cng c nhiu hc gi thot ly ngoi t tng Ph-, ch trng t do kho cu, ri lpthnh phi trit hc t nhin. V th n- thu by gi c nhiu phi ni nhau xuthin nh a-lun, Phc-thy-lun, Ha-lun, Phong-tin-lun, Thi-lun, Phng-lun,H-khng-lun...

Cc phong tro t tng , hoc dung ha, hoc xung t ln nhau, lm cho nnhc thuyt ca n- lm vo mt tnh trng rt ri ren. Tuy nhin, nu kim im li, tac th chia cc t tro lc by gi thnh hai h thng: h thng Ph- v h thng phn


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Ph-. H thng Ph- tuy nhiu nhng ng k ch c Lc-i-hc-phi. Cn hthng phn Ph- th c Lc-s-ngoi-o. Trc tin, chng ta th xt qua hc thuytca su mn phi ln thuc h thng Ph-, tc l Lc-i-hc-phi:

1. Phi Ph-n- (Vedanta: T-ti-thin): V khai t ca bn phi l B-t-La-

Gia-Na (Bdarayana). Phi ny ly kinh Ph-n- do B-t-La-Gia-Na tr tc lmcn c. Kinh Ph-n- cng da theo gio ngha chnh thng ca Ph-, song cpht minh thm. Phi ny ch trng rng Phm (Brahma) l ngun gc ca mun loi,l mt th biu hin v tinh thn, khng phi vt cht m l nng lc. Phm l duy nht,siu vit, bao trm c mun loi trong th gian. T ch ca Phm khai trin thnh hintng gii, trc tin l H-khng, ri t H-khng pht sanh ra Gi, t Gi pht sanh raLa, t La pht sanh ra Nc, t Nc pht sanh ra t. Nm nguyn t ny mt mtc t chc thnh kh th gian, mt khc thnh hu-tnh th gian. Theo kinh Ph-n- th Phm v T-ng l mt th. Trong giai on cha khai trin, T-ng l bo thaica Phm; nhng khi giai on khai trin th T-ng c a v c lp, chu phn chiphi ca Phm. c cht ca T-ng l Tr-hu. Bi hnh vi con ngi nng theo s

phn on ca t do ch nn gy ra nhiu tc nghip. Do s hun tp ca tc nghip,nn chng-sanh b lc mt ngun gc tr hu, chu nhiu ni kh trong no lun-hi. Theophi ny th loi hu-tnh l mt b phn ca Phm, c y th tnh thanh tnh nhPhm. Mun tr v vi Phm, cn phi ri khi mi s chp trc sai bit, y theo mngii thot m tu hnh. Do cng tu tp lu ngy, T-ng li c dung hp vi Phm. ngiai on ny mi gi l hon ton gii thot.

2. Phi Di-Man-Tt (Mmms: Thanh-thng-tr): V khai t ca bn phi l S-Y-Nh-Ni (Jaimini). Phi ny ly kinh Thanh-thng-tr (Mmmssutra) lm cn c,nhng iu cm ch vn y theo thnh-in Ph-. chng ca phi Di-Man-Tt rtch trng v phng din lun l trit hc, v ch trng thuyt m-thanh-thng-tr.

V ch thuyt ny, gio chng chia ra lm hai phe:- Mt l do hng B-La-Mn chp theo bn b lun Ph-. H cho rng khi tng

kinh Ph- pht ra phm-m, li v ting u kh hp vi tht ngha, nn gi lthng. Cc th ting khc khng hp vi tht ngha, nn gi l v thng.

- Hai l s chp do hng B-La-Mn hc theo T-d-la-lun (tc Hc-tp-thanh-lun); phe ny li c hai chi:

a. Chi Thanh-hin-lun cho rng: tnh ca ting l thng tr, i cc duyn tm, tv danh, c, vn-thn mi pht. Danh, c, vn-thn l m hng nn v thng; ting lthng.

b. Chi Thanh-sanh-lun th cho rng: m thanh bn lai khng tht c, i cc duynmi pht. Nhng khi m thanh pht sanh, th l thng tr bt dit.

Tm li, phi Di-Man-Tt da trn t tng tn trng gio quyn gi theo l li ctng t l xa. Cho nn ch thuyt m-thanh-thng-tr ca h khng ngoi s gii thchv bo tn nghi thc trong tn-gio. V l tng gii thot, h cho rng: mun c hnh


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phc, cn phi c nhng hnh thc hy sinh. Kt qu ca s hy sinh y, ty theo nhn hnhnhiu t, s an lc s n nhiu t vi ta trong tng lai hay hin ti.

3. Phi Ni-D-Gia (Nyya: Chnh-l-lun): V khai t ca bn phi l Tc-Mctin-nhn (Aksapda). T tng ca phi trit hc ny thuc v a-nguyn-lun, ly kinh

Chnh-l (Nyya sutra) lm cn c. V quan nim nhn sanh, phi Ni-D-Gia lyphng chm la kh n ch gii thot lm mc ch. Phi ny cho rng con ngi giaci trn c y dy ni kh, m nguyn nhn th sanh l tc nghip (Pravrtti). Tc nghiply phin no (Dosa) lm c s v cn bn ca phin no l v-tri (Mithyajnna). Vy,mun dt kh phi tiu dit v-tri, khi v-tri hon ton on tr, hnh gi lin chng vocnh an vui gii thot (Nihsreyasa). L thuyt ny tng t vi Thp-nh-nhn-duyn caPht-gio.

V phng thc ngh lun bo v cho lp trng ca mnh, phi Ni-D-Gia datheo Ng-phn tc php (lun thc nm phn): Tn (Pratijn), Nhn (Hetu), D(Udahadana), Hp (Upanaya) v Kt (Nigamana). Phng thc ny, nu em so snh vi

mn lun l ty-phng (tam-on-lun - Syllogisme ca Aristote), th Tn tng ngvi b phn on-n (conclusion), Nhn l Tiu-tin- (Mineure), D tng ng vib phn i-tin- (Majeure). Nhng phng thc lun l ca phi Ni-D-Gia cn thmhai chi l Hp v Kt, t biu l mt lp trng lun l rt vng vng. V sau, phngthc lun l ny c hon b ha qua hai bc thc hc trong Pht-gio l Th-Thn vTrn-Na v c chuyn lm mn lun l hc ca o Pht.

4. Phi Ph-Th-S-Ca (Vaisesika: Thng-lun): V khai t ca bn phi l Can-Na- (Kanada, c ni gi l u-L-Ca tin: Ulka). Phi ny ly kinh Ph-Th-S-Ca(Vaisesika-sutra) gm 370 cu lm cn c.

V phng din v tr quan, phi Thng-lun phn i thuyt Hu-thn, k tha ttng ca phi trit hc t nhin, ri xng ln thuyt Duy-vt-a-nguyn. H dngsu c ngha hay su yu t m thuyt minh nguyn l thnh lp v tr. Su yu t y l:

Tht: Bn cht ca v tr; gm c chn th: a, thy, ha, phong, khng, thi,phng, ng, .

c: Tnh cht c trong bn th; gm c 24 th: sc, hng, v, xc, s, lng,bit tnh, hp tnh, ly tnh, b tnh, th tnh, gic, lc, kh, dc, sn, cn dng, trngtnh, dch tnh, nhun, hnh, php, phi php, thanh.

Nghip: Tc dng ca bn cht; gm c nm th: th, x, thn, khut, hnh (ly, b,dui, co, lm).

i-hu-tnh: C ngha duy nht; s tn ti ca tht, c, nghip ng nng vmt th i hu y.

ng-d-tnh: Vn hu mi th c mt c tnh, nn chng mi thnh sai bit. Nht vi t l ng, t vi nc l d.


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Ha-hp-tnh: Mt c tnh c th lm cho tht, c, nghip c ha hp nhaukhng tan r.

Su yu t trn y, ba th trc ni v th, tng, dng ca v tr; ba th sau niv s quan h ca chng.

V phng din nhn sanh quan, phi ny cho rng con ngi c thnh lp l dobi tm yu t: yu t th nht l T-ng (Atman), tht th ca n vn khng sanh dit.Yu t th hai l (Manas), c quan lin lc gia T-ng v Ng-cn. Nm yu t k lNg-cn. Nm cn ny hon ton do vt cht to thnh: Nhn-cn do ha-i, Nh-cn dokhng-i, T-cn do a-i, Thit-cn do thy-i, Thn-cn do phong-i. i tngca Ng-cn l Ng-trn: Sc, thanh, hng, v, xc. T-ng l trung tm, cn v Ng-cn ch l c quan ph thuc nhn thc v hnh ng. Yu t sau ht l Nghip-lc(Adrsta), ng c ca s sng cht lun-hi.

L tng gii thot ca phi Thng-lun l con ngi cn phi tu kh hnh dit

tr nghip lc. Khi nghip lc tan, hnh gi lin t n cnh gii thun ty ca T-ng, chng qu Nit-bn an vui t ti.

5. Phi Tng-Kh-Da (Smkhya: S-lun): V khai t ca bn phi l Kip-T-La(Kapila), tc gi Hong-Xch tin-nhn. Kinh-in cn c ca phi ny l Ch-s-lun(Smkhya-stra).

V gio l, phi Tng-Kh-Da dung ha c hai t tng hu thn v duy vt m cuthnh hc thuyt ca mnh. H cho rng s l cn bn o lng cc php, t nis m khi lun, lun hay sanh s nn mi c mnh danh l s lun. Theo nhS-lun th ngun gc ca v tr khng ngoi Thn-ng l nguyn l tinh thn, v T-

tnh l nguyn l vt cht. Do hai nguyn l ny kt hp m sanh 23 , v l th tto ra v tr. Khi hai nguyn nhn thn ng v t tnh kt hp, thn ng l ng lc, ttnh l cht liu. V th phi ny cng gi l Minh-nh-nguyn-lun. V tun t hainguyn l sanh 23 , xin tm trnh by theo biu nh sau:

Thn-ngT-tnhGic(i)Ng mn

Nm tri-cn (u-tnh): mt, tai, mi, li, thn.Nm tc-cn (u-tnh): tay, chn, ming, sanh-thc-kh, bi-tit-kh.Tm cnNm duy (h-tnh): sc, thanh, hng, v, xc.Nm i (m-tnh): t, nc, gi, la, h khng.

Trong 25 trn (k c Thn-ng v T-tnh), T-tnh l cn nguyn pht trinthnh vn hu, nn cng gi n l vt cht cn bn. Kip sng con ngi c bao nhiuni au kh, l do ci th xc t tnh sanh ra. Chng-sanh nhn lm nhng s kin tora thn th l vt ca mnh. Mun dit tr mi ni au kh, hnh gi phi dt iu ngnhn y, tch i s kt hp ca hai th trn, m tr v b mt tht ca Thn-ng. y lphng thc gii thot ca phi S-lun th hin Thn-ng c tn.


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6. Phi Du-Gi (Yoga: Tng-ng): V khai t ca bn phi l Bt-T-X-L(Patanjali), gio in y c l kinh Du-Gi (Yoga-stra). Phi ny ch trng v php mnthin nh t n mc ch Ta vi Thn hp nht. Phng php tht tu chia lm tmgiai on: Cm-ch (Yama), Khuyn-ch (Niyama), Ta-php (Asana), iu-tc(Prnayama), Ch-cm (Prtykara), Chp-tr (Dhran), Tnh-l (Dhyna), ng-tr

(Samdhi). Cm-ch, cn phi gi nm iu: Khng st sanh, khng trm cp, khng tdm, khng ni di, khng tham lam, thuc c tiu cc. Khuyn-ch, cn phi lmnm vic: Thanh tnh, mn nh, kh hnh, hc tp kinh-in, nh thn, thuc c tch cc. Ta-php iu ha thn th. iu-tc chnh n h hp. Ch-cm thng ng ng cn. Chp-tr tp trung t tng. Tnh-l lng gn thc tm. ng-tr tm tr thnh vng lng nh h khng.

C y theo phng php trn y tu tp, lu ngy tm cnh s sng sut, chng ctam-mui, ch cn mt Thn-ng t ti. y l l tng gii thot ca phi Du-Gi.

Tit III: Lc S Ngoi o

Trn y l su mn phi ln thuc h thng Ph-; cn h thng phn Ph- tuycng c nhiu mn phi, song c ni danh nht ch c l thuyt ca su hc gi mkinh Pht thng gi l Lc-s-ngoi-o. Nhng, su mn phi ny ch bc pht mtthi gian ri tiu dit. L thuyt ca Lc-s-ngoi-o i khi nh sau:

1. Ph-Lan-Na-Ca-Dip (Prana Kacyapa: Mn-m-Quang): ng ch trngthuyt ngu nhin, khng tin lut nhn-qu, cho rng tt c s kh vui ha phc ca conngi, ch l ngu nhin m c. Li na. Mn-m-Quang l mt nh thuyt l ca Hoi-

nghi-lun. Theo ng th thin c khng c tiu chun nht nh, bt qu do tp qun xhi gi th m thi. X hi cho l thin hoc c, v tt l tht thin, tht c. Cho nn,lm lnh hoc d, i vi ng, khng c qu bo chi c. Pht-gio gi phi ny l Khng-kin-ngoi-o.

2. A-Di-a-Xy-X-Khm-B-La (Ajtakesa-Kam-bali: V-Thng-T): Trong kinhc ni gi ng l L-D-Gia hoc Chc-B-Ca (Lokayata). ng ch trng thuyt Cc-oan-duy-vt-lun, cho rng con ngi do t, nc, gi, la ha hp m thnh, cht ril hoi dit, thn t i li tr v cht t i. Theo ng, mc ch ca nhn sanh l tnhng nhng th vui vt cht. V-Thng-T cc lc bi xch lun l o c, cho lnhng iu kht khe, v l. Hc thuyt ca phi ny tng t trit hc Dng-Chu

Trung-Quc hoc trit hc Hin-sanh ca Ty-phng. Nh Pht gi h l Thun-th-ngoi-o.

3. Mt-Gi-L-Cu-X-L (Makkhali-Gosala: Ngu-X-T): ng ch trng thuytCc-oan-nh-mng-lun, cng gi l T-nhin-lun hay Tc-mng-lun. Theo Ngu-X-T, vn mng con ngi u do lut t nhin chi phi, khng phi ai mun l c.Khi tc mng nh con ngi phi chu kh, vui, hoc gii thot th t nhin c kh,


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vui, gii thot. ng xng gio l v vi im m, gn ging vi hc thuyt ca Lo,Trang. Pht-gio gi phi ny l T-nhin-ngoi-o hoc T-mng-ngoi-o.

4. B-Ph--Ca-Chin-Din (Pakudha-Katyayana: Hc-Lnh): Danh t ny li cmt li gi khc l Ca-La-Cu--Ca-Chin-Din. ng ch trng thuyt Cc-oan-

thng-kin-lun, phn i thuyt on-kin ca Thun-th-ngoi-o, B-Ph--Ca-Chin-Din lp thuyt Tm-vt-nh-nguyn-bt-dit, cho rng con ngi do by yu t:a, thy, ha, phong, kh, lc, sanh mng hp thnh. Bn cht ca by yu t ny lthng tr, khng v s sng cht m sanh dit theo. Vi ng, th d nh ngi b chtchm, chng qua l li dao y tm thi lm cho a, thy, ha, phong... (vt) phntn m thi, khng quan h n s tn vong ca kh, lc v sanh mng (tm). ng dngl lun ny c l con ngi bt tt phi s cht. Pht-gio gi phi ny l Thng-kin-ngoi-o.

5. San-X-D-T-La-L-T (Sanjaya Belatthiputta: ng-Thng): Danh t ny, theoli tn xng, gi l Tn-Nh-Gia-T-La-L-T. ng ch trng thuyt V-cu, s hnh

hng ngy l tu tp thin nh. Theo ng, o qu gii thot khng cn tm cu, c triqua nhiu kip lun chuyn, t nhin s n k s kh dt tr. Th d nh ci trc ctnc, khi quay ht dy th gu nc t ra khi ging. V th, ng a ra lp thuyt Mntm mun kip, t nhin c o. Pht-gio gi phi ny l Ngy-bin-ngoi-o.

6. Ni-Kin--Nh--T (Nigantha Nataputta: Ly-H-Thn-T): ng l v t hudanh khai sanh ra K-Na-gio, cng gi Thin-Na-gio (Jaina). Ly-H-Thn-T ngithuc dng St--L, x Cung--B-La (Kyndapura), ph cn kinh thnh T-X-Ly(Vaisali). ng xut-gia hi 31 tui, chuyn tu kh hnh tri qua 12 nm. Sau khi ng o,ng i du ha khp ni, thu phc rt nhiu, gy th lc mnh m vng thnglu sng Hng, nht l hai x T-X-Ly v Ma-Kit- (Magadha). Trong lch s t

tng n-, ng c vai tr trng yu khng km c Thch-Ca-Mu-Ni. c Pht cmi hiu, ng cng c nhiu danh hiu nh: Thin-Na (Jaina: Thng-Gi), a-Tha-D-D (Tathagata: Nh-Lai), Pht- (Buddha: Gic-Gi), Ma-Ha-T-La (Mahvira: i-Hng). Kinh Pht ni c by c Th-Tn, phi ca ng cng c thuyt 23 bc Thng-Gi. Sau 29 nm du ha, ng vin tch x Ba-B (Pav) th c 72 tui, nhm lcc Pht ang cn gio ha nhn gian.

T tng trit hc cn bn ca Ly-H-Thn-T xy dng trn Tht-th (Dravya).Tht-th ny chia ra hai trng thi l Sinh-mng-yu-t v Phi-sanh-mng-yu-t (Jva,Ajva). Sinh-mng-yu-t th gm hai phn: L tr v tnh cm. Phi-sanh-mng-yu-tc chia lm nm th: Khng (ksa), Vt-cht (Pudgala), Php (Dharma), Phi-php(Adharma), Thi-gian (Kata). Khng l nguyn l bao trm khp mi ni. Vt-cht lnguyn l to thnh nhc th. Php l nguyn l vn ng. Phi-php l nguyn l nhch. Thi-gian l nguyn l bin ha. Bi hai yu t Sanh-mng v Phi-sanh-mng linkt nhau, nn con ngi sanh ra phin no, b quanh qun trong no lun-hi. Mun cgii thot, hnh gi phi xa la s chp trc trn hai yu t m tr v Tht-th.

V phng din thc tin, Ly-H-Thn-T ch trng kh hnh tt xa latham nhim. ng t ra nm gii l: Khng st sanh, khng trm cp, khng ni di, gi


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tnh hnh v khng tham cu. chng xut-gia ca ng phn nhiu u la th, ly trobi trt cng mnh, sng mt cch c cc, khi kht thc th dng hai tay tip ly ri avo ming n lin. V th, nh Pht gi phi ny l V-tm-ngoi-o.

Tit IV: Tng Qut Cc Ngun T Tng n ng Thi

V thi gian sng lp, su i-hc-phi v lc-s-ngoi-o ni trn, xut hin trcPht-gio khng bao lu. Lc c Thch-Ca mi xut-gia, Ngi c n phng o nhngv th lnh ca my gio on y nh cc ng: Nh--T, Bt-Gi-B, A-La-Ra, Ut--La...

Ni chung, t tng gii n- thi by gi gn ging nh t tng gii i Chin-quc bn Trung-Hoa. Xt v mt x hi th trc Pht ging sinh khong 100 nm, nhmthi i tin k nguyn by th k, o B-La-Mn thnh hnh n cc im. Nhng

cng do s c quyn ca phi Tng-l, m o c tn-gio thi ch c nghi thcph trng b ngoi. Hn na, li v ch giai cp khng cng bnh, nhn dn khngc t do, ri sanh ra t tng ym th. Bi duyn c y, mt phng din b m tnhonh hnh, ngi ta hy sinh tu theo kh hnh. H quan nim rng c gn s kh miquen vi ci kh, v s xem thng, khng cn thy kh. C k tin tng tu kh hnh sc sanh ln ci tri hng cc iu vui. Li mt phng din khc, ngi ta ny ra ttng hoi nghi, ph nhn tt c tn-gio, nhn-qu v o-c. Nng theo quan nimy, h c xy t tng phn khng. Do , ngoi nhng gio phi thun theo h thngPh- truyn li, cc ch ngha khc tip tc ni ln. Nh ng Ph-Lan-Na-Ca-Dip ibiu cho ch ngha Hoi-nghi, ng V-Thng-T i biu cho ch ngha Khoi-lc, ngng-Thng i biu cho thuyt Ngy-bin, ng Nh--T i biu cho thuyt Kh-

hnh.

Theo kinh Phm-Vng v Sa-Mn-Qu th lc by gi c n 62 phi ngoi-okhc nhau. Nhng nhn tng qut, ta c th chia ra tm h thng ln:

1. Thng-kin-lun (Sassatavada): Ch trng th-gii v t-ng thng cn.

2. Bn-thng-bn-v-thng-lun (Ekaccasassa-tika): Ch trng tt c hintng u c mt b phn thng cn v mt b phn bin dit.

3. Hu-bin-v-bin-lun (Anatanantika): Chuyn tho lun v th-gii hu hn hay

v hn.

4. Ngy-bin-lun (Amaravikkhepih): L lun khng dt khot i vi tt c vn khng c mt gii php quyt nh.

5. V-nhn-lun (Adhiccasamuppada): Ch trng mi hin tng u ngu nhinpht sanh, khng quan h n nhn-qu.


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6. T-hu-hu-tng-v-tng-lun (Udhamagha-tamika): Chuyn tho lun v vn: sau khi cht thc cn tn ti khng v sanh ra nhng trng thi nh th no?

7. on-kin-lun (Ucchedavada): Ch trng cht l on dit.

8. Hin-php-nit-bn-lun (Ditthadhammanib-banam): Ch trng hin ti l cnhgii l tng ti cao.

Trong tm h thng trn, bn hng trc lp lun trong phm vi i hin ti, nn ctn l Bn-kip-bn-kin. Cn bn hng sau lp lun trong phm vi i v lai, nn c tnMt-kip-v-kin. y l nhng im m cn c vo , ta c th thy tt c s hn tpca t tng gii ng thi.

Nh trc ni, im xut pht ca cc tn-gio i : do tm cu thot kh, dotin tng sng bi, do tr hu tm cu s tht m sanh ra. Cho nn s xut hin ca 62mn phi cng khng ngoi ba yu im ny. Nhng d sao, nhng hc thuyt ri ren hi

, cng l c vn m mang mt th tn-gio canh tn. Thi i y, phi c mt bcv nhn xut hin, ph thnh kin giai cp bt cng v phn tch, dung hi tt c ttng phc tp, vch ra mt ng li chnh chn, gii thot.

V, l l do Pht-gio ra i.

---o0o---

Dng Di c Pht

Tit mc:I. Chng tc St--LII. Dng Cam-GiIII. H Thch-CaIV. Gia thuc

Php Tng trch dn: Kinh Pht-Thuyt-Tht-Pht, Kinh Khi-Th-Nhn-Bn,Kinh Pht-Bn-Hnh, Kinh Pht-Thuyt-Thp-Nh-Du.

yu: Chng tc St--L trong tit th nht, i khi ch cho dng di thng

tr, vin nhn ca giai cp St--L v sau, ch lc y cha c giai cp . Tit thhai, th ba, lc thut v trng thi ca kip gim, con ngi ln ln km phc, nn t i-chuyn-lun-vng truyn n Tiu-chuyn-lun-vng ri Tc-tn-vng. Tronghng Tc-tn-vng ny, sn xut ra h Thch-Ca thuc chng tc Cam-Gi(Iksvku). Tit th t mi chnh thc ni n gia thuc ca c Pht, do mt mch linlc t khi kip s bin chuyn n thi gian y.

Theo s th chng tc Thch-Ca di chn ni Hy-M, v pha bc sng La-Bt- (Rapti) chim mt din tch c 320 dm vung. Gia khu vc y li c con sng R-


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Hi-Ni (nay l sng Rohana) chy xuyn qua. Thnh Ca-T-La-V v tr v pha ty bcsng ny, ni sn xut ra bc thnh-nhn cu th.

Tit I: Chng Tc St Lc Pht bo: - Ta sanh ni cung vua Tnh-Phn, thuc chng tc St--L. (Kinh

Pht-Thuyt-Tht-Pht)

Ny cc T-khu! Vo thu kip s, lc th gian mi phn chia rung nng, mic danh t, cha thnh lp s trng pht, c mt chng-sanh tic gi la ca mnh, trmly ca k khc. C ngi trng thy lin bo rng: Ny anh kia! Ti sao anh c lam trm ly ca k khc? Anh lm chuyn xu xa ti c ri! Thi, ti tha cho, t ryng cn nh th na.

K trm kia tuy c tha, song vn khng hi li, ti phm nhiu ln. Sau cng,anh b chng bt li n ch ng, trch mng, nh p, ri h to ln rng: y l ktrm o! Nhng anh trm kia vn chi ci, chng c, v ni: Ti khng c ti g c!My ngi ny dng li th mng chi ti, dng tay nh p ti. By gi i chngang t tp , thy th u sanh lng bun ru. Nhiu ngi thng khc ni: Hmnay trong bn chng ta c nhng k em nhau n ch khn c, sanh ra php chnglnh, b phin no lm tng trng qu kh i sau v s hng v c th. Ti sao th?V chng ta hin thy my ngi ny co ko, mng chi xua ui nhau. By gi bn tann cng c bc chn chnh ln lm ch x on mi vic, k no ng qu trch thqu trch, ng trng pht th trng pht, ng xua ui th xua ui. i vi v y,chng ta nn trch mi ngi mt phn la cung cp. Sau khi i chng bnh lun

nh th ri, ng ng thun tm cu mt v lm Th-h-ch.

Lc trong m ng c mt ngi hnh vc oan chnh, din mo tn nghim, cch nghi dung rt l ng mn. Chng lin c v y ln lm H-ch, ngi ny cng vuilng ng thun. T v sau, vic x pht c nghim minh, khng cn ai tranh ci lnhip ai, i chng cng y theo l, chung nhau ng gp chung cp cho v H-ch y.C nh th i ny tip i kia, thnh ra chng tc St--L. (Kinh Khi-Th-Nhn-Bn)

Ny cc T-khu! Cc ng nn bit, vua St--L cng gi l in-ch; bi kipti s do nhn duyn nh th, i chng mi cng c, nn thnh ra vng chng vy.

(Kinh Pht-Bn-Hnh)

Tit II: Dng Cam Gi

c Pht bo:


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- By gi v vua do i chng cng c, v sau sanh c mt hi nhi tn l Chn-Tht. a b ny 32 tng tt, sau lm Chuyn-lun-vng, l bc i-a-ch, cai trbn chu thin h, c mt ngn ngi con, by bu t nhin y , oai c rng ln,nhip phc tt c gic lon. Khi v vua y cn tr ha i, t t lin cho n b bin,khng c gai gc v g nng cao thp. Lc nhn dn c an vui, khng gp s s hi

kh khn, ng cc u ti tt. Vua cai tr ng theo chnh o, nn khng cn ng aobinh m cc ni t hng phc.

Ny cc T-khu! Trong mt ngn ngi con ca vua Chn-Tht, c v trng t tnl -H, cng gi l T-Dng, sau ni ngi lm Chuyn-lun-thnh-vng. V Lun-vng ny cng c by bu, mt ngn ngi con, oai c v cch tr ha y nh vua cha.K -H lun-vng l Tr-Gi lun-vng. K Tr-Gi lun-vng l nh-Sanh lun-vng, tng truyn nh th cho n i i-Tu-Di lun-vng. T vua Chn-Tht chon i-Tu-Di, k ra c n 29 i Chuyn-lun-thnh-vng.

Vua i-Tu-Di t khi ln ngi tr ha, mi i truyn nhau, c 101 v Tiu-

chuyn-lun-vng, u c tr thnh Bao-a-Na, hng nhiu phc lc. Trong cc vvua y, v rt sau tn l S-T-Tha ln ni ngi, ri truyn li cho con chu n 61 iTiu-chuyn-lun-vng, u c tr thnh Ba-La-Ni, tr ha dn chng, hng phcan vui. T vua S-T-Tha truyn cho n vua i-T-i-Thin thnh M-Di-La, kchung c n 173.122 i Tiu-chuyn-lun-vng, ch c tr ty theo mi lp, u cthay i.

Ny cc T-khu! Cc v vua y tng truyn cho n v sau rt l Ng-Vng. Nnbit cc bc Tiu-chuyn-lun-vng nh th, u c nhiu phc c cn lnh, hng phc bo i, thng tr t min t lin cho n m bin, cng tt c vng rngni. Nhng Lun-vng y, mi v u c nhiu Tc-tn-vng. Nay ta k tip cho cc

ng nghe:Ng-Vng c ngi con lm vua mt ci, tn l Chn-Sanh. V hong vng ny

nhn t i t ph cho n bn thn u c tu tp cn lnh, nn mi c a v cao;nhng khng bao lu v phc bo ht nn mt ngi. Dn chng thi y thy vua phcc km, ng thng xt, ngho nn n bc hn cc i vua trc, nn li t hiu lKh-Qut-Vng. Song vua Kh-Qut may c c ngi con phc c ln ni ngi,tn l Bnh-ng-Hnh-Vng. Ri t vua Bnh-ng-Hnh mi i truyn nhau chon vua i-Mu-Tho k c 142 i vua, u c tr thnh Bao-a-Na. Chng mayti i vua i-Mu-Tho li khng c con truyn ni. ng ngh rng: Cc v Tc-tn-vng trong dng h ca ta, mi khi thy tc trn u im bc, lin hi cc con li lml qun nh, ty theo v th phong cho vng tc. Ring mnh th em sn vt ca mtchu tr ph nht b th, ri co ru tc, t ngi vua, xut-gia tu hnh. Nay ta khngc con, ai s ni ngi ta? Ai s ni di dng h ca ta? Nhng li t ngh: Nay nu takhng xut-gia tu hnh, tc l lm mt chng tc hin-thnh. Suy ngh cng cn nhth, vua i-Mu-Tho lin em vic nc giao cho cc v i-thn, ri co ru tc xut-gia.


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Sau khi xut-gia, ng gi gii thanh tnh, tu hnh tinh tn, chng c T-thin, c ng thng, thnh bc vng-tin. V vng-tin y sng rt lu, da nhn lng cm,thn th suy yu, tuy chng gy nhng khng i c xa. My -t ca vng-tin, khimun kht thc hay c vic i u, thng dng c nhuyn lt trn ci gi thy ngi,ri treo rt ln cy, v s cc loi th n khuy nhiu tin-nhn trong cn thin nh.

Mt hm, sau khi hng -t i kht thc, c anh th sn xa trng thy vng-tin, ngl loi chim, trng cung bn cht. Cc mn lc kht thc tr v, thy thy b tunnn, lin cht ci lm l tr t, ri thu linh ct xy bo thp, thng dng hng hoa cng dng.

Trong lc vng-tin b tn, c hai git mu nh xung t. Ch hai git mu y, vsau sanh ra hai mt ma (cam gi). Hai mt ma ny ln ln cao ln, nng ri ma chan,khng bao lu n thi k thun thc. Ngy n, ni hai thn cy bng n vang lnting ln, xut hin mt ng nam v mt ng n, t dung xinh p v cng. Hng -t ca vng-tin thy th, ngh rng thy mnh lc cn ti tc khng c con ci, nay haia b ny cng l huyt thng ca ngi, lin ht lng nui dng v bo cho cc v

i-thn hay. Khi my v i-thn nghe ni, rt i vui mng, cng nhau n rng rchai a b em v cung, ri thnh mt v B-La-Mn n xem tng v t tn. V B-La-Mn xem xong, khen l phc tng, li nhn a ng t ny do nh mt tri rivo thn cy ma, n ngy thun thc m c xut sanh, nn t h l Cam-Gi-Sanh,tn l Thin-Sanh, cng gi l Nht-Chng. Cn a ng n th t tn l Thin-Hin,cng gi l Thy-Ba. V sau, Cam-Gi-Sanh c tn ln lm vua, v Thin-Hin thlm nht vng-phi ca vua. (Kinh Pht-Bn-Hnh)

Tit III: H Thch Ca

Vua Cam-Gi c b vng-phi th hai, t dung rt xinh p. B ny sanh c bnngi con tn l: C-Din, Kim-Sc, Tng-Chng v Bit-Thnh. Cn Thin-Hinvng-phi ch sanh mt con tn l Trng-Th. Lun v dung mo, Trng-Th vng-t rt khi ng tun t, t c ngi hn; nhng theo tng s th vng-t khng ctcch lm vua mt nc ln.

Cng v l y, nn Thin-Hin vng-phi hng em lng lo bun. B ngh: BnC-Din bn a thy u oai dng, ta ch c mt ngi con, phi lm th no cho nc ni ngi? Hin thi vua rt yu qu ta, hng quyn luyn t khi xa ri. Vy ta phitrang im cc k xinh p lm cho ngi say m, ri nhn lc vng v ta s cu xin iu

. Sau khi suy ngh nh th, b dng nc thm tm gi sch s, tc tm du thm,chi bi vn kho, im phn thoa son, u kt vng hoa, c eo chui anh lc, ri i nch vua. Cam-Gi-Vng thy b kiu dim nh vy, cng thm say m. Trong lc ingh, ch c hai ngi, vng-phi tu rng: Tha i-vng! Thip may mn c nhn yu du, nay c mt iu tm nguyn, xin i-vng thun cho. Vua bo: i phi!Nng c iu chi mong c, c hy ni ra, ta s chp thun. Vng-phi li tu: Nui-vng ha nhn s yu cu ca thip, xin ch ci hi, bng c nh th th thipkhng dm t ra. Vua ni: Ta nht nh thun theo s nguyn ca i phi, nu v sau


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m ci hi th u ca ta s b v ra lm by mnh. Sau khi nghe vua ha nh th,vng-phi tu xin ui bn anh em C-Din ra khi nc, cho con mnh c ningi. Cam-Gi-Vng bit bn con khng c li lm, kh ly c chi m ui ra khinc, nhng v vng-phi ni n, nhc li li th, nn kt cuc vua phi theo.

Sng ra, vua gi bn hong t n bo: Cc con hy sp t ri khi x ny, i nni khc m . Bn vng-t qu xung tu: Bch Ph-vng! Chng con khng cli chi, c sao Ph-vng li n ui i ni khc? Vua ni: l kin ca Thin-Hin vng-phi, cha ha l, nn trt phi theo. Khi y nh vng-phi, m ca bnhong t, v cc b phi khc, bit c tin y, cng xin vua em con ci v quyn thuci theo. K , cc hng i-thn, cc quan vn v, qun gi voi nga, qun cung n,quan qun gi kho tng, cng xin em b ng quyn thuc i theo. Trc tnh cnh y,khng bit ni sao, vua cng nh chp thun. Ri cho n cc th lm bng tre, thmc, th da, th c ngi gch, th gy ru, th co, th nhum, cc dc s, y s, hngnng, mc, ng, tiu, nghe vua ui bn hong t, cng xin em tt c quyn thuc itheo. Trc khi khi hnh, vua bo bn hong t rng: T nay v sau, nu mun kt

hn, cc con ng chn ngi ngoi tc, ch cho dng Cam-Gi phi b on tuyt.Bn vng-t ci ly vng li, ri hng dn on ngi i v pha bc, di dy Tuyt-Sn.

on ngi i chm chm, dc ng sn bn cc loi cm th dng lm thc n,sau rt i n mt ch t ai ph nhiu bng phng, tho mc xanh rm tt ti. Ni yc nhng ao m rng ln, nc dy y trong sch. Li c cc loi cy nh: cy a-la,cy A-thuyt-tha, cy Ni-cu-, cy u-m-b-la, cy Ca-l-la v.v... gc cao tn ln,cnh l giao nhau, ph che rm mt c mt vng. Li c nhng th hoa p nh: hoa A--mc-a, hoa Chim-ba, hoa A-du-ca, hoa Ba-a-la, hoa B-l-s-ca... v cc th cyc qu, cc loi tp cm, d th rt nhiu, cnh sc rt nn xinh p. Ch ny nguyn xa

l ni c tr ca mt v tin tn l Ca-T-La (Kapila - Kip-T-La).Cc v vng-t tm c ch tt, lin quyt nh lp thnh p tr ha. Mi

v u vng li cha, la ngi trong h m kt hn. Sau vua Cam-Gi hay c, tronglng vui mng, khen rng: Cc con ta kho lp quc k, hay em nhn c tr ha thndn. Nhn , bn vng-t mi ly h l Thch-Ca (Nng-Nhn cng gi l Kiu-p-Ma, xa dch C-m), li nh gc tch ca v tin xa , nn t tn thnh l Ca-T-La. V sau ba v vng-t ln lt qua i ch cn mt v tr th tr v, ly hiu l Ni-Cu-La-Vng. Vua Ni-Cu-La sau truyn ngi cho con l Cu-L, Cu-L truyn choC-Cu-L, C-Cu-L truyn cho S-T-Hip. S-T-Hip-Vng sanh c bn traimt gi, khi ln tui truyn ngi cho ngi con c l Duyt-u-n, i i ni tip ti thnh Ca-T-La, tr ha nhn dn, hng nhiu phc lc. (Thnh y by gi l xPiprawa, pha ng bc l tnh Ba-La-Ni Bnars - pha nam l x Npal). (KinhPht-Bn-Hnh)

Tit IV: Gia Thuc


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By gi v quc ch x Ca-T-La-V (Kapilavastu) l Tnh-Phn-Vng (cng gil Bch-Tnh-Vng). Cch thnh Ca-T-La khng xa, li c mt thnh tn l Thin-T.Ni thnh ny hin c ng mt nh Thch-chng rt ho qu, tn l Thin-Gic trng-gi. Trng-gi giu ln, y oai c, t sn to tt, cc kho chu bu rt nhiu, nhca p lng ly nh cung in T-Sa-Mn thin-vng.

V Thch trng-gi ny sanh c tm ngi con gi p l: Vi-, V-T-, i-, V-Bin-, K-, Hc-Ngu, Su-Ngu v i-Hu. Nng con gi th tm, trongbui s sanh, c v B-La-Mn n xem tng v ni: C b ny ln ln, nu c giatht, s sanh mt ngi con lm Chuyn-lun-thnh-vng, by bu t nhin, oai c y, cho n khng cn dng hnh pht m tr dn.

Vua Tnh-Phn (Suddhodana) nghe ni c gi th tm ca Thin-Gic trng-gi ctng sanh con qu, lin ngh: Ta s ci ngi con gi y lm hong-hu, cho ngiChuyn-lun ca dng Cam-Gi ta khng on tuyt. Ngh ri, ngi sai s n nhThin-Gic trng-gi hi xin i-Hu. Trng-gi trnh vi s rng: ng v tu li

cng i-vng, ni ti c tm con gi, a ln l Vi- a t l i-Hu, ti sao i-vng li hi a nh nht? Vy xin i-vng ch ti g by a ln xong, vic y snh sau. S-gi v tha li, Tnh-Phn-Vng bo: Nu nh th, ta s rc lun tmnng v cung. Hai bn ng thun xong xui, n ngy nghinh hn, Tnh-Phn-Vngci c ln l Vi- v c t l i-Hu. Cn ba hong ca ngi th ci su c kia,mi v hai nng, em v lm phi. (Kinh Pht-Bn-Hnh)

Vua Bch-Tnh c ba ngi em trai, k theo th t l: Cam-L-Tnh-Vng, Hc-Tnh-Vng, v Thit-Tnh-Vng. Hai v phi tht ca ngi, mi ngi sanh mt con,hong-hu Ma-Gia (Maya) sanh ra Thi-t Tt-t-a, cn b Kiu-m-Di (cng gi lBa-X-Ba- - Prajpati) sanh ra Nan-. Cam-L-Tnh-Vng c hai con, con ln l

iu-t (-B-t-a), con th l A-Nan. Hc-Tnh-Vng c hai con, con ln lThch-Ma-Np, con th l A-Na-Lut. Thit-Tnh-Vng cng c hai con, con ln lThch-Ca-Vng, con th l Thch-Thiu-Vng.

Thi-t Thch-Ca Tt-t-a (Sakya- Siddhrtha) sanh vo thng t, lc mt trimc, nhm ngy trng trn (theo lch Trung-Hoa th mng 8, thng 4 - trc Gia T 624nm). iu t sanh ngy mng 7 thng t, Nan- ngy mng 9 thng t, A-Nan ngymng 10 thng t.

Thi-t thn cao mt trng su thc (thc mc), iu-t cao mt trng nmthc t, Nan- cao mt trng nm thc t, A-Nan cao mt trng nm thc ba.Trong h Thch-Ca, hng qu tc phc c thng thng cao mt trng bn thc.Cn nhn dn trong nc mc cao trung bnh mt trng ba thc. (Kinh Pht-Thuyt-Thp-Nh-Du)

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c Thch Tn Trc Khi Thnh o


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Tit mc:I. B-Tt ging thnII. B-Tt nhp thaiIII. B-Tt tr thaiIV. B-Tt n sanh

V. Tin-nhn xem tngVI. Thi-t hc tp vn vVII. My cuc nhn duVIII. Thi-t xut-giaIX. Thi-t hi o

Php Tng trch dn: Kinh Pht-Bn-Hnh, Kinh Qu-Kh-Hin-Ti-Nhn-Qu,T-Ni-Gia-Tp-S, Kinh Phng-Qung-i-Trang-Nghim, Kinh Pht-Thuyt-Thp-Nh-Du, Kinh V-Tng-Hu, Kinh Thoi-ng, Kinh Tu-t-Noa, Pht-Hc-i-Cng.

yu: Ton chng vit phng theo na on ca thuyt Tm tng thnh o,

t lc B-Tt ging thn cho n khi Thi-t xut-gia, nhng c thm my tit: nm, su,by v chn, cho s tch thm phn y . i khi trong chn tit, k nhng s trngt khi B-Tt ging thn, vo thai, trong thai, lc n sanh, c tin-nhn xem tng,ln ln hc tp vn v, c gia nh, ri nhn i chi thy cnh gi, bnh, cht, m xut-gia tm o. y l na on i v trc ca c Thch-Tn.

Thuyt Tm tng thnh o theo i-tha l: u-Sut ging-thn, Nhp-thai,Tr-thai, n-sanh, Xut-gia, Thnh-o, Chuyn-php-lun v Nhp nit-bn. Trongtm iu ny, Tiu-tha thm tng Hng-ma m khng lp tng Tr-thai, v cho trthai gm trong thc thai; cn i-tha th khng lp tng Hng-ma, v bit r ma chnhl Pht.

Trong chng ny c vi im m theo quan nim th gian, ngi ta cho l xa vithc t. Nhng theo quan nim Pht-gio th cc php u nh huyn, huyn php tytheo nghip duyn thin c m bin hin khng lng, hung na vi Thi-t Tt-t-a, mt v B-Tt tng nhiu kip tu chng Lc-ba-la-mt. Vy khng nn em tmt th gian m on nh.

Theo cc kinh Trung-Hoa phin dch, thi gian Pht n sanh nhm ngy mng tmthng t. Nhng gn y, quyt ngh ca Hi-Pht-gio-th-gii xin cc nc Pht-gioly ngy 15 thng 4 (.l.T.H.) lm ngy k nim Pht-n. V th nn trong y sa lingy y lm ngy trng trn.

Li, theo quyt ngh chung, Pht-gio-th-gii nm 1952 ng ly nm c-Pht nit-bn, tc l 544 nm trc k nguyn, lm nm k nim Pht-lch thng nhtca Pht-gio. Th th c Thch-Tn ging sinh vo khong thi gian 624 - 544 nmtrc ty-lch. Hin nay nm Pht-lch l 2508 - 1964.

Tit I: B Tt Ging Thn

H-Minh B-Tt t ni php hi ca c Ca-Dip-Th-Tn, gi gn cm gii, phmhnh trong sch, sau khi mng chung, chnh nim sanh ln ci u-Sut--thin.


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Sau khi vng sanh, B-Tt tr ni ni-vin thin-cung. Cc cung in ci u-Sut nh sng huy hong, s trang nghim tt p v lng v bin. u do sc cngc oai thn ca H-Minh i-s m t nhin ha hin. Cc i-Phm-thin-vng vhng A-tu-la oai c ln, u vn tp ni cung tri u-Sut, vy quanh B-Tt, thathnh php m. V lng chng-sanh khi sanh ln ci u-Sut, thy s vui ng dc

nhim mu, phn nhiu u m nhim, khng nh bn nguyn v hnh tu i trc. B-Tt tuy thy cnh ng dc thng diu, song vn khng m hoc, li nh n nhn duynca mnh v dn dy chng-sanh nn mi ng hin ni ci ny. Th mng ca ch thinci u-Sut n bn ngn nm. B-Tt v hng ch thin y thuyt php gio ha, chr php tng, khin cho i chng u hoan h. (Kinh Pht-Bn-Hnh)

Khi vn k gn n, sp phi ging sinh thnh Pht, B-Tt qun st nm vic:

1. Cn duyn ca chng-sanh thun thc hay cha?

2. n thi k ha cha?

3. Trong chu Dim-Ph-, quc no chnh gia?

4. Trong cc chng tc, tc tnh no qu thnh?

5. V nhn duyn qu kh, ai l bc chn chnh, ng lm cha m mnh?

Sau khi qun st nm vic y xong, Ngi bit r: Hin nay cc chng-sanh do mnhgio ha t khi mi pht tm, thin cn thun thc. n thi k nhng k huduyn c th lnh th php mu thanh tnh. Trong ci i-thin-th-gii ny, nc Ca-T-La-V gia chu Dim-Ph-. Trong cc chng tc, c h Thch-Ca thuc dng

Cam-Gi l qu thnh nht. V nhn duyn qu kh, Bch-Tnh-Vng v Ma-Giahong-hu l bc hin lng chn chnh, c th lm cha m mnh. (Kinh Qu-Kh-Hin-Ti-Nhn-Qu)

Tit II: B Tt Nhp Thai

By gi, H-Minh B-Tt xem xt con bch tng ci tri, thy n mnh m vngvng nh s t cha; ci tng vng ny ging sinh, tt khng cn c s ri lon shi, tm c an im. Ngi day li bo ch thin rng: Cc v nn bit, n gi ta

ging sinh. y l ln th thn sau rt ca ta.

Khi y ni thnh Ca-T-La, Ma-Gia hong-hu trong gic m, thy c mt v B-Tt ci con bch tng su ng, u voi ng sc , ng trang nghim bng vng, t hkhng i xung, chun vo hng bn hu ca mnh. (Kinh Pht-Bn-Hnh)


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Tit III: B Tt Tr Thai

C nhng chng-sanh, khi nhp thai khng th chnh nim; hoc khi nhp thaichnh nim, khi tr thai khng th chnh nim, hoc khi nhp thai, tr thai u chnhnim, khi xut thai khng th chnh nim.

Li cc chng-sanh khc, khi tr thai hoc c lc bn tri, c lc bn mt, lmcho ngi m chu rt nhiu s nhc nhn au n. B-Tt khi tr thai thng bn mt,khng di ng, khng lm tn n ngi m.

Cc chng-sanh khc, khi tr thai tt b nhim cc th khng sch trong thn ngim. B-Tt khi tr thai, khng c s kinh s, khng b nhim cht d, v nh bnh bulu ly c o tri gi kn, d em ch d cng khng b nhim.

Cc chng-sanh khc khi tr thai, ngi m thng chu s nng n, nhc mt, thnth khng an. B-Tt khi tr thai, ngi m thn khng mi mt, khi i, ng, nm, ngi,

ng, ngh u c an vui.

Cc chng-sanh khc khi tr thai, ngi m hoc lm nhng tp hnh, hoc dc tmhng thnh, hoc thm cc mi v, hoc tham lam bn xn, hoc gin hn c c, hocthn th suy yu, vng v gy g. B-Tt khi tr thai, ngi m a gi gii hnh, khngc lng dc nhim, khng tham m cc mi v, a b th, hng thng xt khng lmtn hi mi loi, thn th mnh khe, dung sc ti vui.

Trn y l nhng php v tng hu ca hng B-Tt. (Kinh Pht-Bn-Hnh)

Tit IV: B Tt n Sanh

Hong-hu Ma-Gia mang thai gn ngy thng (by gi b 45 tui). Khi y,Thin-Gic trng-gi (Anuskya - A-Nu-Thch-Ca) sai s qua thnh Ca-T-La tu viTnh-Phn-Vng, xin y theo c tc em con gi v qu ngoi l x Cu-Ly (Koly - Cu-Li) an dng ch ngy sanh. Tnh-Phn-Vng y li, sai quan Hu-T sa sang conng t thnh Ca-T-La n thnh -B--Ha (Devadaha - Thin-T-thnh) chobng phng, tr b gai gc, sn , qut dn sch s. Vua li bo quan qun th n spt xe bu, ri hng hoa, tu cc th m nhc, a Ma-Gia phu-nhn v qu.

Trn qung ng v, hong-hu gh vo vn Lm-T-Ni (Lumbini) thngngon ma hoa ang n. Trong vn c cy Ba-la-xoa (Sala - V-u), tn che rng ri,cnh r thp bn b, hoa l chen nhau, sc xanh tm cng chi di nh triu dng, lv mun phn xinh p. Hoa ca loi cy ny c mi hng thanh nh, bay lan theo lngi thong, lm cho ngi thn tr vui ti. Hong-hu do xem khp ni, ri ln chmri bc n ci V-u, ngc mt nhn ln, a cnh tay mt t t vn cnh cy xung.(Kinh Pht-Bn-Hnh)


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Khi y, nh sng rc r bn b, ci t rung ng su cch, Ma-Gia phu-nhn nsanh ra B-Tt. By gi, tri -Thch em hoa sen ri theo li i. B-Tt chn p hoasen, nh i by bc, nhn khp bn phng, mt tay ch tri, mt tay ch t, xng lnrng: y l thn sau rt ca ta. Trn tri di tri, ch c Ta l tn qu hn c. Lc ,trn h khng Long-vng phun hai th nc: m v mt, tm gi cho B-Tt. (T-

Ni-Gia-Tp-S)Tnh-Phn-Vng hay c tin y, lin nghim chnh n binh, cng vi quyn

thuc v mt c ngi Thch-chng, i n vn Lm-T-Ni. Khi n ni, vua thyThi-t tng l trang nghim, v cng hoan h!

By hm sau ngy sanh n, hong-hu Ma-Gia ly trn, sanh ln cung tri ao-Li,hng phc t nhin, do bi hoi thai B-Tt cng c rt ln. (Kinh Qu-Kh-Hin-Ti-Nhn-Qu)

Thi-t ti vn Lm-T-Ni by ngy, ri c a v thnh Ca-T-La. Vua

Tnh-Phn t tn cho Thi-t l Tt-t-a (Siddhrtha - Ngha-Thnh). (Kinh Phng-Qung-i-Trang-Nghim)

Tit V: Tin Nhn Xem Tng

Sau khi hong-hu qua i, Tnh-Phn-Vng giao Thi-t cho b Ba-X-Ba-(Prajpati) nui dng. Ngi li truyn mi cc thy tng s vo n xem tng chong-cung. Khi xem xong, cc tng s u tha: Tu i-vng! C theo sch xani th ngi no 32 tng nh Thi-t y, s c hai vic: mt l c lm Chuyn-

lun-thnh-vng, cai tr bn chu thin h, by bu y . Hai l nu xut-gia, tt sthnh Pht, v lng chng-sanh. Vua hi: Nhng tng y nh th no? Cctng s u ch rnh r mi mi trong 32 tng. Tnh-Phn-Vng rt vui p.

Trong ngy , Th-mn-quan li bo tin c A-T- tin xin yt kin. Vua truynmi vo, nh l tin-nhn, thnh ngi trn bo ta, ri tha rng: Chng hay tin trngn y c iu chi dy bo? o-s p: Tha i-vng! Ti xem thin tng, bitMa-Np-B-T-Gi B-Tt vo thnh ny. Nay nghe i-vng mi sanh Thi-t,nn mun xin cho c thy mt.

Quan Ng-th tha: Thi-t hin ang ng. Tin-nhn mm ci c bi k:

Nga hay khng ng nhiu,Na m tm thi ngh,Vic nh lm cha xong,Sao say thn tr?


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Vua truyn bo c vo bng ra. Khi quan Ng-th bng Thi-t va n i in,Ngi bng m mt, v mt ti tnh. o-s A-T- lng l xem tng xong ri hi:Cc tng s khc ni nh th no? Vua y li trc thut li. Tin-nhn bo:

Cc tng s y ni chng ng,

Trong i mt-php khng Lun-vng.Nu nh bc cha ha bn chu,Th tng Lun-vng cha hin .M nay c c thng duyn ny,Quyt nh v sau s thnh Pht.

Vua Tnh-Phn nghe ni Thi-t sau s tu hnh, chng Cam-l-php, th lng lkhng vui. (T-Ni-Gia-Tp-S)

Tit VI: Thi T Hc Tp Vn VThi-t ln ln khn ln. Tnh-Phn-Vng rt chiu qu con, cp cho cc th xe:

voi, nga, tru, d, v nm trm k thng u nh bn Xa-Nc... theo hu h. NmThi-t ln by tui, vua cho thnh 500 v B-La-Mn ti c vo hong cung, dycon v cc mn: thin vn, a l, ton s, k thut, ngh lun, vn hc, v ngh. Trongcc gio s, c ng T-Xa-Mt-a-La v vn hc t ra xut sc, cn ng Sn---Bth tinh thng v v ngh. Tr thng minh ca Thi-t rt phi thng khng ai snh kp.Hc chng bao lu m Ngi thng sut mi ngnh. Cc thy dy ca Ngi ln ln ucm thy s hc vn ca mnh c hn, m ch hiu bit ca v li su rng v cng.Rt cuc cc ng va t thn va khen ngi bi phc, tr li tn xng Thi-t l bc

thy, ri t bit ra v.

Khi Thi-t c mi by tui (c thuyt ni 16 tui), vua hi qun thn li bnnh vic hn phi cho con. Mt quan-i-thn tu: Tha i-vng! B-La-Mn Ma-Ha-Na-Ma thuc dng h Thch, c mt ngi con gi tn Gia-Du--La (Yasodhar -c-D), tr hu thng minh, t dung xinh p, ti hnh hn ngi. C y c th lm vnguyn phi ca Thi-t. Vua sai ngi n nh trng-gi Ma-Ha-Na-Ma, quan sttrong by ngy, thy qu ng nh th, lin cho s-gi sang lm l thng vn, ri langy tt nghinh hn. Sau khi kt hn, Thi-t i vi Gia-Du cng-nng, trong khii ng tr chuyn vn snh i cng nhau, nhng thng lnh m khng c nim thtc. Ban m thanh vng, Ngi thch tnh ta chuyn tu thin qun. (Kinh Qu-Kh-

Hin-Ti-Nhn-Qu)Cng-nng Gia-Du--La cng c hiu l C-Di, cha l Ma-Ha-Na-Ma tc X-Di

trng-gi (Thy-Quang), m l Nguyt-N phu-nhn. Khi C-Di mi sanh, mt tri spln, nh tch dng phn chiu khp trong nh sng r, nhn cng-nng li c hiu lMinh-N. Ngoi C-Di l bn nguyn phi, Thi-t li c hai b phi khc l Gia-Duy-n, con ca Di-Thi B-La-Mn, v Lc-D, con ca Thch trng-gi. Vua Tnh-Phn


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xy ct cho ba vng-tc ba ta in cc, mi in c n hai vn th n. (i chiu ccKinh: Pht-Thuyt-Thp-Nh-Du, V-Tng-Hu, Thoi-ng, Tu-t-Noa)

Tit VII: My Cuc Nhn DuMt hm, Thi-t nghe cc cung n ht nhng bi vnh cnh vn cy ti tt, ngn

sui reo thanh, bng ng nhn du. Ngi suy ngh: Nu ta c mi trong cung, lmsao bit c cnh vt bn ngoi th no? Ngh xong, Thi-t tu vi Ph-vng xin rangoi thnh du ngon. Vua Tnh-Phn nghe ni vui v ng thun, sai quan qun cng ivi ng-cung.

Khi i n mt cnh ng, Thi-t trng thy nhng ngi nng phu qun o lam l,lm vic di nh mt tri nng bc, xem ra rt l vt v. Ngi li thy mi ln cy tln, loi cn trng lp b t on, lp b ra, nhng chim mung tranh nhau bay xung

bt chng n. Mc kch cnh y, Thi-t ng lng thng xt than rng: Cuc i lmt chui nhc nhn, kh s, xu x ln nhau nh th ? Ta phi lm th no cu vtchng-sanh thot ly mi ni kh? Du ngon xong, Ngi cng cc quan tr v thnh, bnlng canh cnh mt tm nim khng vui.

Cch t lu sau, Thi-t li tu vi vua cha xin ra ngoi thnh du lm. Trc tin,Ngi cng quan qun h v ra ca thnh pha ng. ang lc do chi vui v, Thi-tbng thy mt ng lo lng cm, tc bc, kh lc suy vi, tuy c chng gy song li ing xem ra nhc mt. Nhn qua cnh , Ngi suy ngh: Bng thiu quang thm thottri mau, ci gi s n khng my lc. Ta tuy giu sang quyn th, nhng lm sao trnhkhi cnh ny! Ti sao ngi i khng ngh n ni kh s n vi mnh m tm

phng gii thot, li an nhin trong vng dc lc?

K , Thi-t ra do ca thnh pha nam. Ln ny vua Tnh-Phn cho ngi sasang, qut dn trc ng s. Dc theo bn l, cch khong li c treo nhng lng,phn v t hng ri hoa. Nhng khng may, trong lc du ngon, Thi-t thy mtngi bnh gy yu vng v, tay chn run ry, ming khng ngt ku rn. Bnh nhn dohai ngi du , ang i khp khnh bn l. Ngi lin bo quan qun dng li, ri vi vxung xe, dng li t i hi thm an i, li ci chui ngc trong mnh ban cho thnnhn k bnh lo vic thuc thang. Tri qua cnh y, Thi-t mt ht hng th vui chi,truyn quan h v y xe v cung.

Ln th ba, Thi-t ra do ca thnh pha Ty. My k trc, sau cuc du ngon trv, vua Tnh-Phn thy con c nt u bun, hi thm k tng nhn bit r duyn c. Vth ln ny vua cho mt v B-La-Mn tr tui, ti thng minh hng bin, tn l u--Di, i theo lm bn vi Thi-t. Ni thnh ngoi, vua li ngm sai qun ngn khngcho k gi, bnh ra ng. Chng nhng cc li i sa sang trang nghim hn trc, m my khun vin ngoi thnh, Tnh-Phn-Vng cng t sn nhng on m nhc cav, cho cnh tr tng thm v vui ti. Nhng trong lc on du ngon ang vui bc lnln do chi ra xa, mt m xc t ng kia i n. Theo sau , cc thn nhn ngi


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cht ku khc thm thit bi ai. Sau khi hi bit l m xc m ngi ta em i ni xavng ha tng, Thi-t l v bun bc, truyn quay xe tr v. u--Di ht sckhuyn ln, song cng khng c.

Mt thi gian sau, Thi-t li xin vua cha cho i do ngoi ca thnh pha bc. Tnh-

Phn-Vng khng n ngn cn, nhng tri qua my phen s h trc, k ny ngisai qun trit ngn nga cc ni thnh ngoi, khng cho Thi-t thy mt tngtrng no c th gi l bt tng. Vua li cho sa sang khung cnh du ngon tht biphn trang nghim, v dn nhng k tng nhn khuyn Thi-t khi do chi nn dngnga trng thy r cnh p bn b. Sng hm sau, Thi-t cng u--Di v hngquan thuc ci nga chm ri ra khi thnh. Khi n mt khu vn, Ngi cho cc tnggi tn i do chi xung quanh, ri xung nga li gc cy ngi yn lng mt mnh, vnv lo ngh n cnh gi, bnh, cht. Lc y t ng xa, mt v Sa-mn mc php phc,m bt, cm tch trng khoan thai i n. Thy tng trng an nhn t ti , Thi-tbng sanh lng hoan h, ng ln n hi o nhn v mc ch ca s tu hnh. V Sa-mn p: Cnh th gian u v thng gi huyn, ngi i v m theo dc nhim, nn

b li cun trong vng buc rng kh no. Mc ch tu hnh ca ti l tr lng thamtrc ni sc, thanh, hng, v, xc, php, em tm vo ni im m v vi, ln ln schng qu Nit-bn, thot no lun-hi, hng c an nhn t ti. Khi t mnh giithot, li em o mu m ha chng-sanh.

Nghe my li y, Thi-t cm thy s lo ngh t trc thot tiu tan, ni tr m ra lii quyt nh. Ngi but ming khen: Lnh thay! trong i ch c vic ny l cao quhn c. Trn con ng v, Thi-t lun lun l v vui ti; nhng khi vo n cahong thnh, gng mt Ngi bng n nt lo bun. (Lc thut theo Kinh Qu-Kh-Hin-Ti-Nhn-Qu)

Tit VIII: Thi T Xut Gia

Sau khi du ngon bn ca thnh tr v, u--Di thy Thi-t hng trm t, sNgi c quan nim thot tc, lin la dp khuyn can: i-vng dy ti lm bn viThi-t, c s c tht th khuyn nh cng nhau. M o bng hu kt yu li ch cba iu: 1. Nu thy c li phi khuyn can nhau. 2. Thy c vic tt th mng cho nhau.3. Gp lc nguy kh, khng ri b nhau. Nay ti em li thnh tht t by, mong Thi-tch tm phin trch: t xa n nay, theo thng l, cc bc vng gi u hng svui ng dc trc, ri mi xut-gia. Song ch l iu ph, m tht ra phn chnh l:

nhim v i vi vic tr nc an dn v bn phn i vi gia nh, chng tc. Nay tixem Thi-t dng nh khng thch con ng y, l bi ti sao? Thi-t p: Takhng bo rng th ng dc khng vui. Song th hi: Cc v vng gi y by gi cnchng? V u? Hay l do say m theo dc lc, gy nhiu nghip duyn ti chngm b a lc ri? Ta khng bo vic tr nc an dn l khng quan trng, song a vquc-vng d khng c ngi ny, cng cn lm k ti c khc. Ta cng khng botnh ngha gia tc l khng thit yu, nhng theo ta, l mt tnh thng v nhim vtrong khun kh nh hp, sao bng tnh thng khp c sinh linh, nhim v cu mun


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loi thot no lun-hi au kh? u--Di em ht ngun bin lun khuyn ngn,song rt cuc ri cng ui l. (Kinh Qu-Kh-Hin-Ti-Nhn-Qu)

Sau khi suy ngh k, mun thot khi ni kh gi, bnh, cht, duy ng li tu hnhl c th hy vng, Thi-t quyt ch xut-gia.

Mt hm, tha lc Tnh-Phn-Vng vui v, Thi-t sa y phc nghim chnh nbch rng: Tha Ph-vng! Giu sang quyn th, ngy kia s ht; n tnh hi hp, clc phi chia ly. Xin Ph-vng cho con xut-gia tu hnh thot ly mnh, gia thuc,v tt c chng-sanh. Vua Tnh-Phn nghe ni, c mnh run ry, ut c nghn li, mtvin b chy Kim-cang p nt th no th tm trng bun kh, tht vng, r ri cangi cng nh th y! Vua cm tay Thi-t, lng thinh giy lu mi ni c mt cunho nh: Con nn b kin i, ng lm cho cha su no! Thi-t thy Ph-vngbi l khng cho, bn ly cho tr v cung, m thm suy ngh phng php thot ly.

Khi bit Thi-t c ch xut trn, vua Tnh-Phn cho qun ngy m canh gi hong

thnh nghim nht. Ngi li dn cng-nng Gia-Du--La v cc ni quan trng chng,nu thy Thi-t c hnh ng g khc thng, phi lp tc cho hay.

Mt m, sau cuc tic vui lin tip my hm, tt c on m nhc ca v trong cung,cho n cng-nng Gia-Du--La u mt mi yn gic. Ring Thi-t nm trn trckhng ng, Ngi suy ngh: Ngy thng chng qua, tui xun khng tr li, ta phi smthot ly, khng nn dn d nh th ny mi. Ngh n , Ngi bng nghe vng vng cting ni: Nhng hnh nguyn tu t v lng kip n nay, hin ti thi k thunthc. Thi-t nn mau xut-gia, mi vic c chng ti gip . Lc y, cng-nngGia-Du--La bng cht thc gic, gi Thi-t ni vi ging y v s hi: Thip vanm mng thy lin tip ba im: Mt trng ri xung t, gy mt chic rng v rng

cnh tay mt, khng bit l triu chng g? Thi-t an i: Vic chim bao h huynkhng tht, nng hy yn tm nm ngh.

i cng-nng yn gic xong, Thi-t nh bc ra ngoi, gi k hu thn tn l Xa-Nc (Chana) bo thng yn cng con bch m Kin-Trc em n, Xa-Nc nghe nikinh hi, trong lng d d, na khng dm tri li vua dn, na li s oai lc Thi-t, chri nc mt tha: ang lc gia m, khng phi gi du ngon, cng khng phi vem qun ra ngn gic, chng hay c chuyn chi cp thit m ng-cung phi cn nnga? Thi-t bo: Ta mun v tt c chng-sanh hng phc gic phin no, ngi chnn tri . Bit khng th cng c, Xa-Nc sp sa yn cng, ri thy tr vt rathnh. Do sc ch thn, nn qun canh gc u ng m man khng hay. Con Kin-Trcchy mau nh gi, va lc bnh minh n b sng A-N-Ma. Thi-t xung nga, cttc, em trn phc ni thn i ly b c sa ca ngi th sn dng gi trang bn th,hon thnh hnh tng sa-mn. Xa-Nc thy th, t v bi ai, quyn luyn! Thi-t an i:Ngi ch nn thng bun, v ngi i c hp tt c tan. Nh khi ta mi sanh ra byngy th mu-hong mng bc. Rt i m con ch thit, m cn c lc t bit vthng, hung na l nhng tnh trng ring khc! Thi ngi hy v em ta thut li,ni ta c li xin li cng ph-hong, di-mu v tm bit cng-nng. Ni xong, Thi-t


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xy mnh chm ri bc i; Xa-Nc ng lng l trng theo cho n khi Ngi khutbng. (Kinh Qu-Kh-Hin-Ti-Nhn-Qu)

Lc y, nhm m mng tm thng hai, Thi-t c 29 tui v c con l La-Hu-La (Rhula). (T-Ni-Gia-Tp-S - theo Kinh Qu-Kh-Hin-Ti-Nhn-Qu th

Thi-t xut-gia lc 19 tui; khi y cng-nng Gia-Du mi c thai).Vua Tnh-Phn hay con xut-gia, lin cho nm ngi tn thn l: Kiu-Trn-Nh

(jnta - Kaundinya), A-Thp-B (Asvajit - A-Thuyt-Th), Bt- (Bhadrika), Ma-Ha-Nam (Mahnma), Thp-Lc-Ca-Dip (Dasabala Ksyapa - Bt-) i theo Thi-t lm th-gi. (Pht-Hc-i-Cng)

Tit IX: Thi T Hi o

Sau khi xut-gia, Thi-t i tm ch ca Bt-Gi-B tin-nhn (Bhrgava) hio. Khi n ni, Ngi thy nhng v y tu nhiu th kh hnh: C k dng c, hocv cy, hoc l cy lm y phc. C k n mt ngy mt ba, hoc hai ngy, ba ngy mtba. C k th nc, la, hoc th mt tri, mt trng. C k ng co mt chn, hocnm di t, trn gai, ming, hoc nm gn bn nc la. Thi-t hi tin-nhn rng:Cc ng tu kh hnh nh th cu qu bo g? Bt-Gi-B p: Chng ti cu sanhln ci tri. Thi-t ni: Ch thin tuy hng nhiu s vui, song khi phc ht phichu lun-hi, lc vo kh th. Li tu ca cc ng l em ci kh i ly ci vui gitm. V nh khch hng hi v ca bu mi chu kh nhc i ra bin; v quc-vng vt ai mi em binh nh dp cc ni. Nhng ca bu cng t ai u phi lun lunthuc v mnh? Vy l tng ca cc ng khng phi l con ng gii thot cu cnh.

(Kinh Qu-Kh-Hin-Ti-Nhn-Qu)

K Thi-t li i n ch A-Ra-La-Ca-Lan tin-nhn (rda Klma), ph cnkinh thnh T-X Ly (Vaisl), m hi v o gii thot. Sau mt hi i p, Ngi bitv tin-nhn ny ly cnh gii V-s-hu-x lm Ti-thng-nit-bn. Nhng cnh giiny l qu bo ca s siu vit tt c t tng hu vi. Khi th qu bo y, thn tm tmngh, nhng ch th ca qu bo l ci ta do nhn duyn gi tng ha hp vn cn.M cn ci ta, tc l cn mm mng ca s kh no. Thi-t bit o l ny cng chaphi l ngun cu cnh gii thot, nn t bit tin-nhn ra i. (Pht-Hc-i-Cng)

Sau khi t gi ni y, Thi-t li i n ch tin-nhn Ut--La-Ca-Ma-T

(UdrakaRmaputra) khu rng ngoi thnh Vng-X (Rjagrha), m hi rng: Lmth no on c sanh-t? Tin-nhn p:

Ngun gc mun loiDo bi minh sT ni minh sM sanh ng mnT ni ng mn


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Sanh ra si tmT ni si tmMi c ng iT ni ng iSanh nm vi trn

T nm vi trnM c ng iT ni ng iSanh tham, sn, siRi do bi Mi c lun hiSanh, gi, bnh, chtBun, kh, thng, loNay ti v ngiNi lc i khi.

Thi-t li hi: l ngun gc sanh-t, theo ch thuyt ca tin trng; cnphng tin dt tr phi lm th no? Tin-nhn p: Mun on tr sanh-t, phixut-gia, gi gii, nhn nhc khim ty, la nhng iu c, ch vng v, tu tp thinnh. Do cng tu tp lu ngy, tm yn tnh, c gic c qun, c vo S-thin. K tr gic qun, nh tm thm thun, lng c hoan h, vo Nh-thin. Ri b hoan h,chnh nim, c s vui nhim mu, vo Tam-thin. Li phi tr tm kh vui, c tnhnim v x cn, vo T-thin. Nhng T-thin cha phi l gii thot, phi tip tc trsc tng, c Khng-x-nh; dt hu i tng, c Thc-x-nh; dit v lngthc tng duy qun mt thc, c V-s-hu-nh; la cc th tng, c Phi-tng-phi-phi-tng-nh. l cu cnh gii thot, l b ngn ca ngi tu. Thi-t hi:Mn nh Phi-phi-tng ca tin trng ni, c ta hay khng ta? Nu khng ta th chng

th gi l Phi-phi-tng. Nu c ta th ci ta y c bit hay khng bit? Nu khng bittt ng vi g , c bit th l tm phan duyn. Tm theo duyn tt c nhim trc,v nhim trc th u phi l gii thot?

Tin-nhn nghe ni lng thinh. (Kinh Qu-Kh-Hin-Ti-Nhn-Qu)

---o0o---

c Thch Tn Sau Khi Thnh o

Tit mc:

I. m thnh oII. Hai mi mt ngy suy nghIII. c Pht chuyn php-lunIV. Nhn duyn gio haV. Gio o PhtVI. c Th-Tn vo nit-bn


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Php Tng trch dn: Kinh Phng-Qung-i-Trang-Nghim, Pht-Hc-i-Cng, Kinh Trung-A-Hm, Kinh Trng-A-Hm, Kinh i-Bt-Nit-Bn, Kinh Gii-Thm-Mt, Kinh Pht-Thuyt-S-Phn, T-Ni-Gia-Tp-S, Mu-Ni-S-Lc, n--Pht-Gio-S, Kinh Kim-Quang-Minh, Kinh Du-Hnh.

yu:Hai tit mc u, k li lch s lc Pht thnh o v mi suy ngh khi Ngisp ra sanh. Tit th ba, gii thch t ng chuyn php-lun, ngha ca s vic ny,v sau rt ni n ba th bc php-lun, t thin cn i vo thm thy. Tit th t lcthut i khi nhng ni c Th-Tn du ha v chng hu danh ca Ngi. Tit thnm tuy c cp c hai chng ti-gia xut-gia, song phn ch yu l ni v np sngca hng xut-gia v li t chc ca gio on ny. Tit mc sau cng, din thut ngha Nit-bn v nhng li di chc ca c Th-Tn m i yu l: ly php lut lmthy, ly gii thot lm mc tiu, ly tam hc lm phng tin.

Tm li, su tit mc ca ton chng rt ngn li na on i v sau ca Pht tkhi thnh o, i ha duyn ri vo Nit-bn, tuy th s nhng cng tm gi l y .

Tit I: m Thnh o

Sau khi hi o cc ni, khng v no thuyt minh cho c tha mn, Thi-t i lnn t lc u-Lu-B-La (Uruvel), bn m sng Ni-Lin-Thin (Nairanjan) thuc minng-bc n-. K , Ngi vo vng ph cn l Kh-hnh-lm, tu chung vi hngngoi-o ti ni Tng-u, trong thi gian su nm. Mi ngy Thi-t ch n mt htm, mt ht u, thn th gy m n i ch cn da bc xng. Trong su nm y, Ngichng i vi cc qun ma phin no nh: qun tham dc, qun u su, qun i kht,qun i nhim, qun hn thy, qun s hi, qun nghi hi, qun sn hn, qun bi thng,

qun t cao, qun t mng... Tri qua thi gian di tinh tn kh nhc nh th m vnkhng c g, Thi-t pht kin hai xu hng sai lm: cuc sng qu phng tng, hoctri li qu khc kh, u khng phi l phng tin gii thot. Nhn , Ngi xungsng Ni-Lin-Thin tm gi sch s, v th bt sa cng dng ca mc n Thin-Sanh(Sujta - Tu-Gi-).

Sau khi th thc tr li, kh lc v dung sc Thi-t ln ln phc hi. Nm ngi th-gi thy th, tng l Ngi thi chuyn, lin b i qua x Ba-La-Ni-T (Brnas).Thi-t mt mnh i n x Pht--Gi-Da (Buddhagay), ri c kit tng lm ta,ngi kit gi ni gc cy Tt-bt-la (Pippala), mt hng v phng ng. Trc khithin nh, Ngi pht th rng: Nu khng chng c o V-thng-b-, th d

thn ny c tan nt, ta cng quyt khng ri khi ni y. Pht nguyn xong, Thi-tyn lng vo cnh thin t trong vng 49 ngy. (Kinh Phng-Qung-i-Trang-Nghim)

m y, nhm hm mng tm thng chp, sau khi hng phc ma qun, Thi-t ngilng l trong thin nh.


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Vo khong canh hai, Ngi chng c Tc-mng-minh, thy bit nghip nhn camnh v tt c chng-sanh nhiu i v trc, t vic lm lnh lm d, cha m quynthuc, giu sang ngho hn, th yu xu p, cho n mi i tn h l g, u bit rnhr.

n na m, Ngi chng c Thin-nhn-minh, thy r ba ci su ng, nhngcnh gii hoc an vui, hoc nh kh, chng-sanh hoc xinh p, hoc xu xa, r rng nhnhn vo trong gng.

V n lc sao mai mc ln, Ngi chng c Lu-tn-minh, dt sch phin no, rht u mi nghip duyn, tm th lng yn sng sut. By gi ngi thnh Pht.

Ni dung ca s gic ng chn chnh ny, c th gii p vn nhn sanh mt cchm mn. Trc kia Ngi thc mc v hai yu im:

1. Gi, bnh, cht v tt c s rng buc kh no ca kip ngi do u m c?

2. Lm th no gii thot nhng iu y?

V y l li gii p:

1. Do V-minh lm m m bn th, nn mi c sanh, gi, bnh, cht, lo thng bunru.

2. Mun c gii thot phi c chnh kin dt tr phin no, tr v bn tnh, tc lphi tu theo con ng Bt-chnh.

y l o l cn bn ca Pht-gio Nguyn-thy, khi qut c php mn T-diu- v Thp-nh-nhn-duyn.

Thi-t Tt-t-a thnh o vo lc 35 tui (c thuyt ni 30 tui), thnh hiu lThch-Ca-Mu-Ni Nh-Lai (Skyamuni - Nng-Nhn-Tch-Mc). (Pht-Hc-i-Cng)

Tit II: Hai Mi Mt Ngy Suy Ngh

Sau khi thnh Chnh-gic, trong by ngy u, c Th-Tn ngi ni ci cy Tt-

bt-la (Pippala), Phm-vng n thnh Pht chuyn php-lun. Trong by ngy th hai,Ngi ngi ni ci cy A-du-ba-la (Ajapala), by gi Ma-vng n khuyn Pht nhpdit. Trong by ngy th ba, Ngi ngi ni ci cy Mc-chn-ln- (Mucilinda), lc yma to gi ln ni ln, Mc-chn-ln- Long-vng ha ra by u, dng thn che magi cho Pht. Trong vng 21 ngy , by ngy u c Th-Tn yn lng suy xt vnhn li thnh ca Phm-vng; mi bn ngy sau Ngi dng Pht nhn qun st cccn c v phin no theo th bc thng, trung, h ca chng-sanh.


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quyt ra sanh, c Nh-Lai li n ni ci cy La-x-gia-hng-na(Rjvatana) ngi thin nh. Lc y c hai ngi thng ch l -V-(Trapusa - Bt--La-L) v B-L-Ca (Bhallika - Bt--La-T-Ca) cng ng bn gm 500 khchbun y xe i ngang qua . Sau khi th thc cng dng bnh v mt ca hai thngch, c Th-Tn v h truyn Tam-quy: quy-y Pht, quy-y Php v quy-y tng lai

Tng. y l nhng ngi -t ti-gia u tin ca Pht.Trc tin, c Th-Tn ngi lng yn khng thuyt php, bi ngh Pht o nhim

mu, chng-sanh kh thu hiu. Song v lng t bi su rng, Ngi li nhn li thnh caPhm-vng, quyt y theo ch Pht i qu kh, dng v s phng tin dn loi hu-tnh vo cnh gii t chng ca Nh-Lai. Khi c nh y, c Pht lin nh n haitin-nhn cn tr thng hu l A-Ra-La-Ca-Lan v Ut--La-Ca-Ma-T (Ut-u-Lam-Pht). Hai v ny trc kia c khn cu Pht, nu thnh o xin n ha mnh. Songkhi dng o nhn qun st, Ngi thy hai v tin y va mi qua i. c Th-Tn lixt n bn ng Kiu-Trn-Nh, thy nm ngi ang ti vn Lc-d x Ba-La-Ni. Ngh n ch Pht i qu kh u chuyn php-lun ln u tin ni y, nn Ngi

lin ng ln i n x y. (Pht-Hc-i-Cng)Gia ng, c Th-Tn gp hng d hc l A-K-B-Ca (jvaka - Hot-Mng),

nguyn l mt gio ca o K-Na. Thy Pht dung sc an im ti tnh, A-K-B-Ca sanh lng cung knh hi: Ngi hc o no, thy Ngi l ai? c Th-Tn dng bik p:

Ta l bc ti thng thot ht i-dcKhng nhim mt php noT gic khng c thy

V ng o v thngo ny khng chi hnNh-Lai, thy tri ngiThnh tu, bit tt c.

A-K-B-Ca li hi: Hin thi, Ngi i qua u? c Pht p:

Ta n Ba-La-Ninh trng diu cam lChuyn php-lun v thngNgi i cha tng chuyn.

Khi c Th-Tn n vn Lc-D, bn ng Kiu-Trn-Nh t xa trng thy uhn nhau khng ng dy n cho. Nhng khi Pht va ti ni, bt gic nm ngi ung ln l knh, ri k th tri ta ngi, ngi ly y bt, song vn cn gi Ngi lTrng-lo C-m. (Kinh Trung-A-Hm)


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Tit III: c Pht Chuyn Php Lun

By gi c Th-Tn bo nm ngi rng: Cc ng ch nn xng Nh-Lai lTrng-lo m phi gi l Pht, v Nh-Lai c Nht-thit-tr, chng php caml, dt ht nghip hu lu, vng lng t ti. Hy n y, ta s ni phng php tu

hnh, khin cho cc ng hin i c tr hu sng sut, dt ht phin no, thnh tuphm hnh v khng cn th thn hu-hu. Nm ngi nghe ni u sanh lng vuimng, chim ngng tn nhan, lng yn trng ch diu php. (Kinh Phng-Qung-i-Trang-Nghim)

c Pht ni tip: Ngi xut-gia c hai th chng: Mt l m theo dc cnhkhng c gng thot ly, l khng phi l nhn gii thot. Hai l khng chu suy nghchn chn, t lm kh thn mnh cu thot ly, cng khng phi l nhn gii thot.Phi la hai li thi qu, gi theo mc trung m tinh cn tu tp, mi c th n Nit-bn.K Pht li ba ln chuyn php-lun T- (th-chuyn, khuyn-chuyn, chng-chuyn). Bn ng Kiu-Trn-Nh nm ngi u chng qu A-la-hn, tm mun na-do-

tha ch Thin trn khng nghe php mu, u c php nhn tnh.

Lc y nm ngi thy o tch, lin nh l ni chn Pht m tha rng: BchTh-Tn! Hm nay chng con mun xut-gia tu hnh trong Pht-php. c Pht bo:Thin lai T-khu! Lin , ru tc nm ngi u t rng, y phc ni thn ha thnho c sa. By gi th gian mi c Tam-bo: c Pht l Pht-bo, php-lun T- lPhp-bo, nm v A-la-hn l Tng bo. (Kinh Qu-Kh-Hin-Ti-Nhn-Qu)

Chuyn php-lun l th no? Ch Php nguyn ng l t-ma (Dharma), cngha: php lut, php tc, l chn l cn bn ca mun s mun vt. Ch Lun nguynng l Chc-ca-la (Cakra), l mn v kh hnh nh bnh xe ca Lun-vng dng khi

dp gic. Khi bc Lun-vng c oai c ln ra i, th trn h khng c bnh xe y xuthin; vua dng bnh xe ny em qun binh bay i nh ch no, gic ni y u tan r.V th, c thuyt n- thng gi v vua ln chinh phc bn phng l Chuyn-php-lun-vng. Gio php ca c Pht ni ra c th ph tan iu c cng t thuyt cangoi-o, nay em v gio php y nh bnh xe ca Lun-vng, nn khi Pht thuytphp gi l Chuyn php-lun. (Pht-Hc-i-Cng)

c Pht bo:

- Cc ng Nh-Lai ni ra iu chi, u gi l chuyn php-lun. Ny Thin-nam-t! V nh lun-bo ca thnh-vng c cng dng: nhng k cha hng phc, u c

th hng phc; nhng k hng phc, hay khin cho c an n. Php ca ch Pht nicng nh th, v lng phin no cha iu phc, u c th iu phc; iu phc,hay khin cho sanh cn lnh.

Ny Thin-nam-t! V nh lun bo ca thnh-vng hay tiu dit tt c on tc;Nh-Lai thuyt php cng li nh th, hay khin cho cc mi gic phin no thy ulng yn.


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Li ny Thin-nam-t! V nh lun bo ca thnh-vng c th xoay vn, lnxung; Nh-Lai thuyt php cng li nh th, hay khin cho nhng chng-sanh cc cidi sanh ln no nhn thin, cho n khi thnh Pht o. (Kinh i-Bt-Nh-Nit-Bn)

Khi y, Thng-Ngha-Sanh B-Tt tha:

- Bch Th-Tn! Ban s ni Lc-d-uyn, Ngi ch v hng ngi xu hng vThanh-Vn-tha m chuyn php-lun T-. Php-lun ny tuy k c t c, song cngcha liu ngha, bi cn c php khc cao thng, bao qut hn. l ch m cc nguntranh lun c th len li vo.

Trong k thuyt php th hai, Th-Tn v hng ngi pht tm i-tha, ni tt cphp u khng t tnh, khng sanh dit, bn lai l T-tnh-nit-bn vng lng. Lichuyn php-lun bng tng n mt ny tuy rt k c t c, song cng cha liu ngha,bi cn c php khc cao thng, bao qut hn. l ch m cc ngun tranh lun cth len li vo.

Hm nay, trong k thuyt php th ba, Ngi v hng ngi cu Nht-thit-tha, nitt c php u khng sanh dit, bn lai l th T-tnh-nit-bn-v-t-tnh vng lng. Lichuyn php-lun bng tng hin liu ny, tht k c t c bc nht, v l php chnliu ngha, khng cn chi cao thng bao qut hn. Cc ngun tranh lun cng khngcn ch no len li vo c. (Kinh Gii-Thm-mt)

Tit IV: Nhn Duyn Gio Ha

c Th-Tn tri lng t bi bnh ng, khng phn bit giu, ngho, sang, hn, ti-gia hay xut-gia, Ngi u ty theo cn tnh m ha . Cho n k tin dn nh u-Ba-Ly, hng dm n nh Lin-Hoa-Sc, k hung c nh ng-Qut-Ma-La, Ngi cng emlng xt thng m khuyn dy.

Sau khi bn ng Kiu-Trn-Nh quay v chnh-php ti bn x, Trng-lo Gia-X(Yasas) v nhiu thn hu cng quy-y Tam-bo. Lc , th gian c su mi v A-la-hn. Ma ma nm y, c Pht v chng an-c thnh Ba-La-Ni-T. Sau ma an-c, c Th-Tn cho -t i cc ni tuyn dng o gii thot, cn chnh Ngi th idc theo m sng Ni-Lin-Thin, n ch hng B-La-Mn th la m khuyn gio. Tini y c Pht ha c ba anh em: u-Lu-Tn-Loa-Ca-Dip (Uruvilv -

Ksyapa), Na--Ca-Dip (Nad-K), D-Gia-Ca-Dip (Gaya-K), cng 1000 chngca h (u-Lu 500, Na- 250, D-Gia 250 -t).

K , c Th-Tn cng hng mn li sang thnh Vng-X (Rajagrha), th ca nc Ma-Kit- (Magadha) ha vua Tn-B-Sa-La (Bimbisra). Sau khi nngv chnh-php, v quc-vng ny sai trng gi Can-Lan- (Karanda) xy dng ngiTrc-lm tinh-x gia khu vn rng ln trng nhiu cy tre rm mt hin dng chongi Tam-bo. bn x c hai v cao ca ngoi-o San-X-D l X-Li-Pht


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(Sriputra) v i-Mc-Kin-Lin (Mahmaudgalyyana), thng minh ti tr, danh tingly lng. Mt hm -t ca Pht l A-Thuyt-Th (M-Thng T-khu) i kht thc.X-Li-Pht thy v T-khu ny oai nghi ng knh, lin n li hi: Thy ng l ai?M-Thng p: Thy ti l c Pht Thch-Ca-Mu-Ni. X-Li-Pht li hi: ng ydy nhng g? M-Thng dng bi k p:

Cc php nhn duyn sanh

Cng theo nhn duyn dit

Nhn duyn sanh dit ny

Nh-Lai hng tuyn thuyt.

X-Li-Pht nghe bi k ri, lin t ng, tr v thut li vi Mc-Kin-Lin. Haingi n quy-y Pht v cng chng qu A-la-hn. Hai trm nm mi mn ca X-

Li-Pht v Mc-Kin-Lin cng u xin quy u Pht-php. n lc ny, c Th-Tn c 1.250 v A-la-hn thng i theo Ngi trong cc cuc gio ha.

Cng ti bn x, c Nh-Lai hin thn thng hng phc Lc-s-ngoi-o,khin cho dn chng pht tm tn ngng, rt nhiu ngi b tc xut-gia. Do d lunphin phc ni ln, c Pht nghe c lin hn ch: ai mun xut-gia phi c s chpthun ca cha m.

Sau thi gian du ha ni y, c Nh-Lai tr v thnh Ca-T-La quyn thucv hng Thch-chng. Ngi em vua Tnh-Phn v cc vng-t vo chnh-php.Trong cc hng vng-t, c chnh con ca Ngi l La-Hu-La (Rhula), ngi em khc

m l Nan- (Nanda), em h l A-Nan- (nanda), -B-t-a (Devadatta), A-Nu-Lu- (Anuruddha) u xin xut-gia theo Pht.

Mt hm, c iu-Ng vn a-cn-th, b Kiu-m-Di n tha rng: BchTh-Tn! Ngi n c th xut-gia lm B-s-ni trong chnh-php v chng c quth t khng? c Nh-Lai bit , bo: Di-mu nn c gia mc trng m tu theophm hnh. B Kiu-m-Di ba ln tha thnh nh th, song Pht vn im nhin. Bitc Th-Tn khng cho, b ra ngoi khc. Th-gi A-Nan i kht thc tr v, thy thhi ra bit c duyn c, lin khuyn b nn ch ngoi, ri vo lp li li b Kiu-m-Di m tha hi Pht. c Th-Tn bo: Ngi n tu hnh cng c th chng bno qu Sa-mn, nhng nu cho n nhn xut-gia th chnh-php khng tr lu ni

i. V nh trong mt nh m n nhiu nam t, gia nh y d b c tc ph hoi, v nhrung la nu b gi ma sng tuyt qu nhiu th la s b h hao. c Pht cn dngnhiu th d, nhng th-gi A-Nan ly c di-mu c cng vi Pht v ni n mi. Saucng, c Th-Tn bo: Nu ngi n mun xut-gia trong chnh-php ca ta, phi gitm php cung knh:

1. Nn cung knh theo bc T-khu-tng m cu xut-gia.


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2. Mi na thng phi n ni ch Tng cu dy bo.

3. Khng c an-c ch khng c ch Tng.

4. Ch Tng c quyn gn li ca Ni, nhng T-khu-ni khng c gn hi v

ni li ca bn Tng.

5. T-khu-ni khng c gin hn, mng trch T-khu-tng.

6. T-khu-ni d c 100 tui h, khi thy T-khu-tng mi th gii cng phicung knh nh l.

7. T-khu-ni nu phm Hc-php, khi b-tt phi n trong hai chng lm phpMa-na-a.

8. Khi an-c xong, T-khu-ni phi n trong hai chng cu xin t-t v ba vic:

thy, nghe, nghi.Do ng thun gi gn theo Bt-knh-php, nn b Kiu-m-Di v 500 th n u

c Pht cho xut-gia. (Lc thut theo kinh Pht-Thuyt-S-Phn v T-Ni-Gia-Tp-S)

c Th-Tn li i n thnh X-V (Srvast) th ph ca nc Kiu-Tt-La (X-V quc) m ha . V quc-vng bn x l vua Ba-T-Nc (Prasenajit), c ngi conl Thi-t K- (Jeta). Thi-t cng mt bc ph ho trong nc l trng-gi Tu-t-a (Sudatta) rt knh mn c ha ca Pht. Hai ng pht nguyn hon thnh ngi K-Vin tinh-x (Jetavana - Vihra) cng dng Tam-bo.

Sau khi c Th-Tn thnh o c 5 nm, th vua Tnh-Phn qua i. Cng-nng Gia-Du--La cng c Pht cho xut-gia lm T-khu-ni.

Trong vng 45 nm thuyt php (c thuyt ni 49 nm), c Th-Tn i du hakhp cc a phng. Vng trung tm l hai nc: Ma-Kit-, Kiu-Tt-La; phngbc th x Ca-T-La-V gn trin ni Tuyt; phng ty th x Cu-Dim-Di (Kosambi- nay Kosam), nc Ma-Thu-La (Mathur); phng ng th x Chim-Ba (Camp);phng nam th x Ba-La-Ni-T (Brnas). Cc a phn ny u lu vc sng Hngv sng Kha-Cch-Ra (Grogra).

Hng Pht-t ti-gia hin dng cho ngi Tam-bo rt nhiu tinh-x, lm-vin. Trongy, nhng ni c danh nh: Can-Lan--Trc-Lm (Kalandaka Vivapa) x Ma-Kit-; Th-a-Lm (Jetavana - Vn K-Th-Cp-C-c) nc X-V. Cng ti niy, b T-X-Kh (Viskh) c dng cng khu ng-vin (Mahvana - i-lm), trong c ngi ging ng Lc-T-Mu (Mrgamtr Prsda) rt rng ln. Li, c Phtcng thng c tr nhng ni mt m nh: Linh-Thu-Phong (Grdhra Kta) gn thnhVng-X; n-Tuyn-Lm (Tapodrma) gn thnh T-X-Ly; Ngu-Gic-Sa-La-


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Lm (Gosrnga) b sng Di-Hu. Tuy nhin, ch c hai tinh-x K-Vin v Trc-Lm lni c Pht hay ti lui ging o nhiu hn c.

-t xut-gia ca Pht, bc hu danh v bn tng nh: X-Li-Pht, Mc-Kin-Lin, Ca-Dip-Ba, A-Nan, Ph-Lu-Na, u-Ba-Ly, Ca-Chin-Din, A-Nu-Lu-, Tu-

B-, La-Hu-La; trong kinh gi mi v ny l Thp-i--t. Bc hu danh v bnni nh: Kiu-m-Di, Gia-Du--La, Lin-Hoa-Sc, Lc-D. -t ti-gia ca Pht,hng hu danh v bn nam nh: vua Tn-B-Sa-La, vua A-X-Th nc Ma-Kit-;vua Ba-T-Nc nc Kiu-Tt-La; i-thn K-B, trng-gi Tu-t-a... Hng hudanh v bn n nh: b T-X-Kh, b Vi--Hi, b Thin-Sanh, Mt-L phu-nhn,Thng-Man phu-nhn... i khi gio ca Pht n- thi y nhiu v s, th lcln hn tt c gio phi khc.

Tuy nhin, trong mt i gio ha, c Pht gp nhiu s phn i ca cc ngoiphi, nht l gio chng o K-Na. Trong hng -t ca Pht, cng c -B-t-alp mu hi Ngi ba ln: ln u cho ngi th voi say ru, ln th hai mn k bo c

m st, ln th ba x trn ni rt xung ch Pht nm. Nhng c ba ln, mu s ukhng kt qu, -B-t-a li t xng l bc i-Gic, Sa-mn C-m khng phibc i-Gic. ng t ch ra nm php vi nh ln ph gii lut ca Pht. Nm phpy l:

1. Trn i mc o phn to.

2. Trn i ch kht thc nui sng.

3. Trn i, mi ngy ch n mt ba.

4. Trn i duy ngoi tri, khng nng ng cha, hang, tinh-x.5. Trn i khng dng tht, c, sa, mt v cc th m v.

S ph hoi ca -B-t-a cng li ko c mt s ngi, v lm tr ngi chocng cuc gio ha ca Pht. Do lng c , khng bao lu ng b sanh a a-ngc.(Mu-Ni-S-Lc)

Tit V: Gio o Pht

Trong thi k sanh, c Th-Tn mt mt t lnh chng i du ha. Mt khc,Ngi cho cc Tng on, mi on do mt v T-khu c hnh cm u, em o phptruyn b cc ni. -t ca Pht c chia thnh by chng nh sau:

1. T-khu (Bhiksu): Phi xut-gia nam, t 20 tui tr ln, th gii C-tc.

2. T-khu-ni (Bhiksuni): Phi xut-gia n, t 20 tui tr ln, th gii C-tc.


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3. Sa-di (Srmanera): Phi xut-gia nam th 10 gii.

4. Sa-di-ni (Srmaneri): Phi xut-gia n th 10 gii.

5. Thc-xoa-ma-na (Siksamna): Phi xut-gia n, trong thi gian hai nm hc gii

th gii C-tc.

6. u-b-tc (Upsaka): Pht-t ti-gia phi nam.

7. u-b-di (Upsika): Pht-t ti-gia phi n.

Trong y gm c nm chng xut-gia, v hai chng ti-gia.

Gio on o Pht gi l Tng-gi (Sangha). Danh t ny c ngha: i chng hayha hp. Tng-gi c ngha rng v hp, nn c khu phn thnh ba loi:

1. L-tng-tng-gi: Hng ny khng phn bit ti-gia hay xut-gia, v ai ny ul Pht-t, nu quyt tm tu hnh, u c th chng ng, gii thot. L-tng-tng-gi cth kho st theo hai phng din; v phn lng, tt c chng-sanh u bao hm trongTng-gi; v phn cht, tt c chng-sanh u c th chng ng.

2. Hin-tht-tng-gi: Hng ny ch dnh ring cho nm chng xut-gia, ng vihnh thc, danh ngha v s t chc.

3. Hi-ngh-tng-gi: Hng ny cn c vo nhn s trong cc cuc tp hp m thnhlp. Nghi thc ca s tp hp ny cn phi c t bn ngi tr ln mi c gi l Tng-gi, t ba ngi tr xung ch gi l Qun (Gana). Hi-ngh-tng-gi ty theo php s,

c th chia lm nm th: hi ngh bn ngi, hi ngh nm ngi, hi ngh mi ngi,hi ngh hai mi ngi v hi ngh t hai mi ngi tr ln.

Sau khi thnh o, trong mi hai nm u, c Th-Tn khng ch ra gii lut.Nhng qua khong thi gian y, v chng ng nhiu, khng trnh khi cnh c klm iu phi hnh, nn c Pht mi ch nh gii lut lm tiu chun sinh hot v tuhnh cho cc -t. Nhng gii php y l: Ng-gii, Bt-quan-trai-gii, Thp-gii,Thc-xoa-gii, C-tc-gii v B-Tt-gii. Hai th trc thuc v gii ca chng ti-gia,ba th k thuc v gii ca chng xut-gia, cn B-Tt-gii thng c ti-gia v xut-gia.

V s sinh hot, ngi xut-gia cn phi nng vo T-y-php:

1. Y vo kht thc sinh sng.

2. Y vo o vi th che thn.

3. Y ni ci cy ng ngh.

4. Y vo thuc h nt cha bnh.


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Trng tm ca php T-y l ngi xut-gia khng thin v cuc sng xa hoa, m chly s thanh m lm mn nguyn. Tuy nhin, ty a phng, thi i v trng hp,ngi xut-gia vn c th dng: ging ng, tinh-x, thc n mc, thuc men ca nvit cng dng m khng tri vi T-y-php.

Vt s hu ca ngi xut-gia, c C-nhn-s-hu v Tng-gi-s-hu. C-nhn-s-hu gm nhng mn i khi nh: o c sa, bt, y lc nc, dao co, ng kim ch, tac, khn tay... Tng-gi-s-hu gm nhng th nh: vn cy, ging ng, tinh-x,ging bn.... u l nhng vt cng cng ca ton th ch Tng, ai cng c quyn sdng.

Cng vic hng ngy ca ngi xut-gia l: bui sng hoc ngi thin, hoc cngnhau m o n li li Pht dy. Trc gi ng phi i kht thc, ri em v tinh-xhoc ni ci cy th trai ng gia tra. Th trai xong i kinh hnh, k ch tnh. X qua,hoc li chuyn tu hnh, hoc ging o hay nghe thuyt php. Bui ti hp nhau bn vphp thoi ri tham thin. y l s sinh hot theo on th, cn li sinh hot c nhn ty

theo ngi mun ging o hay chuyn tu li c phn sai khc. Tm li, li sng hngngy ca ngi xut-gia l ly s mnh ngi lm ch yu.

B phn v quy lut ca hng xut-gia l cc loi gii php. Ngoi ra, cn c bphn khc gi l Kin- (Khandaka), tc l nhng nh ch v cch thc th gii, b-tt, an-c, t-t, gi chung l Tng-s. Trong cc th th gii, ring v gii C-tc, li chai hng: mt l hng do cc Trng-lo T-khu trong Tng-on truyn, gii t phi lngi su cn y v 20 tui tr ln. Hng ny gi l Ph-kit-s T-khu. Hai lhng do Pht ha kh, gi l Thin-lai T-khu, tc l ngi c c tnh T-khu, thkhng theo quy nh trn.

V nghi thc B-tt (Upavasatha), trong mi thng c hai k: ti tri v sng trng(hc nguyt, bch nguyt). K hc nguyt, php s c hnh vo ngy cui thng, k bchnguyt th vo ngy trng trn. Trong nhng ngy y, ngi xut-gia vn tp ring theohai b Tng, Ni trong mt phm vi kit gii. Sau khi bch yt-ma lm l b-tt, mt vtng gii bn, cn bao nhiu lng yn ngi nghe. Tt c u t phn tnh, nu ai phmvo iu lut no, phi ra trc i chng t by, sm hi.

Theo thi tit, n- mi nm c ba ma, mi ma c bn thng:

1. Ma nng Thng th nht ChaitraThng th hai Vaiskha

Thng th ba JyeshthaThng th t shda2. Ma ma Thng th nm Srvan

Thng th su BhdrapadaThng th by 'svinaThng th tm Krttika

3. Ma lnh Thng th chn MrgsirshaThng th mi Pushya


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Thng th mi mt MghaThng th mi hai Phalguna

X n- thuc v vng nhit i, nn mi nm vo ma ma, cy c n

phat hoc tinh yeu - ht thien tam

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