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Smart Grid Analysis of Centralized Cooling
for an Urban Community
Objectives
Introduction
Perform a techno-economic analysis of
a centralized cooling system for
an urban community of 10,000 people
in the context of day-ahead electricity prices.
Cooling Load
Figure 1 – Decentralized Cooling System.
Figure 2 – Centralized Cooling System.
The cooling load was obtained by adapting Cooling Load
Temperature Difference (CLTD) method proposed by the
ASHRAE to our case.
The electrical power due the cooling system:
Figure 3 – Cooling Load model
Figure 4 – Cooling load (𝑄𝐾𝐿 )
Then, the hourly cost and operational cost for case 1 are:
Figure 6 – Day ahead electricity price PJM (2012).
Figure 7 – Energy cost per hour.
Figure 5 – Electrical Chiller
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐸𝐶 = 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
= 1.14 tons/kW
Net Present Value
Vieira, F.L; Henriques, J.M.M; Soares, L.S; Rezende, L.L; Martins, M.S; de Melo Neto, R; D. J.Chmielewski
Results for Case 1:
Initial Costs: $14 million
Operational Costs: $14 million
NPV: $28 million
𝑃𝑘𝐸𝐶 =
𝑄𝐾𝐿
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐸𝐶
OC =
𝑘=0
𝑛
𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑃𝑘𝐸𝐶
Decentralized Chiller
Case 1
Planning period ( n = 20 years ), Interest rate ( i = 7% )
NPV = IC + PV PV = OC (1+𝑖)𝑛 −1
𝑖(1+𝑖)𝑛
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Smart Grid Analysis of Centralized Cooling
for an Urban Community Vieira, F.L; Henriques, J.M.M; Soares, L.S; Rezende, L.L; Martins, M.S; de Melo Neto, R; D. J.Chmielewski
Figure 9 – Power Plant process load diagram.
Figure 10 – Case 2 diagram: Plant + Absorption Chiller + Electrical
Chiller
Centralized System – Background
Figure 8 – Electrical and Absorption Chiller diagrams.
Case 2
Figure 11 –Results of case 2..
𝑂𝐶 = min
𝑘=0
𝑛𝑐𝑘𝑒
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐸𝐶𝑄𝑘𝐸𝐶 − 𝑐𝑘
𝑒𝑃𝑘𝐺 + 𝑐𝑘
𝑁𝐺𝜈𝑘𝑓
𝑄𝑘𝐸𝐶 + 𝑄𝑘
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑄𝑘𝐿
−𝑄𝑘𝐴𝐶 .𝜂𝑅𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐴𝐶
+ 𝜈𝑘𝑓. 𝜂𝑃 − 𝑃𝑘
𝐺 = 0
0 ≤ 𝑄𝑘𝐸𝐶 ≤ 𝑄𝑀𝐴𝑋
𝐸𝐶
0 ≤ 𝑄𝑘𝐴𝐶 ≤ 𝑄𝑀𝐴𝑋
𝐴𝐶
0 ≤ 𝜈𝑘𝑓≤ 𝜈𝑀𝐴𝑋𝑓
0 ≤ 𝑃𝑘𝐺 ≤ 𝑃𝑀𝐴𝑋
𝐺
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Smart Grid Analysis of Centralized Cooling
for an Urban Community
Thermal Energy Storage Preliminary Results
Figure 13 – Case 3 diagram: Plant + Absorption Chiller + Electrical
Chiller + Thermal Energy Storage
Figure 14 – Results of case 3
Case 2:
Initial Cost: $ 299 million
o Absorption Chiller: $7.4 million
o Electric Chiller: $4.2 million
o Distribution Network: $80 million
o Power Plant: $207 million
Operational Cost: -$1.08 billion
o Profit of the Power Plant: $102 million/year
NPV: - $781 million
Case 3:
Initial Cost: $ 307 million
o Thermal Energy Storage: $ 8 million
Operational Cost: -$1.09 billion
o Profit of the Power Plant: $103 million/year
NPV: - $783 million
References1. American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, and
Knovel (Firm). 1997. 1997 ASHRAE handbook: Fundamentals. SI ed. Atlanta, GA:
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers
2. Feng, J., Brown, A., O’Brien, D., & Chmielewski, D. J. (2015). Smart grid coordination of a
chemical processing plant. Chemical Engineering Science
3. Roth, K., Zogg, R., & Brodrick, J. (2006). Cool thermal energy storage. ASHRAE journal,
48(9), 94-96
4. Newnan, D. G., Lavelle, J. P., Eschenbach, T. G. (1991). Engineering Economic Analysis. 12th
edition
5. Black, J. Cost and performance baseline for fossil energy plants. US Department of Energy.
September, 2013
6. PJM Data Miner - Energy Pricing. (n.d.). Retrieved June , 2015, from
https://dataminer.pjm.com/dataminerui/pages/public/energypricing.jsf
7. NCDC: Quality Controlled Local Climatological Data - Chicago Illinois. (n.d.). Retrieved
June, 2015, from http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/qclcd/QCLCD?prior=N
8. Illinois Natural Gas Prices. (n.d.). Retrieved June, 2015, from
http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SIL_m.htm
Vieira, F.L; Henriques, J.M.M; Soares, L.S; Rezende, L.L; Martins, M.S; de Melo Neto, R; D. J.Chmielewski
Case 3
Figure 12 – Thermal Energy Storage
𝑄𝑘𝐸𝐶 + 𝑄𝑘
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑄𝑘𝐿
𝑄𝑘𝐸𝐶 + 𝑄𝑘
𝐴𝐶 - 𝐸𝑘 + 𝐸𝑘+1=𝑄𝑘𝐿
- 𝐸𝑀𝐴𝑋 ≤ 𝐸𝑘 ≤ 0
Acknowledgements