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JIeHHO, no C Ten e H H 0, nppanaanas pa3JI,pa}!{HTeJIbHbIX H

TOPM03HbIX nponeccos eute He HOCHT 3JI,eCb CHCTeMHoro, H3-

6HpaTeJIhHOrO xapaxrepa; xapaxrep OTBeTHOH peaxuaa qaCTO

HenOCpeJI,CTBeHHO nepeHOCHTC5! ua nOCJIeJI,YlOmHH pasnpaaca-TeJIb, H B CHJIY sroro TOPM03HbIH CHrHaJI, CJIeJI,YlOmHll sa

nOJIO}!{HTeJIbHbIM,. qaCTO npOJI,OJI}!{aeT BbI3bIBaTb nOJIO}!{HTeJIb-

nyro peaKlI,HIO, H naocopor.>- nOJIO}!{HTeJIbHbIH CHrHaJI nOCJIe

TopM03a qaCTO npOJI,OJI}!{aeT OCTaBaTbC5! 6e3 HY}!{HOrO OTBe-

ra. Bupariorannsre TaKHM 06pa30M peaKUHH euie JI,OJIroe

BpeM5! npOJI,OJI}!{aIOT HY}!{JI,aTbC5! B n 0 C T 0 51H H 0 M n 0 JI,-

6

K P e n JI e H II II II npn era YCTpaHeHllII aupaooranaas CIf-CTeMa Ma)KeT .nerxo pacnanarsca. Depe,II.eJIKaCIICTeMblconepuraerca a6bl'IHa He cpasy H Tpe6yeT HaBai'I ,lI.JIIITeJIb-Hai'I paoorsr. Haxoneu, 'ITa ocooenuo xapaxrepno, npoueccBblpa6aTKII HaBai'I CBH3If q aCT a H e c o n p a B a )K ,II.a e T-C H 3,II. e C b P e 'I e B bI M If P e n JI II K a M II If Barr p 0.-C a M II cavoro peoenxa, CBII,lI.eTeJIbCTBYlOruIIMII 0.6 Y'IaCTIIIIera coocraemron apIIeHTIIPYlOruei'I peQII B rpopvupoaannnaoasrx cBH3ei'I. TIUIH'IHbIM ,lI.JIH ,lI.eTei'I sroro B03paCTa HB-JIHeTCH TaK)Ke II TaT cpaKT, 'ITa B CJIaBeCHaM or-cere Y HIIX'IaCTa 6bIBaeT T p Y,II. H a rr a JI Y Lf II T b C K a JI b K a - H II-6 Y ,II.b rr a JI H Y 1O cp a p M Y JI II P a B K Y ,II.a )K e n p a K-T H 'I e C K If 3 a M K H Y T a i'I C B H 3 II, orsersr perienxa xauiencero euie HY)K,lI.alOTCH B KOHKpeTH3IIpaBaHHblX aonpocaxsxcnepaaeararopa II 'IaCTa 3aMeHHlOTCH CJIaBeCHblMII acco-UIIaUHHMH, He orpaacaiouman ,lI.ei'IcTBIITeJIbHa 3aMKHYTai'I Bonsrre 'CBH3I:l. I1M€HHO y peoenxa 311o.rOoB003paCTa, npaxrane-CKI:l JI,!a)KeccpapMIIIpo.BaBUlerOo HY)KHYlO CBH'3b, Mbl 'rrOJIY4aeMCo.Bep'UleHHO HeaJI,eKBaTHbli'I OT'IeT 00 ero ,II.'ei'IcTBI:lHX,I:l na sa-,lI.aHHbli'I cpasy xce rrOCJIe orrsrra aonpoc: «I\.aKIIe 6bIJII:l orcas-KI:l?» - OH Ha'II:lHaeT nepesmcnsm, see I:l3BeCTHbl€ eMY UBe-ra; na nonpoc: «4To. Tbl,II.eJIaJI?» - OH OTBe'IaeT: «06e-,lI.aJI» - I:lJIII na sonpoc: «Koraa MbI Ha')KI:lMaJII:l na xaon-KY?» -3!aHBJIH€T: «CerOJI,HH!»

Bce 3Ta rosopnr a TaM, LITO.oranexatouraa II oooouraio-mas pe'Ib canoro perienxa eiue He Y'IaCTByeT 3,II.eCb ,lI.aJI)K-HbIM oopason B npouecce Bblpa6aTKII noasrx cBH3ei'I, 'ITa 3Taaupaoorxa noasrx cBH3ei'I nepenxo nporexaer euie 6e3axrnsnoro yqaCTIIH CJIaBecHo.i'I CIICTeMbl.

Ha6JIlO,lI.eHIIH rraKa3aJIII, 'ITa TaKae norroaceaae ,lI.eJIa cy-Ul,eCTBeHHa II3MeHHeTCH K 5-6 ronan.

I\. 3TaMY apenean CJIe,II.bl CJIaBecHai'I IIHCTPYKUIIII Y)KeH3'IllHalOT nponao o.no.CpeJI,CTBOBaTb Kal)KJI,YlO peaKJUI:110 pe-6eHKa, I:l npeJI,bH'BJIeHI:le aosoro 'CI:lrHaJIa nO'IllII BCer,II.a Hbl3bl-aaer Y petiemca aKTIfBHYlO Mo6IIJII:l3aUI:l1O, penn II )KI:lBOi'I BOo-npoc: «A na 311o.T Ha,lJ;O Ha)KI:lMaTb?», I:lJII:l TaKYlO)Ke aKTI:lB-HYlO peIIJII:lKY: «Ax, CI:lHI:lH, 3Ha'II:lT Hla)KIIIMaTb He uano!», CTIOoCJIeJI,Y'lO'rueHKOppeKUI:l€H OoUlI:lOo.'IHbIXpea'NUIIH. I\. 3TOoMY)KeBpeMeHII supariorxa noasrx CBH3eH no MeTa,II.I:lKe nocroaa-noro penesoro rraJI,KperrJIeHIIH Ha'IIIHaeT rrpaHBJIHTb Y peoen-xa cyruecraeano aoasre xeprtr. Ilonxpenneane coorser-CTBYlOruIIMII rrpII3HaKaMIf rraJIa)KIITeJIbHblX IIJIII ropaoaauxpeaKUIIH Ha'IIIHaeT Bbl3blBaTb Y perienxa caaocroarensaoe

7,

CJIOBeCHOe OOOOmeHHe, KOTOpOe cnauana HOCHT BHelllmIii,paasepnyrsta xapaxrep, a nOTOM nOCTeneHHO ace OOJIee HOOJIee npespamaercs B csepnyryio CPOPMY,qTOObI K 7-9 ro-,n:aM Y)I{e nOqTH nOJIHOCTblO3aMeHHTbC51BHYTpeHHell pe-n-to,aHaJIH3HpYlOmeH aocnpaaaeraevsre CHrHaJibI H YKJIa,n:bIBaIO-meH HX B onpene.nennsre CHCTeMbI.

Bee 3TO YKa3bIBaeT na TO, qTO K 3TOMY BpeMeHH CJI 0-B e C H a 51 C 11CT e Map e 0 e H K a H a q 11H a e T B K JI 10-s a r b C 51 B e roo p 11e H T 11P 0 B 0 q H Y 10 ,n:e 51T e JI b-HOCTb H rrpl1HHMaTb aKTI1BHOe yqaCTl1e BcP0 P M 11P 0 B a H 1111 HOB bI X C B 513 e ll. B pe3YJIbTaTe31'OrO H cava BbIpa60TKa HOBbIX cB513eHrraxaaaer npaoripe-TaTb snecs onacauaue asnne neprer .I1X 6bICTporo CI1CTeM-aoro 3aMbIKaHI151,xoropsre xapaxrepasr ,n:JI51onocpencrsoaan-aoro pexsro CPOpMl1pOBaHI151HOBbIX cB513ell'Y ~IeJIOBeKa.3TI1CB51311CTaHOB51TC51He3aBI1CI1MbIMI1OT nOCT051HHorononxperr-JIeHI15111 npnoriperaror TOT npOqHbll1 11 nO)],BI1)1{HOHxapax-rep, KOTOPbIll MbI Y)I{e Onl1CbIBaJII1asnne. Xapaxrepno, qTOI1MeHHO K 3TOMY B03paCTY BbIpa60TKa CB513eHCTaHOBI1TC511160JIee C0 3 HaT e JI b H 0 II 11CJIOBeCHbIllor-rer (npa HOp-MaJIbHbIX YCJIOBI151XTeqeHI151onsrra) nasanaer ,n:OCTaTOqHOnOJIHou.eHHO orpaxcars IIpaKTl1qeCKI1 3aMKHYTbIe perienxoxCB51311.

Cnenyer, onnaxo, OTMeTI1Tb, qTO Y HOpMaJIbHOrO pe-6eHKa see YKa3aHHbIe B03paCTHbIe rparnmsr 0 l' H 10,n:b H e51B JI 5110l' C51 a 0 C0 JI 10l' H bI M H.

KaK IIOKa3aJII1 OnbITbI H. IT. ITapaMoHOBOH, a 3aTeM HOilbITbI M. P. Tlecxoscxon, MHorOKpaTHbIH onpoc 06 yCJIO-BI151Xonsrra, conposoacztaenuf cooTBeTcTBYlOml1M nonxpen-JIeHl1eM nOJIO)l{l1TeJIbHbIXH TOPM03HbIX Cl1rHaJIOB, I1JII1rtaxcesneneaae B OnbIT rpOMKI1X peseasrx peaxum; cavoro peoea-xa (B rpopue paaaepnyroii peneaof ou.eHKI1 CI1fHaJIa: «xpac-HbIll - nano naxcart,» I1JII1 «3eJIeHbIll - He nano aaxca-MaTb») , MO)l{eT cymeCTBeHHO H3MeHHTb noseneaae nasceTpeXJIeTHerO periemca H npHBeCTH K TOMY, qTO ero COOCTBeH-Ha51 pe-ts aavaaaer nrpars see 60JIbIJ,IYlO pOJIb B nponecce06pa30BaHI151 y Hero HOBbIX CB513ell. B pe3YJIbTaTe TaKOllTpeHl1pOBKI1 MO)l{HO ,n:OCTl1rHYTbToro, qTO ,n:a)l{e y TpeXJIeT-Hero pe6eHKa npe,n:b51BJIeHl1eyCJIOBH~X Cl1rHaJIOB Haql1HaerBbI3bIBa1'b rnrnmmre sonpocu 11penJII1KI1, peneasre peaxunaaasanaror nrpars cymecTBeHHYIO pOJIb B Opl1eHTl1pOBKe BCHrHaJIaX 11B TOpMO)l{eHI1HHenpaBI1JIbHbIX peaxnaa, 11 rpop-Ml1pOBaHl1e CB513eHnaxaaaer ocymeCTBJI51TbC51npa OJII1)1{all-

8

llleM B3aI1MO)l.eHCTBI1I106eI1x CI1rHaJIbHbIX CI1CTeM )l.a)!{ey 3Toro MaJIeHbKOro pe6eHKa.

TaKa51 nepecrponxa nponecca q,OpMI1pOBaHI151HOBbIX CB5I-"3eH YKa3bIBaeT na orpounue nJIaCTJ1lIeCKI1eB03MO)!{HOCTI1,xapaxrepnayronrae pa3BI1TI1e KOPKOBOH )l.e5lTeJIbHOCTI1HOp-MaJIbHOrO perieuxa. Ona YKa3bIBaeT na nexoropsre KOHKpeT-Hble q,OpMbI, xoropue MO)!{eT npI1HI1MaTb Y'IaCTI1e peun BperYJI5IUI1I1 nOBe)l.eHI151B paaaev )l.OIllKOJIbHOM B03paCTe I1rOBOpI1T 0 TOM, xaxyro orpoxayio pOJIb MorYT nrpart, pa-UI10HaJIbHO nocrpoennsre npnerasr BOCnI1TaHH5IB nepecrpoft-xe OCHOBHbIXnpoueccos )l.e5lTeJIbHOCTHaa 3TOH paHHeH rpasepa3BI1TI151periemca.

4

KaK nOKa3aJII1 TOJIb~O lI1'O OnI1CaHHbI€ 'q,aKTb1, B (03)l.aH-HbIX HaMlf JIa-60paTopHbI'X Y'CJIOBlf5l'X, recnoe aKTI1BHOeYllaCTI1e c06CTBeHHOH peva peoeaxa npa Bb1pa60TKe HOBbIXBpeMeHHbIX CB5I3eH IlPOqHO YCTaHaBJII1BaeTC5Iyxce K crap-meuy )l.OIllKOJIbHOMY B03paCTY, 11 I1MeHHO B 3TOT nepaozrBb1pa60TKa CB5I3eH na-nrxaer YCTOHQI1BOonOCpe)l.CTBOBaTbC5ICJIOBeCHOHClfCTeMOH,noaoratouiea pe6eHKY OpI1eHTlfpOBaTb-C5I B oxpyxcaiouteii )l.eHCTBI1TeJIbHOCTHH CHCTeMaTH3I1pyro-rueH sees ero IlPOlllJIbIH OIlbIT. O)l.HaKO B a H 0 M a JI b H 0 MP a 3 B H T H H I1 oc06eHHO npa YMCTBeHHOHOTCTaJIOCTH,KO-TOpa51 51BJI5IeTC5ICJIe)l.CTBHeMpaao nepeaeceaaoro nopaxce-HI151M03ra, q,OpMI1pOBaHI1eraxoro TeCHoro B3aI1MO)l.eHCTBlf51otienx CI1rHaJIbHb1XCI1CTeM MO)!{eT cyuiecraenno aanepacn-BaTbC5I, a rrpn n a TO JI 0 r H "I e CK I1X CO CT 0 51H 1151XM 03 r a, B03HI1KarorulfX B 3peJIOM B03paCTe (B pe3YJIbTaTeBOCnaJIHTeJIbHbIXnpoueccos, TpaBM, onYXOJIeH M03ra), OHOMO)!{eT pacnanarscs BOBce.

I1MeHHo B CI1JIY sroro nponecc q,OpMI1pOBaHI151HOBbIXBpeMeHHbIX CB5I3eH y YMCTBeHHOOTCTaJIOrOpeoenxa naua-naer cyutecrnemro OTJIHQaTbC5IOT roro, KaK OH nporexaery ero HOpMaJIbHOrO CBepCTHI1Ka.

KaK XOPOIllO H3BeCTHO I13 nenarornaecxoq npaKTI1KI1,ClIOBeCHa51CI1CTeMa YMCTBeHHOOTCTaJIOrO perienxa OKa3bI-BaeTC5I oc06eHHO He)l.Opa3BI1TOH;CB5I3I1,xoropue MO)!{eT BbI-3BaTb Y Hero CJIOBO,OKa3bIBaroTC5Ioc06eHHO 6e)l.HbI I1 KOH-KpeTHb1; q,YHKUH5I a6CTpaKUHI1 11 0606rueHH5I pa3BI1BaeTC5Ioc06eHHO cJIa60. OTJIHQa5lCb He)l.OCTaTOllHb1MpasaaraenOTBJIeQeHI151I1 0606rueHI151, CJIOBeCHa51CI1CTeMa YMCTBeHHOOTCTaJIOrOperieaxa xapaKTepI13yeTC5I, BMeCTe C TeM, I1 60JIb-

9

WOll KOCHOCTbJO. Y'II1TeJIH BCrrOMOraTeJIbHOll WKOJIbI XOpOWO

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BbI3BaTb y Hero COBceM npyryio ~e5!TeJIbHOCTb! 1

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11MeHHo B anzry sroro asrpariorxa HOBbIX, OTHOCHTe.nbHO6o.nee C.nO)KHbIX CBH3eH: repser y YMCTBeHHO orcranoro pe-6eHKa re lIepTbI, KOTOPbIMH OHa orznoranacs B nopjre. KaKnoxasann nccnenoaaana, 3TH CBH3H HaLJHHalOT aupaoarn-BaTbCH snecs Me,n:.neHHO H nOCTerreHHO; He ¢OPMHPYH cno-BeCHO npanana Bblpa6aTblBaeMOH: CBH3H, a naorna - rraxceH He nsrraaci, 3TO cnenars, YMCTBeHHO OTCTa.nbIH: pe6eHOKHalIHHaeT nsrpatia-rstaart, 3TY CBH3b BHeWHe, MeXaHIlLJeCKIl;rr03TOMY ztaxce C¢OpMIlpOBaHHaH CBH3b euie rtonroe BpeM5Inponoroxaer HY)K,n:aTbC5I B rrOCTOHHHOM nonxpen.nemm H Bcoxpaaenan rrOCTOHHHoro, crporo onpeneneuuoro pexoorarronasn CHrHa.nOB; n03TOMY ycrpaaenae rrOCT05IHHOrO sneur-Hero nonxpenneans xaxcnoro cnrnana H.nH nepexozr K npy-rOMY pe)KIlMY omrra (ycxopenae H.nIl 3aMe,ll,.neHHe nonaxaCI1rHa.nOB, rrpem-sanenae IlX B HOBOM purue II T. rr.) npHBO-,n:IlT K 6bICTPOH: yrepe Bblpa6oTaHHOH: CBH3H.

11HepTHoCTblO H IlHaKTIlBHOCTblO c.nOBeCHOH:CHCTeMbI YM-B

'CTBeHHO OTCTaJIOrOpetiemca 06bHCHHeTCH, HaKOHeIJ., Ii TOT<paKT, lITO, ,n,mKe BbIpa60TaB npaxra-recxn 31)' CBH3b, YM-CTBeHHO OTCTaJIbIH pe6eHOK erne nonro He MO)f{eT ee OCO-3HaTb n, HaY'IIiBWIiCb, HaKOHeIJ., OTBe'IaTb rrOJIO)f{IiTeJIbHOHpeaxnneit na ,n,JIIiTeJIbHbIHIi TOPM03HOHpeaxunea aa KOPOT-KIiH CHrHaJI, OH erne rtonroe BpeMH npono.nxcaer OTBe'IaTb,"lITO «Ha)f{IiMaJI na KpaCHbIH oronex Ii He Ha)f{IiMaJI na 3e-.JIeHbIH oronex».( Ta TPy,n,HOCTb¢OpMIipOBaHIiH Y YMCTBeHHOOTCTaJIOrOpe-6eHKa nonsnaororo Ii orinanaroiuero BHYTpeHHeH YCTOH'IIi-BOCTblOHaBbIKa, ra ero KOCHOCTbIi OrpaHIi'IeHHOCTb crporoonpeneneansraa YCJIOBIiHMIi, KOTopaH TaK XopOWO 3HaKOManenaroraa-nerpexrcnorav, B 3HalJIiTeJIbHOH Mepe 06bHCHHeT-CH TeM, 'ITO BbIpa60TKa HOBbIX CBH3eH Y YMCTBeHHOOTCTa-JIbIX ,n,eTeH He nponcxonnr npn nOJIHOIJ.eHHOMB3aI1Mo,n,eH-'CTBIiIi ,n,BYX CIirHaJIbHbIX CIiCTeM, Ii TeM, 'ITO 6e,n,HaH nocrpoemno H HHepTHaH rro CBoeH ,n,HHaMIiKe pe-n. sroro pe-:6eHKa He onocpencrnyer B ,n,O.n)f{HOHMepe CJIO)f{HOrO npo-uecca BbIpa60TKIi HOBbIX CBH3eH.

Bo MHorIiX CJIYlJaHX rJIy60KoH YMcTBeHHoH OTCTaJIOCTIiI-IHepTHOcTb c.nOBeCHoH CIiCTeMbI Ii cnaoocrs ee OCHOBHOH¢YHKIJ.IiIi - OTBJIe'IeHIiH Ii 0606meHIi5I - OKa3blBalOTCH Ha-CTOJIbKOBblpa)f{eHHbIMIi, 'ITO ,n,a)f{e nornrrxn yxpernrn, yna-CTl1e c06CTBeHHoH pexa peoenxa B asrpaoorxe apeveansrxCBH3eH He npnsonar K HY)f{HOMY 3¢¢eKTY. TaK, nposepen-HbIH HaMIi B cneuna.nsmrx cepnax onbITOB npaev, xorna MbInpenaarann pe6eHKY CHa'IaJIa OTBe'IaTb na Ka)f{,n,bIHcnrnanCOOTBeTCTBYlOml1MI1c.nOBeCHbIMIi peaKIJ.IiHMI1 (<<Ha,n,oHa)f{H-MaTb», l-!JIH rrpOC1'O«nano», H.nH «He nano Ha')f{I-!MaTb», HJIHnpOCTO «He nano») H JIHWb 3aTeM 06be,n,,HHI-!JIHCJIOBeCHbleIi,n,BHraTeJIbHblepeaKIJ.HIi, npnex, KOTOPbIH"KaK noxaaann onsr-TbI E.n. XOMCKOHI-! M. P. TIecKoBcKOH, HBJIHeTCHY IiHTeJIJIeK-TyaJIbHO nOJIHOIJ.eHHOroMaJIeHbKOro perienxa MOmHbIM TOJIll-KOMK rrOBbIWeHI-!lO0606malOmeH H perynapyromeri POJIHpe-m,Y YMCTBeHHOOTCTaJIOrOperienxa He ,n,aJI anxaxoro YC'ITexa.KaK nOKa3aJIH Ha!6JIlO,n,eHHHE. H. MapIJ.HHOBCKOHH O. K. TH-XOMHpOBa, peneaue rrpOIJ.eCCbIYMCTBeHHOOTCTaJIOrOperien-xa OKa3aJIHCb CTOJIb IiHepTHbIMIi, 'ITO 3Ta npocrejnuasaanaxa CTaHOBHJIaCb,n:JIHHero O'IeHb TPy,n:HOH,H ztaxce OBJIa-,n:eB eio H ,n:aBaH npaaansmre CJIOBeCHblepeaKIJ.HI-!aa COOT-BeTCTBYlOmHe CHrHaJIbI, OH erne He rrpH6JIH)f{a.nCH K 0606-lIl.eHHoH ¢OPMYJIHpOBKe HY)f{HOrO npaanna Ii He cnor oana-.n;eTb aKTHBHOHperYJIHIJ.HeHCBOIiX ,n:BHraTeJIbHbIXnpoueccos

):2

OmiCaHHa5I HaMH rraTOJIOrH'IeCKa5IHHepTHOCTbCJIOBeCHbIX{;B5I3eM, rrpHBO,U5IIll.a5IK TOMY, 'ITO CJIOBeCHa5ICHCTeMa 'IaCTOnepecraer nrpars aKTHBHYIO, 0pHeHTHpYIOIllYIO POJIb, BbICTY-naer BO MHOrHX rr03HaBaTeJIbHbIX aKTaX YMCTBeHHO OT-CTaJIOrO perienxa, CYllleCTBeHHO 3aTpY,UH5I5I rrpouecc ero06Y'IeHH5I; OHa 5IBJI5IeTC5IO,UHHMH3 cjlH3HOJIOrH'IeCKHXMexa-HH3MOB, 06b5ICH5IIOIll11XTOT JIerKHM nepexon YMCTBeHHOOT-CTaJIbIX ,UeTeMK rrYCTbIM pe'IeBbIM nrravnan, KOTOPbIMurn-POKOH3BeCTeHY'IHTeJI5IMBcrrOMOraTeJIbHOMIllKOJIbI H KOTOPbIMCOCTaBJI5IeTCYTb xapaxrepnoro ,UJI5I YMCTBeHHO OTCTaJIbIX«Bep6aJIH3Ma». ,[103TOMY npaevsr, xoropsre Y HOpMaJIbHOrOpecenxa 6bICTPO npHBO,UHTK nOJIHOMY OC03HaHHlO npaxrn-qeCKH 3aMbIKaeMbIX CB5I3eM, He ,UaIOT 3,UeCb HY)f{HOrO 3cjl-cjleKTa, H nenaror OKa3bIBaeTCH npHHY)f{,UeH OTbICKHBaTbHOBbIe, cneuaansaue (nnorna 04eHb TPy,UoeMKHe) nyrn, KO-Topble MOrJIH 6bI npHBeCTH YMCTBeHHOOTCTaJIoro perienxaIe pe4eBOM cjlopMyJIHpOBKe npanana 3aMbIKaHH5I CBH3H H KrrOCTpoeI-IHlOroro, 'ITO B rrCHXOJIOrHHHa3bIBaeTCH rrOJIHOueH-HbIM «YMCTBeHHbIM ,UeMCTBHeM».

KaK rrOKa3aJIO HCCJIe,UOBaHHeH. 11. Henoemsutea, npo-senemroe na xarpenpe rrCHXOJIOrHHMOCKOBCKoro ynanepca-TeTa C Y'IaCTHeM Il. 5L I'ansnepmra, cjlopMHpoBaHHe Y YM-CTBeHHOOTCTaJIOrOperieaxa ,Ua)f{e npocreaurero YMCTBeHHoro,UeMCTBH5Ioc06eHHO HY)f{,UaeTC5IB TOM, 4T06bI paC4JIeHHTbero na OT,UeJIbHbleCOCTaBHble'IaCTH, rrOCTpOHTbero CHa'IaJIaxax pa3BepHYTYIO uerrs npe,UMeTHbIX ,UeMCTBHM,xoropsre 3a-TeM 0603Ha'IaJIHCb 6bI CJIOBOMH JIHillb nocrenemro H C Be-JIH'IaMilleM TPY,UHOCTbIOCBepTbIBaJIHCb 6bI, mar aa urarovorpaoarsraascs H nepeuocscs B pe'IeBOM nnan.

3Ha'IHTeJIbHbIe ,UecjleKTbI OTBJIeKaIOllleM H 06061llaIOIlleMqJYHKUHH pena H JIerKO B03HHKaIOIllaH ,UHCCOUHaUHH,UBYXCHrHaJIbHbIX CHCTeM n03BOJI5IIOT Ha6JIIO,UaTb Y YMCTBeHHOOTCTaJIOrO pecemca sees Me,UJIeHHbIMH rrOCJIe,UOBaTeJIbHbIMrryrs OT pa3BepHYTbIX npaKTH4eCKHX aKTOB K rrOCTpoeHHIOanexetrrapnoro YMCTBeHHoro ,UeMCTBHH,a 3TO naer HaM B03-MO)f{HOCTb KaK B «nyne BpeMeHH» rrpOCJIe,UHTbHe TOJIbKOOCHOBHbleMexaHH3MbI Bblpa60TKH HOpMaJIbHOrO HaBbIKa, HO11 aexoropsre xeprsr cjlOpMHpOBaHHH rrpOCTeMIllHX YMCTBeH-HbIX onepauait, xoropsre H3-3a HX 6bICTPOTbI H cBepHYTocTHOCTaIOTCH nenocryrmsien ,UJI5I H3Y4eHHH Y HOpMaJIbHOrOIllKOJIbHHKa.

<¢ilaTOJIOrH4eCKoe,- KaK CKa3aJI 11. Il. ilaBJIOB,- 'IaCTOOTKpbIBaeT HaM, paanaras H ynpomaa, TO, tITO 3aCJIOHeHO

13

OT HaC, CJIMTOe M YCJIO)f(HeHHOe, B <pM3MOJIOrM1.JeCKOHHOp-Me»,- M B 3TOM - TO 3Ha1.JeHIMe,KOTopoe MMeeT M'CCJIe,lI.OBa'-HMe aHOMlaJIbHoro peoenxa M ,lI.JI5I06mMX rrp06JIeM 'ITOIXOJIO-rIm H neztaroruxa.

5CpaBHMTeJIbHble MCCJIe,lI.OBaHM5!HepBHOH ,lI.e5!TeJIbHOCTM

HOpMaJIbHOrO H YMCTBeHHO OTCTaJIOrO perienxa rr03BOJI5IIOTHe TaJlbKO aITHCaTb cyutecrneuaste pa3JIWIH5I B3aHMO,lI.eM-CTBH5I,lI.ByX CMrHaJIbHbIX CMCTeMB 06aMX CJIy"Ia5!X. OHM ,lI.aIOTB03Ma)f{HaCTb ITa,lI.aMTM K aHaJIM3Y nexoropsrx Ba)f{HbIX <pM-

3MaJIarM1.JeCKMXMexaHM3MaB, nexcaumx B aCHOBe 3TMX paa-JIM1.JHM.

I13BecTHa, 1.JTacymecrsenaera YCJIOBMeM,lI.JI5!oopaaoaanusHaBbIX BpeMeHHbIX CB5I3eM, KaK H ,lI.JI5!Ka)f{,lI.aM nosnaaarens-HaM ,lI.e5!TeJIbHaCTM,5IBJIfleTC5! M3BecTHbIH yponens a K T M B-Hac T M canoro peoenxa. 3Ta aKTMBHaCTb caaoro peoenxa,aeorixonaxas ,lI.JIfl coxpaaenas Ka)f{,lI.aM rraJIHOueHHaM nes-TeJIbHOCTM,scerna BbIcaKO onenasanacs nenaror-ava M ncn-XaJIaraMM, YKa3bIBaBllIMMM, 1.JTa TaJIbKa npn YCTOH1.JHBaMaKTMBHOM BHMMaHMM perieaxa, TaJIbKa npa era aKTMBHaMyqaCTHH B Y1.Je6HOM,lI.e5ITeJIbHaCTMrre,lI.arOrM1.JeCKHHnpoueccMa)f{eT 6bITb 3<p<peKTHBeH.Haocopor, CHH)f{eHHe aKTHBHaCTM'petieuxa, HeYCTaM1.JHBaCTbero BHHMaHH5! 51BJI5!eTC5!cyme-CTBeHHbIM npenarcrnaex ,lI.JIfl 06pa3aBaHM5I HOBbIX apeverr-HbIX CB5!3eMH ,lI.JIfl BC5!KOMYCTaM1.JHBaHrr03HaBaTeJIbHOH ,lI.e5I-TeJIbHaCTH.

O,lI.HaKa, HeM3MeHHa Ha6JIIO,lI.a5I 3TaT rpatcr, rrcaxonornaHe MarJIa eme HH 06beKTHBHa YCTaHaBJIHBaTb ypaBeHb TaM

aKTHBHacTH, xoropyio npoaanser peoenox rrpn BblIIaJIHeHHHTaM HJIM HHOH 3a,lI.a1.JH,HH, TeM 60JIee, nonoarn K aHaJIH3Yee <pH3HOJIarH1.JeCKHXMexaHH3MaB.

TIpe,lI.DpMH5ITbleaa rrOCJIe,lI.HHeronsr HCCJIe,lI.aBaHH5Inosso-JIMJIH, naxoneu, B npocreiuunx rpopaax nonoarn K orn.ex-TMBHaMY H3Y1.JeHMIOsroro saxororo npouecca, oueaxa KOTa-

paro HMeeT CTOJIb 60JIbllIOe 3Ha1.JeHHe,lI.JI5IeCTecTBeHHaHay1.J-Hara aHaJIH3a rre,lI.ararH1.JeCKara rrpauecca.

Onsrrsr, npoaezieaasre sa nocnennne ronsr E. H. Coxo-JIaBhIM, O. C. Baaorpanoson M JI. A. HaBHKaBOM, noxaaann,qTO y HapMaJIhHarO B3paCJIara 1.JeJIaBeKape1.JeBa5IHHCTPYK-uns (nanpavep, HHCTPYKUHfl craevars na Ka)f{,lI.hIH 3BYKaBaMCHrHaJI caaTBeTcTBYIOmMM ,lI.BH)f{eHMeM, ClJMTaTh Ka)f{,lI.hIHrrpe,lI.bflBJI5IeMhIM CHrHaJI HJIM peurars HeCJIO)f{HYIO aparpae-14

TlfLIeCKYIO3a)l.aLIY) BbI3bIBaeT CTO H K Y 10 0 P H e H T H P 0-B 0 LIH Y 10 pea K U H 10, npOHBJIHIOIUYIOCH,B LIaCTHOCTH,B BH)l.e cy)!{eHHH COCY)l.OB(JIerKO peracrpupyenoro aa rine-TH3MorpaMMe), KO)!{HO-raJIbBaHHLIeC~OHpeaKIl.HIH rUIH peax-Il.HH H3MeHeHHH 3JIeKTpHLIeCKHXnOTeHIl.HaJIOBKOPbI rOJIOB-nero M03ra (TaK Ha3bI'BaeMaH )l.enpeCCHHaJIbl<pa-pHTMa).3THHe 3aBHCHIUIIe or BOJIHII3MeHeHIIH MaryT CJIY)!{IITb 0 60 e K-T H B H bI M n 0 K a 3 a r e JI e M Tor aCT 0 H K 0 r 0 a K T H B-H 0 r a H a n p 51)!( e H H 51, xoropoe BbI3bIBaeTCH y perienxaCJIaBeCHaHHHCTpYKIl.IIeHnenaror a. Y HapMaJIbHOrO LIeJIaBeKa3Ta YCTaHaBKa, BbI3BaHHaH pesesoti HHCTpYKIl.IIeH, oxasu-BaeTCH HaCTaJIbKOYCTOHLIHBaH,LITOaKTHBHaH apIIeHTIIpaBOLI-HaH peaxnns npozto.nxcaer Ba3HHKaTb Ka)!{)l.bIH paa, xorzraHCnbITyeMaMY npe)l.oHBJIHeTCH caaTBeTCTBYIOIUHH CHrHaJI,H )l.JIIITeJIbHaeBpeMH He 06HapY)!{IIBaeT npII3HaKaB yr-acaana.OHa naHBJIHeTCHnaxce npa npe)l.oHBJIeHIIH coacev CJIa6bIXpasnpaxorrenen, na xoropsre, CarJIaCHa HHCTPYKIl.IIH,nanpas-.TIeHOBHHMaHIIe acnsrryevoro, npHLIeM naorna npOHBJIHeTCHB 3THX CJIYLIaHXC oca6aH aTLIeTJIHBaCTblO.Haoriopcr, nOCTO-paHHIIe pa3)l.pa)!{IITeJIH, He CBH3aHHble C peseson HHCTPYK-II.HeH (nanpanep, )l.a)!{e 3HaLIHTeJIbHO60JIee CHJIbHbIH WyM3a OKHOM), He BbI3bIBalOT B 3TIIX YCJIOBIIHXHHKaKaH opnen-THPOBOLIHOHpeaKIl.HII (pHC. 1). 3TIIM naKa3bIBaeTCH, LITay nopvansaoro acnsrryeaoro peveaas HHCTPYKIl.HHBbI3bIBaeTcTaHKYIo )l.OMHHaHTY,opraHH3YIOIUYIO BCIO)l.aJIbHeHwylO nes-TeJIbHaCTbpe6eHKa.

OT Bcera 3Taro CYIUeCTBeHHOOTJIIILIaeTCHCTpoeHHe )l.eH-TeJIbHOCTHYMcTBeHHa OTCTaJIOrOperienxa. KaK noxaasmaiorHa6JIIO)l.eHHH,nanexo He Y scex YMCTBeHHaaTCTaJIbIX )l.eTeHpeueaas HHCTPYKUIIH YLIIITeJIH )l.eHCTBlneJIbHa BbI3bIBaeTCTaHKoe nanpaacemre, na rpone xoroporo nporexaer BCH ero)l.aJIbHeHWaH )l.eHTeJIbHaCTbna ypoxe; aLIeHb LIaCTa y)!{e LIe-pe3 HeCKOJIbKaMHHYT aHO IICLIe3aeT II pe6eHaK naJIHaCTblOBbIKJIIOLIaeTCHH3 aKTHBHaH paoorsr, OTBJIeKaeTCHII HaLIHHaeT.TIHWb IIHepTHa HJIII <papMaJIbHa aocnponaaomrn, sananae,<paKTIILIeCKIInepecrasaa )l.YMaTb 0 HeM. YLIIITeJIH C naJIHbIMaCHaBaHIIeM rosopar B 3THX CJIYLIaHX,LITa perieaox CJIbIWIIT,no He cnymaer, a IIMeHHa norovy, LITOoa He cnyuraer, onH He naHIIMaeT oripauieanoro K HeMY 3a)l.aHHH.

Onsrrsr O. C. Bnnorpanosoa na3BaJIHJIH nonofrrn K .060-eKTHBHoMY II3YLIeHIIlO sroro npouecca, K era <pII3IIaJIOrIILIe-CKHM MexaHII3MaM. OHH naKa3aJIH, LITO eCJIII aKTHBHaHopHeHTIIpaBaLIHaH peaxuns aa HaBII3HY HJIII CIIrHaJIbHaCTb

15

KaKorO-HH6Y.lI.b pa3.l1.pmKHTeJI5IB HOpMe OCTaeTC5I.lI.OCTaTOqHOCTOH:KOH,TO Y YMCTBeHHO OTCTaJIOrO peoemca OHa oneas6bICTPO yracaer, TaK qTO -repes 4-5 nOBTopeHHH CHrHaJInepecraer BbI3bIBaTb TO OTBeTHoe CY)f{eHHe COCY.lI.OB,xoropoeB 3TOM onsrre CJIY)f{HT npH3HaKOM aKTHBHOH opHeHTHpOBKH_Oznraxo caaoe cytuecrseunoe .3aKJIlOqaeTC5I B TOM, lITO, eCJIKY HOpMaJIbHOrO acnsrryeaoro pevesaa HHCTPYKII.H5I(naaari,COOTBeTCTBY1OW.Y1O.lI.BHraTeJIbHY1OpeaJ~II.H1Oaa CHrHaJI, co-CqHTbIBaTb CHrHaJIbI IiJIH npOH3BO.ll.HTb3JIeMeHTapHble qHCJIO-ssre noncaersr) BbI3bIBaJIa CTOHKoe, nOqTH He yracarorneeaKTHBHoe nanpsxcenne, .lI.JI5Iw.eec5IB reuemre oueas 3HaqH-TeJIbHOrO BpeMeHH, y YMCTBeHHOOTCTaJIOrOperieaxa OHa HeBE'.JIaK TaKOMY pe3YJIbTaTY, Ii .lI.a)f{e nOCJIe IIpHKa3a BHHMa-TeJIbHO CJIe.ll.HTb3a n05lBJI5I1OW.HMHC5ICHrHaJIaMH HX npezrs-51BJIeHHeyxce -repea 2-3 paaa nepecranano BbI3bIBaTb KaKHe6bI TO HH 6bIJIO COCY.ll.HCTbleopHeHTHpOBOqHbIe peaKII.HH. choo

osaavaer, LITO y MHorHX YMCTBeHHO OTCTaJIbIX .ll.eTeHC 0 CJI 0 B a 0 K a 3 bI B a e T C 51 n 0 q T H H e B 0 3 M 0 )f{.H bI M B bI 3 BaT b .lI.JI H T e JI b H Y 10, CT 0 H K Y 10 0 P He H-T H P 0 B 0 q H Y 10 pea K II. H 10, mrase rOBOp5l, qTO, B CHJIYnapyureuna y HHX HOpMaJIbHOrO B3aHMO.ll.eHCTBH5I.lI.ByX CHr-HaJIbHbIX CHCTeM,C JI'0 B e C H a 51 H H CT P Y K II. H 51 He ·B sr-3bIBaeT y HHX .lI.JIHTeJIbHOrO aKTHBHoroH a n p 51)f{ e H H 51, H B bI 3 B a H H a 51 e 10 .lI.e 51T e JI b-HOCTb QqeHb CKOPO nepeCTaeT npOTeKatbH a H y )f{ H 0 M a K T H B H 0 M <p 0 H e (pHC. 2).

3TO naacnoe 06CT05lTeJIbCTBO06b5lCH5JeTH TOT <paKT, qTOrrpOII.eCC.lI.aJIbHeHWero <POpMHpOBaHH5IBpeMeHHbIX CB5I3eH;HaqHHalow.HH nporexars snecs na rpoae CHH)f{eHHOHaKTHB-HOCTH, CTaHOBHTC5IrJIy60Ko .lI.e<peKTHbIM,H CTP05lW.a5lC5Inaero OCHOBen03HaBaTeJIbHa51 .lI.e5lTeJIbHOCTbYMcTBeHHo OTCTa-.ncro peoenxa, nporexaiomas reneps 6e3 .lI.OJI)KHOrOnanpa-MeHH5I, 6bICTPO CTaHOBHTC5IHenOJIHOII.eHHoH. BOT nosexyy Hero JIerKO HaqHHalOT n05lBJI5ITbC5I CTepeOTHnHbIe, <Pop-MaJIbHble OTBeTbI; BMeCTOCTOHKoro coxpanenas aanaxa CqH-rari, CHrHaJIbI HJIH peurars npocrsre npaaepsr OH aaxaaaernaaars CJIYQai1HbIeOTBeTbI, Ha3bIBa5I JI106bIe qHCJIa HJIH CTe-peOTHilHO HaQHHa5InOBTOp5lTbO,D,HOH TO Me qHCJIO (pHC. 3).CJle,D,OBaTeJIbHO,BO MHorHX CJIyqa5IX napyureane 3aMbIKa-TeJIbHOi1 ,D,e5ITeJIbHOCTH06b5ICH5IeTC5ITeM 6bICTPbIM yraca-ImeM asrasmaevoro pesesoa HHCTpYKII.HeHaKTHBHoro nanpa-)f{eHH5I, xoropoe y YMCTBeHHO OTCTaJIOrO He CTaHOBHTC5I.lI.OMHHaHTHbIM.3TOT <PH3HOJIOrHqeCKHHMexaHH3M 6bICTpOro.

16

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'i. aJ Hen, B. H., 12 JIeT, nopaa. HHcTpYKUH5I HalKHMaTb KHonKY B OTBeT aa ceerosoaCHrHaJl BbI3b1BaeT cToliKYIO opHeHTHpoBO'IHYIO peaKUHIO cYlKeHHR COCYJlOB. (68-71

npHMeHeHHe cHrHana)

6J Hen, H. E. 14 JleT, nopaa. Cna6blli CHrHaJlbHbIH 3BYK (10 Jl6) BbI3bIBaeT HHTeHCHB-HYIO COCYJlHCTYIO peaKUHIO. CHJlbHblH nocTOpoHHHH paanpaaorreas (3BYK) He Bbl3b1BaeT

COCYJlHCTOH peaKUHH

6

PHC. 2. COOYIl.HCTbIHKOMlIOHeHT 0pHeHTlipOBOqHOH peaxuanY YMcTBeHHo OTCTaAoro peoeaxa

a) Hen. Caura A., 12 aer, OJlHro<jJpeHH5I. HHCTPYI<UH5I HaJKHMaTb KHonKY B OTBeT aaCHrH3JI He npaaonar K coxpaneamo CTO}fKHX opHeHTHpOBOl{HbIX· pe3KuHH

6) Hen. JlHJla K .• 15 ner , OJlHro<jJpeHH5I. CHrHaJlbHblH paaapaacare.m- He Bb13b1BaeT

CTollKHX opHeHTHpOBOQHblX peaKUHH. nOCTOpOHHHIl paanpaaorrens Bbl3b1BaeT CHJIbHbI\!'COCYJlHCTble peaKUHH.

·a

6

B

PHC. 3. COCYJl.HCTbIH KOMnOHeHT 0pHeHTHpoBO·ljHOH peaxuna Y aopuans-aoro H Y YMCTBeHHO orcranoro petienxa B YCJlOBH5IX CJlO)KHOH

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HHe car aaaa)6) Hcn. Bepa K.• 15 JIeT, oJIWoq,peHHlI. Ta zce HHCTPYKUHlI He BbI3bIB3eT opuear apo-BO'IKOH peaKUKH. OTBeTbI HOCHT CJIY'IailHbIH xapaxrep. CHJIbHblH HenOCpeJlCTBeHHblH

pa3Jlpa)l(HTenh-3BOHOK Bbl3b1BaeT pe3KYIO, COCYJlHCTYIOpeaKUHIO

81 Hen. BOBa K., 13 ner, onHroq,peHHlI. Bupatioraaaas JlHq,q,epeHUHpOBKa (111 120+. 11180-) He OCTaeT' H CTOHK'H II' npx yracasaa opHeHTHpOBO'lHOH peaxna« 3. MeHHeTCSI

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yracaaaa Opl1eHTl1pOBO'-lHbIX peaKUI1H, BbI3BaHHblX co BTOpOrI

Cl1rHaJIbHOH CI1CTeMbI, 11 JIe)!{I1T B OCHOBe TOH HeCTOHKOCHI

BHI1MaHI151, KOTOpa51 TaK MeWaeT neztaror-nsecxoay npoueccy.

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rOH (B LIaCTHOCTI1, Yl[e6HOH) ,n:eHTeJlbl-lOCTI1 (a HMeHHO 3TO

l[03BOJIHeT HaM O[mCaHHa51 MeTo,n:HKa H3VL(€l-Il151 CTOHKOCTH

OpHeHTl1pOBOl[HbIX peaKUHH) pacxpunaer oriuiapuue nep-

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ner WHpOKoe npaaeneune .lI.Jl5I auannsa roro, KaK nporexaer

ne!l.arorWleCKI1H npouecc.

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nYTei{ ynpaanenas ero nOB€.lI.eHHe:vr.

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B HOpMaJlbHOM H aHOMaJlbHOM pa3BHTHH»

TeXH. peziaxrop B. fl. Fapne«Koppercrop F, B. Il.nuceusuti

C.n:aHO B aariop 8 OKTH6pH 1955 r. Iloarr. K nenara 3 .n:eKa6pH 1955 r.60 X 921116 = 0,63 6. JI.- 1,25 n. Jr.

Tapasc 500 3K3. A 05495

I13)l.-BO ATIH PC¢CP, MocKBa, TIorO)l.HHcKaH YJI., )l.. 8Tnnorpadias H3)l.-Ba ATIH PC¢CP. MocKBa. JI06KOBcKHH

3aK. 730

nep., n. 5/16Becnnarno

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