pokolj u katinskoj Šumi

8/10/2019 Pokolj u Katinskoj umi

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Pokolj u Katinskoj umi

Izvor: Wikipedija

Krievi za Katyn, Harkiv i Mednoje

5. oujka 1940.: Memorandum Berije Staljinu s prijedlogom egzekucije poljskih asnika
http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentij_Pavlovi%C4%8D_Berijahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentij_Pavlovi%C4%8D_Berijahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentij_Pavlovi%C4%8D_Berijahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datoteka:Katyn_-_decision_of_massacre_p1.jpghttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datoteka:Trzy_krzyze.jpghttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datoteka:Katyn_-_decision_of_massacre_p1.jpghttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datoteka:Trzy_krzyze.jpghttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentij_Pavlovi%C4%8D_Berija


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Sovjetski plakat iz Drugog svjetskog rata koji prikazuje vojnika Crvene armije koji zarobljava poljskog asnika i

"oslobaanje seljaka od gospode"

U pokolju u Katynskoj umi (poljski : zbrodnia katyska, Katy crime ; ruski : ), jedinice sovjetskog Ministarstva unutranjih poslova (poznatije kao NKVD) ubilesu vie tisua poljskih asnika. To je bio dio ire akcije NKVD-a u okviru koje je, premazapovjedi najueg sovjetskog rukovodstva, ubijeno oko 22.000 poljskih dravljana, asnika,policajaca, intelektualaca i druge elite . Ubijani su na razliitim mjestimau Rusiji , Ukrajini i Bjelorusiji . Kako su masovne grobnice kod Katina dugo bile jedine poznate,openito se itava ova akcija naziva pokoljem kod Katinske ume.

Nakon to je 1943. Wehrmacht otkrio masovne grobnice kod Katina, prekinuti su odnosiizmeu poljske vlade u emigraciji iSovjetskog saveza . Masakr je koristila propaganda TreegReicha , dok je sovjetsko rukovodstvo pod Staljinom odluno odbijalo svaku vezu smasakrom, i za njega optuivalo Nijemce. Tek je Mihail Gorbaov 1990. jasno reka o [1], da jeza masakr odgovoran Sovjetski Savez. Ovaj zloin do danas optereuje rusko -poljskeodnose.

Sadraj

1 Uvod 2 Pozadina pokolja 3 Odluka o ubojstvu i motivi 4 Pokolj 5 Period skrivanja pokolja 6 Izvori
http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljskihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljskihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljskihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruskihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruskihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruskihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSRhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSRhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVDhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVDhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVDhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusijahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusijahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusijahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajinahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajinahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajinahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelorusijahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelorusijahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelorusijahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katinhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katinhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmachthttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmachthttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmachthttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poljska_vlada_u_emigraciji&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poljska_vlada_u_emigraciji&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poljska_vlada_u_emigraciji&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSRhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSRhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSRhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_Reichhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_Reichhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_Reichhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_Reichhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josif_Visarionovi%C4%8D_Staljinhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josif_Visarionovi%C4%8D_Staljinhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josif_Visarionovi%C4%8D_Staljinhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Gorba%C4%8Dovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Gorba%C4%8Dovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Gorba%C4%8Dovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#Uvodhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#Uvodhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#Pozadina_pokoljahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#Pozadina_pokoljahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#Odluka_o_ubojstvu_i_motivihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#Odluka_o_ubojstvu_i_motivihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#Pokoljhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#Pokoljhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#Period_skrivanja_pokoljahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#Period_skrivanja_pokoljahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#Izvorihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#Izvorihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datoteka:Tsarstvo_kanchukiv.jpghttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#Izvorihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#Period_skrivanja_pokoljahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#Pokoljhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#Odluka_o_ubojstvu_i_motivihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#Pozadina_pokoljahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#Uvodhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-1http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Gorba%C4%8Dovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josif_Visarionovi%C4%8D_Staljinhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_Reichhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_Reichhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSRhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poljska_vlada_u_emigraciji&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmachthttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katinhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelorusijahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajinahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusijahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVDhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSRhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruskihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljski


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Uvod

Nakon to je potpisan Sovjetsko- njemaki sporazum o nenapadanju, uslijedila je sovjetskaokupacija istone Poljske. Tako je u jesen 1939. 14.700 asnika i vojnika poljske vojske ipolicije palo u sovjetsko ratno zarobljenitvo.

Dana 5. oujka 1940. lanovi Politbiroa Komunistike partije SovjetskogSaveza Staljin , Molotov , Kaganovi, Voroilov, Mikojan ,Berija i Kalinin potpisali su zapovijedza pogubljenje "nacionalista i kontrarevolucion arnih aktivista" u okupiranim podrujima. Ovairoka definicija omoguila je, pored asnika, vojnika i rezervista, ubojstvo i oko 10.000poljskih intelektualaca i policajaca. U pismu predsjednika KGB- a Aleksandra eljepina NikitiHruovu u oujku 1959. spominje se broj od 21.857 rtava[2]. Smaknua je izvrio NKVD uvremenu od 3. travnja do 19. svibnja 1940. godine .[3][4].

Toan broj rtava ovog zloina nije do danas pouzdano utvren.

Pozadina pokolja

Sovjetski Savez je 17. rujna 1939. godine napao Poljsku sa istoka. Napad je izvren dok jePoljska bila u ratu sa Njemakom koji je poeo 1. rujna 1939. godine i trpjela znaajnegubitke na zapadnom frontu. Ovaj napad je izvren u skladu sa sporazumom Ribbentrop Molotov kojim je izvrena podjela interesnih sfera izmeu SSSR-a i Njemake. Zbog brzognapredovanja Crvene armije koja je naila na slab otpor, izmeu 250.000[5] i454.700 [6] poljskih vojnika je zarobljeno. Oko 250.000 je odmah puteno dok je 125.000predato NKVD- u. NKVD je odmah oslobodio jo 42.400 vojnika. Oko 170.000 osloboenihvojnika su bili podrijetlom Ukrajinci ili Bjelorusi koji su sluili u poljskoj vojsci. Oko 43.000vojnika koji su roeni u zapadnom dijelu Poljske (tada pod njemakom kontrolom) je predatoNijemcima. NKVD je 19. studenog 1939. godine drao oko 40.000 poljskih ratnihzarobljenika: oko 8 .500 asnika, 6.500 policijskih asnika kao i 25.000 vojnika i rezervnihasnika.[7]

Do oujka 1940. godine stvorena su tri posebnalogora: Kozelsk (), Ostakov ( )i Starobelsk ( ) u kojima suse nali skoro svi poljski asnici zarobljeni u SSSR-u kojih je bilo oko 15.000 .

Dugo vreme na samo ovo je bilo poznato jer je, na tada zagonetan nain, ovako velikaskupina prestala da daje znake ivota (obitelji su naglo prestale da dobijaju pisma odzarobljenika). Glasine o masakru koje su poele da se javljaju 1943. godine SSSR jepreuivao ili odluno odbacivao. Tek slabljenje i raspad te drave su dozvolili da se upotpunosti sazna tok dogaaja.

Odluka o ubojstvu i motivi

Narodni komesar za unutranje poslove SSSR -a Lavrentij Berija je 5. oujka 1940. godineposlao dokument (794/B) Josipu Staljinu u kojem je poslje tvrdnje da poljski vojni zarobljenici(14.736 ljudi od toga 97 % Poljaci) kao i zatvorenici u zapadnoj Bjelorusiji iUkrajini (18.632ljudi - od toga 1.207 asnika i ukupno 57 % Poljaka) predstavljaju deklarirane i beznadenonepopravljive neprijatelje sovjetske vlasti, izjavio da NKVD smatra da je razborito da se:
http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakt_Ribbentrop-Molotovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakt_Ribbentrop-Molotovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakt_Ribbentrop-Molotovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakt_Ribbentrop-Molotovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sovjetska_okupacija_isto%C4%8Dne_Poljske&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sovjetska_okupacija_isto%C4%8Dne_Poljske&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sovjetska_okupacija_isto%C4%8Dne_Poljske&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sovjetska_okupacija_isto%C4%8Dne_Poljske&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politbirohttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politbirohttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunisti%C4%8Dka_partija_Sovjetskog_Savezahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunisti%C4%8Dka_partija_Sovjetskog_Savezahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunisti%C4%8Dka_partija_Sovjetskog_Savezahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josif_Visarionovi%C4%8D_Staljinhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josif_Visarionovi%C4%8D_Staljinhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josif_Visarionovi%C4%8D_Staljinhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vja%C4%8Deslav_Molotovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vja%C4%8Deslav_Molotovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vja%C4%8Deslav_Molotovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Mojsijevi%C4%8D_Kaganovi%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Mojsijevi%C4%8D_Kaganovi%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Mojsijevi%C4%8D_Kaganovi%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kliment_Efremovi%C4%8D_Voro%C5%A1ilov&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kliment_Efremovi%C4%8D_Voro%C5%A1ilov&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kliment_Efremovi%C4%8D_Voro%C5%A1ilov&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anastaz_Hovhanezi_Mikojan&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anastaz_Hovhanezi_Mikojan&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentij_Pavlovi%C4%8D_Berijahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentij_Pavlovi%C4%8D_Berijahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentij_Pavlovi%C4%8D_Berijahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mihail_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Kalinin&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mihail_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Kalinin&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mihail_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Kalinin&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Hru%C5%A1%C4%8Dovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Hru%C5%A1%C4%8Dovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Hru%C5%A1%C4%8Dovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Hru%C5%A1%C4%8Dovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-2http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-2http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-3http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-3http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-3http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._rujnahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._rujnahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939.http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939.http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939.http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._rujnahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._rujnahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939.http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939.http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939.http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakt_Ribbentrop-Molotovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakt_Ribbentrop-Molotovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakt_Ribbentrop-Molotovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakt_Ribbentrop-Molotovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakt_Ribbentrop-Molotovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakt_Ribbentrop-Molotovhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvena_armijahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvena_armijahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvena_armijahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-.D0.9C.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.B2-5http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-.D0.9C.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.B2-5http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-.D0.9E.D1.82.D1.87.D1.91.D1.82-6http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-.D0.9E.D1.82.D1.87.D1.91.D1.82-6http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajincihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajincihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelorusihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelorusihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelorusihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._studenoghttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._studenoghttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939.http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939.http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939.http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-.D0.9A.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.8B.D0.BD.D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strelja 14.700 vojnih zarobljenika i 11.000 zatvorenik a, bez sasluanja, bez iznoenjaoptubi i bez odluke o okonanju istrage. [8]

sluaj i donoenje odluka vodi trojka u sastavu: Vsevold Merkulov (upisan posebno,vjerojatno od strane Staljina iznad precrtanog Berije), Bogdan Kobulov i Leonid

Batakov.

Na dokumentu se nalaze 4 potpisa: Staljinov, Voroilovov, Molotovov i Mikojanov, kao idopisano Kalinin za, Kaganovi za. U skladu sa dokumentom Politbiro CKKomunistike partije Sovjetskog Saveza je istog dana donjeo odluku br. P13/144 sasadrinom koju je Berija predloio, ali u kojoj brojke nisu navedene. Ova odluka predstavljaprimjer vansudske presude za oko 26.000 ljudi.

U Kobulovom kabinetu se 14. oujka odrao sastanak. Na njemu je sudjelovala nekolicinaefova okruga NKVD-a. Njima se danas pripisuje pokolj. Berija je 22. oujka izdao naredbubr. 00350 O rasputanju zatvora NKVD-a u Ukrajini i Bjerusiji. U tim zatvorima veinazatvorenika su bili poljski asnici i policajci. Iz Moskve su 1. travnja stigla 3 prva pisma uputstva name njena logoru u Ostakovu. Ova pisma su sadrala imena 343 osoba i bila supoetak akcije rasputanja zatvora.

Pokolj

Najvea masovna grobnica u Katinskoj umi

Eshumacija u Katynu 1943. godine snimio Meunarodni odbor Crvenog kria

Gore navedeni nalozi za transport su uglavnom osim nekoliko o premjetanjuu Juhnov (ruski: ) bili smrtne presude. Na osnovu tih naloga su stvarani konvoji, kojisu na razne naine (pjeke, vlakovima ili kamionima) provoeni do mjesta gdje su ljudiubijani. Postojalo je pet mjesta gdje su ljudi masovno ubijani, ali dva mjesta su i dalje spornapoto nema tonih podataka pa se i dalje esto navodi nekoliko lokacija na kojima su tegrupe rtava ubijene. Mjesta zloina su:
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Katyn , grad kod Smolenska sa odmaralitem NKVD-a.

Ubijeno 4.410 zatvorenika iz logora Kozelsk, a od tog broja je dio vjerojatno ubijen uSmolensku u sjeditu NKVD-a. Iz logora su odlazili konvoji u grupama od 50 do 344

ljudi i to od 3. travnja do 12. svibnja . Zadnjeg dana organizirana su 2 konvoja ukojima je ukupno bilo 205 ljudi i poslana u logor u Juhnovu. Ostali su pobijeni isahranjeni u 8 masovnih grobnica. Meu rtvama su bili i: kontradmiral XaweryCzernicki i generali Bronisaw Bohatyrewicz, Henryk Minkiewicz iMieczysawSmorawi ski, kao i jedna ena potporunik Janina Lewandowska . Konvoji su eljeznikom prugom u trajanju od oko 24 sata, preko Smolenskadovoeni do stanice Gnjazdovo , prisutan svjedok na skoro cijelom putu konvoja 29. i30. lipnja 1940. godine. je bio profesor Stanisaw Swianiewicz. Sa eljeznike staniceasnici su autobusom prevoeni na mjesto pokolja, gdje su nad masovnimgrobnicama mlaim i jaim rtvama stavljani injeli preko glave i vezivane rukekonopom sovjetske proizvodnje isjeenim na jednake dijelove. Potom su iz blizaubijani iz pitolja marke Walther , kalibra 7,65 mm , uglavnom pucnjem u zadnji dioglave; neke rtve su dodatno prebijane sovjetskim bajunetom. Na mjestu ubojstva ikod grobnica su naene ahure metaka iz spomenutoga pitolja. Masakriranje n amjestu gdje su rtve sahranjene nije u potpunosti potvreno, a postoje izvori kojikazuju da je barem dio rtava ubijen u Smolensku, kao i Harkivu. Dokaz za ovakutvrdnju moe da bude i to to su tijela u jednoj od masovnih grobnica sloenadrugaije nego u ostalim. Tijela su bila vie zbijena, ljepe sloena i okrenuta licemna dolje. Ostaci rtava su sahranjeni u 8 masovnih grobnica.

Harkiv , okruno sjedite NKVD-a

Ubijeno 3.739 zatvorenika iz logora u Starobelsku. Iz logora su odlazili konvoji od 5.travnja do 12. svibnja. Dva konvoja od 25. travnja i 12. svibnja u kojima je ukupno bilo78 ljudi je poslano u logor u Juhnovu. Ostali su ubijeni i sahranjeni u masovnimgrobnicama u okolini Harkiva, 1,5 kilometara od sela Pjatihatki ( ). Tomprilikom su ubijeni generali: Leon Billewicz , Stanisaw Haller , AleksanderKowalewski , Kazimierz Orlik- ukoski, Konstanty Plisowski , FranciszekSikorski , Leonard Skierski , Piotr Skuratowicz i Alojzy Wir-Konas . Konvoji sa zarobljenicima su vagonima dolazili do Harkiv, a sa eljeznike staniceautomobilima do zatvora NKVD-a. Poslje identifikacije zatvorenicima su vezivaneruke, potom su uvoeni u dvoranu u kojoj su ubijani pucnjem u potiljak. Tijela ubijenihsu, sa aravima vezanim oko glave, po noi odvoena kamionima i sahranjivana.

Tver , okruno sjedite NKVD-a

Ubijeno 6.314 zatvorenika iz logora u Ostakovu. Iz logora su odlazili konvoji od 4.travnja do 16. svibnja. Tri konvoja od 29. travnja, 13. i 16. svibnja u kojima je ukupno

bilo 112 osoba je poslano u logor u Juhnovu. Ostali su ubijeni i sahranjeni u preko 20masovnih grobnica u okolini Tvera u naselju Mednoje ().
http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katynhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katynhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolenskhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolenskhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolenskhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._travnjahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._travnjahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._travnjahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._svibnjahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._svibnjahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._svibnjahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xawery_Czernicki&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xawery_Czernicki&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xawery_Czernicki&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xawery_Czernicki&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronis%C5%82aw_Bohatyrewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronis%C5%82aw_Bohatyrewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronis%C5%82aw_Bohatyrewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henryk_Minkiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henryk_Minkiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henryk_Minkiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mieczys%C5%82aw_Smorawi%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mieczys%C5%82aw_Smorawi%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mieczys%C5%82aw_Smorawi%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mieczys%C5%82aw_Smorawi%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janina_Lewandowska&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janina_Lewandowska&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janina_Lewandowska&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnjazdovo&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnjazdovo&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnjazdovo&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Swianiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Swianiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Swianiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther_PP&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther_PP&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther_PP&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7,65_mm&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7,65_mm&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7,65_mm&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkivhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkivhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pjatihatki&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pjatihatki&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pjatihatki&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_Billewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_Billewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_Billewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Haller&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Haller&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Haller&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kowalewski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kowalewski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kowalewski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kowalewski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_Orlik-%C5%81ukoski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_Orlik-%C5%81ukoski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_Orlik-%C5%81ukoski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_Orlik-%C5%81ukoski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstanty_Plisowski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstanty_Plisowski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstanty_Plisowski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Sikorski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Sikorski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Sikorski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Sikorski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Skierski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Skierski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Skierski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Skuratowicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Skuratowicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Skuratowicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alojzy_Wir-Konas&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alojzy_Wir-Konas&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alojzy_Wir-Konas&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tverhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tverhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mednoje&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mednoje&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mednoje&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mednoje&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tverhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alojzy_Wir-Konas&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Skuratowicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Skierski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Sikorski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Sikorski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstanty_Plisowski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_Orlik-%C5%81ukoski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kowalewski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kowalewski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Haller&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_Billewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pjatihatki&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkivhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7,65_mm&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther_PP&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Swianiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnjazdovo&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janina_Lewandowska&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mieczys%C5%82aw_Smorawi%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mieczys%C5%82aw_Smorawi%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henryk_Minkiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronis%C5%82aw_Bohatyrewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xawery_Czernicki&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xawery_Czernicki&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._svibnjahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._travnjahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolenskhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyn


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Konvoji sa zarobljenicima su pjeice dovoeni preko zaleenog jezera Seliger donaselja Tupik i eljeznike stanice Soroga , a potom vagonima do Tvera u zgraduNKVD-a (sada je Tverski medicinski institut). U podrumu je svaki zarobljenikidentificiran, poslje ega je dovoen do tapeciranih vrata. Slino kao i u Harkivu, rtve

su ubijane pucnjem u potiljak iz pitolja marke Walther. Prvi put, kada je doao konvojod 390 osuenika egzekutori su imali problema sa ubijanjem tako velikog broja ljudipa sljedei konvoji nisu prelazili brojku od 250 osoba. Ostaci ubijenih su odnoeni nakamione koji su ekali ispred i potom voeni do 32 kmudaljenog naselja Mednoje.Tamo je, na letnjikovcu Tverskog NKVD- a na kraju ume, uz pomo bagera izMoskve ve bila pripremljena raka dubine 4-6 m u kojoj je moglo da se smjesti oko250 posmrtnih ostataka. Leevi su ubaeni u raku poslje ega je bager zat rpavaoleeve i pripremao raku za sljedei dan.

Kijev

Ubijeno 3.435 (po drugim podacima 4.181) zatvorenika iz zapadne Ukrajine.

Minsk , ul. Lenjina 17

Ubijeno 3.870 (po drugim podacima 4.465) zatvorenika iz zapadne Bjelorusije.

U Katiynskom masakru NKVD je pobio skoro polovinu ukupnog broja poljskih asnika[9]. Meu ubijenim asnicima bilo je ukupno 14 generala.[10] Masovno ubistvo je izbeglo jedino395 (esto se spominje i brojka od 448) zatvorenika[3] koji su prebaeni u logor logor uJuhnovu. Meu zarobljenicima koji su prebaeni u Juhanov su bili i StanisawSwianiewicz i Jzef Czapskiref name="Fischer"/>.

Period skrivanja pokolja

Poslije izvrenja pokolja, koji je imao status dravne tajne, za obitelji ubijenih je nastupilanagla tiina, prestala su da stiu pisma, pisma koja su slana ubijenima su se vraala, svakaproba da se doe do podataka o sudbinama zarobljenika i mjestu gdje se oni nalaze jenailazila na zid utnje. Poele su da se javljaju razne glasine, izmeu ostalih da suzarobljenici poslani u logore na sjeveru Rusije, na Zemlju Franje Josipa i Novaju Zemlju i da

su utopljeni u Bjelom moru ili Sjevernom ledenom moru .

U ovom periodu nije se javljala teza koja e ubrzo postati veoma zastupljena o umjeanostiNijemaca u sudbinu zarobljenika. Iako su se odnosi Poljske i SSSR-a izmjenili nabolje posljenapada Njemake na SSSR, Sovjetske vlasti nisu odgovarale na zahtjev poljske vlade daobjasni status zarobljenika.

U ovom pe riodu se pojavljuje izvjetaj iz 1940. godine koji je premijeru Churchillu poslaobivi vlasnik Katyna i koji je vidio ubacivanje tijela u jame.
http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seliger&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seliger&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seliger&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tupik&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tupik&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tupik&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soroga&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soroga&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soroga&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijevhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijevhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minskhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minskhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-Fischer-9http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-Fischer-9http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-generals-10http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-generals-10http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-generals-10http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Swianiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Swianiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Swianiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Swianiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Czapski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Czapski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Czapski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja_Franje_Josipahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja_Franje_Josipahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja_Franje_Josipahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novaja_Zemljahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novaja_Zemljahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novaja_Zemljahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijelo_morehttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijelo_morehttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijelo_morehttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverno_ledeno_morehttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverno_ledeno_morehttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverno_ledeno_morehttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverno_ledeno_morehttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijelo_morehttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novaja_Zemljahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja_Franje_Josipahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Czapski&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Swianiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Swianiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-generals-10http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokolj_u_Katinskoj_%C5%A1umi&printable=yes#cite_note-Fischer-9http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minskhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijevhttp://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soroga&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tupik&action=edit&redlink=1http://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seliger&action=edit&redlink=1


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Katyn massacreFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Katyn-Kharkiv-Mednoye memorial in witokrzyskie Mountains, Poland

Map of the sites related to the Katyn massacre

The Katyn massacre , also known as the Katyn Forest massacre (Polish : zbrodnia katyska, mordkatyski , 'Katy crime'; Russian : Katynskij ra'sstrel 'Katyn shooting'), was a massexecution of Polish nationals carried out by the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD),the Soviet secret police, in April and May 1940. The massacre was prompted by NKVD chief LavrentiyBeria 's proposal to execute all captive members of the Polish Officer Corps, dated 5 March 1940. This

official document was approved and signed by the Soviet Politburo , including its leader ,Joseph Stalin . Thenumber of victims is estimated at about 22,000, with 21,768 being a lower limit . [1] The victims weremurdered in the Katyn Forest in Russia, the Kalinin and Kharkiv prisons and elsewhere. Of the total killed,about 8,000 were officers taken prisoner during the 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland , another 6,000 were

police officers, and the rest were arrested Polish intelligentsia the Soviets deemed to be "intelligenceagents , gendarmes , landowners, saboteurs, factory owners, lawyers, officials and priests" . [1]

The term "Katyn massacre" originally referred specifically to the massacre at Katyn Forest, near the villagesof Katyn an dGnezdovo (approximately 19 kilometers [12 miles] west of Smolensk , Russia), of Polish militaryofficers in the Kozelsk prisoner-of-war camp. This was the largest of several concurrent executions ofprisoners of war. Other executions were carried out at the geographicallydistant Starobelsk and Ostashkov camps, at the NKVD headquarters in Smolensk, and at prisons in Kalinin(Tver), Kharkiv, Moscow , and other Soviet cities. Still more executions took place at various locations in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyn_(rural_locality)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyn_(rural_locality)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyn_(rural_locality)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkivhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkivhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkivhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_prisoners_of_war_in_Soviet_Union_(after_1939)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_prisoners_of_war_in_Soviet_Union_(after_1939)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_prisoners_of_war_in_Soviet_Union_(after_1939)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland_(1939)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland_(1939)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland_(1939)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmeriehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmeriehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmeriehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnezdovohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnezdovohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnezdovohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolenskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolenskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolenskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozelskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozelskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozelskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starobilskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starobilskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starobilskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostashkovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostashkovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostashkovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katyn_a.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trzy_krzyze.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katyn_a.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trzy_krzyze.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostashkovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starobilskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozelskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolenskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnezdovohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmeriehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland_(1939)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_prisoners_of_war_in_Soviet_Union_(after_1939)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkivhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyn_(rural_locality)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Mountains


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Belarus and Western Ukraine, based on special lists of Polish prisoners prepared by the NKVD specifically

for those regions. The investigations of the killings made in the 1990s covered not only the massacre atKatyn forest, but also the other mass murders mentioned above. Polish organisations such as the KatynCommittee and the Federation of Katyn Families consider the victims executed at the locations other thanKatyn to be victims of the larger coordinated operation . [1]

The government of Nazi Germany announced the discovery of mass graves in the Katyn Forest in 1943.When the London-base dPolish government-in-exile asked for an investigation by the International RedCross , Stalin immediately severed diplomatic relations with it. The Soviet Union claimed the victims hadbeen murdered by the Nazis, and continued to deny responsibility for the massacres until 1990, when itofficially acknowledged and condemned the perpetration of the killings by the NKVD, as well as thesubsequent cover-up by the Soviet government .[1][2][3][a]

An investigation conducted by the Prosecutor General's Office of the Soviet Union (1990 1991) andthe Russian Federation (1991 2004), confirmed Soviet responsibility for the massacres. It was able toconfirm the deaths of 1,803 Polish citizens but refused to classify this action as a war crime or an actof genocide . The investigation was closed on grounds that the perpetrators of the massacre were alreadydead, and since the Russian government would not classify the dead as victims of Stalinistrepression ,formal posthumous rehabilitation was deemed inapplicable .[4] The human rightssociety Memorial issued a statement which declared "this termination of investigation is inadmissible" andthat the confirmation of only 1,803 people killed "requires explanation because it is common knowledge thatmore than 14,500 prisoners were killed" .[5] In November 2010, the Russian State Duma a pproved adeclaration blaming Stalin and other Soviet officials for having personally ordered the massacre .[6]

Background

Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov signs th e Molotov Ribbentrop Pact . Behind him: Ribbentrop and

Stalin.

On 1 September 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland . Meanwhile, Britain and France, obligated bythe Polish-British Common Defense Pact a nd Franco-Polish Military Alliance to attack Germany in the caseof such an invasion, demanded that Germany withdraw. On 3 September 1939, after it failed to do so,France, Britain, and most countries of the British Empire declared war on Germany but provided littlemilitary support to Poland .[7] They took minimal military action during what became known as the Phoney

War .[8]
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oney_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoney_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-horner-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-horner-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-horner-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-horner-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoney_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoney_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-may-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Polish_Military_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-British_Common_Defense_Pacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-Duma-Nov-2010-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Dumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-memorial-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_(society)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-RFERL-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutor_General_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-Stalin.27s_wars:_from_World_War_to_Cold_War.2C_1939-1953-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-Stalin.27s_wars:_from_World_War_to_Cold_War.2C_1939-1953-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_government-in-exilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federation_of_Katyn_Families&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1


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The Soviet Union began its own invasion on 17 September, in accordance with the Molotov RibbentropPact . The Red Army advanced quickly and met little resistance , [9] as Polish forces facing them were underorders not to engage the Soviets. About 250,000 [1][10] 454,700 [11] Polish soldiers and policemen becameprisoners and were interned by the Soviet authorities. Some were freed or escaped quickly, but 125,000were imprisoned in camps run by the NKVD.[1] Of these, 42,400 soldiers, mostly of Ukrainian and

Belarusian ethnicity serving in the Polish army who lived in the former Polish territories now annexed by theSoviet Union, were released in October .[10][12 ][13] The 43,000 soldiers born in western Poland, then underGerman control, were transferred to the Germans; in turn the Soviets received 13,575 Polish prisoners fromthe Germans .[10][13]

In addition to military and government personnel, other Polish citizens suffered from repressions . Thousands of members of the Polish intelligentsia were arrested and imprisoned for allegedly being"intelligence agents, gendarmes , landowners, saboteurs, factory owners, lawyers, officials andpriests" .[1] Since Poland's conscription system required every nonexempt university graduate to become a

military reserve officer ,[14] the NKVD was able to round up a significant portion of the Polish educated

class .[f]

According to estimates by Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), roughly 320,000 Polish citizenswere deported to the Soviet Union (this figure is questioned by some other historians, who hold to olderestimates of about 700,000 1,000,000) .[15][16] IPN estimates the number of Polish citizens who died underSoviet rule during World War II at 150,000 (a revision of older estimates of up to 500,000) . [15][16] Of the groupof 12,000 Poles sent t oDalstroy camp (near Kolyma ) in 1940 1941, most POWs, only 583 men survived,released in 1942 to join the Polish Armed Forces in the East .[17] According to Tadeusz Piotrowski, "duringthe war and after 1944, 570,387 Polish citizens had been subjected to some form of Soviet politicalrepression ".[18]

As early as 19 September, head of the NKVD Lavrentiy Beria ordered the secret police to create

the Administration for Affairs of Prisoners of War and Internees to manage Polish prisoners. The NKVD took

custody of Polish prisoners from the Red Army, and proceeded to organise a network of reception centersand transit camps and arrange rail transport to prisoner-of-war camps in the western USSR. The largestcamps were located at Kozelsk (Optina Monastery ), Ostashkov (Stolbnyi Island on Seliger Lake nearOstashkov) and Starobelsk. Other camps were at Jukhnovo (rail station Babynino ), Yuzhe (Talitsy), railstation Tyotkino 90 kilometres/56 miles from Putyvl ), Kozelshchyna ,Oranki , Vologda (railstation Zaonikeevo ), and Gryazovets .[19]

Polish POWs captured by the Red Army during Soviet invasion of Poland

Kozelsk and Starobelsk were used mainly for military officers, while Ostashkov was used mainly for Polishboy scouts , gendarmes, police and prison officers .[20] Some prisoners were members of other groups ofPolish intelligentsia, such as priests, landowners, and law personnel .[20] The approximate distribution of men

throughout the camps was as follows: Kozelsk, 5,000; Ostashkov, 6,570; and Starobelsk, 4,000. Theytotaled 15,570 men .[21]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland_(1939)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland_(1939)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland_(1939)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-Livre_noir_du_Communisme:_crimes.2C_terreur.2C_r.C3.A9pression-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-Livre_noir_du_Communisme:_crimes.2C_terreur.2C_r.C3.A9pression-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-Livre_noir_du_Communisme:_crimes.2C_terreur.2C_r.C3.A9pression-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-.D0.9E.D1.82.D1.87.D1.91.D1.82-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-.D0.9E.D1.82.D1.87.D1.91.D1.82-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union_(after_1939)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union_(after_1939)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union_(after_1939)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union_(after_1939)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-Rieber2000-31-33-10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-Rieber2000-31-33-10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-Kultur2007-180-13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-Kultur2007-180-13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-Rieber2000-31-33-10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-Rieber2000-31-33-10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-Rieber2000-31-33-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_(1939%E2%80%931946)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_(1939%E2%80%931946)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_(1939%E2%80%931946)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmeriehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmeriehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmeriehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ustawa-14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ustawa-14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ustawa-14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#endnote_fnonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#endnote_fnonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#endnote_fnonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-gmyz-15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_no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10/24

According to a report from 19 November 1939, the NKVD had about 40,000 Polish POWs: about 8,000 8,500 officers and warrant officers, 6,000 6,500 police officers, and 25,000 soldiers and non-commissionedofficers who were still being held as POWs .[1][13 ][22] In December, a wave of arrests resulted in theimprisonment of additional Polish officers. Ivan Serov reported t oLavrentiy Beria on 3 December that "in all,1,057 former officers of the Polish Army had been arrested" . [10] The 25,000 soldiers and non-commissioned

officers were assigned to forced labor (road construction, heavy metallurgy) .[10]

Once at the camps, from October 1939 to February 1940, the Poles were subjected to lengthyinterrogations and constant political agitation by NKVD officers such as Vasily Zarubin . The prisonersassumed that they would be released soon, but the interviews were in effect a selection process todetermine who would live and who would die .[23][24] According to NKVD reports, if the prisoners could not beinduced to adopt a pro-Soviet attitude, they were declared "hardened and uncompromising enemies ofSoviet authority" .[23]

On 5 March 1940, pursuant to a note to Joseph Stalin from Beria, four members of the Soviet Politburo Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov , Kliment Voroshilov , and Anastas Mikoyan signed an order to execute 25,700Polish "nationalists and counterrevolutionaries" kept at camps and prisons in occupied western Ukraine andBelarus .[25][c] The reason for the massacre, according to historian Gerhard Weinberg , was that Stalin wantedto deprive a potential future Polish military of a large portion of its talent:

"It has been suggested that the motive for this terrible step [the Katyn massacre] was to reassure theGermans as to the reality of Soviet anti-Polish policy. This explanation is completely unconvincing in view ofthe care with which the Soviet regime kept the massacre secret from the very German government it wassupposed to impress. ... A more likely explanation is that ... [the massacre] should be seen as lookingforward to a future in which there might again be a Poland on the Soviet Union's western border. Since heintended to keep the eastern portion of the country in any case, Stalin could be certain that any revived

Poland would be unfriendly. Under those circumstances, depriving it of a large proportion of its military andtechnical elite would make it weaker" .[26]

In addition, Soviets realized that the prisoners constituted a large body of trained and motivated Poles whowould not accept a Fourth Partition of Poland .[1]
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.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-Fischer-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Zarubinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-Rieber2000-31-33-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-Rieber2000-31-33-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Serovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-CiencialaMaterski2007-81-22http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyn_massacre&printable=yes#cite_note-ipn_eng_news_high_katyn_decision-1


11/24

Executions

Memo from Beria to Stalin , proposing the execution of Polish officers

The number of victims is estimated at about 22,000, with a lower limit of confirmed dead of21,768 .[1] According to Soviet documents declassified in 1990, 21,857 Polish internees and prisoners were

executed after 3 April 1940: 14,552 prisoners of war (most or all of them from the three camps) and 7,305prisoners in western parts of the Byelorussian and Ukrainian SSRs . [27][b] Of them 4,421 were from Kozelsk,3,820 from Starobelsk, 6,311 from Ostashkov, and 7,305 from Byelorussian and Ukrainianprisons .[27][b] Head of the NKVD POW department, Maj. General P. K. Soprunenko, organized "selections" ofPolish officers to be massacred at Katyn and elsewhere .[28]

Those who died at Katyn included an admiral, two generals, 24 colonels, 79 lieutenant colonels, 258majors, 654 captains, 17 naval captains, 3,420 Non-commissioned officers , seven chaplains, threelandowners, a prince, 43 officials, 85 privates, 131 refugees, 20 university professors, 300 physicians;several hundred lawyers, engineers, and teachers; and more than 100 writers and journalists as well asabout 200 pilots .[23] In all, the NKVD executed almost half the Polish officer corps . [23] Altogether, during the

massacre the NKVD executed 14 Polish generals :[29] Leon Billewicz (ret.), BronisawBohatyrewicz (ret.), Xawery Czernicki (admiral) ,Stanisaw Haller (ret.), Aleksander

Kowalewski (ret.), Henryk Minkiewicz (ret.), Kazimierz Orlik- ukoski, Konstanty Plisowski (ret.) ,RudolfPrich (murdered in Lviv), Franciszek Sikorski (ret.), Leonard Skierski (ret.), Piotr Skuratowicz , MieczysawSmorawi ski an d Alojzy Wir-Konas (promoted posthumously). Not all of the executed were ethnic Poles,because the Second Polish Republic was a multiethnic state, and its officer corps included Belorussians,Ukrainians, and Jews .[30] It is estimated that about 8% of Katyn massacre victims were Polish Jews .[30] 395prisoners were spared from the slaughter ,[1] among them Stanisaw Swianiewicz an dJzef Czapski .[23] Theywere taken to the Yukhnov camp and then to Gryazovets . [19]
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