Poultry Nutrition and Feeding

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Nutrients

Carbohydrates and Fats (Energy)Protein and Amino acidsMineralsVitaminsWater

Carbohydrates and Fats (Energy)

CarbohydratesSugar, starches Indigestible fiber (cellulose) not used

Energy is needed for •Muscular activity, movement, and keeping warm•Biochemical energy for maintenance and growth of tissue

Glucose is metabolized and energy (ATP) is released

Energy expressed as caloriesMost of feed intake is for calories (about 80% of the diet)

Fats help make cell membranes

Energy Sources

Cereal Grains Corn (maize): world’s most important feed grainWheatBarley, oatsSorghums (milo): tanninsMillet (pearl millet, foxtail millet, proso millet)Rice

Alternative Energy Sources

Cereals and milling by-productsWheat middlingsRice screenings

Roots and tubersCassava (manioc) roots, sweet potatoes, taro, yams

Fruits and by-productsBanana and plantain, breadfruit, dates

MiscellaneousMolasses (by-product of sugar cane industry)Fats (palm oil, coconut oil, animal fats)

Protein

Muscle tissue (meat) is protein

Amino acidsBuilding blocks of protein; protein synthesis

Essential amino acids Can’t be made by chickenMust be in the diet

About 20% of diet needs to be protein

Protein sources

LegumesSoybeans or soybean meal (cooked or heat-treated)Peanut meal

Sunflower, safflower, sesame meals

Field peas, beans (navy, lima, fava)

Popular Feed Combination

GrainsLow in lysine; high in methionine

LegumesHigh in lysine, low in methionine

Corn/soybean diet is most common

Synthetic amino acidsMethionine and lysine often limiting

Alternative Protein Sources

Cottonseed meal

Coconut meal, palm kernel meal

Milling by-productsCorn gluten meal

Brewers and distillers by-products

Animal Protein Meals

Fishmeal

Meat and bone meal

Blood and offal

Milk, buttermilk and dairy by-products (whey)

Minerals

Part of body: Bone Egg shell

Electrolytes function in fluid balance to maintain concentration gradients Only about 3-4% of diet

Macro-MineralsCalciumPhosphorusSodiumPotassiumChlorineMagnesiumSulfur

Calcium and phosphorus must be balanced 2 parts calcium : 1 part available phosphorus

Macro-Mineral Sources:Limestone or oyster shellBone mealSalt

Micromineral (trace minerals)

Function as activators or cofactors of enzymes

IronIodineZincManganeseCopperSeleniumMolybdenumChromium

Source:Wood ashes may provide trace minerals for scavenging poultry

Vitamins

Co-factors of enzymes to catalyze reactions in the bodyLess than 1% of the diet

Water-soluble Vitamins (rapidly excreted)Vitamin CB-Complex Vitamins

Thiamin B1 Pantothenic acidRiboflavin B2 NiacinPyridoxine B6 Folic acidCyanocobalamin B12 BiotinCholine

Fat-soluble Vitamins (can be stored in fatty tissue)Vitamin A Vitamin EVitamin D Vitamin K

Vitamin Sources

Premix

Yeast (B-complex vitamins )Green fodder (B-complex vitamins, vitamin A)Alfalfa mealDairy by-products (whey, buttermilk)Brewery wastesAnimal by-productsMilling by-products (bran, middlings)

Alternative feeds

Make use of local feed resources

Scavengable Feed Resource BaseTable scraps, harvest wastes

Efficient waste disposal system

ForageSeedsGreen fodderLegume plants, tree legumes

Live proteinEarthwormsInsects (fly larvae, grasshoppers, crickets, termites, bees)Snails

Disease vectors

Collect live protein

Quality assurance

Moldy feed is a concern

Weed seeds

Variability

Nutritional deficiency diseases

Deficiency SymptomRiboflavin Curled toe paralysisNiacin Slipped tendon (perosis)

Calcium or phosphorus Rickets

Iron AnemiaIodine Goiter

Feed is the major cost of production

Full-feeding recommended

Weight of the feed required is at least twice the expected marketweight of the birds

Water

Chickens are 85% waterDeath in one day without water in hot weather

Water should be clean and cool

100 broilers drink 28.8 liters on a 21 C day (7.6 gallons) (70 F)

100 broilers drink 47.3 liters on a 32 C day (12.5 gallons) (90 F)

Non-nutritive feed additives

Medications: antibiotics, anticoccidials, insecticides, wormers

Preservatives: antifungal

Pigments: to add color to skin and egg yolks

Sources of poultry feeds:

•Prepare feed from local grain and feedstuffs

•Prepare feed from local grains/protein sources and imported concentrates

•Commercial feed

Feeding systems

Scavenging birdsSupplement diet

Range birds get protein and vitamins from green forageSupplement with energy and mineralsMore supplementation if dry, fibrous vegetation

Feeding a concentrate supplement with cheap, bulky feed

Pasture management

Irrigate if possible

Alfalfa, clover, local forages

Self-feeding vs. cut and carry

Formulas for Feed Rations

No simple answerMany different recipes are possibleNutrient requirements vary according to stage of production

Starter, grower, finisherType of poultry

Broiler, layer, breeder, turkey, duck, geeseClimate

Ingredients vary in nutrient contentLarge manufacturers change formulation daily or weekly

depending on price of ingredients

Free-Choice Cafeteria Feeding

Feed in 3 separate containersEnergy-richProtein-richMineral-rich

Birds can balance own diet

Feed Mixing

Gather feed ingredientsGrind ingredientsSmall ingredients need to be especially well-mixedMix on flat surface or use concrete mixer

Large manufacturers use mechanical mixersProduce mash, crumbles, or pellets

Storage probably less than 2 months