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CMPR311

www.endeavour.edu.au

Week 2

Medical Developments

in the

Spring-Autumn, Warring

State Period & Qin Dynasty

Chinese Medicine Department

© Endeavour College of Natural Health www.endeavour.edu.au 2

Session Contents

o King Wen of Zhou (周文王)& "Book of Changes"

(Yi Jing易經)

o Huangdi Neijing (黄帝内经 )- Inner Canon of

Huangdi or Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon

o Yin Yang and Wu Xing (Five element) philosophy

and TCM

o Bian Que (扁鵲)—Qin Yueren秦越人

Medical Developments

• Zhou Dynasty周朝 (1100BC – 221BC)

• Spring and Autumn春秋, Warring states

战国 (770BC-476BC, 475-221 BC)

• Qin Dynasty秦朝(221BC-206 BC)


Zhou Dynasty (周) had

A well developed technology in makingbronze equipment & utensils. The use ofiron was introduced to China during thistime. This laid a solid foundation for theinvention of many therapeutic methodsand instruments of TCM.

Further application of Wine: soaked drugs,promoting blood circulation and pain relief,anaesthesia, anti-bacterial (sterilization).

Modern form of Chinese scripts weredeveloped. Bronze mirror holder c. 1000 BC

Zhou Dynasty (1100 – 221BC) includes:

Western Zhou Dynasty (Xi zhou) 西周 1040 -771 BC

Eastern Zhou Dynasty (Dong zhou) 東周 770-221 BC


Medical specialists at the Zhou Court

o With the advent of the Zhou, China gradually entered a

feudal stage. Medical practice during the western Zhou

witnessed the beginning of an organisation. The term Yi 医(physician) already referred to differing functions, to the

extent that one might even speak of specialisation.

Yishi (master physician)-at the top of the medical hierarchy

Several categories of physician (the Rites of Zhou):

Jiyi (疾医)-physician who concerned with internal medicine

Yangyi（疡医)-physician for the treatment of wounds, injuries & trauma

Shiyi（食医)-physician for nutrition, who acted as dietician

Physician for animals-the 1st Chinese veterinarians（A history of Chinese medicine）

https://ecnh.ent.sirsidynix.net.au/client/en_GB/ecnh/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ILS$002f0$002fSD_ILS:4

570/ada?qu=history+of+chinese+medicine

https://ecnh.ent.sirsidynix.net.au/client/en_GB/ecnh/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ILS$002f0$002fSD_ILS:4570/ada?qu=history+of+chinese+medicine


The Book ‘Rites of Zhou’

(周禮)

It has records of medical system in that there were

4 specialties:

1) Jiyi (疾医): disease doctors

2) Yangyi（疡医):surgical doctors

3) Shiyi（食医): dieticians

4) Veterinarians



(周禮)

o These medical practitioners based their diagnosis on the

theory of Yin and Yang which, at the time, observes Ming

Wong, was applied to the patient’s environment, that is to say

to the elements that surrounded the patient.

Heaven was Yang

Earth was Yin

Man had to adapt to the internal as well as the external world,

and was subject to the influence of water (in winter), fire (in

summer),wood (in spring), metal (in autumn) and finally to that of

the earth. Ming Wong also mentions the ‘five elements’ (wood,

fire, earth, metal, water) (A history of Chinese medicine)

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qu=history+of+chinese+medicine




(周禮)

o The book also

recorded

seasonal

epidemics

and relevant

treatment

drugs.


Spring & Autumn春秋 (770BC-476BC

Warring states战国（475-221 BC)

From the western Zhou through the Spring and Autumn

period, witchcraft lost its dominant position, and the thought of

“communication between human and nature” began to

emerge. This change from magic to philosophy was reflected

in medical progress:

o Medical knowledge had been constantly accumulated

and advanced;

o Magical and superstitious medical practices gradually

faded and medicine started to develop independently in

line with its own intrinsic laws.(History and development of traditional Chinese medicine)

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Spring & Autumn-the Warring States period

--A period of many

philosophical views and ideas

o It was a time of crisis and dramatic change threw up a

number of significant thoughts and personalities.

o During the warring states, many different philosophical

views had come up: “The Hundred Schools of Thought”

(Zhuzi Bai Jia 诸子百家). It is a time called ‘hundred flowers

blossoming at the same time’（百花齐放，百家争鸣).

o Confucius (Rujia 儒家 ), Daoism （Daojia道家） and

Legalism （Fajia 法家）and other schools of thought，such Yinyang was significant for the development of

medicine at this time。


Medicine record in Spring & Autumn and

the Warring States period

o Shan Hai Jing 山海经(Manual of Mountains and Rivers),

versions of the text have existed since the 4th century

BC, contains a rich amount of ancient Chinese medicine:

about 120 kinds of drugs were gathered and most of

them were from plants and animals, some from minerals,

water and other sources.

the drugs were generally given with an account of the

indications.

In addition to poisonous and anti-poisonous, Shan Hai

Jing also listed some medicine that seem to have such

health-promoting and stimulating effects.


The Yi Jing (易經)also known as:

o the Classic of Changes,

o Book of Changes,

o Zhou yi (周易) and

o I-jing

It is one of the oldestChinese classic texts.

It simply explained theformation of the universeand the relationship ofman to the universe.

The oldest manuscript that has been found, it was incomplete, dates back to the Warring States period (475–221 BCE)


King Wen of Zhou(周文王)--author

of Yi Jing易經 "Book of Changes" .

The book further discussed the

ideas of Yin and Yang:

Yin and Yang as interaction and

circulation of Yang and Yin. Both

Yin and Yang were derived from

the same origin, Tai-Chi (Tai-Ji).

The entire theory of Chinese

medicine is based on the theories

of Yin and Yang as well as that of

5 Element Cycles which are also

related to the orderly arrangement

of 8 trigrams by King Wen .


During the Warring States

Period, the text was

interpreted as a system of

cosmology and philosophy.

It centred on the ideas of the

dynamic balance of

opposites, the evolution of

events as a process, and

acceptance of the

inevitability of change.8 trigrams & Tai-Chi


Further discussion of Yin and Yang

o The concept of Yin and Yang

o The relationship between Yin and Yang

o The application of Yinyang theory

Ebook Resource:

Yinyang : the way of heaven and earth in Chinese thought

and culturehttps://ecnh.ent.sirsidynix.net.au/client/en_GB/ecnh/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ILS$002f0$002fSD_ILS:

51110/one

“…the book examines the scope and role of Yinyang, the

philosophical significance of its various layers of meanings

and its relation to numerous schools and traditions within

Chinese (and Western) philosophy. …”

https://ecnh.ent.sirsidynix.net.au/client/en_GB/ecnh/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ILS$002f0$002fSD_ILS:51110/one


Wuxing五行（The five elements ）philosophy

o The 5 Elements Theory

explains the "check and

balance" mechanism created

by the background force of

Yin and Yang Qi and

illustrated the relationships

that are either strengthened

or weakened by "acting and

controlling" among the 5

elements.


Wuxing五行（The five element ）philosophy

It was around this time that the Yin / Yang and five element

philosophy were applied to Chinese Medicine.

*the English translation of ‘Five Elements’ for Wuxing 五行does not covey the meaning and concept of the term. As Xing

行 is

To march in order, walk forward;

To move, proceed, act, perform;

To engage in, to conduct, to effect, put into practice, implement;

Temporary, transient;

To leave, depart from.

All of these meanings convey movement and process. ‘Elements’ does not

imply movement and has a sense of being static. Wuxing五行 is always

moving and in movement, always a process and processing, whether it is a

generating 生, controlling 克, or insulting 反.


Yi Jing, TCM and Yinyang,

Wuxing philosophy o Influence of Yi Jing

o The entire theory of Chinese medicine is based on the

theories of Yin and Yang as well as that of 5 Elements

Cycles which are also related to the orderly arrangement of

8 trigrams.

o The 5 Elements Theory explains the "check and balance"

mechanism created by the background force of Yin and

Yang Qi and illustrated the relationships that are either

strengthened or weakened by "acting and controlling"

among the 5 elements.Lu, D. P. (2013)


Yinyang & Wuxing philosophy

and TCM

In-class discussion:

o Outline the main ideas of YinYang & Wuxing

philosophy in TCM.

o Around what time had the Yinyang and Wuxing

philosophy been applied to Chinese Medicine?


Influence of Yi Jing on Chinese medicine,

philosophy and science

Research articles:

o Lu, D. P. (2013). Influence of I-ching (Yijing, or The Book Of

Changes) on Chinese medicine, philosophy and science. Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research, 38(1-2), 77-133.

https://login.ezproxy.endeavour.edu.au:2443/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.

aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=23724698&site=eds-live&scope=site

o Qu, L., & Garvey, M. (2008). Chinese Medicine and the Yi Jing's

Epistemic Methodology. Australian Journal Of Acupuncture And

Chinese Medicine, 3(1), 17.

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Huangdi Neijing黄帝内经o The author of this book is

unknown, but it was compiled by a

group of different authors about

2500 years ago (the Warring State

period) in the format of

conversations between Huang Di

黄帝 and Qi Bo 岐伯. The

questions in the book concern not

just medicine but also philosophy,

astronomy, meteorological

phenomena, geography and

biology.


Huangdi Neijing黄帝内经

o The earliest comparatively complete extent Chinese

medical theoretical work (as can be seen the Han

Shu-History of the Han Dynasty).

o It is the first great summary of TCM.

o It contains 2 parts: Suwen素問 (Plain Questions) and

Lingshu灵枢(Efficacious Pivot).

Suwen mainly deals with healthy living

Lingshu mainly deals with acupuncture and

moxibustion treatments of diseases.


Main Topics in the Huangdi Neijing

7 topics:

1. Longevity, living in accord with seasons, preventing

disease

2. Theory of Yinyang, Five Phases

3. Zhang Fu responses to Seasonal pathogens,

emotions as causes of diseases

4. Symptom differentiations based on facial colors

5. Pulse changes according to conditions of the body

6. Pathophysiology

7. Acupuncture and moxibustion


Huangdi Neijing & Yinyang

theory“the law of yin and yang is the natural order of the

universe, the foundation of all things, mother of all

changes, the root of life and death”.

o Neijing explained that interconnection between man,

earth and heaven; the doctrine of viscera, channels and

collaterals’ and the historic principles of medicine, laid a

foundation for the development of TCM.

o Its theories not only played a very important part in its

development over the past 2000 years, but still

effectively guide the development of TCM.


Group Discussion

o What are the theory and principles of acupuncture

discussed in Huangdi Neijing? Or

o Discuss the acupuncture mentioned in Huangdi Neijing.

*pre-reading for this session discussion: Huangdi Neijing

Bertschinger, R. (2014). Essential texts in Chinese medicine : the single

idea in the mind of the yellow emperor. Retrieved from

http://ebookcentral.proquest.com

http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/


Endeavour Library Available ebook

Huangdi Neijing Lingshu

o Unschuld, P. U. (2016). Huang Di Nei Jing Ling

Shu : The Ancient Classic on Needle Therapy.

Berkeley: University of California Presshttps://login.ezproxy.endeavour.edu.au:2443/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.asp

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Research articles Re:

Huang Di Nei Jing o Neal, E. (2012). Introduction to Neijing Classical Acupuncture Part I:

History and Basic Principles. Journal Of Chinese Medicine, (100), 5-

14.

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px?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=108081318&site=eds-live&scope=site

o Neal, E. (2013). Introduction to Neijing classical acupuncture part II:

clinical theory. The Journal Of Chinese Medicine, (102), 20

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in.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.339528952&site=eds-live&scope=site

o Neal, E. (2014). Introduction to Neijing Classical Acupuncture Part III:

Clinical Therapeutics. Journal Of Chinese Medicine, (104), 5-23.

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in.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=107891614&site=eds-live&scope=site

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Research articles Re:

Huang Di Nei Jingo Unschuld, P. U. (2016). Huang Di Nei Jing Ling Shu: The Ancient Classic on

Needle Therapy. Journal Of Chinese Medicine, (111), 5-18.


login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=116884077&site=eds-live&scope=site

o Koh A, Cochrane S. The Rich Resonance of Huangdi Neijing and Its Clinical

Use. Australian Journal Of Acupuncture & Chinese Medicine [serial online].

November 2016;10(2):19-31. Available from: Alt HealthWatch, Ipswich, MA.

Accessed January 31, 2017

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aspx?direct=true&db=awh&AN=120725477&site=eds-live&scope=site

o Review: A review on different English versions of an ancient classic of Chinese

medicine: Huang Di Nei Jing.


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live&scope=site


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Bian Que 扁鵲 (407 B.C-301 B.C)

o According to a record in the book “Shi Ji” (史記 ),

Records of the Grand Historian, there was an

exceptional doctor named Bian Que (扁鵲) who lived

2,500 years ago, in about the same period as Confucius

during the Spring and Autumn Period (around 552–479

B.C.).

o Born as Qin Yueren (秦越人), his incredible skills in

medicine earned him the name Bian Que, the name of a

legendary doctor from the era of Huang Di 黄帝. Bian

Que was gifted with clairvoyance and was well known as

a doctor who could perform miracles.


Bian Que (扁鵲)

o Writings:

Nan Jing Classic of Difficulties 难经

Bian Que Nei Jing-Bian Que‘s Internal Classic (lost)扁鹊内经

Bian Que Wai Jing- Bian Que‘s External Classic (lost) 扁鹊外经

Han Dynasty physicians claimed to have studied his works,

which have since been lost.

o He was excelled in pulse taking and acupuncture

therapy.


Bian Que (扁鵲)Main contributions

According to Shi Ji史記 (Records of the Grand Historian),

o Bian Que examined the king and advised him to take

care before the illness became worse (good at judging

the prognosis of individual’s illness).

o Bian Que resuscitated an unconscious prince (who had

been presumed deal) in the Kingdom of Hao using

acupuncture (Bian Que needled and moxa on point

GV20, then the prince regained consciousness.

Afterwards, Bian Que prescribed Chinese herbal

medicines to consolidate the therapeutic effect.

o Developed the Four Diagnostic methods(si zhen, 四诊):

observation listening/smelling, questioning, palpation


Medicine in Qin Dynasty (秦朝）

o In the later stage of the Warring State period, political

reforms were carried out in the Qin state, which

encouraged cultivation and weaving with rewards to

emphasize agriculture, restrain business and strengthen

the armed forces. All these had resulted in the ever-growing

strength of the Qin state, which, in 221 BC, united the

whole of China. Qin dynasty was the 1st centralized feudal

state in Chinese history. and

o Ying Zheng, the 1st emperor in Qin dynasty, carried out a

series of reforms including the unification of cart gauges

and weights and measures, and the written language.

o All of the above played an important role in TCM

development.


Summary & Discussion

o Summarize this session learning

o Questions?


Main References

Andrews, B. (2014). The making of modern Chinese medicine, 1850-1960, Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press. [ebook available]

Brown, M. (2015). The art of medicine in early China: the ancient and medieval origins of a modern archive, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. [ebook available]

Buck, C. (2014). Acupuncture and Chinese medicine. Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com

Wang, J-H (2013), ‘Historical Timeline of Chinese Medicine: Understanding thePast’, Association for Traditional Studies, retrieved on 13 July,2017http://www.traditionalstudies.org/historical-timeline-of-chinese-medicine/

Lu, D. P. (2013). Influence of I-ching (Yijing, or The Book Of Changes) onChinese medicine, philosophy and science. Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research, 38(1-2), 77-133.

魏稼,高希言. (2007).各家針灸学說.北京:中国中医葯出版社.

http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/185663.htm#5

http://www.traditionalstudies.org/historical-timeline-of-chinese-medicine/

http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/185663.htm#5

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