Presented By : BASHAR MD KHAIRULStudent ID:15595901

Graduate School of Science & EngineeringSaga University, Japan

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Presentation on Copper, Cu

　　　

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General properties of Copper

Name, Symbol: Copper, Cu

Appearance: Red-orange metallic luster

Mostly found: Ore form

Metal: Non ferrous

Atomic number (Z) : 29

Group, block: Group II, d-block

Period: 4

Standard atomic weight :63.546 (g/mol)

Formability: Good

Main categories: Commercially pure grades and Alloys ( Brass, Bronze)

　　　

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What are the physical properties of Copper?

Phase: Solid

Melting point : 1357.77 K (1084.62 °C , 1984.32 °F)

Boiling point: 2835 K (2562 °C, 4643 °F)

Density : 8.96 g/cm3(when liquid, 8.02 g/cm3)

Heat of fusion : 13.26 kJ/mol

Heat of vaporization : 300.4 kJ/mol

Molar heat capacity: 24.440 J/(mol·K)

Thermal expansion: 16.5 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)

Thermal conductivity: 401 W/(m·K)

Crystal Structure: Face-centered cubic(FCC)

Fig: Un oxidized copper wire (left) and oxidized copper wire (right)

　　　

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Copper Alloy Families

Within the wrought and cast categories for copper alloys, the compositions can be divided into the following main families:

• Pure Coppers• High Copper Alloys• Brasses• Bronzes

The Pure Coppers have a Copper content of 99.3% or higher. Wrought high copper alloys have Copper contents of less than 99.3% but more than 96%.

Brasses contain Zinc as the principal alloying element. Brasses are divided into two classes. These are:

The alpha alloys, with less than 37% Zinc. These alloys are ductile and can be cold worked.

The alpha/beta or duplex alloys with 37-45% Zinc. These alloys have limited cold ductility and are typically harder and stronger.

　　　

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Bronzes The term bronze originally described alloys with Tin as the only or principal alloying

element. Bronzes can be further broken down into four families for both wrought and cast alloys.

Bronze Families: The wrought bronze alloy families are:• Copper-Tin-Phosphorus alloys (Phosphor Bronzes)• Copper-Tin-Lead-Phosphorus alloys (Leaded Phosphor Bronzes)• Copper-Aluminum alloys (Aluminum Bronzes)• Copper-Silicon alloys (Silicon Bronzes)

The cast bronze alloy families are:• Copper-Tin alloys (Tin Bronzes)• Copper-Tin-Lead alloys (Leaded and high leaded Tin Bronzes)• Copper-Tin-Nickel alloys (nickel-tin bronzes)• Copper-Aluminum alloys (Aluminum Bronzes)

　　　

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Density of Copper Density expressed as ρ = m/V in g·cm-3

Material r (g cm-3)At 20°C

Magnesium 1.74

Aluminum 2.70

Titanium 4.52

Iron 7.87

Stainless Steel (Type 321) 7.90

Copper 8.96

The combination of more and heavier

atoms makes copper more dense than

aluminumZinc 7.13

Why does Copper have a higher density than Aluminum? Zinc had a higher atomic mass than Copper, but copper’s

density is greater ! What is the cause ?

　　　

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State Density( p), g·cm-3

Single Crystal 8.95285

Melted and solidified in vacuum 8.94153

Commercial soft-drawn wire, annealed at 970°C in vacuum for 12 h

8.92426

Sample reduced 67.90% in cross section by drawing

8.90526

Diameter reduced 96.81% 8.91187

Sample annealed at 880°C in vacuum for 12 h

8.93003

Sample annealed at 1035°C in vacuum for 12 h

8.92763

Table: Effect of processing on the densities of pure copper at 20°C

[Table : Ref. 4]

Fig. Variation of density with temperature for pure copper.

[ Fig: Ref. 5]

　　　

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Specific Heat of Copper (heat capacity)

Expressed as in Cp J kg-1 K-1

Material CP (J /g ̊ C ) at 25 ̊ C

Aluminum 0.902

Iron 0.450

Copper Brass

Bronze

0.3850.3800.435

Magnesium 1.020

Titanium 0.534

Why Copper specific heat is lower than that of Aluminum?

Copper more dense than Aluminum.

What does it mean the specific heat of copper, 0.385 J /g ̊ C

　　　

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Thermal Conductivity of Copper

Expressed as in W m-1 K-1

Material (W m-1 K-1)

Titanium 21.6

Copper, pureBrass(70% Cu, 30% Zi)Copper bronze (75% Cu, 25% Sn)

38611126

Magnesium 155.5

Aluminum 205

Stainless Steel 10–25

Good thermal conductivity for

pulling away heat.

Copper tube; Excellent

heat-transfer characteristics

　　　

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• Coordination # = 12 Face Centered Cubic Structure (FCC)

Crystal Structure of Copper

6 x (1/2 face) + 8 x 1/8 (corner) = 4 atoms/unit cell

Close packed directions are face diagonals. 3 mutually perpendicular planes. Coordination number = 12

Why is FCC more ductile than BCC?

a

　　　

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Electrical conductivity of copper• Electrical conductivity is a measure of how well a material transports an electric

charge. Copper has the highest electrical conductivity rating of all non-precious metals.

Fig: Copper wire

• The electrical resistivity of copper is 16.78 nΩ•m at 20 °C. • Cu has the electron configuration of [Ar] 4s1 3d10. There is a lone 4s electron that is

rather easily removed.• The main grade of copper used for electrical applications is electrolytic-tough pitch

(ETP) copper . This copper is at least 99.90% pure and has an electrical conductivity of at least 101% IACS.

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Fig: Influence of addition elements on the copper properties

　　　

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References[1] Page 2~3 : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CopperPicture: Google[2] Page 4~5: http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2856[3] Page 6: http://www.repairengineering.com/density.htmlPicture: Google[4] Page 7: B.Landolt-Bornstein, III, Technology, Classification, Value and Behavior of Metallic Materials ( Technik,Teil, Stoffwerte, und Verhalten von metallischen Werksoffen), Springer-Verlag,1964[5] Page7: J.S. Smart, Jr., Copper, Properties and Selection of Metals, Vol1, 8th ed., Metals Handbook, T. Lyman, Ed., American Society for Metals, 1961, p 1203-1204.[6] Page 8: http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/matter-and-energy/specificheat.html[7] Page 9: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html[8] Page10: https://goo.gl/Dbldt6[9] Page11: https://goo.gl/wh3w60[10] Page 12: http://conductivity-app.org

Thank you for your kind attention.

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