S t St tSentence StructurePhrasal Structures

J. ASGARIEnglish Departmentg p

Kashan University of Medical sciences

NOUN PHRASE

A group of words round a noun

NOUNNOUNPre-modifiers +NOUNPre-modifiers + NOUN +Post-modifiers

Noun Pre-modifiers

Determiners Noun(s)Adjectiv(s)

PrePreMid

P tBoth

All A/

clever tall …

medicine university…

PostAll…

A/anThis/…My/… One/…

First/…

Noun post-modifiers

Complement(s) Adjunct(s)

like like

of sperm exposure

of colitis

during one weekin case group

of inhibin after ten minutes

Noun Phrases Examplesthe purification of inhibin from human follicular

the induction of colitis during one week

completely experimental acute ulcerative colitis

the mean duration of sperm exposure in case group

total amplification of GCA enzyme genetotal amplification of GCA enzyme gene

all the ten lentiviral vectors

a double blind randomized trial study

so

(D t i ( )+Adj ti ( )+N ( ))+NOUNS+(Determiner(s)+Adjective(s)+Noun(s))+NOUNS+

(Comlement(s)+Adjunct(s))(Comlement(s)+Adjunct(s))

VERB PHRASE

A group of words round a Verb

VerbVerbPre-modifiers+ VerbPre-modifiers +Verb +post-modifiers

Verb pre-modifiers

Grammatical Tens Aux. Adverb(s)

Must/should/…

PastPresent Perfect Have/has/… Severely / Highly/…Present Perfect

PresentFuture

…Be/been/…

Severely / Highly/…

…

Verb-Post-modifiers

Complement(s) Adjunct(s)p ( ) j ( )

like like

hormone secretion for monthsin enhanced lentiviral vectors

nitric acid productionin five minutes

nitric acid production in the lab

Verb Phrase Examplesmust have been inhibiting hormone secretion for months

has been subcloned in enhanced lentiviral vectors

might have highly inhibited nitric acid production

verified with a solution for 5 minutes

SO

TENS+(AUX (s)+Have/Has/Had+Be/Been/ +Adv )+TENS+(AUX.(s)+Have/Has/Had+Be/Been/…+Adv.)+

VERB+Comlement(s)+(Adjunct(s))

ADJECTIVE PHRASE

A group of words round an adjective

AdjectiveAdjectivePre-modifier (s) +adjective Pre-modifier(s )+adjective +Post-modifier(s)

Adj. Pre-Modifier (s)

Descriptive word (s) Adverb(s)Descriptive word (s) Adverb(s)

More/most

likelike

More/mostSo/…

Highly/completely/…

Adjective-Post-modifier (s)

Complement(s) Adjunct(s)

likelike

that the patient might die

about the outcome in some ways about the outcomeof the results in the past

Adjective phrase Examplesrather afraid that the patient might die

extremely worried about the outcome

t l f d f th ltso extremely fond of the results

most prognostically important singlep g y p g

so significantly different

more highly suitable

SO

(Descriptive Word(s)+Adverb(s)+)+ADJECTIVE+

Comlement(s)+ ( Adjunct(s))

ADVERB PHRASE

A group of words round an adverb

AdverbAdverb

Pre-modifier(s)+adverb

Pre-modifier(s) + adverb+Post-modifier(s)( ) ( )

Adverb Pre-modifier(s)

Descriptive Word(s) Adverb(s)

like like

More/most Highly/completely/…More/mostSo/…

Highly/completely/…

Adverb post-modifier(s)

Complement(s) Adjunct(s)p ( ) j ( )

like like

of other means in some ways

Adverb Phrase examples

quite independently of other means

ll i kl iso really quickly in some ways

SO

(Descriptive Word(s)+Adverb(s)+)+ADVERB+

Comlement(s)+ ( Adjunct(s))

Preposition PhraseA group of words round a preposition

Preposition

Pre-modifier(s)+ PrepositionPre-modifier(s)+ Preposition

Pre-modifier(s)+ Preposition+ Post-modifier(s)

Prepo.Pre-modifier(s)

Descriptive Word(s) Adverb(s)

like like

More/most Highly/completely/…More/mostSo/…

Highly/completely/…

Prep.-Post-modifier(s)

Complement(s) Adjunct(s)

likelike

the skin surface in some ways

th l ft t i l i th h tthe left ventricle in the heart

the operation in the hospital

Preposition Phrase examples

right under the left ventricle in the heart

shortly after the operation in the hospital

so slightly under the skin surface in some ways

SO

(Descriptive Word(s)+Adverb(s)+)+PREPOSITION+

Comlement(s)+ ( Adjunct(s))

THEREFORETHEREFORE

Phrasal structures are rule-based, and the rule behind the phrase structures of the Englishbehind the phrase structures of the English language is :

[(Pre-modifier (s) )+X+ (Post-modifier (s)) ]X stands for Noun/Verb/Adjective/Adverb/or Preposition

and the arrangement of the elements is almost fixed.g

J. Asgari