pir amir hussain noshahi
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Introduction to BiologyBiology
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Biology – The Study of Biology – The Study of LifeLife
Life arise more than 3.5 billion years ago
First organisms (living things) were single celled
Only life on Earth for millions of years
Organisms changed over time (evolved)
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New organisms arise from older kinds
Today there are millions of species
They inhabit almost every region of Earth today
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Themes of BiologyThemes of Biology Cell structure and
function Stability and homeostasis Reproduction and
inheritance Evolution Interdependence of
organisms Matter, energy, and
organization
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Cell Structure and Cell Structure and FunctionFunction Cell basic unit of life All organisms are
made of and develop from cells
Some composed of only a single cell (unicellular) which is usually identical to parent
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CellsCells Most organisms are
composed of many cells (multicellular) Cells are different
(undergo differentiation)
Cells are small Cells are highly
organized
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Cells contain specialized structures (organelles) that carry out the cell’s life processes
Many different kinds of cells exist
All cells surrounded by a plasma membrane
Contain a set of instructions called DNA (genetic information)
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Stability and Stability and HomeostasisHomeostasis
Organisms must Maintain very stable internal conditions - HOMEOSTASIS
Temperature, water content, chemical content, etc. must be maintained
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Reproduction and Reproduction and InheritanceInheritance
All organisms produce new organisms like themselves REPRODUCE
Organisms transmit hereditary information to their offspring INHERITANCE
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DNADNA Genetic Information in all cells Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA contains instructions for
traits GENES Make the structures and
complex chemicals necessary for life PROTEINS
DNA in every body cell (SOMATIC CELLS)(any normal cell of organism that is not
evolved in reproduction) is exactly alike
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Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction Hereditary information
from two different organisms of the same species are combined
Egg and sperm zygote (fertilized egg)
Zygote contains hereditary information from both parents
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Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction Hereditary information
from one, usually unicellular, organism that divides
Resulting cells contain identical hereditary information
Genetic information from single parent
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Natural SelectionNatural Selection Survival of organisms
with favorable traits cause a gradual change in populations over many generations
Also Called “Survival of the Fittest”
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Interdependence of Interdependence of OrganismsOrganisms
Interaction of organisms with one another and with their environment ECOLOGY
Insects depend and flowers DEPEND on each other for food & pollination COEVOLUTION
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All organisms need substances such as nutrients, water, and gases from the environment
The stability of the environment depends on the healthy functioning of organisms in that environment
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Matter, Energy and Matter, Energy and OrganizationOrganization
Living things are highly organized
Require a constant supply of energy to maintain their orderly state
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EnergyEnergy ALL energy comes from the SUN
(directly or indirectly) Photosynthesis is the process by
which some organisms capture the energy from the sun (solar) and transform it into energy (chemical) that can be used by living things
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AutotrophsAutotrophs Organisms that make
their own food are called autotrophs
Phototrophs – use solar energy (photosynthesis) to get energy
Convert H2O and CO2 into sugar and O2
Chemotrophs – use different chemical processes to get energy
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HeterotrophsHeterotrophs Organisms that must take in
food to meet their energy needs are called heterotrophsheterotrophsConsume autotrophs (herbivores), (herbivores), other heterotrophs (carnivores) (carnivores) or both (omnivores) (omnivores) for their energy needs
Complex chemicals are broken down and reassembled into reassembled into chemicalschemicals and structures needed by organisms
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Cells All living things are
composed of cellscells In multicellular
organisms, many are specializedspecialized to perform specific functions
Cells are always very smallsmall
The size of multi-celled organisms depends on the number of cells the number of cells NOT their sizeNOT their size
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Organization Organized at both the
molecular and molecular and cellular levelscellular levels
Take in substances from the environment and organize them in complex ways
Specific cell structures (organelles) (organelles) carry out particular functions
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In multicellular multicellular organisms, organisms, cells and groups of cells (tissues) are organized by their function CellsCells
tissues TissuesTissues
organs Organs Organs systemssystems SystemsSystems ORGANISMORGANISM
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Energy Use Use energy in a process called
metabolismmetabolism Sum of all chemical processesSum of all chemical processes
Require energy to maintain their molecular and cellular organization, grow and reproduce
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HomeostasisHomeostasis Maintain stable internal stable internal
conditionsconditions Temperature, pH, etc.Temperature, pH, etc.
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GrowthGrowth Grow occurs as the result of cell cell
division and cell enlargementdivision and cell enlargement Cell division Cell division is the formation of
two cells from a preexisting cellpreexisting cell New cells enlarge as they mature When a cell grows to a size where
its surface area isn’t big enough surface area isn’t big enough for its volumefor its volume, the cell divides
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The process by which an adult process by which an adult organism arise organism arise is called developmentdevelopment Repeated cell divisions and cell cell
differentiationdifferentiation
DevelopmentDevelopment
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ReproductionReproduction All species have the ability to ability to
reproducereproduce Not essential to survival of Not essential to survival of
individual individual but is essential for continuation of a species
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ResponsivenessResponsiveness Respond to stimuli Respond to stimuli in
the external environment
Detect and respond to changes in light, heat, light, heat, sound and chemical sound and chemical and mechanical contactand mechanical contact
Coordinates it’s responses
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EvolveEvolve Ability to adapt to their environment
through the process of evolutionevolution Favorable characteristics Favorable characteristics are selected
for and passed on to offspring Called adaptationsadaptations Driven byDriven by
natural selectionnatural selectionoror “survival of the “survival of thefittest”fittest”
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MICROSCOPESMICROSCOPES
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Microscopy and Microscopy and MeasurementMeasurement Microscopes – produce an enlarged produce an enlarged
image of an objectimage of an object Used to study organisms, cells, and
cell parts Increase in apparent size is called
magnificationmagnification The ability to show details clearly is
called resolutionresolution Microscopes vary in both
magnification and resolution
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Compound Light Compound Light MicroscopesMicroscopes
SpecimenSpecimen mounted on a glass slideglass slide
Must be thinly sliced or very small
Pair of lenseslenses OcularOcular lens (eye
piece) ObjectiveObjective lens
(nose piece) Can be used to
study LIVE LIVE specimensspecimens
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MagnificationMagnification determined by multiplying power of both lenses
Eyepiece 10X times Objective power (20X, 40X…)
HighestHighest Maximum magnification is around 1000X1000X
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Electron MicroscopeElectron Microscope Transmission EM (TEM)Transmission EM (TEM)
Uses a beam of beam of electrons electrons to produce an enlarged image of very thinly sliced specimen on screen or photographic plate
Image focused by magnetic lensesmagnetic lenses
200,000X magnification Cannot be used to view
living specimens
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Scanning EM (SEM)Scanning EM (SEM) 3D3D image Specimens not sliced not sliced
for viewingfor viewing Surface sprayed with Surface sprayed with
fine metal coatingfine metal coating Also uses electron
beam and fluorescent screen or photographic plates
100,000X magnification100,000X magnification Cannot be used to view Cannot be used to view
living specimensliving specimens