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ENERCON INDIA LTD

Energy for the world.

Transmission Department

- By Niranjan Shukla14th July 2011

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Objective

In this module, we shall discuss

Overview of Transmission Sector a national perspectivePast, Present & Future trends Need of Large grid & Inter-regional transmission Understanding the grid dynamics Present challenges

Power evacuation philosophy in EILSchemesConstruction aspects Issues & MitigationO&M Needs

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1. Importance & Information on Indian Transmission Sector, National Plan & Policies

2. How we, Energities evacuate power to the grid3. Points to build an robust & effective transmission

system

A QUICK OVERVIEWA QUICK OVERVIEWAt the conclusion of this module, you will be able to understand:

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Ice breaking ?1) What was the total generation capacity of India at

the time of Independence? 2) What is the present generation capacity of India ?3) Name the largest power generation utility in India?4) What is the highest Grid System Voltage in India ?5) Who is deemed transmission licensee in

Maharashtra?6) What do you understand by -

Transmission System Regional Grid Operation Open Access ABT IPTC AT & C Losses

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Answers:1) What was the total generation capacity of India at the time of

Independence? 1350 MW2) What is the present generation capacity of India ? 132330 MW3) Name the largest power generation utility in India? NTPC4) What is the highest AC Grid System Voltage in India ? 765KV5) Who is deemed transmission licensee in Maharashtra? MSETCL,REL, TPC6) What do you understand by -

Transmission System Regional Grid Operation Open Access ABT (Availability based Tariff) IPTC (Independent Power Transmission Company) AT & C losses (Aggregate Technical & Commercial Losses)

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Flow:Present status, considerations and future outlookWhat is present power scenario ?What is present Transmission network ?What are our transmission requirements Inter statetransmission,

Electricity Act2003: Impacts & evolutionGrid Operation: Open access &Grid discipline-ABTTransmission as business To break the natural monopoly of state- IPTCEIL - Philosophy

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Supply

Demand

Real Time

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Capacity Addition as % of Target

54.0

75.0

47.0

0

20

40

60

80

VIII IX X

Plan

%

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Capacity addition XI FYP Planned v/s Actual under construction

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Capacity Addition - Perspective Programme

Present installed capacity - 1,32,330 MW.

Targeting economic growth rate of 8-10% pa

Projected installed capacity by 2012 - 2,07,000 MW

Thereafter, doubling of capacity every 10 years.

Projected installed capacity by 2030 - 8,00,000 MW.

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NEW Grid

SouthGrid

South

West

North

East

Northeast

Five Regional GridsFive Frequencies

October 1991East and Northeast synchronized

March 2003West synchronized With East & Northeast

August 2006North synchronized With Central Grid

Central Grid

Five Regional GridsTwo Frequencies

Installed Capacity 156 GW

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5 Regional Grids

Northern Region

Eastern Region

Southern Region

Western Region

NE Region

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14100

37700

05000

10000150002000025000300003500040000

Existing by 2012MW16

Name of SystemAt the end of 10 th Plan i.e. end of 2006-07

Additions during 11th plan 2007-12

At the end of 11th Plan i.e. end of 2011-12

ER - SR : 3120 500 3620ER - NR : 4220 9400 13620ER - WR : 1760 4900 6660ER - NER : 1240 1600 2840NR - WR : 2080 2100 4180WR - SR : 1680 2100 3780NER/ER-NR/WR 0 3000 3000TOTAL ALL INDIA 14100 23600 37700

Power Transfer Capacity (MW)Inter- regional transmission Existing & Planned (220KV & above)

Emerging opportunities

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Growth in Indian Transmission Sector

Source: CEA :http://www.cea.nic.in/power_sec_reports/Executive_Summary/2007_09/13.pdf

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Emerging Opportunities National Grid Integrated National Grid by 2012

Inter-regional power transfer capacity of

30,000 MW to be established (currently

8,050 MW)

Total Investments estimated at approx

Rs. 64,000 crores (2003-2012)

Investment in projects under

implementation/ approval taken by

PGCIL approx. Rs 16000 crores

Investment opportunity of Rs.

48,000 crores

From 2005-07 : Rs 7,000 Crore

From 2008-12 : Rs 41,000 Crore

LAKSHADWEEP

AND

AMAN

&

NIC

OBAR

TRANSFER CAPACITY- 30000 MWINTER-REGIONAL

BHUTANTALA

BONGAIG'N

MAITHON

SILIGURI

KAHALGAON

P'RNEA

ROURKELA

BINA

RAICHUR

GOOTY

HYDERABAD

SR

RAMAGUNDAM

CHANDRAPUR

MYSORE

DAVANGERE

TRIVANDRUM

UDUMALPET

KOZIKODE

NORTH TRICHUR

NARENDRA

KAIGASIRSI

KOLHAPUR

PONDA

WR

BANGALORE

MADURAI

TRICHY

HOSUR

SALEMNEYVELI

KORBA

VIJAYAWADA

MADRAS

NELLORECUDDAPAH

N'SAGAR

KHAMMAM

RAIPURSEONI

SIPAT

GAZUWAKA

TALCHERJEYPORE

RANCHIER

NATIONAL GRID - 2009-10

KISHENPUR

MALANPUR

AGRANRSHIROHI

ZERDA

BHIWADIHISSAR

JAIPUR

(DELHI RING)BALLABGARH

MOGA

URI

BALIA

LUCKNOW

UNNAO

S'NGRL

SATNA

SATLUJ

ABDULLAPUR

MEERUT

NALAGARH

DULHASTI

PARBATI

TEHRI

M'PUR

SRAMNKSTP

G'PUR

BARH

TEESTA

CHICKEN NECK

WAGOORA

DESHBANGLA

BALIPARA

MISA

NERMARIANI

RANGANADI GURIKATHAL-

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India

Northern Region

Eastern Region

Southern Region

Western Region

NE Region

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Drivers for Network Expansion:Capacity additions by

State generation Central allocation CPPs IPPs

Load flow study System strengthening Standing committee recommendations Directives from Regulator

Summarize ?

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Electricity Act, 1887 & 1903 * Minimum regulation * Private Capital

Indian Electricity Act, 1910* Basic Legal frame work* Private Capital

Indian Constitution, 1950 * Electricity under concurrent

jurisdiction of State and Centre

Industrial Policy Resolution, 1956* Generation &

Distribution reserved in the domain of the State

State Reforms Act * State level reforms * Unbundling of SEBs

Act, 1998 * Independent

Regulators

* Unbundling continues

* Private Capital

Electricity Act , 2003* Autonomous Regulation

* Private Capital* Open Access

Electricity Act Amendments * Central Utilities

created * Private capital in "G" & "T"* FDI encouraged

Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948* Creation of SEBs * CEA to

formulated

power policy

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Transmission Planning- Role as of today - emanating from Electricity Act2003

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Electricity Act

National ElectPolicy

+ National Plan

CEA

STU Intra-State lines

CTU Inter state

Licensee Inter state and Intra stateCERC

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Unified Grid Operation

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NationalLevel

RTU RTU RTU

SUB LDC SUB LDC SUB LDC

SLDC SLDC SLDC

ERLDC WRLDC* NRLDC SRLDC NERLDC

NLDC*

32 Nos.

54Nos.

1160Nos.

5 Nos. RegionalLevel

State HQLevel

Group / Distt Level

Plant / Sub-Station Level

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WORLD ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION BY SOURCE

%, Coal, 36

%, Natural Gas, 18

%, Hydro Electricity, 18

%, Nuclear, 17

%, Oil, 9.5

%, Renewable Energy, 1.5

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Source: IEA; Organisation for Economic cooperation & Development

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Fuel MW %

Total Thermal 93725.34 63.34

Coal 77648.88 53.3Gas 14876.71 10.5

Oil 1199.75 0.9Hydro 36877.76 24.7

Nuclear 4120 2.9Renewable 13242.41 8.9

Total 147965.51

Fuel wise installed capacity (as on 31.3.09)

Source : MoP site

Renewable,

13242, 9%

Nuclear, 4120, 3%

Hydro, 36878,

25% Thermal, 93725, 63%

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All India Generating Installed Capacity (MW) as on 30.09.07

Source: CEA http://www.cea.nic.in/power_sec_reports/Executive_Summary/2007_09/9.pdf

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Electrical power grid is an unique one in which generation anddemands are balanced instantaneously and continuously.

Fluctuations in power consumed by the consumers and variationsin uncontrolled generators are compensated by the controlledgenerators.

When generation equal to load, frequency operates at 50 Hz.Variation in frequency indicates rise of load or generation viceversa is term as a balancing.

In the grid system, it is not necessary for compensating each andevery variation from individual consumers / generators.

Only aggregate variation in the control area is balanced. Aggregation is the powerful tools with the power system

operators. When wind power plants are introduced into the power system, an

additional source of variation is added to the already variablenature of system.

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Electrical grid

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There are number of unresolved technical, institutional and regulatoryquestions concerning distributed generation in general and windgeneration in particular.

On the technical level, major barriers are..

Novelty and unfamiliarity of distributed technologies. Lack of substantial field experience with these technologies. Costs and complexity associated with thorough engineering evaluations. Weak evacuations network as well as onward transmission networks. Less availability of evacuations corridors. Less consumptions in local area due to wide variation in load due to

variable load in agriculture, less and variable industrial demand and lowdemand on staggering day.

Variable local load pattern leads to overloading of transformers and maintransmission lines which requires high capacity of strengthening oftransmission network.

Average PLF observed 15-20% which leads to inefficient occupation oftransformer capacity and non utilization of infrastructures.

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Integration with grid

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Load-Generation balance

In large interconnected system, load generation is reflected withchange in tie line flows.

In a small system, load generation balance is reflected with variation infrequency.

Variation in frequency is limiting factor for capacity addition of the windfarms.

In predominantly hydro and gas generation system with good ramprate will be positive factor, helping for compensating variation of windgeneration.

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Balancing Balancing in power system occurs over wide time frames: Years in advance : Enough generation has to be planned and built so

that there is sufficient capacity available to meet load requirements Day Ahead : Select which available generator can reliably meet

expected requirements at lowest cost. Real Time : Real time balancing can be obtained by two different

methodology: Load Following (Backing down) Load Regulation (Load Shedding)

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Grid operation with Wind GenerationScenario 1:

An increase in load along with increase in wind generation OR dropin load along with drop of wind generation Additional generationrequired for frequency maintenance is less.

System Operator:

It is a safe operation for grid operators. Most favorable condition for grid operators. During evening peak, maximum wind energy available and it

helps to meet peak demand.

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Grid operation with Wind GenerationScenario 2(A) :

A drop in load along with increase in wind generation.

System Operator:

Backing down of other generators. High Voltage problem and switching off lines. System operation

with critical loading. If local load is very low, overloading of associated transmission

lines.

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Grid operation with Wind GenerationScenario 2(B) :

An increase in load along with drop in wind generation .

System Operator :

Increasing load along with decrease in wind generation is avery critical nature of situation for system operator.

Additional generation is to be brought into system very quickly. If no generation available, heavy load shading to be resorted. If frequency permits, overdrawl at that prevailing rate. Requisition of costly generation i.e. on SPOT gas , Naphtha if

available

Remedies :

Additional generation capacity is required for maintenance ofload generation balancing especially gas based and hydrobased.

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Power Quality with Wind Generation

Generally it is believed that with increase in wind generation, the powerquality suffers.

Main power quality problems are:o Voltage Regulation,o Harmonics. Old WTG machines with induction generators have not been required

to participate in system voltage regulation. Their reactive powerdemand are compensated by switched shunt capacitors.

New WTG machines with variable frequency drives have inherentcontrol of reactive power output and can participate in voltageregulation.

If wind farm is far from generation source, high voltage witnessednear to wind farms with increase in wind generation.

The variable frequency generators in WTGs use AC-DC converter forconnection with Grid, which increases the Harmonics level in thesystem.

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Conclusion If the share of wind generation instantaneous penetration at any point of

time is excessively high compared to the total system demand, then,following new operating methodology need to be adopted for ensuingreliability and stability of system:

Methodology for accurate long term & short term forecasting. Real time data from wind farm to system operator to be made

available for effective grid operation. Reserve capacity with high ramp up generators such as a hydro

and gas shall be kept. All wind energy generation be brought under regulations of ABT

which means elimination of generation in case of high frequencyor system constraints.

Reinforcement of main transmission network and power corridors. Augmentation and reinforcement of voltage regulating equipments

such as reactors, switched capacitors including FACTS devices.

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Non-conventional energy plans beyond - 2012

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Enercon Philosophy:

StabilityAvailabilityOptimizationScalabilityFuture provisionInnovations

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Current Projects:

SynopsisSalient features

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Typical process flow:

PRSSEID / BDOSIQAEISD

Transmission

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Lets make a green move together Thank you !!