phong trao chan hltng phat giao viet nam dau the...
TRANSCRIPT
PHONG TRAO CHAN HlTNG
PHAT GIAO VIET NAM DAU THE KY XX.
VAI TRO vA Y NGHIA CUA NO DOI Vdl
LICH SU* TV TU'dNG DAN TOC
DANG THI LAN*
Vdi gan 2000 nam ton tai tren dat Viet, Phat giao da de lai dau an sau sac trong ddi song tinh than cua dan tdc Viet Nam. Mot giai doan khdng the khdng ndi den khi nghien ciiu lich sii Phat giao Viet Nam: Giai doan chan hung Phat giao dku the ky XX. Tuy thdi gian ton tai ciia nd ng^n ngui so vdi chieu dai lich sii dan tpc (tren dudi 10 nam) song nd ed siic Ian toa rdng Idn, anh hUdng khdng nhd den moi mat ciia ddi song xa hdi, dac biet tdi sU phat trien ciia lich sU tu tUdng Viet Nam.
Nghien eiiu phong trao Chan hung Phat giao Viet Nam, chiing tdi cd' gang tim hieu nguyen nhan ciia viec trdi day phong trao nay, nhiing ddng gdp cd ban va y nghia ciia nd ddi vdi lich sii tu tUdng dan tdc.
1. Nguyen nhan cua phong trao Chan hifng Phat
giao Viet Nam dau the ky XX
- Nhiing thap nien dau the ky XX. Viet Nam cd nhiing
* Tien sy. Khoa Triet hoc. TriWng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van,
Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi.
233
bien ddng Idn tren mpi mat ciia ddi sdng xa hdi. Nho giao vdi tu each la he tu tUdng dan tdc da bat luc trudc yeu cau mdi cua sU nghiep giai phdng dan tpc. Nhieu Nho si da tifng do dat cao bat dau len tieng phan ddi. phii dinh Nho giao. Ho cdn cho rang mot phan dan tdi su mat nUdc. yeu hen ciia dan tpc la do Nho giao. Ho quay lai luc tim trong kho t^ng tu tUdng cua dan tpc xem cai gi cdn diing dUdc, cdn cd y nghia trong giai doan hien tai va dat ra cau hdi: Tai sao thdi Ly -Tr^n Viet Nam lai thinh vUdng nhu vay? Phai chAng trong cac trieu dai dd Phat giao rat dUdc coi trpng. Vdi by vpng tim ra cd sd, nen tang tU tUdng, dao ly, phUdng thiic van ddng. thiic tinh quan chiing nhan dan. da sd nhiing nha Nho tan tien da tim den Phat giao, vdi Phki giao nhu mot cho diJa tinh than. Trong sd' dd, Phan Chu Trinh 1 ngUdi tin tUdng nhieu nhat d sU ddng gdp ciia mot nen Phat giao phuc hung. Ong thudng hd bao viec chan hUng Phat giao de hd trd cho each mang. Ong ndi: "Nudc Dai Nam fhiing ta nay sd di yeu hen la vi thieu tinh than tdn giao. Ton giao luyen cho chiing ta diie hy sinh, coi nhe tinh mang, pha san vi dao. Khdng c6 tinh than tdn giao, chiing ta khdng cd biet cUdng cUdng xa than vi nghia, chi bo bo giii cai Idi rieng ciia minh. Nay bd con thii xet xem ddi Tran sao dan tpc ^ hung diing nhU v^y, quan Nguyen lay ca A, ca Au, nudt trpn Trung Hoa m^ qua den nude ta thi bai tau, nao bi cUdp sao d ChUdng DUdng Dp. nao bi hki trdi d Bach Dang. Nhu vay ch^ng phai la nhd dao Phat d ta thdi bay gid rat thinh U. nhd cai tinh than tdn giao cua ta U"'. *Tinh thkn tdn giao" ma cu Phan Chu Trinh ndi 6
1 Nguyen Lang. Viet Nam Phat gido sU ludn. Tdp III. Nxb. V4n hoc. Hi
Noi 1994. tr. 9.
234
day khdng phai la tinh than Nho giao ma la tinh than Phat giao.
- Ljeh sii dan tpc Viet Nam dau the ky XX da ed nhiing
thay doi quan trpng ve ehinh tri - xa hdi, van hoa, tU tUdng...,
cac giai tang xa hoi phtie tap dan xen, cac he tU tUdng mdi, cii
cung chung ton tai. Su thong tri eua thUc dan Phap cang tao
dieu kien cho Thien Chiia giao phat then. Tdn giao nay ngay
cang Ian ludt muon thay the tdn giao ban dia, Phat giao cd
nguy cd hi day lui va cd the mat cho diing trong xa hoi. Nhieu
nha su, phat tii ciing thay r ing: chan hUng Phat giao dang la
nhu c^u biic thiet. Nhiing bac cao tang d nhCfng dao trang Idn
ciing cac Nho sT, cac tri thiie tre deu chung mot chi hUdng
mong muon canh tan Phat giao nUdc nha trudc nhiing yeu
c^u mdi ciia dat nUde, ciia dan tdc.
- Nguyen nhan rat quan trpng thiie day sU ra ddi phong
trao Chan hUng Phat giao khdng the khdng ndi tdi la: Viet
Nam dau the ky XX, nhiing ddi hoi cai each, ddi mdi trong
sinh boat Phat giao dong thdi la sU van ddng ciia dan tpc, la
xu hudng di tdi ciia dat nude. Neu khdng thay d\i6c dieu nay
thi se khdng hieu dxiOc vi sao khi phong trao noi len da dien
ra mot each lien tuc, tren nhieu phUdng dien, thu hiit nhieu
ngUdi tham gia, keo dai nhieu nam va dua tdi nhiing ket qua
bat ngd.
- Cudi nam 1925, dau nam 1926 dao Cao Dai ra ddi, boat
ddng ram rp, thu hiit dUdc ddng dao quan chiing nhan dan d
Nam Bp. Dao Cao Dai la sU ket hdp giiia Phat giao vdi dao
Nho, dao Lao, dao Thien Chiia gpi ten la Dai dao tam ky pho
dp.
Dao Cao D^i ra ddi cd thd ndi da tao ra mot su chan ddng
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manh me den dao Phat. 6 nhieu dia phUdng, Phat giao mftt tin do, mat ca chua chien, cac nhk sU deu phan ling. cac nhA Phat hoc deu bat man dO dpi. Ben canh dd, dao Cao Dai dang dan dkn nhu mot tdn giao thay the sU chi phdi xa hdi ciia dao Phat chinh thdng. Dao Cao Dai cdn Idn tieng khang dinh: cac tdn giao truyen thdng (bao gdm ca dao Phat) deu da hu hong nen "Dai dao tam ky phd dp" mdi nay sinh. Chinh vi v^y, neu dao Phat khdng cd su thay ddi (chan hung) thi mat het qukn chiing, mat bet tin do va cd nguy cd mat chd diing trong xa hdi.
- Phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao la mot phong tr^o mang tinh quoc te. Vao nhiing thap nien dau the ky XX. phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao dUdc bat dau tif An Dp, roi Ian sang Trung Quoc, Nhat Ban. Dae biet d Trung Quoc. phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao phat trien manh me d Nam Kinh. Bac Kinh. Thudng Hai, Quang Chau... Tieng vang cua nd vang ra khap chau A, sang t^n chau Au. Nhieu Vi$n nghien ciiu Phat hoc, nhieu trUdng dao tao tAng do. nhieu sach bao dUdc xuat ban, trong dd cd tap chi "Hai trieu am" dUdc rat nhieu hpc gia, cac Phat tU Viet Nam ham md.
2. Vai ne t ve d ien bien cua p h o n g t r ao Chan hUng
Pha t giao
Phong trao Chan hung Phat giao d Viet Nam nd ra vA
phat trien manh me d Nam Ky rdi Ian ra Trung Ky va BSc
Ky. Phong trao bat d^u bdng sU v^in ddng ciia Thien sU
Khanh Hoa d chiia Tien Linh (Ben Tre) va cac dong dao cua
dng. Nam 1923, nhan ngky gid To tai ehua Long Hoa. qudn
Tieu Cau, tinh Tra Vinh (ngay 19/9 am lich nam Quy Hdi).
Ong van ddng mdi tat ca nhQng vi tdn tiic khap mien Tien
236
Giang vk Hku Giang ve Tieu Cau de dU ll , dong thdi de hop
ban van de Chan hung Phat giao. Ket qua sau dd "Hdi Luc
Hoa" dUde thanh lap. Mue dich cua hdi la doan ket, giiip dd
nhau tim hieu tinh hinh Phat giao trong nude va nhat la
Phat giao the gidi, ciing nhau eai tien viec hoe Phat, each
thiic tu hanh va van ddng thanh lap mot hdi Phat giao thdng
nhat trong toan qudc.
Nhiing ngUdi ddng vai trd tien phong trong viee to chiie va
tu tUdng ciia phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao la sU Thien
Chieu va sU Khanh Hoa. Nhan thay can phai xiie tien nhanh
hdn phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao trong nUdc, de kh^ng
djnh chd diing ciia Phat giao Viet Nam trong he tu tUdng dan
toe, nam 1929, sU Thien Chieu eho ra m i t ddc gia cud'n "Phat
hpc tdng yeu". Cud'n sach gom mot so' bai kinh va luan vdi
mot tinh th^n mdi, the hien nhieu tU tUdng khac la. Ching
han dng viet: "Nhiing ke giau eai tinh chat nd le, khdng biet
trong cay d siic minh ma cii y nai d site ngUdi, khdng biet
hoa phiic deu do tu long tao ma cii tUdng thUdng phat bdi
tham quyen thi chang nhiing khdng bao gid thau hieu dUdc
Phat ly ma lai ehinh la mot giong ddc"'.
Ong mud'n giao due, tuyen truyen, giac ngd quan chiing va
gidi phat tii. Cud'n sach ciing nhU cac bai bao trudc dd ciia
ong va cac eU si tien phong la nhiing bude chuan bi de cd
nhiing to ehiic Phat giao rdng Idn, ehinh thiie ra ddi.
- Nkm 1931, Hdi "Nam Ky nghien eiiu Phat hoc" ra ddi tai
1. Nguyen Hung Haii. LUtfc khdo tU tudng Thien True Lam Viet Nam,
Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi. Ha Npi. 1997. tr. 435.
237
chiia Linh Sdn (Sai Gdn). Ngay 1-3-1932 Hdi da xuat ban tap
chi 'Tir bi am" do Thien su Khanh Hoa lam chu but.
0 Trung Ky. nam 1932 "An Nam Phat hpc hdi" dUdc thdnh
l^p tai chiia Tir Quang (sau rdi ve chiia Tir Dam) d Hue. tap chi "Vien am" la cd quan ngdn luAn ciia hdi.
d Bdc Ky, ngay 18-11-1934. Tong hdi Phat giao Bic KJ
dUde thanh lap tai chua Quan SU (Ha Ndi). Tuy hoi PhM giao
Bac Ky thanh lAp muon hdn so vdi Nam Ky va Trung Ky
nhung phat trien rat nhanh chong. Den cud'i nAm 1935. d
khkp cac dia phUdng mien BAc da thanh lap dUdc cac chi hoi.
Nam 1935. hdi xuat ban tap chi "Dudc Tue". Ngoai ra con c6
cac tap chi "Bd de tan thanh", 'Tieng chudng sdm" do mot s6
cU si va hpc gia ndi tieng bien tkp.
Vdi viee thanh lap hdi PhAt hpc d ca 3 ky (Bac, Trung.
Nam) vdi cac boat ddng nhu: ra tap chi. suu t^m kinh sach,
md trUdng dao tao t^ng ni. thuyet giang kinh phap. da t^o
nen budc phat trien chUa tirng cd trong Ph^t giao Viet Nam
giai doan n^y.
Phong trao Chan hUng Phki giao da dkt ra cho qu^n
rhung nhan dan. cac thien sU. gidi tang ni phAt tii trong ca
nude nhiing van de mang y nghia ly luan vk thuc tien cao
nhU: van de dao Phat vd thAn hay hOu thAn (Phat giao la duy
vat hay duy tam); ed ThUdng De hay khdng? Cd linh hon bit
tii hay khdng? Cd hay khdng ed Thien dUdng - Dia nguc. Ni 't
Ban; van de ban chat van vat va con ngudi, vAn de "c6" vA
"khdng"... Day la nhUng van de nhan thiic iuan mang linh
triet hpc ma trUde dd it hoae chua cd dip ban tdi.
Cac van de tren da dien ra gay gi t giiia ca nhan vdi ca
238
nhan, giOa cac cd quan ngdn luan dai dien eho- eae hdi Phat
giao d ca 3 ky trong ca nUdc. Mot eau hoi Idn dat ra: Phdt
gido v6 than hay hitu thdn? Tra Idi cau hoi nay ngoai y nghia
tnic tiep ra cdn cd mot y nghia khae la tim hieu xem nang luc
toi eao ciia con ngUdi d gidi ban nao*?* Xa hdn niia la nhan dan
ta cd the lam dUde gi de eai bien tinh hinh dat nude. Mat
khac, e^n phai nang cao nhan thiic ciia quang dai quan
chiing nhan dan va ciia cac phat tii len mot t^m eao mdi, dap
irng nhiifng ddi hoi ciia tinh hinh xa hdi liic bay gid.
3. Vai t ro cua phong t r ao Chan hifng Pha t giao t r o n g
lich siif t\i ti^dfng Viet N a m
- Phong trao Chan hung Phat giao la mot phong trao tdn
giao va da thUe sU dien ra sdi ddng trong vdng 10 nam (1930-
1940). Day la nhiing cupc tranh luan \kn dau tien dien ra
trong lich sii tU tUdng Viet Nam va da de cap den rat nhieu
v 'n de ve tU tUdng, ly luan, nhan thiie mang tinh chat triet
hpc.
Nhiing van de triet hoe ma phong trao Chan hung Phat
giao dat ra da dUdc cac thien sU, cac phat tii. eae nha nghien
ciiu Phat hpe trong va ngoai dao ban luan sdi noi. Hp trd lai
vdi kinh dien Phat giao, ban luan rat nhieu nhiing van de
triet hpc ma trUdc dd d Viet Nam chua ban tdi. Nhiing van de
nhu ThUdng De, Linh hon, Thien dudng, Dia nguc, van de "cd
vk khdng"... la nhiifng van de ve nhan thiie luan da dUdc de
cSp \k tranh luan kha gay gi t . Nhiing quan diem tien bd da
dUa vao khoa hpc. dUa vao quan diem duy vat bien chiing,
thira nhan sU ton tai khach quan ciia the gidi vat chat, phu
nhAn nhiing quan niem lae hau, me tin di doan. Chang han,
quan niem ve ThUdng De, qua cac cupc t ranh luan giiia ca
239
nhan vdi ca nhan (dai dien la Thien Chieu va Khue Lac Tu), giiia cac bao. tap chi dai dien cho 3 ky trong ca nUdc deu di den khang dinh: Khdng cd ThUdng De. Quan diem eho ring ThUdng De la dang toi cao, sang tao ra mudn vat va con ngUdi chi la nhiing dieu me tin di doan lam me mudi tinh than, tu tUdng ciia quan chiing nhan dan lam cho hp tin v4o niem tin mil quang, danh lac hUdng tinh than yeu nUdc ehdng ngoai xam cua nhan dan.
Ve ban eh^'t van vat va con ngUdi, nhiing quan di§m tien bd khang dinh phai di tir thUe te khach quan de tim ra cai "thuc tudng" (tiic cai chan tudng ciia vii tru, van v^t vk con ngUdi). Di tir cai "thUe tudng" de tim ra ban chat, quy lu$t ciia cac sU vat, hien tUdng... Day la nhiing quan diem rA't tien bd. cd anh hUdng rat Idn den sU phat trien tU tUdng, nhAn thiic ciia con ngUdi Viet Nam.
Trong phong trao Ch^'n hung Phat giao. nhiing quan diem
dua ra tranh cai ludn cd sU ket hdp giiia khoa hoc thuc
nghiem phUdng Tay vdi giao ly dao Phat truyen thong. Qua
phong trao giiip eho nhiing ngUdi dan ma trinh dp nhkn thuc
cdn it nhieu ban che, cdn it hieu biet, cdn me tin di doan cung
dUdc thay ring: Nghi le, nhiing hin^ thiic ciing te b 'y lau
nay chi la nhiing nghi le cua dao Phat binh dan. Dong thdi
cung cho hp thay r ing dao Phat ngay nay khdng nhu nhupc,
chan ddi, yeu dudi...
- Phong trao Chan hung Phat giao da cd ddng gdp Idn tren binh dien ehinh tri. xa hdi. tU tUdng. Nd da thUe sU tao ra mot khdng khi hpc hoi mdi. mot tinh than hpc thuat mdi. Mpi ngUdi thupc mpi tang Idp. liia tudi, nghe nghiep. trinh dp hpc v^'n khac nhau nhung deu hang hai dua ra quan diem de
240
tranh luan vdi nhau. Viec in an Kinh, Luat, Luan ciia Phat giao bing chfl qudc ngii, phat hanh va pho bien rdng rai chinh la mot hinh thiie, mot phudng tien truyen ba, phat tri§n ehii qudc ngii den vdi quang dai quan chiing nhan dan.
Tren phUdng dien chinh tri tU tUdng, phong trao Chan
hung Pbeit giao da cd ddng gdp Idn lao, mang lai Idi ich eho
phong trao ciiu nude, giai phdng dan toe. Nha sU Thien
Chieu, mot ngUdi uyen tham Phat hpe, mot nha nhiet thanh
each mang da quyet tam lai phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao
ve phia each mang. Ong da dat lai van de each hieu ddi vdi
quan niem "Tir bi - Bat sat" eua dao Phat truyen thdng. Ong
da viet mot cau ddi dan len ciia ehinh cua chiia Linh Sdn
ring:
"Dao phdp thi nhap the, nhi phi yern the
Tit bi ndi sdt sinh, di do chung sinh"
(Dao Phdt Id dao nhap the, chit khong phdi yem the
Tit bi Id sdt sinh, de ciiu do chung sinh).
"B 't sat" cd nghia la khdng giet hai sinh vat, cang khdng
the giet hai con ngudi. NhUng trong hoan canh dat nude ta
liic nay, neu van dung giao ly dao Phat mot each may mdc se
khdng the thUc hien dUdc cupc each mang giai phdng dan tpc.
Vdi tu tUdng nay, qu^n chiing se khd Idng viing day de dau
tranh. cam siing, ckva gUdm giet giac ciiu nude. Nhiing Idi
ran day ciia Diic Phat n h i m nudi dudng Idng tir bi cho con
ngUdi la rat tot ddi vdi chiing sinh. Song nhiing phat tU neu
khdng ed su van dung sang tao, nang ddng, linh boat thi lai
\k dieu bat Idi, ddi khi lai cdn cd hai ddi vdi con ngUdi, vdi dat
nude. Tu tudng cua nha sU Thien Chieu muon eho ngUdi dan
241
hieu d'ifdc rang Phat giao phai tham gia vao cdng cupc ciiu
nUdc. giai phdng dan tdc. Song quan diem tien bd, each mang
ciia dng khdng phai dUde tat ca mpi ngudi dong y. Nhieu
ngUdi vkn cho r ing dao Phat kbdng the can thiep den chinh
tri. Phat giao chi bd hep trong pham vi nha chua. neu hieu
khac di thi cdn gi la dao Phat! Tat nhien, nhieu tang ni. phjt
tu va quan chiing nhan dan ed trinh dp deu suy nghi va thft'y
rang: khdng phai nhat nhat lam theo giao ly ciia dao PhAt
truyen thdng ma cd nhiing dieu phai lam khac di so vdi Kinh
ke. Quan niem cua nhiing ngUdi nay da cho thay each nhin
bien chiing da xuat hien trong tu tUdng ciia hp: hoan canh
thay ddi, suy nghi va phUdng cham hanh ddng ciia ngUdi
phat tu cung phai thay ddi.
Phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao da tao dieu kien cho quan chiing nhan dan danh gia, lUa chpn va tiep nhan nhiing quan diem. tU tudng mdi tien ho. nfing cao mot bU(V nhAn thUc ve Phat giao ndi chung va Pht)t giao Viet Nam ndi rieng.
- Vdi khoang tren dudi 10 n^m phong tr^o ChA'n hung Phat giao. cac nha su. eae hdi Phat giao tren ca 3 mien trong ca nude deu cd chung mot y nguyen 1 thanh \kp Hoi Phfit giao thdng nhat trong ca nUde, song > tUdng dd khdng thanh hien thue. Song phai ndi r ing, phong trao Chan hung PhAt giao da tao ra dUde cau ndi. giao luu tU tUdng giiia 3 mien. Day la mot viec lam nham cung ed khdi dai doan ket dan tpc, phat trien nen van boa Viet Nam trudc nguy ed ddng hoa cua van boa phUdng Tay.
- Trong phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao. nhiing cu^ tranh luan da xuat hien nhiing quan diem tien bp vi trongd6 ed mot sd chi si yeu nUdc. nhiing ngudi cd hpc van uyen tharo
242
tham gia. Hp dUa tren nen tang eua ehii nghia duy vat bien
chiing va ehii nghia duy vat lich sU de t ranh luan nhieu van
de. Chinh dieu nay da ehdng lai te nan me tin di doan va cac
phong tuc CO hii lae hau dang tran Ian khap ndi tren dat nUde
Viet Nam. "Ngudi Phat tii phai cd su giac ngd mdi. Nhiing sU
giac ngd mdi nay do eae khoa hpc kham pha. NgUdi Phat tU
phai hpe khoa hpe de biet rang khdng cd coi Cue Lae d
phUdng Tay va ciing khdng he cd Thien Dudng ciing Dia
Nguc. Phai hpe Kinh te hgc de biet rang quan niem giau
ngheo tai mang la sai, r i n g nhiing dau kho ciia con ngUdi la
do nhiing che dp ehinh tri de nen va nhiing eude khiing
hoang kinh te, ehii khdng phai do mot vi th^n linh ban phiic
giang hpa"'.
Thdng qua nhiing cupc t ranh luan quan chiing nhan dan
CO dieu kien de lUa chpn, tiep thu nhiing quan diem mdi, tien
bp. Dd ehinh la nhiing ddng gdp to Idn cua phong trao Chan
hung Phat giao doi vdi sU phat tridn eua lich sii tU tUdng Viet
Nam.
- Tinh hinh Phat giao Viet Nam sau Chan hUng ed nhiing
n^t mdi, cd sU thay ddi ro ret ve nhieu mat nhU: ve td chiic
npi bd giao hoi den viec dao tao tang ni va viec gay dUng cac
hdi doan quan chiing. Trong giao ly nhiing van de mang tinh
tich cue, hdp ly thi dUdc ehii y phat trien, edn nhiing van de
to ra lac hau thi bi bac bo. Nghien ciiu van de nay, ehiing ta
thay dUdc tinh nhay cam eua Phat giao Viet Nam, tiic la sU
nhay cam ciia con ngudi Viet Nam ve van de tu tUdng va van
1 Ngiiyen Lang. Viet Nam Phdt gido sCt ludn, TSp III, Nxb. Van hoc. Ha N i. 1994. tr. 70.
243
de y thiic he. Tren nhieu tap chi cua phong trao dang rat
nhieu bai ve lich sU cac cao tang Viet Nam va nhiing ddng
gdp ciia hp trong su nghiep xay dUng va bao ve dat nude.
"Dudc Tue" la mot vi du. "Dude Tue* da dang tai nhieu tac
phim CO ve lich sii Phat giao Viet Nam dUde dich ra qudc ngii
nhU: Khoa Hu Luc. Thien Uyen Tap Anh..., day la nhiing tiii
lieu quy bau cho cac nha nghien cUu Ijch sU Phat giao ndi
rieng va lich sU tU tUdng Viet Nam ndi chung.
*Han che: Ben canh nhiing quan diem tien bd. phong trao Chan hung Phat giao ciing da bdc Id nhieu dieu ban chfi. Vi du: Van de ThUdng De da hoc Id ro tinh chat duy tam, m$c du nhung ngUdi dai dien cho tU tUdng tien bd deu phii nhftn ThUdng De. khang dinh Phat giao la mot tdn giao vd thSn. Song Phat giao lai phu nhan sU ton tai khach quan cua the gidi vat cha't, hp khang djnh cd Trdi. thay "Trdi" bing "Tam" va thau tdm ca vii tru vao "Tam", Phat giao bien chiing dcho nhan manh sU vkn ddng thay ddi khdng ngiing cua the gidi van vkt, song Ph^t giao lai sii dung quan diem 'y lam cho tfn do sd hai vdng "luan hoi" v^ khuyen eon ngUdi tach ra khoi vdng luan hoi ay. Phat giao cdn cho r ing cupc ddi 1 ao, 1 gia (gia ma van tdn tai that gidng nhu tien gia vay). Ve dieu n^y da lam cho con ngUdi xa rdi chiic phan xa hdi, khdng phan dau bet minh de xay dung cupc sdng tdt dep hdn.
Cung phai ndi rang, tren thUe te, dao Ph^t td ra bai \ifc trudc su nghiep giai phdng dan tdc. Viec tim ra nguyen nhan, con dudng de xoa bd sU ddi khd, l^m than cua con ngUdi, Ph&t giao chua the chi ra mot each diing din. Hdn the niia, Ph$l giao khdng the thay dUde nhiing quy luat chi phdi len sU vkn ddng. phat trien ciia each mang Viet Nam ndi rieng va phat
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trien ciia the gidi ndi chung. Phat giao khdng the ddng vai trd giai phdng dan tpc, giai phdng xa hoi va giai phdng con ngUdi. Tat nhien triet ly ciia Phat giao ve "vd thudng", "vd nga", nhiing gia tri ve mat van hoa, dao diic ciia Phat giao la nhiing "hat nhan hdp ly" khdng the phu nhan.
4.1^ nghia cua phong trao Chan hifng Phat giao trong lich sii tvi txidng Viet N a m
- Phong trao Chan hung Phat giao, danh dau mot giai doan quan trpng trong lich sU phat trien cua Phat giao Viet Nam. Nhiing van de triet hpe dUde dua ra tranh luan trong phong trao the hien sU nhay cam ve tU tUdng, ve y thiic he ciia eon ngUdi Viet Nam.
Dau the ky XX, tu tUdng ciia Phat giao ludn bi cac luong
tu tUdng khac chen ep. NhUng du sao d Viet Nam liic nay, he
tu tUdng eua ehii nghia Mac-Lenin da xam nhap, Ian rdng
trong quan chiing. Dudi sU lanh dao ciia Dang, gidi tang ni,
phat tii ciing bi cuon theo, dUdc giac ngd bdi luong tU tUdng
mdi. Vi v£ly, nhiing van de ma hp dUa ra t ranh luan v in edn
nguyen y nghia trong lich sii phat trien ciia Phat giao Viet
Nam v^ lich sii tU tUdng Viet Nam ndi chung.
- Phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao da gdp phan nang cao
nh^n thiic cho gidi tang ni, phat tijf va quan chiing nhan dan
ndi chung. Nhieu van de triet hpc mang y nghia ly luan va
thuc tien sau s ic da dUde nhiing phat tii, nhiing ngUdi dan,
ke ca gidi tri thiic trong va ngoai dao dUa ra tranh luan rat
soi nd'i. Viec lUa chpn tiep nhan nhiing tU tudng tien bd da
giup cho quan ehiing y thiie dUdc bon phan va traeh nhiem
ciia ngUdi dan mat nUdc va viec giai thoat ciia ca nhan khdng
the dUng ngoai su nghiep giai phdng dan tpc.
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- Nhiing van de ma phong trao Chan hUng Phat giao ddt ra phan nao da the hien dUde mot each nhin, mot each thiic tu duy mdi, mot sU tien bd vUdt bac trong xem xet. nhan thiic va danh gia eua ngUdi dan. Dieu dd the hien rd khu)'nh hudng chii trpng thUc te, coi trpng thanh tUu phat trien khoa hpe ky thuat. Nhiing tU tUdng tien bd dd da td ra cd sue sdng, cd siie thuyet phuc ddi vdi quan chiing va gidi phat tu tre, giiip hp nang cao nhan thiie ve eon ngUdi, ve cupc ddi. ve xd hdi v^ tao ra bUde nhay trong each nhin va each song. Cac phat tii Viet Nam cd cd hdi de hieu biet sau sic hdn ve dao Phat truyen thdng va hoa nhap dUde vdi Fhkt giao the gidi. Tir day cung b i t dau ban che dan, tien tdi cham dut moi quan he mot chieu. tiep thu mot each thu ddng cua Phat giao Viet Nam ddi vdi Phat giao the gidi.
- Phong trao Chan hung PhAt giacT nhim truyen ba dao
Phat theo each tbiie mdi. Day la Ian diu tien trong lich sii,
Phat giao den vdi ddc gia bing chQ quoc ngtt. TrUdc day
Kinh - Luat - Luan cua Phat giao viet bing chu Han. chi
nhiing b^e eao tang mdi hieu ndi va chua chic da hieu den
ndi den chdn. Nhieu trUdng Phki hpc da dUdc thanh \kp trong
ca nude. Nhd vay ma t^ng ni, phat tu dUdc dao tao ed ban,
giiip hp hieu ky hdn ve hpe thuyet eua Phat Td. Ddng thdi
giiip hp tu hanh diing hudng, ed kien thiie de ehdng lai sU
cdng kich ciia cac tdn giao khac. Quan trpng hdn niia, cac
tang ni, phat tii da dxXOc thiic tinh, hp khdng cdn bd minh
trong nha chua, trong kinh ke, sach vd ma da dang tay ra
lam viec xa hdi. da nhap the rat tich eUc mang lai cho Ph^t
giao Viet Nam mot tinh than mdi phu hdp vdi xu hudng van
ddng di len ciia ca dan tdc.
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