2

()

70%

, , ,

Figure 15.6

7

6 (4 , 2 )

2

3

,

, ,

( , ) : + ()

2 : ()

( 7 ) ( ,

)

( )

-

2

(D) D=(n2-n1)/r n1: 1 n1: 2 r: m

~ 60 D, , 24 mm

Figure 15.17a

,

~>7 m

:

, ,

E ,

M

Problems of Refraction

Figure 15.18

,

(

)

( )

3 3

Light

Figure 15.14

(~16:1)

: = +

> 100x106 1x106

-

:

H

: : 1:1:1

(Phototransduction)

O ( )

Baylor et al, >106 +

1 ?

( A)

: 11-cis and all-trans

Chemistry of Visual Pigments

Figure 15.20

, . cis-

,

(o + 11-cis )

all-trans +

( , bleaching of the pigment)

ll-trans 11-cis

11-cis A

11-cis + =>

Figure 15.21

( + o)

3 : blue, green, and red ( )

3

all-trans ,

G (transducin)

(PDE)

PDE cGMP GMP +

cGMP, , ,

Phototransduction

Figure 15.22

(d-30000 molecules/m2)

~109

+

G

(11-cis-form)

( ) :

(~80% )

: ( , )

2 => 2 ( ) =>

2

, ( )

On-center

Off-center -

on off

:

Figure 15.24

: