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Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke A. Tews

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Page 1: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions

Birke A. Tews

Page 2: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Merkmale von Plusstrang-RNA-

Viren

Page 3: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Life cycle of plus strand RNA viruses

1. Entry

2. Uncoating

3. Translation and

polyprotein

processing

4. RNA replication

5. Assembly

6. Release

Page 4: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Merkmale von Plusstrang RNA-Viren

Einzelsträngiges RNA-Genom, das direkt als mRNA fungieren kann.

-> das virale Genom ist bereits infektiös (Abgrenzung Retrovirus)

5‘ Ende:

Cap -> Flaviviren, Coronaviren

VPg -> Caliciviren, Picornaviren

Unmodifiziert -> Pestiviren, Hepaciviren

3‘ Ende

Poly-A -> Coronaviren

Unmodifizierte Enden -> Pestiviren, Flaviviren, Hepaciviren

Subgenomische RNAs

Ja: -> Coronaviren, Caliciviren, Ateriviren, Astroviren, Togaviren

Nein: -> Flaviviren, Picornaviren

Page 5: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Picornaviridae – kleine RNA-Viren

Source: ViralZone:www.expasy.org/viralzone, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics

- Nicht-umhüllt

- 7-9kb

- 5‘ Vpg & 3‘ poly-A-tail

- IRES

- Ein Polyprotein

Order: Picornavirales

Family: Picornaviridae

Genus: Aphthovirus

Species: Foot-and-mouth disease virus

Genus: Enterovirus

Species: human enterovirus C (polio)

Page 6: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Coronaviruses – die größten RNA-Viren

- umhüllt

- 27-32kb

- 5‘ Cap & 3‘ poly-A tail

- Zwei Polyproteine (ribosomal frameshift)

- Subgenomische RNAs für (Struktur-)Proteine

Order: Nidovirales

Family: Coronaviridae

Subfamily: Coronavirinae

Genus: Alphacoronavirus

Species: Human coronavirus 229E

Genus: Betacoronavirus

Species: Severe acute respiratory

Syndrome-related coronavirus

Source: ViralZone:www.expasy.org/viralzone, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics

Page 7: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Flaviviridae

Source: ViralZone:www.expasy.org/viralzone, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics

- Umhüllt

- 10-12kb

- Ein Polyprotein

- Flaviviruses:

- 5‘cap & 3‘ loop

- Hepaciviruses, Pestiviruses

- Naktes, strukturiertes 5‘ &

strukturiertes 3‘ Ende

- IRES

Order: Unassigned

Family: Flaviviridae

Genus: Flavivirus -> Species: Yellow fever virus

Genus: Hepacivirus -> Species: Hepacivirus C (Hepatitis C virus)

Genus: Pestivirus -> Species: Pestivirus A (Bovine viral diarrhea virus)

Page 8: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Caliciviridae

- Nicht-umhüllt

- 7-8kb

- 5‘ VPg & 3‘ poly-A-tail

- Subgenomische RNA

Order: Unassigned

Family: Caliciviridae

Genus: Norovirus

Species: Norwalk virus

Source: ViralZone:www.expasy.org/viralzone, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics

Page 9: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Revers-genetische Systeme

Page 10: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Revers-genetische Systeme

„einfacher“ als für Negativstrang RNA-Viren.

Einbringen viraler RNA in die Zelle reicht theoretisch aus, um infektiöse

Viren zu bilden.

Klassischer Ansatz:

Klonierung der kompletten cDNA hinter einen Promotor

In vitro Herstellung der genomischen RNA durch T7 oder SP6-Polymerasen

Einbringen der RNA in Zielzellen

Page 11: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Revers-genetische Systeme

Klassischer Ansatz:

Klonierung der kompletten cDNA hinter einen Promotor

In vitro Herstellung der genomischen RNA durch T7 oder SP6-Polymerasen

- Für Viren mit VPg oder Cap muss dieses in der Reaktion mit eingefügt

werden

- Für Viren mit Poly-A-Schwanz muss dieser vom Plasmid kodiert sein,

oder durch Poly-A-tailing angefügt werden

- Für Viren mit „nackten“ Enden ist meist das definierte Ende wichtig.

Page 12: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Revers-genetische Systeme

Genom hat häufig ausgeprägte Sekundärstrukturen -> toxisch/instabil in

Bakterien

-> cDNA auf mehrere Plasmide aufgeteilt.

Die einzelnen Sequenzen werden vor der in vitro Transkription zu einem

DNA-Molekül zusammengefügt.

Page 13: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Revers-genetische Systeme

In vivo Herstellung der „genomischen“ RNA durch transfizierte Zellen

- Durch Wahl eines RNA-Polymerase II Promotors wird die RNA mit

einem Cap modifiziert (gut für Viren mit einem VPg oder Cap-Genom)

- Ein Poly-A-Schwanz kann durch entsprechende Signale und die

zellulären Enzyme dafür angehängt werden.

- Für Viren mit exakten Genomenden kann hier durch die Klonierung

eines Ribozyms das exakte 3‘ Ende generiert werden.

Page 14: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Interaktion mit dem Wirt:

essentielle Wirtsfaktoren

Page 15: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Life cycle of plus strand RNA viruses

1. Entry ->

Receptors/proteases

2. Uncoating -> pH-shift,

endocytotic pathways,

enzymes

3. Translation and

polyprotein processing

-> ribosome, initiation

factors, elongation

factors, proteases,

chaperones

4. RNA replication

5. Assembly

6. Release/Maturation ->

proteases

Page 16: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Rezeptoren: Ein Virus – ein Rezeptor

Rezeptoren können Speziesspezifitäten bedingen

Poliovirus: CD155

Anfällige Spezies: Mensch (experimentell auch

Affen)

Order: Picornavirales

Family: Picornaviridae

Genus: Aphthovirus

Species: Foot-and-mouth disease virus

Genus: Enterovirus

Species: human enterovirus C (polio)

Page 17: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Rezeptoren: Ein Virus – ein Rezeptor

Rezeptoren können Speziesspezifitäten bedingen

Poliovirus: CD155

Anfällige Spezies: Mensch (experimentell auch

Affen)

Rezeptor identifiziert durch Expression von cDNA aus

suszeptiblen Zellen in nicht suszeptiblen Zellen

Aus empfänglich gewordenen Zellklonen cDNA isoliert, kloniert und

sequenziert

In transgenen Mäusen exprimiert bekommen diese empfänglich.

Page 18: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Rezeptoren: Ein Virus – ein Rezeptor

Rezeptoren können Speziesspezifitäten bedingen

MERS-Coronavirus: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4

(DPP4, CD26)

Anfällige Spezies: Cameliden, Fledermäuse,

Menschen…

Order: Nidovirales

Family: Coronaviridae

Subfamily: Coronavirinae

Genus: Betacoronavirus

Species: Middle eastern respiratory

syndrome-related coronavirus

Page 19: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Rezeptoren: Ein Virus – ein Rezeptor

Rezeptoren können Speziesspezifitäten bedingen

MERS-Coronavirus: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4

(DPP4, CD26)

Anfällige Spezies: Cameliden, Fledermäuse,

Menschen…

Gefunden über Bindung an rekombinanten S1-Fc-Protein und

identifiziert durch Massenspektrometrie

Löslicher Rezeptor kann Infektion hemmen

Expression kann Zellen empfänglich machen

Page 20: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Eintritt ist mehr als nur Rezeptoren

MERS (und andere Coronaviren) brauchen Proteasen für die Aktivierung

der Membranfusion. Wirtsfaktor TMPRSS2

Alexandra C. Walls et al. PNAS 2017;114:42:11157-11162

Page 21: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Eintritt ist mehr als nur Rezeptoren

MERS (und andere Coronaviren) brauchen Proteasen für die Aktivierung

der Membranfusion

Earnest et al, Plos Pathogens 2017

ZellkulturMaus

Page 22: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Eintritt ist mehr als nur Rezeptoren

MERS (und andere Coronaviren) brauchen Proteasen für die Aktivierung

der Membranfusion

Page 23: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Hepatitis C: ein Virus – viele Rezeptoren

Source: ViralZone:www.expasy.org/viralzone, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics

Order: Unassigned

Family: Flaviviridae

Genus: Hepacivirus

Species: Hepacivirus C (Hepatitis C virus)

1 2 3

Hepatitis C is a viral infection, which is

chronic in 80% of the cases (1) and can lead

to cirrhosis (2) and hepatocellular

carcinoma (3)

Page 24: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Rezeptoren: Ein Virus – viele Rezeptoren

Hepatitis C Virus

Anfällige Species: Mensch (experimentell Schimpansen)

- „Attachment factors“: LDL-R & Glykosaminoglykane

- Rezeptoren: SR-BI & CD81

- Notwendige Eintrittsfaktoren: Claudin-1 & Occludin

Model by Sophana Ung

Page 25: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Rezeptoren: Ein Virus – viele Rezeptoren

Hepatitis C Virus

Anfällige Species: Mensch (experimentell Schimpansen)

- Nur die humane Isoform möglich: CD81 & OCLN

- SR-BI hochexprimiert in Leberzellen

- Weitere nicht-essentielle Faktoren fördern die Aufnahme

Model by Sophana Ung

Page 26: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Nicht alle Wirtsfaktoren sind Proteine

Lebertropismus bei Hepatitis C Infektionen – bedingt durch miRNA?

Page 27: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Exkurs: miRNA

Winter et al. Nature Cell Biology, 2009

Page 28: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Nicht alle Wirtsfaktoren sind Proteine

Lebertropismus bei Hepatitis C Infektionen – bedingt durch miRNA?

- HCV hat zwei Bindestellen für miR-122 im 5‘ Ende des Genoms

- miR-122 ist hochkonzentriert in der Leber und reguliert Lipid- und

Cholesterolstoffwechselfunktionen und wirkt als Tumorsuppressor

Erica S. Machlin et al. PNAS 2011;108:8:3193-3198

Page 29: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

HCV ist miR-122 abhängig

Mutierte Bindungsstellen

Page 30: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Details der Interaktion

Erica S. Machlin et al. PNAS 2011;108:8:3193-3198

Page 31: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Details der Interaktion

Erica S. Machlin et al. PNAS 2011;108:8:3193-3198

Page 32: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Welche Funktion erfüllt die Bindung?

Erhöhte Translation

Stabilität gegenüber XRN1/2

Page 33: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Wirtsfaktoren zur Persistenzetablierung - Pestiviren

Order: Unassigned

Family: Flaviviridae

Genus: Pestivirus

Species: Pestivirus A (Bovine viral diarrhea virus)

Fig: M. Jörn (Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology of Pestiviruses, Adv Virus Res 2015)

Page 34: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

BVDV

• Two biotypes: non-cytopathic (ncp), cytopathic (cp)

– Distinguished by their effect in cell culture

– Relevance for host infection?

Page 35: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Pathogenesis: BVD / Mucosal Disease

• Infection

– often clinically inapparent

– fever

– diarrhea

– mucosal lesions

– death

• Infection in pregnant cows

– ncp viruses infecting between 40 and 120 of

gestation lead to infection of the fetus and

birth of persistently infected animals (PI)

• PI animals:

– Have no adaptive immune response

– Have high viral titer in the blood

– Act as virus reservoirs

• Superinfection with a cp virus of PI animals

leads to development of mucosal disease.

Page 36: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

What is the difference between cp and ncp isolates

• Difference between cp and ncp is the presence of

cleaved NS3 in infected cells.

Fig: M. Jörn (Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology of Pestiviruses, Adv Virus Res 2015)

Page 37: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Regulation of NS2-3 cleavage

• Ncp viruses do produce NS3 at

early time points

• Cp viruses produce NS3 at

every stage of infection

• NS2 is an autoprotease

responsible for the cleavage

• Conclusion: production of NS3

is tightly regulated in ncp

viruses

• What is the molecular basis for

the tight regulation and for the

constitutive cleavage in cp

viruses

T. Lackner et al. J. Virol. 2004;78:10765-10775

Page 38: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Molecular basis – genomes of cp viruses

cp viruses contain cellular sequences leading to NS2-NS3 cleavage

Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology of Pestiviruses, Adv Virus Res 2015

Page 39: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Molecular basis – genomes of cp viruses

exception

usual

Complete cleavage of NS2-3 -> no infectious virus

Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus

Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology of Pestiviruses, Adv Virus Res 2015

Ubiquitin related

proteins -> cleavage

by cellular proteases

Page 40: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Molecular basis – genomes of cp viruses

Some cp viruses have another insertion

- 90aa of a 699aa J-domain protein (Jiv = J-domain protein interacting

with viral protein, or DNAJ-C14)

- Jiv is a cellular chaperone belonging to the Hsp40 family

- The 90aa sequence have no protease activity

Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology of Pestiviruses, Adv Virus Res 2015

Page 41: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

NS2 ist eine Autoprotease

- Sequenzvergleich mit HCV

- Mutageneseanalyse mit Mutationen im putativen aktiven Zentrum

- Keine Spaltung -> kein Virus

Lackner et al. Temporal Modulation of an Autoprotease Is Crucial for Replication and Pathogenicity of an RNA Virus, J Virol 2004

Page 42: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Jiv/Jiv90 erlaubt die Spaltung

- NS2 ist eine Autoprotease

- Jiv90 ein essentieller Kofaktor

Rinck et al. A Cellular J-Domain Protein Modulates Polyprotein Processing and Cytopathogenicity of a Pestivirus, J Virol 2001

Page 43: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Effekt der Spaltung auf Virus-RNA-Level

Cytopathogene Viren generieren mehr

genomische RNA

Das führt nicht zu mehr infektiösem Virus

Lackner et al. Temporal Modulation of an Autoprotease Is Crucial for Replication and Pathogenicity of an RNA Virus, J Virol 2004

Page 44: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Die Spaltung in der Infektion

NS3 wird für die Replikation benötigt

NS2-3 wird für den Partikelbau benötigt

Page 45: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Adaptierung an NS2/NS3 alleine

Chimäre aus ncp7 und Ossloss

Je ein Aminosäureaustausch in NS2 und NS3 nötig

Sowohl NS2-3 als auch NS3 bilden einen Komplex mit NS4A

Dubrau et al. Plos Pathogens 2017

Page 46: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

NS4A interagiert unterschiedlich mit NS3 und NS2-3

Einfluss auf Interaktion mit NS4A

Dubrau et al. Plos Pathogens 2017

Page 47: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Kompakte Interaktion

NS3/NS4A -> RNA

Replikation

Depletion von Jiv in der

Infektion -> keine Spaltung

NS2-3

Veränderte Interaktion

NS2-3/NS4A ->

Partikelzusammenbau

Zeitliche Regulierung der

Infektion

Jiv Depletion reguliert Replikation und Zusammenbau

Dubrau et al. Plos Pathogens 2017

Page 48: Plus strand RNA viruses and their host interactions Birke ... · Insertion of IRES or ubiquitin between NS2 and NS3 -> no infectious virus Tautz, Tews & Meyers: The Molecular Biology

Warum die zeitliche Regulierung?

Ncp Virus IFN-Antwort unterdrückt -> Foetus

überlebt

Cp Virus IFN-Antwort vorhanden -> Abort

RNA

Npro/Erns

RNA

Npro/Erns