Postpartum Hemorrhage(PPH)

产后出血

林建华

Major causes of death for pregnancy women

（maternal mortality)

• Postpartum hemorrhage（ 28%)

• heart diseases

• pregnancy-induced hypertension

• (or Amniotic fluid embolism )

• infection

Definition of PPH

• be defined as a blood loss exceeding 500ml after delivery of the infant

• PPH: occurs in 24 hour of delivery

• the late PPH: occurs after 24 hour of delivery to 6 weeks

Major causes

• Uterine atony (90%)

• lacerations of the genital tract(6%)

• retained placenta(3%-4%)

• coagulation defects (blood dyscrasia)

• (4T: tone, tissue,trauma,thrombin)

1. Uterine atony

Local factors

• overdistention of the uterine (hydramnios, multiple pregnancy, macrosomia )

• condition that interfere with contraction(leiomyomas)

• complications(PIH,anaemia, placenta praevia

Systemic factors:

• nervous

• drugs(magnesium sulfate,sedative)

• abnormal labor(prolonged,precipitous)

• History of previous PPH

• Preeclampsia, abnormal placentation,

pathology

• Contraction constricting the spiral arteries

• preventing the excessive bleeding from the placenta implantation site

• the uterine atony give rise to PPH when no contraction occur

Prevention and therapeutic of uterine atony

• Administration of medicine:

• promotes contraction of the uterine corpus

• decreases the likelihood of uterine atony

• Oxytocin agents

• Methegine

• prostaglandin

• Mechanical stimulation of uterine contraction:

• Massage of uterus through the abdomen and bimanual compression

• intrauterine packing

Surgical methods

• If massage and agents are unsuccessful:

• Ligation of the uterine arteries

• ligation of the hypogastric arteries

• selective arterial embolization

• hysterectomy

taking into account the degree of hemorrhage,the overall status of patient,her future childbearing desires

2. Lacerations of the genital tract

Causes:• Instrumented delivery (forceps)• manipulative delivery(breech extraction,precipitou

s labor, macrosomia)

Types:• perineum laceration• vaginal laceration• cervical laceration

perineum and vaginal laceration

• The first degree tear:

involves only skin and a minor part of the perineal body

• the second degree tear:

involves the perineal body and vagina

• the third degree tear:

involves the anal sphincter and anal canal

management

• Vaginal examination soon after delivery

repair:

• cervical laceration >2cm in length and be actively bleeding

• laceration of vaginal and perineum

3. Retained placenta

• Separation and explosion of placenta is caused by strong uterine contraction

• Placenta tissue remaining in the uterus

prevent adequate contraction and predispose to excessive bleeding

causes:• adherence of placenta (previous cesarean delivery,prior uteri

ne curettage)

• succenturiate placenta

• placenta accreta (into the decidua)• placenta increta(into the myometrium)• placenta pericreta(through the myometrium to the peritonea

l)

Prevention and treatment

• The placenta should be examined to see that it is complete or not

• part of placenta is missing, removed digitally• not separated, manual removal of placenta is do

ne• hysterectomy is required for placenta increta(pe

rcreta,accreta)• uterine contraction drugs

4. Coagulation defects

Acquired abnormality in blood clotting:• abruptio placenta,• amniotic fluid embolism• severe preclampsia

congenital abnormality in blood clotting:• thrombocytopenia• severe hepatic diseases• leukemia

disseminated intravascular coagulopathy(DIC)

• if bleeding persists in spite of all other treatment described, DIC should be suspected

• the blood passing from the genital tract is not clotting

• shock: reduction of effective circulation

inadequate perfusion of all tissues

oxygen depletion

depression of functions

Record:

• pulse

• blood pressure

• maternal heart rate

• central venous pressure

• urine output

•

Lab tests:• Hb,• BT(bleeding time), CT( clotting time),• platelets count• fibrinogen• prothrombin time and patial thromboplastin time• FDP• women’s group and cross-matching

Treatment:

• the key is correcting the coagulation defect

• resuscitation must be started as soon as possible

• infusion of crystalloid(saline) and Dextran is started firstly while arranging the blood transfusion

• blood transfusion is essential

• infusion of platelets, fresh frozen plasma, FDP , clotting factors,

• Potential complications of PPH:

• Postpartum infection

• Anemia

• Transfusion hepatitis,

• Sheehan’s syndrome

• Asherman’s syndrome

• The best management of PPH is prevention

Key words

• the definitio n of HHP

• The causes of HHP

• treatment methods of Uterine atony

• the types of retained placenta

• the degrees of the perineal and vaginal laceration