platform annual report 2008
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@hbaeh Mblbq Whe}dbqidbq Qvqeh Mftfhbwifl}
Ellveh Qfwbq} 1773
@hbaeh Mblbq Whe}dbqi
dbq Qvqeh Mftfhbwifl}
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]EAHF BD KBL]FL][
]cf Whe}dbqi elm j}{ baofk}jtf{ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 75
Whe}dbqi {}qvk}vqf elm ifiafq{cjw , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 71
Whe}dbqi ifiafq{ elm weq}lfq{ 1773 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 7;
Ekqblzi{ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 7=
Dbqfpbqm , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 74
]cf Whe}dbqi jl ek}jbl , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 73
Whe}dbqi ifiafq{ jl ek}jbl , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 5=
Whe}dbqi iele`fifl} elm `btfqlelkf , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , =3
Hbbnjl` ecfem }b 177: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 65
Whe}dbqi avm`f} elm fswflmj}vqf{ 1773 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 61
Djlelkjeh }eahf{ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 6;
Wvahjke}jbl{ 1773 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 66
Whe}dbqi ijhf{}blf{ 17711773 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 64
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]CF WHE]DBQI ELM J][ BAOFK]JTF[
]cf @hbaeh Mblbq Whe}dbqi dbq Qvqeh Mftfhbwifl} j{ e objl} jlj}je}jtf bd }cf jl}fqle}jbleh mblbq kbiivlj}zelm mftfhbwifl} bq`elj{e}jbl{, ]cf ifiafq bq`elj{e}jbl{ bd }cf Whe}dbqi pbqn }b`f}cfq jl {bhjmeqj}z
}bpeqm{ }cfjq kbiibl `beh, Jl {b mbjl`( ftfqz Whe}dbqi ifiafq j{ qf`eqmfm e{ fuveh( jqqf{wfk}jtf bd etej)
heahf qf{bvqkf{( pcf}cfq cviel bq djlelkjeh,
]cf btfqehh baofk}jtf bd }cf Whe}dbqi j{ }b qfmvkf wbtfq}z elm flcelkf {v{}ejleahf fkblbijk `qbp}c jl
qvqeh eqfe{ jl mftfhbwjl` kbvl}qjf{ }cqbv`c jiwqbtfm mblbq kbbwfqe}jbl( kbhheabqe}jbl elm kbbqmjle}fm
mjehb`vf pj}c weq}lfq kbvl}qjf{,
]cf wvqwb{f bd }cf Whe}dbqi j{ }b wqbib}f ibqf fddfk}jtf jltf{}ifl} jl e`qjkvh}vqf elm qvqeh mftfhbwifl},
]b mb }cj{( ifiafq{ {vwwbq} {v{}ejleahf qvqeh mftfhbwifl}( jlkhvmjl` mfkfl}qehj{e}jbl elm fiwbpfqifl}(
weq}jkvheqhz pj}c e tjfp }b fl{vqjl` dbbm {fkvqj}z,
Jl bqmfq }b ekcjftf j}{ wvqwb{f( }cf Whe}dbqi bq`elj{f{ j}{ pbqn eqbvlm }cqff bv}wv}{?
Emtbkekz elm bv}qfekc]cf ifiafq{ bd }cf Whe}dbqi emtbke}f elm wqbtjmf e tbjkf dbq qvqeh wbtfq}z j{{vf{ jl wbhjkz mfae}f{ e}
le}jbleh( qf`jbleh elm jl}fqle}jbleh dbqe( jl bqmfq }b aqjl` ibqf wvahjk elm wqjte}f jltf{}ifl} jl}b qvqeh
eqfe{, ]cj{ jlkhvmf{ kbl}qjav}jl` }b wbhjkz mfae}f{ elm cj`chj`c}jl` }cf qfhftelkf bd e`qjkvh}vqf elm qvqeh
mftfhbwifl} pj}cjl }cf kbl}fs} bd }cf Ijhhflljvi Mftfhbwifl} @beh{,
Nlbphfm`f iele`fifl} elm jllbte}jbl]cf ifiafq{ bd }cf Whe}dbqi dekjhj}e}f jl}fq)e`flkz hfeqljl`( kbiivljke}f qf{feqkc elm wqbtjmf jl}fh)hfk}veh hfemfq{cjw jl qvqeh mftfhbwifl} {b e{ }b qej{f }cf uvehj}z elm jiwek} bd qvqeh mftfhbwifl} jltf{})
ifl}{,
Ejm fddfk}jtflf{{]cf ifiafq{ bd }cf Whe}dbqi dekjhj}e}f af}}fq ceqiblj{e}jbl elm ehj`lifl} jl e`qjkvh}vqf elm qvqeh
mftfhbwifl} #EQM* jl hjlf pj}c }cf qfkbiiflme}jbl{ bd }cf Mftfhbwifl} E{{j{}elkf Kbiij}}ff bd }cf
Bq`elj{e}jbl dbq Fkblbijk Kbbwfqe}jbl elm Mftfhbwifl} #BFKM)MEK*, Whe}dbqi ifiafq{ pbqn kbhheab)
qe}jtfhz }b qfdjlf ejm fddfk}jtflf{{ wqjlkjwhf{ dbq e`qjkvh}vqf elm qvqeh mftfhbwifl} wqb`qeiif{, ]b mb
}cj{ }cfz mfae}f elm e`qff bl kbiibl wqjlkjwhf{( elm mj{{fijle}f elm ewwhz }cf wqjlkjwhf{ e} jl}fqle}jb)
leh( qf`jbleh elm kbvl}qz hftfh{,
]cj{ Ellveh Qfwbq} j{ bq`elj{fm eqbvlm }cf ieobq bv}wv}{ bd Whe}dbqi pbqn e{ bv}hjlfm jl }cf Pbqn
Wqb`qeiif dbq 17701773,
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WHE]DBQI []QVK]VQF ELM IFIAFQ[CJW
E{ bd Mfkfiafq 1773( }cf Whe}dbqi lf}pbqn kbl{j{}fm bd }fl dvhh ifiafq{( ljlf}ffl ifiafq{ elm ljlfweq}lfq{, ]cf mfkj{jbl)ienjl` abmz j{ }cf Abeqm( iemf vw bd }cf Dbkeh Wbjl}{ bd }cf }fl dvhh ifiafq{ elm
cfemfm az }cf Whe}dbqi Kcejq( Kcqj{}bwc Nbchifzfq #AI_*,
Dvhh ifiafq{ eqf bq`elj{e}jbl{ }ce} kbl}qjav}f djlelkjehhz }b }cf Whe}dbqi, E{ bd Mfkfiafq 1773( }cf
Abeqm ifiafq{ pfqf }cf @fqiel Dfmfqeh Ijlj{}qz dbq Fkblbijk Kbbwfqe}jbl elm Mftfhbwifl} #AI_*( }cf
Kelemjel Jl}fqle}jbleh Mftfhbwifl} E`flkz #KJME*( }cf Mfweq}ifl} dbq Jl}fqle}jbleh Mftfhbwifl} bd }cf
Vlj}fm Njl`mbi #MDJM*( }cf Fvqbwfel Kbiij{{jbl Mjqfk}bqe}f)@flfqeh dbq Mftfhbwifl} #FK)M@ MFT*( }cf
Dbbm elm E`qjkvh}vqf Bq`elje}jbl bd }cf Vlj}fm Le}jbl{ #DEB*( }cf Dqflkc Ijlj{}qz bd Dbqfj`l elm
Fvqbwfel Eddejq{( }cf @hbaeh Ifkcelj{i bd VLKKM #@I*( }cf Jl}fqle}jbleh Dvlm dbq E`qjkvh}vqeh
Mftfhbwifl} #JDEM*( }cf [pj{{ E`flkz dbq Mftfhbwifl} elm Kbbwfqe}jbl #[MK*( }cf Vlj}fm [}e}f{ E`flkz
dbq Jl}fqle}jbleh Mftfhbwifl} #V[EJM* elm }cf Pbqhm Aeln #PA*, ]cf Abeqm iff}{ e} hfe{} blkf e zfeq }b
kbl{jmfq }cf hbl`)}fqi {}qe}f`z bd }cf Whe}dbqi elm ewwqbtf }cf ellveh avm`f} elm pbqn whel,
]cf [}ffqjl` Kbiij}}ff( cfemfm az }cf Whe}dbqi Tjkf Kcejq( Aqjel Aehmpjl #JDEM*( kbl{j{}{ bd djtf Abeqm
ifiafq{, [}ffqjl` Kbiij}}ff ifiafq{ pfqf fhfk}fm az }cf Abeqm dbq e }pb)zfeq wfqjbm mvqjl` }cf
Ieqkc 1773 Abeqm iff}jl`, ]cfz eqf Iv{c}eu Ecifm #KJME*( Aqjel Aehmpjl #JDEM elm Kcejq bd [}ffqjl`
Kbiij}}ff*( Obcl Aeqqf}} #MDJM*( Ieqk Mfabj{ #FK)M@ MFT*( Dhbqflkf He{afllf{ #Dqflkc Ijlj{}qz bd
Dbqfj`l elm Fvqbwfel Eddejq{* elm Lpelf Bnjmf`af #PA*, ]cf [}ffqjl` Kbiij}}ff j{ qf{wbl{jahf dbq mez)
}b)mez {vwfqtj{jbl elm `vjmelkf bd }cf Whe}dbqi [fkqf}eqje},
]cf [fkqf}eqje} j{ }cf kfl}qeh iele`fifl} vlj} bd }cf Whe}dbqi elm j{ kvqqfl}hz cb{}fm az }cf AI_ jlAbll( @fqielz( elm iele`fm az }cf @fqiel E`flkz dbq ]fkcljkeh Kbbwfqe}jbl #@]_*,
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WHE]DBQI IFIAFQ[ ELM WEQ]LFQ[ 1773
Abeqm ifiafq{ #dvhh ifiafq{*Kelemjel Jl}fqle}jbleh Mftfhbwifl} E`flkz #KJME*
Mfweq}ifl} dbq Jl}fqle}jbleh Mftfhbwifl}( VN #MDJM*
Fvqbwfel Kbiij{{jbl Mjqfk}bqe}f @flfqeh dbq Mftfhbwifl} #FK)M@ MFT*
Dfmfqeh Ijlj{}qz dbq Fkblbijk Kbbwfqe}jbl elm Mftfhbwifl}( @fqielz #AI_*
@hbaeh Ifkcelj{i bd VLKKM #@I*
Jl}fqle}jbleh Dvlm dbq E`qjkvh}vqeh Mftfhbwifl} #JDEM*
Ijlj{}qz bd Dbqfj`l elm Fvqbwfel Eddejq{( Dqelkf
[pj{{ E`flkz dbq Mftfhbwifl} elm Kbbwfqe}jbl #[MK*
Vlj}fm [}e}f{ E`flkz dbq Jl}fqle}jbleh Mftfhbwifl} #V[EJM*
Pbqhm Aeln #PA*
E{{bkje}f ifiafq{
Ev{}qjel Mftfhbwifl} E`flkz #EME*
E{jel Mftfhbwifl} Aeln #EMA*
Afh`jel Dfmfqeh Wvahjk [fqtjkf Dbqfj`l Eddejq{( Dbqfj`l ]qemf elm Mftfhbwifl} Kbbwfqe}jbl
Mjqfk}bqe}f)@flfqeh dbq Mftfhbwifl} Kbbwfqe}jbl #M@MK*
Dfmfqeh Ijlj{}qz dbq Fvqbwfel elm Jl}fqle}jbleh Eddejq{( Ev{}qje
Dbbm elm E`qjkvh}vqf Bq`elje}jbl bd }cf Vlj}fm Le}jbl{ #DEB*
Dqflkc Mftfhbwifl} E`flkz #EDM*
@fqiel E`flkz dbq ]fkcljkeh Kbbwfqe}jbl #@]_*
Jl}fq)Eifqjkel Mftfhbwifl} Aeln #JMA*
Jqj{c Ejm Mfweq}ifl} bd Dbqfj`l Eddejq{
NdP Mftfhbwifl} Aeln #NdP*
Ijlj{}qz bd Djlelkf elm Fkblbiz( J}ehz
Ijlj{}qz bd Dbqfj`l Eddejq{( Mflieqn
Ijlj{}qz bd Dbqfj`l Eddejq{( Djlhelm
Ijlj{}qz bd Dbqfj`l Eddejq{( Hvsfiabvq`
Ijlj{}qz bd Dbqfj`l Eddejq{( Lbqpez
Ijlj{}qz bd Dbqfj`l Eddejq{( }cf Lf}cfqhelm{
Bq`elj{e}jbl dbq Fkblbijk Kbbwfqe}jbl elm Mftfhbwifl} #BFKM*
[pfmj{c Jl}fqle}jbleh Mftfhbwifl} Kbbwfqe}jbl E`flkz #[jme*
Vlj}fm Le}jbl{ Bddjkf bl Mqv`{ elm Kqjif #VLBMK*
Weq}lfq{
Jl}fqle}jbleh Dbbm Wbhjkz Qf{feqkc Jl{}j}v}f #JDWQJ*( Le}vqeh Qf{bvqkf{ Jl{}j}v}f #LQJ*( Btfq{fe{
Mftfhbwifl} Jl{}j}v}f #BMJ*( Lfp Weq}lfq{cjw dbq Edqjke{ Mftfhbwifl} #LFWEM*( Qf`jbleh Vlj}
dbq ]fkcljkeh E{{j{}elkf jl E`qjkvh}vqf #QV]E*( Pbqhm Tf`f}eahf Kfl}fq #ETQMK*( Jl{}j}v}f bd
Mftfhbwifl} [}vmjf{ #JM[*( ]fkcljkeh Kfl}qf dbq E`qjkvh}vqeh elm Qvqeh Kbbwfqe}jbl EKW)FV
#K]E* elm Lfvkc}fh Jlj}je}jtf #LJ*,
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EKQBLZI[
EEE Ekkqe E`flme dbq Ek}jbl
EKW Edqjkel( Keqjaafel elm Wekjdjk @qbvw bd [}e}f{
EdMA Edqjkel Mftfhbwifl} Aeln
EDEE[ Edqjkel Dbqvi dbq E`qjkvh}vqeh Emtj{bqz [fqtjkf{
E@ BFKM)MEK Emtj{bqz @qbvw bl Kjtjh [bkjf}z elm Ejm Fddfk}jtflf{{
E@QE Ehhjelkf dbq e @qffl Qftbhv}jbl jl Edqjke
EWD Edqjkel Weq}lfq{cjw Dbqvi
EQM E`qjkvh}vqf elm qvqeh mftfhbwifl}
E[EQFKE E{{bkje}jbl dbq [}qfl`}cfljl` E`qjkvh}vqeh Qf{feqkc jl Fe{}fql elm Kfl}qeh Edqjke
E[FEL E{{bkje}jbl bd [bv}cfe{} E{jel Le}jbl{
E=] Ejm dbq ]qemf
EVK Edqjkel Vljbl Kbiij{{jbl
AI@D Ajhh elm Ifhjlme @e}f{ Dbvlme}jbl
KEEMW Kbiwqfcfl{jtf Edqjke E`qjkvh}vqf Mftfhbwifl} Wqb`qeiif
KEKJHI Kfl}qeh E{jel Kbvl}qjf{ Jlj}je}jtf dbq Helm Iele`fifl}
KMI Khfel Mftfhbwifl} Ifkcelj{i
KDE Kbiwqfcfl{jtf Dqeifpbqn dbq Ek}jbl
K@JEQ Kbl{vh}e}jtf @qbvw bl Jl}fqle}jbleh E`qjkvh}vqeh Qf{feqkc
KJQMEW Kfl}qf bl Jl}f`qe}fm Qvqeh Mftfhbwifl} dbq E{je elm }cf Wekjdjk
KBIF[E Kbiibl Ieqnf} dbq Fe{}fql elm [bv}cfql Edqjke
K[JDKbiwqfcfl{jtf [}qe}f`jk Jltf{}ifl} DqeifpbqnK[B Kjtjh {bkjf}z bq`elj{e}jbl
K]E ]fkcljkeh Kfl}qf dbq E`qjkvh}vqeh elm Qvqeh Kbbwfqe}jbl Kfl}qf ]fkcljuvf mf
Kbbwqe}jbl E`qjkbhf f} Qvqehf
MEK Mftfhbwifl} E{{j{}elkf Kbiij}}ff
FEDD Fe{}fql Edqjke Deqifq{ Dfmfqe}jbl
FKHEK Fkblbijk Kbiij{{jbl dbq He}jl Eifqjke elm }cf Keqjaafel
FKBPE[ Fkblbijk Kbiivlj}z bd Pf{} Edqjkel [}e}f{
FMM Fvqbwfel Mftfhbwifl} Mez{
DEQE Dbqvi dbq E`qjkvh}vqeh Qf{feqkc jl Edqjke
DKWL Dbbm Kqj{f{ Wqftfl}jbl Lf}pbqn #Q{fev mf Wqtfl}jbl mf{ Kqj{f{ Ehjifl}ejqf{(
QWKE*@MKK @btfqlifl})Mblbq Kbbqmjle}jbl Kbiij}}ff
@JFP[ @hbaeh Jldbqie}jbl elm Feqhz Peqljl` [z{}fi bl Dbbm elm E`qjkvh}vqf
@I @hbaeh Ifkcelj{i
@LW @qb{{ le}jbleh wqbmvk}
@WED[L @hbaeh Weq}lfq{cjw bl E`qjkvh}vqf( Dbbm [fkvqj}z elm Lv}qj}jbl
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CHD; ]cjqm Cj`c)Hftfh Dbqvi bl Ejm Fddfk}jtflf{{( Ekkqe( [fw}fiafq 1773
CH]D Cj`c)Hftfh ]e{n Dbqkf
JME Jl}fqle}jbleh Mftfhbwifl} E{{bkje}jbl
JD[ Jl}f`qe}fm Djlelkjl` [}qe}f`jf{
J[DW Jlj}je}jtf bl [beqjl` Dbbm Wqjkf{
IEQM Ijlj{}qz bd E`qjkvh}vqf elm Qvqeh Mftfhbwifl}( Tjf}lei
IM@ Ijhhflljvi Mftfhbwifl} @beh
I$F Iblj}bqjl` elm ftehve}jbl
IM]D Ivh}j)Mblbq ]qv{} Dvlm
LFWEM Lfp Weq}lfq{cjw dbq Edqjke{ Mftfhbwifl}
BME Bddjkjeh mftfhbwifl} e{{j{}elkf
BMJ Btfq{fe{ Mftfhbwifl} Jl{}j}v}f
BFKM Bq`elj{e}jbl dbq Fkblbijk Kbbwfqe}jbl elm Mftfhbwifl}
WQ[W Wbtfq}z Qfmvk}jbl [}qe}f`z Wewfq
WAE Wqb`qeiif)ae{fm ewwqbekc
Whe}dbqi @hbaeh Mblbq Whe}dbqi dbq Qvqeh Mftfhbwifl}
WW Weq}lfq{cjw Whe}dbqi bd KEEMW
WQBWEK Kfl}qeh Edqjkel lf}pbqn bd deqifq{ bq`elje}jbl{
WTB{ Wqjte}f tbhvl}eqz bq`elj{e}jbl{
QFK{ Qf`jbleh fkblbijk kbiivlj}jf{
QFMMQfmvkjl` Fij{{jbl{ dqbi Mfdbqf{}e}jbl elm Mf`qeme}jblQBWWE Lf}pbqn bd Deqifq{ elm E`qjkvh}vqeh Wqbmvkfq{ Bq`elj{e}jbl{ bd Pf{} Edqjke
QV]E Qf`jbleh Vlj} dbq ]fkcljkeh E{{j{}elkf jl Kfl}qeh Eifqjke
[EKEV [bv}cfql Edqjkel Kbldfmfqe}jbl bd E`qjkvh}vqeh Vljbl{
[EMK [bv}cfql Edqjkel Mftfhbwifl} Kbiivlj}z
[K [}ffqjl` Kbiij}}ff
[PEK [ecfh elm Pf{} Edqjke Khva #BFKM*
[PEw [fk}bq)pjmf ewwqbekc
]K ]fkcljkeh kbbwfqe}jbl
]KW ]fkcljkeh Kbbwfqe}jbl Wqb`qeiif
]P@ ]fkcljkeh Pbqnjl` @qbvw{
VFIBE Vljbl Fkblbijuvf f} Ibl}ejqf Bvf{} Edqjkejlf #Pf{} Edqjkel Fkblbijk elmIblf}eqz Vljbl*
VLK]EM Vlj}fm Le}jbl{ Kbldfqflkf bl ]qemf elm Mftfhbwifl}
PMQ Pbqhm Aeln Pbqhm Mftfhbwifl} Qfwbq}
P]B Pbqhm ]qemf Bq`elje}jbl
ZEQM{ Zbvl` Eiae{{embq{ dbq Qvqeh Mftfhbwifl}
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DBQFPBQM
]cf pbqhm ce{ iemf {}qbl` elm {v{}ejlfm wqb`qf{{ jl qfmvkjl` fs}qfif wbtfq}z( av} }cj{ j{ lbp afjl`vlmfqkv} az cj`cfq wqjkf{ weq}jkvheqhz bd dbbm elm bjh elm }cf `hbaeh djlelkjeh elm fkblbijk kqj{j{,
Ekkbqmjl` }b }cf VL Ijhhflljvi Mftfhbwifl} @beh{ Qfwbq} 1773(
]cf {beqjl` dbbm wqjkf{ jl feqhz 1773 }cqv{} e`qjkvh}vqf elm qvqeh mftfhbwifl} #EQM* }b }cf }bw bd }cf
mftfhbwifl} e`flme, ]cf dbbm wqjkf {cbkn kev{fm qjb}{ ekqb{{ }cf pbqhm elm }bwwhfm e `btfqlifl} jl
Cej}j, ]cf kqj{j{ ibtfm cvl`fq }b kfl}qf {}e`f jl jl}fqle}jbleh mftfhbwifl} }cjlnjl`, ]cj{ wqjbqj}j{e}jbl bd
dbbm elm cvl`fq j{ uvj}f lfp,
]cbv`c dbbm wqjkf{ cetf dehhfl {j`ljdjkel}hz dqbi }cfjq wfen( }cfz qfiejl cj`c, Elm( pj}c cvlmqfm{ bd ijh)
hjbl{ bd wfbwhf #ib{}hz pbifl elm kcjhmqfl* {}jhh {vddfqjl` e{ e qf{vh} bd cvl`fq elm dbbm jl{fkvqj}z( ek}jbl
khfeqhz lffm{ }b af }enfl, ]cbv`c wqjkf{ cetf mqbwwfm( }cf nfz mqjtfq{ }ce} abb{}fm mfielm dbq kbiibmj)
}jf{ elm mqbtf }cfi vw jl }cf djq{} whekf qfiejl? `qbpjl` wbwvhe}jbl{( kcel`jl` mjf}{ elm lfp ajbdvfh wbhj)
kjf{( dbq fseiwhf,
[b cbp eqf deqifq{ elm mblbq{ qf{wblmjl`2 Cj`cfq wqjkf{ wqf{fl} bwwbq}vlj}jf{ dbq deqifq{, Jlkqfe{fmmfielm elm cj`cfq wqjkf{ bd {}ewhf dbbm{ eqf flkbvqe`jl` deqifq{ }b `qbp ibqf( elm pbqhmpjmf kfqf)
eh wqbmvk}jbl pe{ fswfk}fm }b qfekc e qfkbqm cj`c bd ibqf }cel 1(177 ijhhjbl if}qjk }bl{ jl 1773,
Av}( }cf{f jlkqfe{f{ eqf iejlhz jl mftfhbwfm kbvl}qjf{( e{ deqifq{ }cfqf cetf affl eahf }b
qf{wblm uvjknhz }b cj`cfq wqjkf{( elm {b aflfdj} dqbi }cfi, Deqifq{ jl mftfhbwjl` kbvl}qjf{ ov{}
cetfl} affl eahf }b qfek} e{ uvjknhz }b ieqnf} }qflm{, E{ e qf{vh}( pcjhf kfqfeh wqbmvk}jbl `qfp
az 57,;& jl mftfhbwfm kbvl}qjf{ jl 1773( j} jlkqfe{fm az blhz 7,:& jl mftfhbwjl` kbvl}qjf{,
Mblbq bq`elj{e}jbl{ qf{wblmfm {}qbl`hz }b }cf kqj{j{ jl dbbm wqjkf{ pj}c jiifmje}f {cbq})}fqi ife{)
vqf{, [wfkjdjkehhz( }cf Cj`c)Hftfh ]e{n Dbqkf #CH]D* bl }cf @hbaeh Dbbm [fkvqj}z Kqj{j{( f{}eahj{cfm az VL
[fkqf}eqz)@flfqeh Ael Nj)ibbl( whezfm e {j`ljdjkel} qbhf pj}c j}{ Kbiwqfcfl{jtf Dqeifpbqn dbq Ek}jbl
#KDE*, Whe}dbqi Dbkeh Wbjl}{ wqbtjmfm kqj}jkeh wbhjkz emtjkf e{ ifiafq bq`elj{e}jbl{ {bv`c} }b }enf ek}jbl,
Cbpftfq( j}{ khfeq }ce} mblbq{ lbp lffm }b dbkv{ bl hbl`fq)}fqi ek}jbl{( {vkc e{ mftfhbwjl` {iehhcbhmfq
deqijl` elm wv}}jl` jl whekf {bkjeh wqb}fk}jbl {edf}z lf}{, ]cf{f pjhh wv} {iehh){kehf wqbmvkfq{ jl Edqjke(
E{je elm He}jl Eifqjke jl e af}}fq wb{j}jbl }b aflfdj} dqbi }cf bwwbq}vlj}jf{ bddfqfm az cj`cfq kbiibmj}z
wqjkf{,
Eijm{} }cf ivh}jwhjkj}z bd jlj}je}jtf{ }ce} pfqf hevlkcfm jl qf{wbl{f }b }cf dbbm elm flfq`z wqjkf kqj{f{( }cf
fs}fqleh ftehve}jbl bd }cf Whe}dbqi keif e} el bwwbq}vlf ibifl}, ]cf kqj{f{( elm }cf {}jivhv{ }cfz etf
}b qfepenfljl` jl}fqf{} jl e`qjkvh}vqeh mftfhbwifl}( vlmfqhjlfm }cf jiwbq}elkf bd wb{j}jbljl` }cf Whe}dbqi
pcfqf j} kbvhm ienf ib{} jiwek},
74
]cf jiijlfl} }cqfe} bd jlkqfe{fm cvl`fq pbvhm cetf affl hf{{flfm jd qfkfl}
mfkemf{ cem lb} affl ieqnfm az e hekn bd jltf{}ifl} jl e`qjkvh}vqeh elm qvqeh
mftfhbwifl} jl mftfhbwjl` kbvl}qjf{,
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70
E{ el bv}kbif bd }cf ftehve}jbl( }cf Whe}dbqi ce{( kbhheabqe}jtfhz pj}c {}enfcbhmfq{( mftfhbwfm e {}qe}f`jk
whel, ]cf {}qe}f`z fiwce{j{f{ djq{}hz( emtbke}jl` dbq jlkqfe{fm elm ibqf fddfk}jtf ejm jl EQM elm( {fkblm)
hz( kew}vqjl` elm fskcel`jl` nlbphfm`f }b cfhw ifiafq{ fddfk}jtfhz {vwwbq} EQM jl fddfk}( }b qf{wblm }b}cf kcehhfl`f{ elm bwwbq}vlj}jf{ bd }cf mez,
]cf fs}fqleh ftehve}jbl elm }cf {}qe}f`jk whelljl` wqbkf{{ kbldjqifm }ce} }cf Whe}dbqi bkkvwjf{ e vljuvf
ljkcf jl }cf jlkqfe{jl`hz kbiwhfs ejm fltjqblifl}, ]cf `hbaeh mftfhbwifl} ejm {z{}fi j{ vlmfq`bjl` {j`)
ljdjkel} kcel`f{, Bl }cf blf celm }cfqf j{ `qbpjl` `hbaeh kbiij}ifl} }b iff}jl` }cf jl}fqle}jbleh mftf)
hbwifl} ejm }eq`f} bd ehhbke}jl` 7,0& bd `qb{{ le}jbleh wqbmvk} #@LW* }b bddjkjeh mftfhbwifl} e{{j{}elkf
#BME*, Bl }cf b}cfq celm }cfqf j{ `qbpjl` qfkb`lj}jbl bd }cf lffm dbq weq}lfq kbvl}qz bplfq{cjw elm hfem)
fq{cjw( ceqiblj{e}jbl elm ehj`lifl}( elm iv}veh ekkbvl}eajhj}z, ]cf Weqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl bl Ejm Fddfk}jtf)
lf{{( 1776( fiabmjf{ }cf{f wqjlkjwhf{, ]cf Ekkqe E`flme dbq Ek}jbl bd [fw}fiafq 1773 qfj}fqe}fm }ce}
mblbq{ lffm }b kbbwfqe}f }b ienf jltf{}ifl}{ ibqf fddfk}jtf, ]cj{ j{ fsek}hz pce} }cf Whe}dbqi j{ mbjl`,
]cf Whe}dbqi {fqtf{ }cf mblbq kbhhfk}jtf( fleahjl` }cfi }b wqbtjmf }cfjq {vwwbq} }b EQM ibqf fddfk}jtfhz
}cel }cfz kbvhm pcfl ek}jl` bl }cfjq bpl,
]cf Whe}dbqi{ {vkkf{{ jl fl{vqjl` }ce} EQM pfqf djqihz bl }cf e`flme e} }cf ]cjqm Cj`c)Hftfh Dbqvi bl
Ejm Fddfk}jtflf{{ jl Ekkqe qfeddjqi }cf tehvf bd kbhhfk}jtf( kblkfq}fm ek}jbl az Whe}dbqi ifiafq{,
Kbhhfk}jtf ek}jbl j{ eh{b afeqjl` dqvj} jl kbbqmjle}jl` EQM jl Edqjke vlmfq }cf viaqfhhe bd }cf
Kbiwqfcfl{jtf Edqjke E`qjkvh}vqf Mftfhbwifl} Wqb`qeiif #KEEMW*, ]cf Whe}dbqi{ pbqn bl fl`e`jl`
kjtjh {bkjf}z( ceqtf{}jl` fswfqjflkf{ elm mftfhbwjl` objl} wqjlkjwhf{ j{ eh{b ibtjl` ecfem,
Dbq }cf djq{} }jif( }cf Whe}dbqi ellveh qfwbq} jlkhvmf{ kbl}qjav}jbl{ dqbi ifiafq{, Pf eqf
mfhj`c}fm }ce} Dbkeh Wbjl}{ cetf qf{wblmfm }b }cf jltj}e}jbl }b kbl}qjav}f pj}c qfwbq}{ bd
pce} }cfjq bq`elj{e}jbl{ mjm jl 1773 jl qf{wbl{f }b }cf kqj{j{ jl dbbm wqjkf{ elm jl {vw)wbq} bd EQM elm ejm fddfk}jtflf{{ j{{vf{ jl }cj{ {fk}bq, ]cf ifiafq{ eqf }cf Whe}dbqi
elm }cfjq kbl}qjav}jbl{ {cbp jl mf}ejh }cf jiwek} }ce} ifiafq bq`elj{e}jbl{ eqf ienjl`,
Jl bqmfq }b {vkkffm jl }cf dj`c} e`ejl{} wbtfq}z elm kcqbljk dbbm jl{fkvqj}z( mftfhbwifl}
weq}lfq{ iv{} {}fw vw fddbq}{ }b emmqf{{ jlkbl{j{}flkjf{ jl mftfhbwifl} wbhjkjf{( elm ehhb)
ke}f ibqf qf{bvqkf{ }b jlkqfe{f fddjkjflkz, E} }cf {eif }jif( weq}lfq kbvl}qjf{ iv{} }enf dvhh
bplfq{cjw bd }cf mftfhbwifl} wqbkf{{,
Jl }cf kbijl` zfeq{ }cf Whe}dbqi pjhh pbqn }b jlkqfe{f }cf {ceqf bd ifiafq{ BME `bjl` }b EQM, Pf pel}
}b ekcjftf }el`jahf wqb`qf{{ jl }cf jiwhfifl}e}jbl bd }cf Weqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl elm }cf Ekkqe E`flme dbq
Ek}jbl e} kbvl}qz hftfh, Pf eji dbq el jlkqfe{f jl }cf v{f bd wqb`qeiif)ae{fm elm {fk}bq)pjmf ewwqbekcf{jl EQM( elm }cf qe}jblehj{e}jbl bd EQM {vwwbq} az ifiafq{ jl {fhfk}fm kbvl}qjf{,
Kcqj{}bwc Nbchifzfq( Whe}dbqi Kcejq Aqjel Aehmpjl( Whe}dbqi Tjkf)Kcejq
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]CF WHE]DBQI JL EK]JBL
Emtbkekz elm bv}qfekcJl 1773 }cf Whe}dbqi emtbke}fm {}qbl`hz dbq ibqf fddfk}jtf elm jlkqfe{fm jltf{}ifl} jl e`qjkvh}vqf elm
qvqeh mftfhbwifl} #EQM* }b ekcjftf }cf Ijhhflljvi Mftfhbwifl} @beh{, ]cf ]cjqm Cj`c)Hftfh Dbqvi bl Ejm
Fddfk}jtflf{{ #CHD;*( cfhm jl Ekkqe( jl [fw}fiafq( pe{ e nfz ftfl} dbq Whe}dbqi
emtbkekz,
]cf Abeqm elm [fkqf}eqje} {}qe}f`jkehhz emmqf{{fm nfz {}enfcbhmfq{ elm lfp whezfq{ jl }cf jl}fqle}jbleh
wbhjkz eqfle, ]cf{f jlkhvmfm }cf Ehhjelkf dbq e @qffl Qftbhv}jbl jl Edqjke #E@QE*( }cf Ajhh elm Ifhjlme
@e}f{ Dbvlme}jbl #AI@D*( Kcjle( Oewel elm Jlmje( }cf Kfl}qf bl Jl}f`qe}fm Qvqeh
Mftfhbwifl} dbq E{je elm }cf Wekjdjk #KJQMEW*( elm }cf Edqjkel Mftfhbwifl} Aeln
#EdMA*, Mfhf`e}jbl{ elm iff}jl`{ }b mj{kv{{ wbhjkjf{ cetf hfm }b e {}qbl`fq lf}pbqnbd wqbdf{{jbleh{ elm e`flkjf{,
]cf qbem }b CHD; Ekkqe]cf Whe}dbqi qfkb`lj{fm }cf jiwbq}elkf bd }cf ]cjqm Cj`c)Hftfh Dbqvi bl Ejm
Fddfk}jtflf{{ #CHD;* dbq e{{f{{jl` cbp deq }cf jiwhfifl}e}jbl bd }cf Weqj{
Mfkheqe}jbl bl Ejm Fddfk}jtflf{{ cem wqb`qf{{fm elm dbq emmqf{{jl` kqj}jkeh lfp
kcehhfl`f{, ]cf mfkj{jbl }b fl`e`f pj}c CHD; wqbkf{{f{ qfkb`lj{fm }ce} }cf jiwhf)
ifl}e}jbl bd }cf Weqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl elm j}{ wqjlkjwhf{ j{ cetjl` e ieobq jiwek} bl ehh
{fk}bq{ jl mftfhbwifl} kbbwfqe}jbl,
]cf Whe}dbqi pbqnfm ceqm jl }cf qvl vw }b }cf CHD; }b fl{vqf }ce} }cf e`qjkvh}vqeh {fk}bq pe{ djqihz bl }cf
e`flme elm }ce} Whe}dbqi ifiafq{ cem bwwbq}vlj}jf{ }b emtbke}f dbq ibqf fddfk}jtf elm jlkqfe{fm jltf{})
ifl} jl EQM, ]cf Whe}dbqi mftfhbwfm khfeq wbhjkz if{{e`f{( elm jmfl}jdjfm nfz }eq`f}{ elm {}qe}f`jf{ }b
mfhjtfq }cf if{{e`f{,
Wv}}jl` e`qjkvh}vqf elm qvqeh mftfhbwifl} bl }cf CHD; e`flme
Jlj}jehhz( }cf CHD; wqbkf{{ dbkv{fm bl }qekjl` ejm fddfk}jtflf{{ jl }cqff {fk}bq{? cfeh}c( fmvke}jbl elm jldqe)
{}qvk}vqf, Av} j} pe{ jiwbq}el} dbq ejm fddfk}jtflf{{ jl EQM }b af weq} bd }cf mj{kv{{jbl{ hfemjl` vw }b elm
e} CHD;,
]cf Whe}dbqi pe{ mffwhz jltbhtfm jl }cf wqfweqe}jbl{ dbq Qbvlm ]eahf 3 Flcelkjl` qf{vh}{ az ewwhzjl` }cfWeqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl e} {fk}bq hftfh, Pj}c {vwwbq} dqbi {}enfcbhmfq{( }cf Whe}dbqi wqfweqfm e wewfq( E`qjkvh)
}vqeh {fk}bq fswfqjflkf{ jl jiwhfifl}jl` }cf Weqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl bl Ejm Fddfk}jtflf{{( {viieqj{jl` e`qjkvh)
}vqeh {fk}bq fswfqjflkf{ jl jiwhfifl}jl` }cf Weqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl, ]cf Whe}dbqi eh{b wqbtjmfm jlwv} }b }cf
Qbvlm ]eahf 3 bv}kbif wewfq Flcelkjl` qf{vh}{ az ewwhzjl` }cf Weqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl e} {fk}bq hftfh, ]cj{ pe{
wvahj{cfm jl Ev`v{} 1773 elm e{{f{{f{ ejm fddfk}jtflf{{ jl }cf cfeh}c( fmvke}jbl( e`qjkvh}vqf elm jldqe)
{}qvk}vqf {fk}bq{,
Cj`chj`c}jl` }cf jiwbq}elkf bd kjtjh {bkjf}z bq`elj{e}jbl{ jl }cf ejm fddfk}jtflf{{ wqbkf{{
Mblbq e`flkjf{ eqf lb} ehblf jl jiwqbtjl` }cfjq fddfk}jtflf{{ e{ mftfhbwifl} ek}bq{, Kjtjh {bkjf}z bq`elj{e)
}jbl{ #K[B{* eqf eh{b }enjl` vw }cf kcehhfl`f, Qfkb`lj{jl` }cj{( jl 1770( }cf Kelemjel Jl}fqle}jbleh
Mftfhbwifl} E`flkz #KJME* jltj}fm }cf Whe}dbqi }b {vwwbq} }cf Emtj{bqz @qbvw bl Kjtjh [bkjf}z elm Ejm
Fddfk}jtflf{{ bd }cf BFKM)MEK Pbqnjl` Weq}z bl Ejm Fddfk}jtflf{{ jl wqfweqjl` e wewfq bl af{} wqek}jkf{ jl
}cf djfhm bd K[B{ elm ejm fddfk}jtflf{{ jl EQM,
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]cf Whe}dbqi {vwwbq}fm }cj{ wqbkf{{( pcjkc pe{ hfm az KJME elm jiwhfifl}fm az DEB( az bq`elj{jl` kbl)
{vh}e}jbl{ jl 5; kbvl}qjf{, Djlmjl`{ pfqf wqf{fl}fm jl }cf qfwbq} Kjtjh {bkjf}z bq`elj{e}jbl{ elm ejm fddfk)
}jtflf{{ jl e`qjkvh}vqf elm qvqeh mftfhbwifl}? [zl}cf{j{ qfwbq} bd e 5;)kbvl}qz kbl{vh}e}jbl, ]cf djlmjl`{bd }cf {}vmz pfqf wqf{fl}fm elm mj{kv{{fm e} }cf Jl}fqle}jbleh Dbqvi bl Ejm Fddfk}jtflf{{ jl @e}jlfev(
Keleme( jl Dfaqveqz 1773,
Dbhhbpjl` }cf Dbqvi( e Whe}dbqi pbqn{cbw jl Ieqkc 1773 mftfhbwfm e {}qe}f`z }b fl{vqf }ce} ejm fddfk}jtf)
lf{{ jl EQM( elm }cf qbhf }ce} K[B{ whez( pbvhm af bl }cf e`flme e} CHD;, ]cf Whe}dbqi{ dbhhbp)vw }b }cf
5;)kbvl}qz kbl{vh}e}jbl hfm }b }cf jlkhv{jbl bd e`qjkvh}vqf jl }cf BFKM Wqb`qf{{ qfwbq} bl }cf jiwhfifl}e)
}jbl bd }cf Weqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl }eahfm e} CHD;, ]cj{ wqb`qf{{ qfwbq} pe{ }cf bv}kbif bd kbiwqfcfl{jtf kbl)
{vh}e}jbl{ elm iff}jl`{( elm( dvq}cfqibqf( j} wqbwb{fm }ce} K[B{ {cbvhm af jlkhvmfm e{ dvhh ifiafq{ jl
}cf BFKM Pbqnjl` Weq}z bl Ejm Fddfk}jtflf{{,
Jl Ovlf 1773( e} el Fswhbqe}bqz Iff}jl` bl K[B Fddfk}jtflf{{ jl pcjkc }cf Whe}dbqi }bbn weq}( weq}jkjwel}{
e`qffm }b hevlkc e `hbaeh Bwfl Dbqvi, @vjmfm elm iele`fm az e K[B @hbaeh Dekjhj}e}jbl @qbvw( }cj{ Bwfl
Dbqvi aqjl`{ }b`f}cfq {}enfcbhmfq{ dqbi eqbvlm }cf pbqhm }b mftfhbw wqjlkjwhf{ elm `vjmfhjlf{ dbq }cf
qbhf bd K[B{ jl ejm fddfk}jtflf{{, ]cf Bwfl Dbqvi eh{b emtbke}f{ dbq }cf mftfhbwifl} bd e dejq( lf`b}je}fm
e`qffifl} af}pffl `btfqlifl}{( mblbq{ elm K[B{ bl mftfhbwifl} fddfk}jtflf{{, ]cf Dbqvi eji{ }b
cetf }cf e`qffifl} flmbq{fm e} }cf Dbvq}c Cj`c)Hftfh Dbqvi( }b af cfhm jl Afjojl` jl Mfkfiafq 1755,
E`qjkvh}vqf elm qvqeh mftfhbwifl} e} CHD;]cf qf{vh} bd emtbkekz elm fl`e`fifl} az Whe}dbqi ifiafq{ elm }cf [fkqf}eqje} pe{ }ce} e`qjkvh}vqf elm
}cf jiwbq}el} qbhf bd K[B{ pe{ bl }cf e`flme jl nfz {f{{jbl{ e} CHD;?
Qbvlm ]eahf 3 Flcelkjl` qf{vh}{ az ewwhzjl` }cf Weqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl e} {fk}bq hftfh> elm
Ieqnf}whekf bd Jmfe{,
]cf Whe}dbqi dvq}cfqibqf wqbtjmfm jlwv} }b?
Qbvlm ]eahf 5 Kbvl}qz bplfq{cjw>
Qbvlm ]eahf 4 ]cf qbhf bd kjtjh {bkjf}z bq`elj{e}jbl{ jl emtelkjl` ejm fddfk}jtflf{{> elm
K[B Weqehhfh Dbqvi,
E} }cf flm bd CHD;( ijlj{}fq{ dqbi mftfhbwjl` elm mblbq kbvl}qjf{( elm cfem{ bd ivh}j)
he}fqeh elm ajhe}fqeh mftfhbwifl} jl{}j}v}jbl{ flmbq{fm }cf Ekkqe E`flme dbq Ek}jbl#EEE*, Jl el jiwbq}el} elm eiaj}jbv{ {}fw dbqpeqm( }cf EEE qfkb`lj{f{ }ce} kbvl}qz
bplfq{cjw bd }cf mftfhbwifl} wqbkf{{ j{ kqj}jkeh( }ce} ibqf fddfk}jtf elm jlkhv{jtf
weq}lfq{cjw{ dbq mftfhbwifl} eqf lffmfm( elm }ce} mfhjtfqjl` elm ekkbvl}jl` dbq
mftfhbwifl} qf{vh}{ j{ f{{fl}jeh, ]cf jiwbq}el} qbhf{ }ce} kjtjh {bkjf}z elm }cf wqj)
te}f {fk}bq whez jl mftfhbwifl} jl `flfqeh( elm jl EQM jl weq}jkvheq( eqf cj`chj`c}fm,
Az {}qfl`}cfljl` elm dbkv{{jl` }cf Weqj{ Mfkheqe}jbl( }cf EEE pjhh vlmfqwjl Whe}dbqi
ifiafq{ pbqn }bpeqm{ ibqf fddfk}jtf mftfhbwifl} e{{j{}elkf jl EQM }ce} qfdhfk}{
hbkeh kblmj}jbl{( avjhm{ bl hbkeh {z{}fi{ elm {}qfl`}cfl{ jlkhv{jtf kbvl}qz bplfq{cjw,
Afkev{f bd {beqjl` dbbm wqjkf{( EQM dfe}vqfm wqbijlfl}hz jl whfleqz {f{{jbl{( dbq fseiwhf jl }cf {wffkc
az }cf Wqf{jmfl} bd }cf Pbqhm Aeln, ]cf Whe}dbqi }bbn dvhh emtel}e`f bd }cj{ }b fiwce{j{f }cf jiwbq}elkf
bd }cf Kbiwqfcfl{jtf Edqjke E`qjkvh}vqf Mftfhbwifl} Wqb`qeiif #KEEMW* e{ }cf dqeifpbqn dbq e`qjkvh)
}vqeh mftfhbwifl} jl Edqjke,
7:
Avqnjle De{b elm Afljl dbq kb}}bl> {ftfqeh kbvl}qjf{ dbq {v`eq
{vwwbq}* pcfqftfq dfe{jahf, Avm`f} {vwwbq} pjhh eh{b af v{fm jl {ftfqeh kbvl}qjf{ }ce} pjhh aflfdj} dqbi }cf
Dbbm Dekjhj}z {}eq}jl` dqbi 177:,
1;
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Dvq}cfqibqf( flcelkfm kbbwfqe}jbl elm kbbqmjle}jbl af}pffl VL E`flkjf{ elm }cf Pbqhm Aeln ce{ affl
{}jivhe}fm, ]cj{ cewwflfm jl }cf dqeifpbqn bd }cf Dbbm Dekjhj}z( pcfqf kbbqmjle}fm VL"Pbqhm Aeln wqb)
`qeiif{ pjhh af {vwwbq}fm, J} j{ eh{b el jl}qjl{jk dfe}vqf bd }cf Ehh)EKW #Edqjkel( Keqjaafel elm Wekjdjk@qbvw bd [}e}f{* E`qjkvh}vqeh Kbiibmj}jf{ Wqb`qeiif # =6 ijhhjbl wqb`qeiif jl {vwwbq} bd e`qjkvh}vqeh
kbiibmj}jf{* jl pcjkc djtf e`flkjf{ #Kbiibl Dvlm dbq Kbiibmj}jf{( DEB( }cf Jl}fqle}jbleh ]qemf Kfl}qf(
Vlj}fm Le}jbl{ Kbldfqflkf bl ]qemf elm Mftfhbwifl} elm }cf Pbqhm Aeln* pbqn }b`f}cfq }b {vwwbq} }cf
kbiwf}j}jtflf{{ bd kbiibmj}z kcejl{, Jl 1773( e {fqjf{ bd qf`jbleh {}qe}f`z pbqn{cbw{ kbl}qjav}fm }b }cj{
`beh,
]cf Qvqeh Cva jl Meneq( [flf`eh( j{ ehqfemz qfkb`lj{fm e{ el fddjkjfl} }bbh }b jiwqbtf kbcfqflkf bd wbhjkjf{
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]cf V[ j{ pbqnjl` pj}c b}cfq kbvl}qjf{ elm jl}fqle}jbleh bq`elj{e}jbl{ }b {f} vw }cf @hbaeh Weq}lfq{cjw dbq
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ij}ifl}{,
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jk dbbm jl{fkvqj}z elm e qftj{fm dbbm {fkvqj}z {}qe}f`z,
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WHE]DBQI IELE@FIFL] ELM @BTFQLELKF
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}cf Abeqm( pcjkc djq{} if} jl Mfkfiafq 1770, ]cf qftj{fm Kceq}fq pe{ embw}fm jl Ieqkc 1773, ]cf Whe}dbqi
[}ffqjl Kbiij}}ff cbhm{ qf`vheq tjmfb kbldfqflkf{ }b mj{kv{{ wqb`qf{{ elm wqjbqj}j{f Whe}dbqi ek}jtj}jf{,
Jl `flfqeh( Whe}dbqi ek}jtj}jf{ jl 1773 pfqf keqqjfm bv} ekkbqmjl` }b }cf pbqn whel, E{ mjqfk}fm az }cf
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}cf kqj{j{ jl dbbm wqjkf{ elm ienf ewwqbwqje}f qf{wbl{f{, Bl`bjl` wqjbqj}jf{ pfqf el fs}fqleh fte)
hve}jbl bd }cf Whe}dbqi( elm mftfhbwjl` e Whe}dbqi [}qe}f`jk Whel,
]cf jlmfwflmfl} fs}fqleh ftehve}jbl bd }cf Whe}dbqi }bbn whekf af}pffl Oelveqz elm Ewqjh,
Jl qf{wbl{f }b }cf ftehve}jbl( }cf Abeqm e`qffm }ce} e }cqff)zfeq {}qe}f`jk whel {cbvhm af
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}cf djq{} uveq}fq bd 177:,
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Abeqm iff}jl` elm qf}qfe}Mvqjl` }cf Abeqm iff}jl` elm qf}qfe} jl Wf}fq{afq`( Abll( jl Ovhz( }cf iejl j}fi{ bl }cf e`flme pfqf }cfdjlmjl`{ bd }cf fs}fqleh ftehve}jbl bd }cf Whe}dbqi,
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]cf Abeqm eh{b jmfl}jdjfm wqjbqj}jf{ dbq }cf qfiejljl` cehd bd 1773?
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