political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有...

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Political joke of the day “ 这这这这这这这这这这这这这 这这这这这这这这这这这这这这这这这 这这这这这这这这” This political struggle has nothing to do with Chinese people: it’s a Mongolian reporting to Americans that a Singaporean killed a Brit.

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Page 1: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Political joke of the day

“这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人”

This political struggle has nothing to do with Chinese people: it’s a Mongolian reporting to Americans that a Singaporean killed a Brit.

Page 2: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Roadmap: Upcoming Topics

1: Institutions of the Party-State Can the state control its own agents?

2: Civil Society and Village Governance Can the state control society? Can society influence the state?

3: Media/Internet Politics How effective is state control over the media? Conversely, how effective is the media as a

government watchdog? Is the internet a virtual civil society?

Page 3: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the Party-State: Reading questions

What are the major types of authoritarian regimes?

Which type has the longest regime survival, on average?

Why?

Page 4: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the Party-State

Major debate about the capacity of the Chinese state

Defining terms State capacity +

Page 5: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the Party-State

Major debate about the capacity of the Chinese state

Defining terms State capacity*

Ability of state to penetrate society regulate social relationships extract resources use them in intended ways

*Joel Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States Pei’s terms: mobilizing political support,

providing public goods, and managing internal tensions

Page 6: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the Party-State: Reading questions

Major debate about the capacity of the Chinese state Where does Pei Minxin stand?

Alternative argument: Yang Dali +

Page 7: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state

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1) How is the party-state structured?2) What are the mechanisms of party

control?

Page 8: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Review: Chinese Communist Party parallels and dominates all other state institutions8

Communist Party

legislature executive

General Secretary

(Hu Jintao)

Chairman

(Wu Bangguo)

Premier

(Wen Jiabao)

Politburo of Central Committee

National People’s Congress

State Council

party structure parallels and

dominates all other elements of the state

bureaucracy

Traditionally a rubber stamp for party decisions;

nominally elected but party supervises

nomination of candidates

implements party policy;

oversees all government

ministries, state-owned factories,

schools, etc.

(Stay tuned for more on interest representation by NPC and Local Peoples’ Congresses)

Page 9: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state CCP central hierarchy

General Secretary Politburo Standing Committee (9) Politburo (25) Central Committee National Party Congress (18th Autumn 2012)

Personnel Symbolic transfer of leadership

“Ideology” Public articulation of “party line”

Page 10: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state CCP major

commissions Military Affairs (MAC) Discipline Inspection

Central Advisory 1982-1992 only

Page 11: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state How institutionalized

is authority?

Deng Xiaoping Position as of 1985?

(“Man of the Year”) Position as of 1992?

(“southern tour”)

Hu Jintao

Page 12: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state CCP central hierarchy

Political-Legal Committee---law, security, police Zhou Yongkang 周永康

Supreme People’s Court Wang Shengjun 王胜俊 (no legal training)

Page 13: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state CCP major

departments Secretariat

Organization Dept Personnel

Propaganda Media, education

Page 14: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

5 Levels of Government; 6 Levels of Party

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Central Provincial Municipal /prefectural County Township

(lacks full complement of government offices)

Village (party only) (more on village elections on

Wednesday)

Page 15: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state

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What are the mechanisms of Leninist party control? Democratic centralism Party discipline

Applies to 80 million party members (~5% of population)

Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Monitors corruption within party (Bo Xilai and Gu Kailai)

Harvard’s Samuel Huntington (Dali Yang, p. 49)

“Organization is the road to political power, but it is also the foundation of political stability and thus the precondition of political liberty.”

Love to hate?

Page 16: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state

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What are the mechanisms of Leninist party control within and beyond the CCP? Nomenklatura

List of positions for which party vets candidates Examples beyond the party itself +

Page 17: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state

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What are the mechanisms of Leninist party control within and beyond the CCP? Nomenklatura

List of positions for which party vets candidates Examples beyond the party itself

Government executives Standing Committees of People’s Congresses Editors of major newspapers University leadership Trade Union leadership Buddhist Association, Chinese Catholic Church

leadership Lawyer’s Association leadership State-owned corporation leadership

Page 18: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state

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What are the mechanisms of Leninist party control within and beyond the CCP? “Double-hatting”

Concurrent party and other positions Village head and village party secretary concurrently

“Interlocking directorates” Example: Ma Wen

Minister, Ministry of Supervision (government) Deputy Secretary, Central Commission for Discipline

Inspection (CCP) Party core groups and party committees

Example: Party group ( 党组 ) in leadership of local People’s Congress Must follow party line

Page 19: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state

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What are the mechanisms of Leninist party control within and beyond the CCP? “Double-hatting”

Concurrent party and other positions Village head and village party secretary concurrently

“Interlocking directorates” Example: Ma Wen

Minister, Ministry of Supervision (government) Deputy Secretary, Central Commission for Discipline

Inspection (CCP) Party core groups and party committees

Example: Party group ( 党组 ) in leadership of local People’s Congress Must follow party line

Page 20: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state

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Problems with Leninist party leadership: competing sources of authority

Vertical-horizontal relations (tiao-kuai guanxi 条块关系) Examples:

Horizontal: territorial governments like a county County party secretary is ultimate local authority ( 一把手 )

Vertical: substantive agencies National tax office ( 国税局 ) at county level Environmental protection agency at county level People’s Bank county-level branch

Local Communist Party secretaries often hold sway over bureaucrats in the local offices of central agencies Ex: local environmental protection bureau

Less likely to implement the policies of the State Environmental Protection Agency if the local CCP party secretary cares more about industrial output and jobs then clear air or water

Page 21: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state

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Premise: What do local leaders (cadres) care about? Political careers (Barbara Geddes, Politician’s Dilemma)

Leading cadre evaluation system Specific, measurable, quantifiable criteria Linked to “high-powered” incentives

Bonuses (often as much as the base salary itself) Promotion prospects

Determined by performance on key targets Important for signaling the priorities of higher levels

Shifting emphasis—demonstrates political learning Economic: output sales profits Economic political

With privatization, cadres directly manage fewer enterprises With “losers” emerging during the later reform process, more

protests, seen as threats to CCP control

Page 22: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state How to conceptualize cadre

management? Principal-agent problem

Who are the principals? Who are the agents? What are the defining characteristics of the

principal-agent problem?

Page 23: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state Principal-agent problem

Defining characteristics Interest conflict Information asymmetry

Page 24: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state Principal-agent problem

Analytical insights “Moral hazard”

Performing only to measured criteria

Page 25: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state Leading cadre evaluation system as a principal-

agent problem: gaming the system Early example (GVIO 工业总产值 )

Politically motivated bank loans to local enterprises Subsequent adaptations

Current example (Investment 招商引资 ) Manipulate requisitions of rural land for development

Contrast Dali Yang p. 48 (auctions) QUESTION: Dali Yang: “rent seeking”

Page 26: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state Principal-agent problem

Analytical insights Multitask problem

Difficult to promote multiple targets simultaneously Example: environmental protection targets vs.

growth/investment

Page 27: Political joke of the day “ 这场斗争其实和中国人没关系, 这场斗争是有 个蒙古人向美国人举报新加坡人杀了英国人 ” This political struggle has

Institutions of the party-state

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Premise: What do local leaders (cadres) care about? Political careers (Barbara Geddes, Politician’s Dilemma)

How much does money/corruption undermine this analytical framework?