POLÍTICA AMBIENTAL DEL JAPÓNPOLÍTICA AMBIENTAL DEL JAPÓN

Ministro Masaru Watanabe

Embajada del Japónen la República Argentina

8 de agosto de 2007

I. Estado actual del problema

II. Experiencia del Japón

III. Nueva iniciativa japonesa sobre el calentamiento global

IV. Cooperación del Japón con las políticas ambientales de la Argentina

Structural Changes in Recent Energy Market Structural Changes in Recent Energy Market

• 　 The world's energy demand is expected to grow rapidly, mainly in Asia, and increase by 60% in 2030 from

the 2002 level (the Asian region accounts for about 46% of overall growth).

Changes in and Prospects for World's Energy Demand by Region

Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2004oil equivalent million t

1

※5% (in 2002) to about 3% (in 2030) in Japan

Former Soviet Union,etc.

Asia (including Japan and South Korea)

China

India

Central and South America

Middle East

Africa

OECD （ excluding Japan and South Korea)

196738 years

ago

198223

yearsago

THE SUMIDA RIVER (TOKYO) IS NOW CLEAN

THE SUMIDA RIVER (TOKYO) IS NOW CLEAN

(15 yearsafter)

Today 2005

RIVERS RIVERS2

AIR IN JAPAN The City of Yokkaichi is now clean.AIR IN JAPAN The City of Yokkaichi is now clean.

And nowAtmosphere 40 years ago

‘65 ‘70 ‘75 ‘80 ‘85 ‘90

CONCENTRATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE

THERE IS LESS

SULFUR DIOXIDE TODAY

3

- Japan has been highly successful in decoupling energy demand from economic growth. Japan’s level of energy efficiency is better than that of other developed countries.

- Accordingly, the marginal abatement cost of Japan is higher.

- The manufacturing industry has played a key role in the dramatic energy efficiency improvement during the 1970s and 1980s.

Energy consumption per GDP in EU15, US and Japan

Source: IEA, Energy Balances of OECD Countries

Energy consumption per production of the manufacturing industry in Japan

Source: IEEJ-EDMC, Handbook of Energy& Economic Statistics in Japan

Japan’s Energy Efficiency4

Keys for Success: Efficiency Improvement （２） - In the industrial sector, incentives for better competitiveness need to be utilized.- They know their own technologies and facilities best. - Best practices and best available technologies need to be globally shared.

Chemical industry(CO2 emission intensities of ethylene production)

Source: SRI Chemical Economic Handbook, etc.

Thermal power sector; thermal efficiency(Electricity output per energy input)

Source: ECOFYS(2004), etc.

Steel industry(Energy intensities in integrated steel plant)

Source : Korea Iron & Steel Association, etc.

Cement(Energy intensities of clinker)

Source: Battelle

5

Keys for Success: Efficiency Improvement (1)

-Energy efficiency is a key in striking a balance between the environment and the economy.

-The Top Runner Program was introduced in 1998 as energy conservation standards for home/office appliances and fuel efficiency standards for automotives.

Example of Top Runner Program Examples of equipment covered(21 items are covered in total.)

Fuel Efficiency

(km/l)

Fuel Efficiency

(km/l)

Top Runner Program

(Stricter energy conservation standards)

Conventional energy

conservation standard

6

Passenger vehicles 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 (Gasoline and LP gas)

Passenger vehicles (diesel)

Air conditioners (cooling & heating)

TV sets

Video cassette recorders

Fluorescent lights

Copying machines

Computers

Magnetic disc units

Electric refrigerators / freezers

Gas cooking appliances

Vending machines

7 Global Solar Cells Production per Region

Global(1,728MW)

Japan(833MW)

EU(452MW)

Others (289MW)

USA(154MW)

Region

Japan

EU

USA

Others

Total

2005 Inter-annual Variation (MW) (%)

231,5 137,6 15,3

148,9 533,3

38,5 43,8 11,0

106,3 44,6

Global Cumulative Installed Solar Power Systems8(M

W)

Japan(1,132.0MW)

Germany(794.0MW)

USA(365.2MW)

Examples of Solar Cells Installations(parking lot roofs and research institute roofs)

9

Examples of Solar Cells and Wind Generator(a hut in Mt. Hakuba)

10

11

Basic Plan for Establishing a Sound-Material Cycle Society

　 Targets FY 2000 FY 2010

Resource Productivity　 280,000 yen/ton 390,000 yen/ton

( 40% up )

Cyclical Use Rate 10%14%

( 40% up )

Final Disposal 56 million tons 28 million tons( 50% down )

12

WHERE DO WE GET GOLD? Do the cell phones we dispose have any gold?WHERE DO WE GET GOLD? Do the cell phones we dispose have any gold?

• We get 200g of gold out of 10,000 cell phones (1 ton).

• Out ot an equal weight of rocks from mines in Africa, we get only 5g of gold.

SO, FACTORIES OBTAIN GOLD FROM USED CELL PHONES. . .

.

13

International Comparison of Resource Productivity in OECD Countries

Japan

$1,000 / t 《 PPP in 2000 》

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Austria

Belgium ･ Luxembourg

DenmarkFinland

FranceGermany

GreeceIreland

ItalyNetherl.Portugal

SpainSweden

UK

USA

1997 （ USA:1994）

2000

Resource Productivity 　＝

GDP

Amount of Natural Resources

Source　 Resource Productivity: (EU)EUROSTAT "Material use in the EU 1980-2000: indicators and analysis",2002.　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 (USA)WRI "Material Flow Accounts: A Tool For Making Environmental Policy",2005　　　　　　　　　　 (JAPAN) Trial calculation by Ministry of the Environment from OECD data　 GDP ： OECD "OECD in Figures 2001 Edition."

14

【 Current Emissions 】

1. U.S.A. 22%

2. China 18%

3. Russia 6%

4. Japan 5%

5. India 4%

【 Year 2050 】

＝

Developing Countries:about 60% (estimate)

Cutting globalemissionsby half from thecurrent level

Curbing tothe samelevel as thecapacity ofnatural sinks

〔 Mid-Term Strategy 〕＜“ 3 principles” in designing a concrete framework beyond 2013＞

「 Innovative Technology Development 」 ・ Eliminating emissions from coal-fired power generation ・ Expanding safe and peaceful use of nuclear power ・ Efficient solar power generation ・ Promoting the use of next-generation automobiles such as fuel cell vehicles ・ Technological innovation in industries such as iron production

「 Building a Low Carbon Society 」 ・ Lifestyles in harmony with nature ・ Efficient public transportation system ・ Compact urban development ・ Demonstrating the sentiment of “mottainai” and the “Japan model” in the world

Invitation to “Cool Earth 50” ～ 3 Proposals, 3 Principles ～

＜ Japan’s Role ＞ ・ Oil consumption has been reduced by 8% even though the GDP has doubled over the past 30 years. ・ CO2 emission per GDP is the least in the major countries. ・ Japan will create a new financial mechanism for assistance to the developing countries which respond to its proposals. ・ Japan will expand the endeavor in East Asia for improving energy efficiency to the entire world.

Stabilizing the level of greenhouse gasconcentrations in the atmosphere

To make “Cool Earth” a reality

〔 National Campaign 〕 ＜ For achieving Japan’s Kyoto Protocol target ＞

Japan-China,Japan-U.S.Summit

Hokkaido Toyako Summit (G8)

East Asia Summit

COP13Heiligendamm Summit (G8)

Apr. 　　　　　 　 Jun. 　　　　　 Sep. Nov. Dec. 　　　　　　　 Jul.2007. 2008.

APEC Summit

With the motto of “1 person, 1 day, 1 kg”, calling upon the people for efforts and creative ideas.

〔 Long-Term Strategy 〕 ＜ For halving emissions by 2050 ＞

【 Target which we propose setting as a common goal for the world 】

(1) All major emitters must participate, thus moving beyond the Kyoto Protocol, leading to global reduction of emissions.

(2) The framework must be flexible and diverse, taking into consideration the circumstances of each country.

(3) The framework must achieve compatibility between environmental protection and economic growth by utilizing energy conservation and other technologies.

15

・ Based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming, This system requires large emitters to report their GHG emissions to the government. The government then enables the public to access the gathered data.

・ Based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming, This system requires large emitters to report their GHG emissions to the government. The government then enables the public to access the gathered data.

System OutlineSystem Outline

The Public / Businesses 　The Public / Businesses 　

・ Targeted businesses are those that emit more than the fixed volume of greenhouse gases・ Targeted sectors are industrial, business (including the public sector), and transportation sectors・ Calculation shall be done for the six gases for each business establishment (each company for the transportation sector)

GovernmentGovernment

Accounting/Announcement 　

Reporting

<Accounting by>

　・ Business

　・ Business Type

　・ Prefecture

Note: Disclosed when requested

Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Accounting and Reporting System

Top Runner Program based on the Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy

・ Based on the Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy, energy saving standards for home appliances and automobiles are determined by the Top Runner Method (see Note). the standards are imposed upon manufactures. For the manufacturers that do not meet the standards, measures including advice, announcement, orders, and fines (less than 1 million yen) are taken.

・ Based on the Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy, energy saving standards for home appliances and automobiles are determined by the Top Runner Method (see Note). the standards are imposed upon manufactures. For the manufacturers that do not meet the standards, measures including advice, announcement, orders, and fines (less than 1 million yen) are taken.

Program OutlineProgram Outline

Note: Top Runner Note: Top Runner MethodMethod

This concept calls This concept calls for products to for products to have better have better performance than performance than the best product the best product currently on the currently on the market.market.

Raising Public Awareness

・ A large scale national campaign for the prevention of global warming started in April 2005 to realize the "6%" reduction in greenhouse gas emissions based on the Kyoto Protocol. The Team Leader is the Prime Minister and the sub-leader is the Minister of the Environment.

・ Individuals are invited to participate in daily global warming prevention activities such as "COOL BIZ," "WARM BIZ," and “Hello! Environmental Technology."

・ A large scale national campaign for the prevention of global warming started in April 2005 to realize the "6%" reduction in greenhouse gas emissions based on the Kyoto Protocol. The Team Leader is the Prime Minister and the sub-leader is the Minister of the Environment.

・ Individuals are invited to participate in daily global warming prevention activities such as "COOL BIZ," "WARM BIZ," and “Hello! Environmental Technology."

Team Minus 6%Team Minus 6%

Examples of Japan’s Policies and Measures

Efficiency Improvement of Home AppliancesEfficiency Improvement of Home Appliances

Initiatives taken by Government Agencies

(1) National Center: Established by the Minister of the Environment based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming with the aim to raise public awareness regarding anti-global warming measures. (2) Prefectural Centers: Established by the Prefectural Governors based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming. (3) Advisors: Based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming and with the trust of the Prefectural Governor, persons who are knowledgeable of global warming prevention measures and have considerable experience in publicity and educational campaigns educate and advise the public.

(1) National Center: Established by the Minister of the Environment based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming with the aim to raise public awareness regarding anti-global warming measures. (2) Prefectural Centers: Established by the Prefectural Governors based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming. (3) Advisors: Based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming and with the trust of the Prefectural Governor, persons who are knowledgeable of global warming prevention measures and have considerable experience in publicity and educational campaigns educate and advise the public.

(National / Prefectural) Japan Center for Climate Change ActionsVoluntary Advisors for Global Warming Prevention Activities

(National / Prefectural) Japan Center for Climate Change ActionsVoluntary Advisors for Global Warming Prevention Activities

・ Based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming, the national government, prefectures, and municipalities have taken the initiative and established a plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions during their clerical works and projects.

・ Based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming, the national government, prefectures, and municipalities have taken the initiative and established a plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions during their clerical works and projects.

National/Prefectural/Municipal Action PlansNational/Prefectural/Municipal Action Plans

Double Glass

Solar Panel

・ Based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming, local public authorities have established deliberate and comprehensive measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions according to the region's natural and social conditions.

・ Based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming, local public authorities have established deliberate and comprehensive measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions according to the region's natural and social conditions.

Global Warming Prevention Measures Regional Promotion Plan

Global Warming Prevention Measures Regional Promotion Plan

CRT-basedTV

VCR

Air conditioner

Electric refrigerator

(FY1997 – FY2003)

(FY1997 – FY2003)

(FY1997 – FY2004)42%

55%

(FY1997 – FY2006)

(FY1998 – FY2006)

16

Image of a Low Carbon Society in 2050

A Solar Society A society making high use of the solar energy A society making high use of hydrogen A Hydrogen Society

Thin-film silicon solar cells

The wide use of polymer electrolyte fuel cell automobiles

Efficient hydrogen storage technology

The wide use of fuel cell vehicles to realize zero emissions in the automobile sector, which currently accounts for nearly 20% of the global emissions

By improving hydrogen storage capacity from the current 3kg to 7kg, the mileage of fuel cell vehicles rises to nearly 700km, the level of the conventional cars.

Thin-film solar cells

A significant improvement in power generation efficiency from the current 15 – 20% to over 40%, as well as its cost reduction to the level of thermal power generation

Low-cost and high-efficiency solar cells by using new materials

Flexible solar cells with no restriction of installation places

Hydrogen generation from the solar energy by photocatalysts

Low-cost rechargeable batteries with increased capacity

Fuel cells to satisfy household energy demands

Stack Air

Hydrogen

Electrolytic film Solid Polymer Fuel Cell (Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell)

Configuration

Cost reduction by the use of platinum alternatives

Zero Emissions Ultra High Energy Efficiency Technology

A society making high use of CO2-free energy resources

A society realizing extremely efficient production processes ; having low-carbon-emitting production systems ; and making ultra-high efficient use of energy at homes and offices

Iron and steel making technology to partially substitute hydrogen for coke as a reducer

Cascade use of waste heat energy, andproduction technology to fully utilize the by-products of other industries as raw materials

Next generation energy-saving devices including high-efficiency semiconductors.

Superconducting power transmission without powerloss

The IEA estimates, in its 2050 reduction scenario, that the global diffusion of high energy efficiency technology reduces the global emissions by 25%.

Innovative zero-emissions coal-fired power generation

Next generation light water reactors, small and medium reactors, high temperature gas-cooled reactors, and fast breeder reactor (FBR) cycles

A significant increase of zero-emissions nuclear power generation

Zero-emissions coal-fired power generation, which currently accounts for nearly 30% of the global emissions

Power transmission lines

Carbon dioxide storage

Carbon dioxide injection well

Zero-emissions Coal-fired Power Generation Plant

FutureGen – USA

Reactor core

Small and Medium Reactor

６ｍ

18 ｍ

Stea

m

ge

nera

tor

Ultra high energy efficiency heat pumps exploiting waste energy

17

Changes in CO2 Emissions by Secto ｒ

This adds up to

Reduction target for household sector

Approx. 38 million tons/year

＜ CO2 reduction volume ＞ Source: “Stress Free Mitigation Global Warming – 10 Concrete Measures at Homes” (Ministry of the Environment), etc.

[At work]

[If every Japanese citizen refuses one shopping bag per week] 　　

→ 　 CO2 reduction of approx. 360,000 tons/year nation wide

Electricity Consumption to a maximum of

1/5

Replace all filament light bulbs in Japan with fluorescent light bulbs

※ 　 For reducing CO2 nation wide effectively, it is also necessary to take proper actions in the business sector (office buildings, etc.) .

What Each One of Us Can Do to Reduce CO2 emissions

Achieving the Kyoto Protocol’s 6% Reduction Target Achieving the Kyoto Protocol’s 6% Reduction Target

COCO2 2 DietDiet

Let’s review our lifestyle Let’s review our lifestyle and reduce 1 kg of and reduce 1 kg of COCO22 /person/day/person/day

= approx. 47 million tons/year 1kg × 128 million people

× 365 days＞

Japan’s household sector recalled a 37.4% increase of CO2 emissions in FY 2005 (compared to 1990 level), totaling 175 million tons, which will need to be reduced 38 million tons by 2010. To achieve this goal, each

one of us must change our current lifestyle and increase our efforts to reduce CO2 emissions at home and at work. For example, if all of the following measures be implemented, each household can reduce approx. 569

kg/year (610g/person/day).

The government will devote all of its efforts to expand the nation-wide campaign, Team Minus 6%. The success of this campaign totally depends upon the efforts of each citizen. 　　　　　　　　　　　　(1) Ratio of the offices that have made efforts since the launch of Cool Biz

in FY 2005 →43.2 ％ (2) Estimated CO2 reduction

→ Approx. 1.14 million tons (June- September) nation wide

Japanese government invites public opinions on specific global warming mitigation ideas for homes, offices, and communities, and actively introduces the ideas to the public based on the practicality

e.g. with 1 higher for air-conditioning and 1 lower for heating℃ ℃[Adjusting the temperature] Summer 28 , Winter 20℃ ℃

e.g. without stand-by electricity

[Smart electricity use] 　 Unplug appliances

[Smart water use] Turn off water properly

e.g. 1 minute shorter shower time a day

e.g. bringing own shopping bags and choose products with light packaging 　　

[Smart shopping and waste disposal] 　 No excessive wrapping; proper trash separation

[Eco-friendly driving] Eco-drive

e.g. idling stop for 5 minutes per day

[Smart products choice] 　 Buy eco-productse.g. with eco-friendly home electric appliances (air conditioners, refrigerators, lights, etc)

= Reduction of 74 g/person/day (approx. 69 kg/household/year) 　

= Reduction of 62 g/person/day (approx. 58 kg/household/year)

= Reduction of 42 g/person/day (approx. 39 kg/household/year)

= Reduction of 64 g/person/day (approx. 60 kg/household/year)

= Reduction of 281 g/person/day (approx. 262 kg/household/year) 　

35 ｇ《 Reduction volume/person/day 》

・・・

1 kgequivalent to approx. 100 soccer balls !

in cubic volume

Further reductions could be created by public ideas

e.g. with proper trash separation and recycling of waste plastic(= burn less garbage) 　= Reduction of 52 g/person/day (approx. 48 kg/household/year)

74ｇ

281ｇ

42ｇ62ｇ64ｇ

・・・

104ｇ

132ｇ45ｇ

52ｇ

35ｇ

[Air conditioner]

= Reduction of 104 g/person/day (approx. 97 kg/household/year)

42 ％ energy efficiency improvement（ FY1997→ FY2006 ）

= Reduction of 132 g/person/day (approx. 123 kg/household/year)

55% energy efficiency improvement (FY1998→FY2006)

[Refrigerator]

[Light]

[Light bulb-type fluorescent lamp][Filament light bulb]

= Reduction of 45 g/person/day (approx. 42 kg/household/year)

= Reduction of 35 g/person/day (approx. 33 kg/household/year) 　

0

100

200

300

400

500

Industries

Transportation

Tertiary

Household

Energy conversion

Unit ： million ton CO 2

－7.4％(5)

－29.9％(38)

－42.1％(69)

－3.2％(7)

－6.4％(31)

Rate of reduction Needed 　 from FY2005

（ absolute value ）

＋9.7％

＋37.4％

＋42.2％

＋18.1％

－3.2％

Rate of change

74

175

234

257

466

FY 2005 (preliminary

figure）

68

127

164

217

482

FY 1990

－7.3％(5)

－21.7％(38)

－29.4％(69)

－2.6％(7)

－6.8％(31)

Rate of reduction

）

＋9.7％

＋37.4％

＋42.2％

＋18.1％

－3.2％

74

175

234

257

466

FY 2005 (preliminary

figure）

68

127

164

217

482

FY 1990

（Unit： million ton CO2 ）

2005（Preliminary figures）1990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005（Preliminary figures）199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004

18