tUm. kph \memvMBBS, MD (Pathology)

1946 sabv 6 \v P\\w.

1998 saUn tImtfPv kokn \np dnb sNbvXtijw AarX Cnyqv Hm^v saUn kbkv & dnkvskdn s{]m^kdpw slUv Hm^v Zn Unmpsapw Bbncpp.Ctm tImgntmSv kIemimebn cmKNnIn ^mns{Sbn\nv sNpXn\p Icnpew kne_kv InnbpsS D]tZiIbmbn {]hnpp. {][m\ IrXnI: kp[mknp (D]\njXv`mjyw), ]knp (kucyelcn), {_lvaknp ({_lvakq{Xw`mjyw), kuhw (`KhZvKoXm `mjyw), \mZebknp, ]mtYbw,Cysb Is- hcmlanlncs ]knmnIbneqsS, \memns N{Ihmfspcpfn, Hcp ImeLns Hmbvv, ap{Z,km{m\w, a[pcebw, Cs A, AarXtPymXn, ]pgbpsS IY,Without a stumble- A book on the spirituality of Music, Music therapy inAdministration Management and Education, Ragachikilsa, Education inancient India- Nalanda & Valabhi University.

Website: http://drsuvarnanalapattrust.orgwww.nalapat.com

e-mail: snalapat@gmail.comsnalapat@yahoo.com

{]Imiknp

tUm. kph \memv

Un.kn. _pIvkv

userCross-Out

Book details

Typeset: K.S. Sunil Kumar, Edappally

Cover design: S.S. Likesh Babu, Ernakulam

{]km[Ipdnv

apIpdnv

23.10.1993 alm\han. ApaWn. AIse ImI IcbpXptImw. inht{Xn \np {]`mXIo\. PmeIn\p]pdv almtZhnbpsS Agnn apSnt]mse IcntaL. IngpsXfn HcpIjvWw BImiodn Xnfp ip{I. tZhnbpsSeemSnse IkvXqcnXneIw t]mse! t\mnt\mnbncns HcphmIyw, AXns AYw, a\n sXfnbpp. hcnhcnbmbn apdbmbnkw`hnp, Bh\mIamb (sskn) N{Icq]amb Hv.Ima shdpsX... BImaw hnn... ho hnn Imamw. hnZybmIpcYw AwKnIsfqSmsX A\wKambn tJNcnbmbn BImiamtkcnpp. D]m[nIfnmsX kcnp B hccpNncamb hccpNncYs Rm [ym\npp. hnhccpNnhmIy_amb B cYw,AwKnhmNnItfmSpIqSn hmIy\n_amn Dcphm A[ymbcNnpp. Aam\pjcmb ]qhPv (aad ]qhnIv) cpNnIcamb, AhccpNnIcamb B hccpNnhmIyw hmKvtZhnbmb ]dnbmbn Iapn AhXcnpp. Cu alm\hanbn!

cmaw ZicYw hnn 25352244

amw hnn P\ImPmw 54435103

Atbm[ymaShow hnn 11451444

KO XmX bYmbpJw 32111272

BsI kwJy 123350063

Xncnnm 360053321

CXv 360000000 + 50000 + 3300 + 21 FsgpXmw. Fmw tPymXnj,tPymXnimkv{X]cambn {][m\kwJyI. KO XmX... KO XmX FvFs kZm aptmv \bn Ccw kz]v\Zi\ At\Iw!!!kz]v\Zi\sfpdnv ]mtYbn FgpXnbtm ]epwkwibw. kz]v\w at\mtcmKnIfpsS k]temIat Fv! AXvimkv{XkXamb bYmYtemIamtWm Fv! kXyhpw k]hpwXn FhnsS thXncnWw? sPmlm\kv sI kzLSnImcwkz]v\w Ip; Xm N{\ntev AXn kcnp Fpw! AXvsI at\mtcmKnbmbXpsImtm imkv{X_pn GdnbXpsImtm?

Imew, tZiw, Duw, {Zhyw Chsbms HmIp Hc]qh\nanjnse [ym\^eamWv Zi\w. AXn kz]v\kam\amb Hpv.]s AXv kXyamWv. at\mtcmKa. temIn Cphsc Dmbnp Fm NcmNcfpsSbpw, kh `mjIfpsSbpw, imkv{XfpsSbpw kwkvImcfpsSbpw Fskv AYhm ckw Bb ckm\p`hw(kucyelcn) ImetZifpsS _\ap hymhlmcnItemIns ]cnanXm\p`hfpsS ]cn[npdw BbXpsImmWv Ah \skpjp]vXnbnepw, kpjp]vXnk{Zpiamb [ym\kam[nbnepw tXSnhcpXv. CXn\v Ctm akvXnjvIKthjWw sImv sXfnhpI Dv.

am\hNcnXw Im kmKs tImkvanIv Imemcn (IeU)Ahkm\s GXm\pw skUpI am{XamWv. AXmbXv \sfms bYmYw Fp sXncnncnp Cu sImpPohnXakXyw. t_m[imkv{Xw, kwKoXw, kmlnXyw, XXzNn, imkv{XwChsbms \psS akvXnjvInepv. Chsbmw hnIkzcamhm\p Hcp Acohpw, AXn\p]nb Npp]mSpIfpw Innbm GXpa\pjypnbpsS {]Xn`bpw hnIkzcamhpw. AXmXp kabv {]]innbpsS Iymhmkn \nbn t]mse \s tXSn Zi\fpw,{ipXnIfpw hspI Xs sNpw. As\ hsnb {Kfpw, AdnhpIfpw am{XamWv \s \mampXv.

Cybnse Ghpw ]gap imJbmb KWnXw, AtXmS\p_np Xs hfph kwKoXw, tPymXnjw, ` mjmimkv{Xw ChbpsS ka\zbamWv Fs ]e IrXnIfpw. Hcp]t Cp \apv e`nnp Ghpw ]gb hymIcW, KWnX, IYm, `mjmimkv{XfpsSsbmw cNbnXmhmb hccpNnsb kw_nv Dmb Zi\w Cuka\zbn\p Hcp aptmSnbmbncpncnWw. hccpNnbpsS tIcf_w t\mptm tIcfn\v Cu hnjbfn Dmbncp AhKmlw hfsc ]gbXmsWp ImWmw. ]ctaizc ]mhXnv ]dpsImSp _rlZvIY ]pjv]Z Hfnp\np tIXns ^eambnhccpNn F t]tcmsS Iuimw_nbn ImXymb\ tKm{XnAKv\ninJ F {_mlvaW\v hkpZ F ]Xv\nbn P\np.Ipnmev hymUnbpw C{Z\pw hon hv apcPw sImnmSpXp I hccpNn Ahsmw BSpIbpw ]mSpIbpw sNbvXp. AbpsS A\phmZtmsS AhcpsS IqsS hnZy A`yknm ]mSeo]pcv hj F Kpcphns\ kao]np. Hcp {]mhiyw sImv hccpNnbpw, cp{]mhiyw sImv hymUnbpw aqp{]mhiyw sImv C{Z\pw kh imkv{Xhpw lrZnkvYamn. hccpNn D]hjs ]p{Xn

D]tImisb hnhmlw Ignp. hjs injymcn a_pnbmbncp ]mWn\ntbmSp tXmv sF{hymIcWw hccpNnv \jvSambtm Atlw lnamebn sNp X]v sNbvXp hymIcWm\w hopw t\Sn hj F Kpcphn\p Kpcphmbn. C{ZIqSphnp IqSpamdn tbmK\\mbn cmPyw `cnpXpw hccpNn a{nbmbXpw hccpNn NmWIys\ IXpw, ]qh\]p{X N{Kp]vXs\NmWIy cmPmhmnbXpw _rlXvIYbnepv. hccpNn hnyhmkn\nsb ZinXpw AhfpsS AcpfmSm hnyhmknbmb ImW`qXnsb ImWpXpw Atln\p IYI apgph tInv im]ap\mbXpw _Zcym{ian shv tbmKmKv\nbn tZlw \innv inhtemIw ]qInbXpamWv KpWmUys hccpNnIY. AXn tIcftam]dn s] ]ncpIpetam C. Fm hccpNn kckzXnsb kz]v\wImWp Hcp cwKapv. \ns icochmkn\nbmb kckzXnbmWpRm; D]tImi \ns ]qhPnse ]Xv\nbmWv Fp ]dbpXmWv Zriyw. \psS FmhcptSbpw AIncnp hmKvtZhnbmbB ]dn (]dbph) Xs kckzXn. Ahmln\nbmbn, t_m[cq]n, {]Pv\m]mcanXbmbn HgpIp PetZhX.

Cu ]pkvXIw aqv `mKfmbnmWv cNnncnpXv.

BZy`mKw B[p\nI tPymXnimkv{Xns hfbpsS Ncn{XamWv Cv \ Fn\np imkv{XcwKs AdnbmsXtbm,XmcXayw sNmsXtbm D ]ucmWnI imkv{X]T\v {]knIpdhmWv. XmcXay]T\w sImv ` mjbpw, imkv{Xhpw imkv{X kmlnXyhpw hf {]m]ntXv Cp aebmf`mjbvv BhiyamWv.`mjsb kamm\p Fs bXv\ns Hcp XpSbmWnXpw.cmw `mKw hcmlanlncs _rlZzmcmlokwlnXbpsS BZys51 A[ymbfpsS ` mjyamWv. CXn ]e ` mKfpw B[p\nIimkv{Xkw_amb AdnhpItfmSv (AXmXp `mKv) XmcXayw sNmFs Ignh\pkcnv {iannpv. aqmw `mKw ZrWnX]ctaizcs{Kl\ymbZo]nIbpsS Hcp kwn]vXcq]amWv. ]ucmWnI `mcXobD]tbmKnncp ]e b{- ]gb sSekvtIm]v ASw- CXnsAhkm\`mKv Nn{XtfmSpIqSn, tNnpv. tZmfhoc FCUkv hmn \Kcn I tKmfb{ns amXrIbmWv Cpw\ hm\\ncoWn\p]tbmKnpXv.

AXmXp `mKn\p ap]n AXmXp `mKspdnv sNdnsbmcpapJhpcpdnpw IqSn tNnpv.

Cu hjw ` mcXkm {io\nhmk cmam\pPs _lpam\mYwC\mjW Cb Zm v^ amamnIvkv Bbn {]Jym]nncnbmWv.GXm\pw hjpapv Rm cNn Cu IrXn, AXn{][m\ambCu hjn ]pdndphm klmbn {io Un.kn. chntbmSv \n.CXns Un.Sn.]n NpaXe GsSp s{]m^. hn.]n.F. \qXncntbmSpw, kztZin imkv{X {]m\t mSpw {]tXyIw \n.

kph \memv {Sn\pthn,

kvt\lmZc]qhw,

1 Unkw_, 2012 tUm. kph \memv

userCross-Out

`mKw Hv

Cy-bqtdmvBZm\ {]Zm\

DSw

I. imkv{XNcn{Xw(Cy-bqtdmv BZm\ {]Zm\

1. m\w ]gbXpw ]pXnbXpw 15

2. {KlKXn, kw 31

3. mkn imkv{Xw 52

4.Umhn\nkw 76

5. {]Imiw, AWpknmw 84

6. hIcIfpsS ewamw 95

7. sFss, sFss\ptijw 128

8. PKZoiv N{t_mkv 146

II. anlntcm]tZiw. hmcmlo_rlZvkwlnXm 155(51 Aymb)

III. ]ctaizchncNnXm {KlW\ymbZo]nIm 541

BapJw

CXv imkv{Xns am{Xw almAssZzXa; ]uckvXy ]mivNmXyimkv{XfpsS almssZzXw IqSnbmWv

ssPhhpw AssPhhpw As\ Hmbnocpp. CXv ]pXnbXv.IWmZs ]camWpknmhpw, I]nes kmwJyhpw ]XRvPenbpsS tbmKZi\hpw, ` mcXob tPymXnimkv{Xhpw IqSnbmWv CybnGIwkZvhn{]m _lp[m hZn F AssZzX imkv{Xw DmnbXv.]pXnbXpw ]gbXpw IqSn Rm Cs\ ka\zbnmw.

Izmwknmw

sshZypXn

Imin

{]Imiw

sshZypX ImnIin (^mcsU 1830)

{]Imi ImnIin (amIvkvsh 1870)

sshZypX Zpe inGIoIcWw1970 shbv s_vkemwZpe in

(W,Z IW) 1900

Zpe {]_e inGIoIcWw (Unification)

{]_ein (1930)

Bt]nIXmknmw

Imew, tZiw

{KlNe\w

`qNe\wKpcpXzmIjWw1600 (\yq)

ssPthmw(\yqtdm^nkntbmfPn)

Bt]nIXmknmw (1905-1915sFss)

alm AssZzXw(Super unification theory)

{]Imiknp

14

{]Imiw, \mZw in, Ne\w ssPthmw

{_lvaw PKv PohkXyw Bt]nI kXyw (any) kXyw (Pohmm)

E MC2 ssPthmw (Bioenergy)O 1 +1+1+1...... n+1

Izmw | ]camWp {]]w-AXns Bt] \yqtdm^nkntbmfPnknmw nIX-tPymXnimkv{Xw tbmKimkv{Xw

{_lvax kXyw PKnYym Pothm{_lvssah\m]cx

1977-78 AarXtPymXn F ]pkvXIn Bcw`nXmWvCu AssZzX eoesb A\mhcWw sNm\p {ia.

1) AssPh {]]nse Fm hkvXpsfbpw [mXpsfbpw,AhbpsS AWpsfbpw Ahsbm sNdnb ]camWpsfbpwBZyw {KlnpI. ssPh{]]n sshdkv apX a\pjy hscFm Pohmmfpw.

2) [mXp, AWp, ]camWp FnhXs FdnbpI.

3) ssPhhpw AssPhhpamb Duw, ]nw, KXobX Fnhsb a\nempI.

4) Duns (inbpsS) hnfbmamsX CmWp alm{]]fpw {_lvamfpw asmpa F hnZymX{w AdnpIgnm XqWnepw Xpcpnepw arK]nIfnepw a\pjy\nepwFmw CuizcinbpsS hnfbmw ImWmw. CXmWv CybpsSAssZzXw.

5) CXns\ icndnm Cybn Cp Fm hnLS\hmZfpw Ahkm\ntXmWv. Fm t`Zhmk\Ifpw Dt]nva\pjy kvt\l]qw ktmj]qw Cu sNdnb PohnXs al\obamn Pohnm CXmsXmcp hgnbn.

kvt\lamWv Ghpw henb aXw. m\amWv Ghpw henb[\w. kvt\lhpw m\hpap Hcp temIP\Xsb hmsSpm,Fs cmPynse P\v Cu {]Imiknp klmbIamhs.

arXyphn \nv AarXXzntev...Ccpn \nv {]Imintev...AkXyn \nv kXyntev...A[n \nv [ntev...Dtccamm\w!!

22.12.2008 tUm. kphW \memv

.

15

{]Imiknp

1. m\w- ]gbXpw ]pXnbXpw

tPm {Kn-ns Science a history (1543-2001) bn apJhpc Bcw`np hmNIw, imkv{Xw \s ]Tnn Ghpw {][m\]mTw {]]n \mw aphbn \nv special A FmsWpw CXv bqtdmn XpSnbXv 16 -mw \qmn tIm \nv, kqcy tI{oIrX{]]spdnv ]dbpIbpw Keoentbm 17 -mw \qmns BZyn ` qan Hcp {KlamsWv sXfnbnm sSekvtImv D]tbmKnbpw sNbvXXp apXemsWpamWv. ]noSv kqcy At\Iw \{Xfn Hp am{XamsWpw a\nembn. 20 -mw \qmns Ahkm\n \psS bqWnthgvkv IqSmsX At\Iw bqWnthgvkpI Dsv a\nembn.

icoc imkv{Xspdnv 1543 B{Unbkv shtkenbkvFgpXnb De humani Corporis Fabrica, AtX hjw {]knoIcntIm \nns De revolutionilus orbinus Colestium Fo {K sshZyhpw tPymXnimkv{Xhpw Htc hjamWv bqtdmn B[p\nI imkv{X Ncn{Xn A`nhrn {]m]nsXp ImWmw. CXvCybn t]mpKokpImcpw UpImcpw Fmw Fnb tijamsWpw {inpI. bqtdmnse \thmm\s XpnI tImmnt\mn ]nSn (sabv 29-1453) Zn\w apXemWv IWmpXv. 1687 \yq Philsophical naturalis principia mathematica {]knoIcnXphscbmWv \thmm\ Imew. 1453-1687 hsc 234 hjw. AD 400-900(500 hjw) Ah XfpsS Ccp ImeLhpw AD 900-1400 (500hjw) XfpsS ayImeLhpambn IWmpp.

XpnI tImmnt\mn ]nSntm Hcp kwLw {Kop`mjm ]nX Cenbntev XfpsS {Kfpambn t]mbn. AhnsS B {KfpsS ]T\w \StmgmWv Idp (Ccp) ImeLn\p app ImeLs ]p\cpcnm ]XnI DmbXv.

{]Imiknp

16

imkv{Xn\p tdmamm henb kw`mh\sbmpw sNbvXncpn.14 -mw \qmnse tKv, sXmgnemfnIfpsS Zu`yn Iemintm IqSpX ASnaIsf InpI, a\pjymzm\n\p ]Icw \np b{ (technology) Ip]nSnpI, ]gb hym]mc am ({]tXyInpw IS amw) Ip]nSnpI apXemb eytfmsSbmWv bqtdmv imkv{Xs t]mjnnXv. tIm \nv ]gb{Kop Xzimkv{Xsctmsebmbncpp. ]coW \SpItbm, kzambn BImi \ncoWw sNbvIsbm, Xs IsepI asmcmv ]coWw \SmhphbmsWv [cnpItbmsNbvXncpn. Cu An Atlw Hcp Scientist A. tSmfanbpsS ]gb koamb hnhcWs IqSpX efnXamn hnhcnp Hcp Nnm]coWw (thought experiment) BWv sNbvXXv.CuPn]vXn P\n-p hf Ptolemy of Alexandria (2nd century AD) {Kokns Adnhv DsmmWv imkv{XPvR\mbXv. AeIvkm{nbbnse {Kophnm\w AeIvkmptijap (Cybn \nvIS ISsnb) hnPvRm\tiJcamWv. 300 BC apX 200 ADhscbp {Kov Bkvt{SmWanbpsS Ncn{XamWv tSmfanbpsS {Kw.Ad_n `mjbn Almagist (The greatest). {Kop `mjbnsegpXnbaqen\v The mathematical compilation Ft Aapq. tSmfan{Kl\ncoWw \SpIbpw Xs apKmanIsf t]mse Nn{X(\{X ` q]Sw ASw) hcpIbpw sNbvXncpp. AXn\m tIm\nnt\m imkv{Xob amw D]tbmKnncpp. ]s, tIm\nns Intuition BWv, tSmfanbpsS imkv{X amns Ip]nSpambncpn icn FXv {itbamWv.

1. {Kl{`aW Iy ]q hramWv.

2. _p[, ip{I, sNm, i\n, hymgsa {Kl, kqcy,N{, \{X ChbpsS Ne\amWv ]TnncpXv.

3. CXn\p {]mtbmKnI amw ` qanbnse \ncoI\v Xm \np ` qansb tI{amn aphsb ]TnemWv.

4. Hcp {Klw Xs tI{ _nphn\p Nppw Hcp sNdnb hrnepw, ` qanp Nppw Hcp henb hrnepw Idpp. sNdnb hrs (N{In\pnse N{Is) Epicycle Fp ]dbpp.

5. ImWm\mhm henb kv^SnI hr BImitKmfsf hrn Nennpp. Ah ` qanp Nppw Nenpn.

17

{]Imiknp

`qanbn \nIse Hcp _nphns\ (Equant point- Hmtcm {Kln\pwthsd) NpnbmWv NenpXv.

6. `qan tI{_np. asm hkvXpfpw Equant Point s\ Npndpp. henb N{Iw Equant Point s\ tI{amnbXmWv. Cu N{In\v deferent Fv t]cv.

CXv (tSmfan) kvYnc XmcfpsS ]cnnXnbn ` qanbnse \ncoI ImWp {]Xn`mkfpsS Hcp h\bmWv. Cybn CXvtPymXnimkv{Xns {]mYanI \ncoW]mTamWv. BZyambn Ibm{X sNbvXhcpw, KncnapIfnepw IStemc kaXefnepw \nv \nconhcpamb BZnahns {]mtbmKnI A\p`hm\w. CXmWv AeIvkmdpsS Imev {Kokntepw AeIvkm{nbbntepw kcnv tSmfanbpsS {Kn ImWp imkv{Xw.

Cybn kqcy\mWv kucbqYtI{w. ` qanbn \np ` qtI{hyhkvY \ncoWns data bmWv. AXv ]noSv _oPKWnXwshv ]mwKKWnXw accurate Bm\mWv. BC 3 -mw \qmn Xskqcy\mImw tI{sav Acnmkv kwibw {]ISnnncpp. tSmfanbpsS hnhcWw koamWv. Fnepw \ncoWw sImv testsNm\pw {]hNnm\pw Ignbp {KlnXnsb AXn\dnbmw. 19 s^{_phcn 1473 P\n (t]mfnjv) ansmemPv tIm\nv Xs \mawemn ` mjbnemn, \nsmfmkv tIm \nkv Bbn. A hym]mcn. Amh _njv. 1496 Cenbn hv \oXnimkv{Xhpw saUnkn\pw mknpIfpw KWnXhpw ]Tnp. 1519 7 -mw \qmnsess_kmnb Xntbm^nekv kntamIbpsS IhnXm kamlmcw {Kon \nv emn\ntev Xa sNbvXv {]knoIcnp. 1506 t]mfn Xncnsn. 1512 Amh eqmkv acnpwhsc Atlns ^ nknjy\pw sk{Idnbpambncpp. Xs ]n tPmenI (canon),saUn tPmenI, A\h[n sNdnb knhn Hm^okp ImcyFnhbvnSbnepw Bkv{SmWanbn Xmev]cyw \ne\nn. 1510 Isnb Xs tIm\nkv tamU 1543 emWv Atlw {]knoIcnXv. 33 hjs Xmakw Fn\v?

1. Atlw Xs Canon, saUn tPmenIfm Ftmgpw Xnctdnb hynbmbncpp. ]n ifn\v \oXn ImWnm Atlw kZm AXn\mbn {]hnp. t{^mw t_mv Io{Uense CShImpw km[ppw thn ]Ww hmmsX saUn kokv sNbvXp.

{]Imiknp

18

2. KWnXs\ \nebvv Idkn ]cnjvcWn\pm DmnXv AtlssmmWv.

3. \nba\mIbm diocese s \nba Imcyfn AtltmSmWv D]tZiw tXSnbncpXv.

4. 1520 Ing _mnIv {]tZihpw {]jybpw \nb{nncpSyqtmWnIv ss\pI F {IqtkUamv Xpeyamb aXkwLwt]mfv B{Iantmgpw A{]XonXambn tkh\w sNtnhp.Ao\nse Hcp tIm B{IanIsXnsc amktfmfw AtlwImp kqnp.

5. ]gb tNmZy-v Dcw sImSpp Xs Is]pXnb tNmZy Dmpsa Adnhv Atln\pmbncpp.N{s\pdnv equant F [mcW kzoImcyambncpn. GXmWv{]]ns tI{w? kqcy tI{amWv. Fmepw N{s {]iv\wXocpn. {Kl ]XpsbmhpXn\pw thKnemhpXn\pwEpicycles s\ B{ibntn hcpp. Ghpw AIsebp {Kln\pdw \{X (ncXmcw) Hcp crystal sphere t\mSp _nsXn, ` qan Nenptm Ahbnepw N\\apmhWw (parallax). Imdnencnptm ]pds sNSnIfmWv NenpsXv tXmpw t]mse.]s, Nenp ` qanbnencpv t\mptm As\ \{Xw NenpXv ImWpn. \{X {Klfn \nv \qdp IWn\vssa AIsebmbmte parallax effect ImWm\mhm hn[w sNdpXmhq. ]s Fn\mWv Cuizc C{Xbpw hensbmcp iq\ykvYew{Klpw \{XpanSbn CpshXv?

Cu tNmZyn\pcw tXSpXns Xmakw hp.

6. ` qan Nenppsn, Xpd hml\n kcnphcpsS apSnsb ]dnp t]mse \nccambn Hcp Imv CmsXv?FpsImv ` qNe\w kap{Zn henb thentbncI Dmpn (kp\mannc). ` qan Nenppsn FpsImXv ` qansbIpepn IjvWampn? (16 -mw \qmnse bqtdm]yv Ne\sam IpXncpdp bm{X, hnbnep bm{X FmbncppBsI kev]w. kp\mantbm ` qanIpepw sImv ` qanta DmIpamtfm t{Smn cmPyfnephv \nccm\p`hamWv. AXn\memWv Ahv `qNe\spdnv hyamb [mcW t\cs

19

{]Imiknp

DmbXv). CsXms tIm \nn\v Dmb kwibfmWv. AhbmemWv {]knoIcWw sshInbXv.

7. kqcy tI{_npshn FpsImv Fmw kqcy\ntevhogpn Fv 16 -mw \qmnse imkv{X tNmZnp. We don'tknow Ft tIm \nn\v ]dbm Ignpp. HSphn 1539 KWnX\mb sdnns \n_hpw, Xm\ntm hr\msbpw C\n Xs {Kw ]pdphnSmm AXp \jvSamhpsa t_m[hpw sImmWv tIm \nv {]knoIcnm IqmnbXv. sdnkv CXn\v `mctaev]n B{Unbmkv HmknbmUdns BapJtmsS ]pkvXIw ]pdphp. HmknbmU tIm \nkv tamUens\ \ninXambn hnain amn eqdpsS A\pbmbn (Lutharanminister) BIbm CXv Hcp efnXamb KWnX\nbaw sImv {KlNe\w KWnp ]pkvXIamsWpw bqWnthgvkns bYm tamUespw BapJnsegpXn. amn eqX (1483-1546) ss__nfntPmjz ` qantbmS, kqcyt\mSmWv A\msX \nm Iev]nsXpw AXn\m ` qanpNppw kqcy\mWv NenpsXpw hmZnp.1543 acWnSbn shmWv tIm \nv Xs ]pkvXIns tImn kzoIcnpXv. AXn\m BapJspdnsmpw Atlw ]dnn.

i\n{Klntep Hcp spaceprobe s flight KWnptmkqcys\ tI{amnbnpw, N{\ntep tdmns flight KWnptm ` qtI{ambnpamWv Cpw NASA bnse imkv{X {]mIvSn tamUemsbSppXv. CXv ` qan kqcys\ Npnbpw, N{ ` qansbNpnbpw, kqcy {]]ns tI{_npsh Npnbpw NenppFv Adnbmn. Cu tI{_npsh B[p\nI imkv{Xw Milkyway (BImi KwK) Fv hnfnpp. Cybn Cu BImi KwK]memgnbntepw (sshIpWvTw) ` qanbnse KwK ssIemkntepap amamWv. bqtdm]y s{]mpI tIm \nns ]pkvXIs \nnp. tdma Imenv Nv AhKWnp. Cwnam{XamWv tIm \nns ]pkvXIs kzmKXw sNbvXsXXvAhcpsS imkv{X t_m[w ImWnpp.

ap{Kl:- _p[\pw ip{I\pw kqcyt\mSSpv {]`mX, kmbmfn am{Xw ImWpp. aph As\b. BIminsGXp ` mKpw cm{XnbpsS GXp kabpw ImWmw. tSmfan CXv kqcy

{]Imiknp

20

kmao]yw sImmsWv ]dncpp. tIm \nv Cu cp{KlfpsS IyI ` qanbpsS IybvImIbm, Ah \sm kqcys ASpmsWpw ]dp. ap aqp {Klv ` q{`aW]Yn\v ]pdmWv IyI. ChbpsSsbmw kqcys\ Npms\Spp kabw t\mn _p[s sImw sNdpXpw i\nbpsS sImwGhpw ZoLhpsav tIm \nv ]dp. {KlfpsS Ne\kz`mhw kqcy\pw ` qanbpw Xnep ZqctmSv Bt]nIambn {Kln\v kqcyt\mSp Zqcw A\pkcnmWv Fv tIm \nv ]dp. bYmZqcw AdnbmsXbpw, {Klsf kqcy\n \npZqca\pkcnv {Ian \nivNbnp. _p[, ip{I, ` qan, sNm, hymgw, i\n F {Iaw Cy cmin N{InepXp XsbmWv.

1520 P\n KWnX\pw ktbdpw XnsbmsUmssev Ip]nSn hynbpw, BZyambn Hcp ncw ]mwKw (Imemh,Bkv{SmWan, tSmfanIv tamU ASw) cNn hynbpamb entbmWmUv UnKvkns ]p{X tXmakv UnKvkv (Cwojv Bkvt{SmWa)tIm \nns ]pkvXIs t]mpessdkv sNbvXp. AssSekvtImv shv Atlw BImiw \nconncpp. 1572 AtlwI kq t\mhsb ssStm{_mln Xs A\mennkn D]tbmKnnpv. BImi KwKbnse At\Iw \{X At\Iw kqcymcmsWv Atlw Ip. 1595 UnKvkv acnptm KeoentbmKeoen ]mZzbnse s{]m^kdmWv. Imenv k` tIm \nkvtamU kzoIcn KnbmUmt\m {_ptWmsb 1600 NppIcnp. slanksa hnhmIamb kao]\n\mWv (aX kao]\w) ]nAtls NpsXpw imkv{Xn\v FXncmb Fpw hmZnph cmbmepw A`n{]mb kzm{X{yn\v FXncmbmsWpw A[amsWpw adpp.

slankw:- tamkns Imev CuPn]vXy hnZybpsS ssZhamb tXmns Imbncpp CXv. tXmns {Kop]Zw slankv(_p[{Klw). AXn\m slankw. amkntUmWnbbn \nmWvslanks Cenbn sImphXv. Itmen Nv icnbmb aXamb CuPn]vXy imkv{Xntev Xncnpt]mIWsav{_qtWm hmZnXn\mWv 1591 sh\nkn shv Atls Inquisition\v ssIamdnbXpw NppIcnXpw. 1616 sIdpsS ]pkvXIw hnm\ntcm[np. 1835 emWv B \ntcm[\w \onbXv. {_lvamhpw

21

{]Imiknp

]nmhpw Htc kabw ]T\hnt[bambn- tmUnbkv Kmse\kvF Kmes {K B{Unbkv shtkenbkv hopwIsnbXv ss_kmnb, Ad_n kwkvImcfn \nmWv.tIm \npw shtkenbkpw XfpsS Is Hcp ]p\Zi\hpw ]gbXns evolution Dw FmsX, Revolution Fv hnNmcnncpn. tSmfantbbpw Kmet\bpw hopw IspIbmbncpp,Ah. Kme AD 130 Gjymssa\dn (Xpn) P\n {Kov ^ nknjy\mWv. [\nI\mb BnsSIvpw Irjnmc\pamb Abm Kme\v16 hbptm Cu Ipn saUnkn\n t]scSppsav kz]v\wIp. sImdnnepw AeIvkm{Unbbnepw ]Tnv P\mSmb s]Kmanse tUntbamcpsS tUmIvSdmbn, ]noSv Cenbn t]mbn amkv Hmdnenbkns kplrpw sshZy\pamWv. AD 180 N{Ihnbmb ItmUn\pw (Hmdnenbkns ]p{X) AtlambncpptUmIvS. lntm{Imkns\ sshZyns ]nXmhv Fv AtlamWv hnfnXv. \mb, ]n, Ipc Fnhsb UnkIvSv sNbvXmWvAtlw a\pjyicocspdnsgpXnbXv. (hfsc Ipdv a\pjy icocsf UnkIvSv sNbvXnpp) Fmepw 12-13 \qmv (1200-1300 sImw)- AXmbXv 16 -mw \qmphsc- Kmes hmmbncpp a\pjysAnatomy v Ahkm\ hmv. 1525 Kmes aqe{Kw ({Kov) {]knsSpn. Av Bpw {Kov AdnbmXn\m AXns emnXabmWv tUmIvSam ]TnncpXv. 1514 Unkw_ 31 \v sshZymcpsS IpSpw_n shtkenbkv P\np.1537 - tUmIvSdmbn. A\man ]Tnm Hcp ihdbnse icocw 1536 Atlw tamjvSnnpv. ]mZzbn s{]m^kdmbtm PUvPv ammtmWntbm sImcn\n h[inp hn[n {Inan\epIfpsS icocw hnpsImSpXn\mtamjWw sNbvXn. Amev ^ nknjy kt\m Dbh\mbncpp. IpnIv Dissection ImWnpsImSppXp sImpwIn tNmc ]pcfpXpsImpw Cu \ne shtkenbkv amn. kzbwUnsk sNbvXv Nn{XklnXw ]TnnpIbpw ]pkvXIw cNnpIbpw sNbvXp. Xs {]knamb 2 ]pkvXI cNnv, 30 hbmIpwapv Atlw Xs tPmen Dt]np. ]TnnpXn\p ]Icw saUnkn {]mIvSokv sNm BZyw Nmekv 5 -masbpw ]ns Atlns ]p{X kvs]bn\nse ^nen]vkv cmatbpw BkvYm\sshZy\mbn. 1564 Atlns kXtmsS PdpkteanXobm{X t]mbn. aSptm I IStm`n s]p. `

{]Imiknp

22

WanmXmbn. Fmhpw ISsmcppmbn. {Kov Zzo]amb kmsbn shv acnp (50 -mw hbn). shtkenbn\pw lmhnbvpwCSbn Km{_ntb ^temnbkv (Fallopean tube) ssltdm\nakv^m{_njykv (Fw{_ntbmfPn- tImgnapta) Fp cpt]sc ]mZzbn ]Tnnnpp.

1553 ssat skshkv (Servetus) lesser circulation Ip]nSnp. {_ptWmsbtmse tbip CuizcmhXmctam Cuizc]p{Xt\mA, Cuizc krjvSn am{XamWv Fp hnizknXn\m, tPmImhns Imhn\npIfm 27 HIvtSm_ 1553 NppIcnspAtlw.

hneyw lmhnbmWv lrZbhpw cNw{IaWhpw IsnbXv.

India Astronomy Medicine

kp{ipX kwlnX ss]tKmdkv lntm{Imkv

hcmlanlncs Acntmn/tSmfan Kme]knmnI

tIm \nkv tIm \nkv

shtkenbkv

hneyw lmhn

Rm ]TnXv Botany, Zoology, Medicine FnhbmWv (Pohimkv{Xw). Astronomy bn Xmev]cyw Dv Fpam{Xw (tIm \nkns\ t]mse!), kp{ipX kwlnX (BC 500) hcmlanlncs IrXn (AD427) FnhbmWv Cy saUn/kPn/tPymXnmkv{Xs]qambn Dsmm BZyw Rm ]Tn {K. kp{ipXkwlnXbn a\pjys Anatomy, Dissection ]e C\w kkvX\nI,D]IcW Fnh BC 500 Xs Dv. hccpNn, hknjvT,ss]Xmal apX hcmlanlnc, Bcy`S, ]ctaizc, kw{Kmaam[h hsc Fmhcpw Astronomy bn F{X \qmpapv bqtdmnt\m apnemWv Fv AhcpsS DcWnI, {K ]TnmWvRm a\nemnbXv. {Kokv, Cen, bqtdmn imkv{Xn\v 3 {]mhiyw hf DmbXv.

23

{]Imiknp

1. tkmfa/^pWojy Imen\ptijw

2. AeIvkvm/Acntmn/tSmfan Cy_n\p tijw

3. t]mpKokv/Uv/{^v/Cwojv kn\ptijw.

Cu aqmas knemWv bqtdmn Renaissance Imew.Imehpw m\ ]p\tcmmcWhpw Cy {KtfmSpw CytbmSpap khpamWv bqtdm]y imkv{Xns hfp ImcWambXv.

hymks Imet_m[w

{_lva (ss]Xmalknmw)

hknjvT (hknjvTknmw)

in

]cmic (]cmicknmw)

hymk

`mKhXn,

BIrjvW\nam {XnwiZvhjm[nIKtX Iseu

\haotXm\`tkyN IYmcw`w iptIItcmXv

]conv {ihWmtN IseuhjiXZztb

ipt ipsNu\haymw Nt[\ptPm f IYbXvIYmwXkvamZ]nIseu{]m]vtX {XnwiZvhjKtXKhXn

DuNpcqtPkntX ]t \haymw{_ lvaWxkpXmx

Fp]dbptm, Hcp kw`hw (event) GXp Imev, BcpsSPohnX thfbn Bhnp Fv Imew, tZiw, t{ImtWmfPn, kw`hw FnhbpsS t_m[w IrXyambn ImWnpXv, tPymXnmkv{Xns ]gw ImWnpp.

I. BC 3104 \nv 30 hjw Ignv BC 3074 ipIaljn ]conn\pthn Inbn kqcy \ns, ip] \hanbnN{ \ns KwKmXocv BZyambn ` mKhX ]mcmbWw sNbvXp.

{]Imiknp

24

(kqcy N{mv ` qanbpambp B {]tXyIZn\nse _w Hcp{]tXyI tZis \ncoI\v A\p`hs hn[w ImWpI).

II. 200 hjw Ignv BC 2874 InSI amknse ip\hanv (InSIw ]nXrbm\Imew. tKmI ktlmZcs t{]XapnmWv sNbvXXv) tKmIpshv tKmI. ` rKp]macsctmepw sImphv tInp.

III. AXnv 30 hjw Ignv 2844 BC bn lcnZzmcn {_lva]p{X \mcZ\v amIn\oXocnse B\XSn ]cam\e_v[nbvv. AXpw InSI ip \hanmWv.

IV. 30 hjn\ptijw 2814 BC bn ss\animcWyn shvtcmaljWkpX\mb kqX ` mKhXw k]vXmlw \Sn.

aqmas bpKmh\n, 3 -mw bpKmcw`n kckzXoXocpshv thZs Amn ]Ipv hymk Ap injymp sImSpp. Ahsc thZw {]Ncnnm GmSmn.

EtKzZw - ss]ebPqtZw - sshimb\kmathZw - ssPan\nAYw - kpap

hymk]p{Xmcmbncpp ipI\pw, tcmaljW\pw (kqX Ipen)- Cu {_mlvaWkpX/kqXhwinemWv. ss\animcWyn`mKhX k]vXmlw \Snb kqXP\\w. ]athZw hymk D]tZinXv tcmaljW\mWv. CXmWv ` mKhXw.

{KlfpsS Ne\ t`ZKXnbm kw`hnp hyXykvXfmb5 kwhc (kwhcw, ]cnhcw, hcw, CUmhcw, A\phcw). {Kl Ne\m 60 hjn (LCM- Fm {KlfpsSbpw {`aWkabn) ]pds kvYespw, {Kl ` qanbnse \ncoI\v HnsmcnSv ImWsSp {KltbmKkz`mhw, kqcytbpw N{tbpw AXn\pds Hcp temIntbpw Adnhv Fnhss]Xmal, hknjvT, ]cmic, hymk Fnhdnbmw. CuAdnhmWv AD 427 hcmlanlnc t{ImUoIcnXv. AXv CybpsSBkvt{SmWanbpsS renaissance Bbn IWmmw (sIv 1200

25

{]Imiknp

hjw apv). hymk ` mKhXn PeLSnImb{w DmpXvIrXyambn ]dbpp. kabw Afm\pw Archimedis principle sSinking & floatation of a vessel IrXyambn Adnv demonstrate sNm\pw AXnkqvaamb \najw, Ww apXemb am{X t]mepw Adnbm\pw AXns\ a\pjys izmtkmOzmk/{]mWmbma am{Xbpambn XmcXaysSpm\pw km[npXpw hfsc IrXyambn saePn Adnbmhp Hcmpam{Xw Dmm\mhpXpamWv PeLS-nI-mb{w. Bdv]ew sNpsImp Xm{a ]m{Xns ASnbn Hcp ]WanS kzm Dmnb 4 AwKpewiemIbm Hcp Zzmcan v shnCSpI. ZzmcneqsS shw ISv ]m{Xw appXns\Spp kabwHcp \mgnI. CXmWv ` mKhXnse PeLSnImb{w. CXv hcmlanlnc hopw hnhcnpp AD 427 (ap ]e b{tfmsSmw). BC3104 ZzmcI XpdapJp\npw BZna lmc \Kcfn \npwBtKmfkmcw \Snbncp, I\nmWw, Afhv, Xqn,saePn ASw ]eXpw BtKmfambn ]cnNbsSpnb HcpkwkvImcn\pam{Xta Cu t_m[w Dmhq FXv A\pam\nmhptXbpp.

`qan: hymk k]vXZzo]hXnbmb ` qan hndXpw BZniq{Z cmPmfmb lncWym/lncWyIiy]p Imepw kXy{hX ImepwASw, BC 3104 ZzmcI apptm hsc kp\manncI DbXpw ]ehw IrXyambn hnpp. Ia hnam\kmcw sNptm t{]bnXz`pthmtKmfw (`qansb tKmfmIrXnbn Ip)FsgpXpp. km[mcW Hcp hnam\n ` qansb tKmfmIrXnbnImWn. Hcp spaceship am{Xsa CXp ImWp. As\ `qanbpsSBIjWhebn\p ]pdsmcp temIs Cymv (ChnsShymk\v Adnbpambncppthm?

`qh\tImiaen ` qan, kqcy, N{, tPymXnjKWw,k]vXknp, k]vXZzo]w Chbpv. AtImihnkvXrXn 50 tImSntbmP\- Hv Hns\Npn Hmtcmpw DnepXnt\m 10 Ccnhenn ` qan apXembn (`qanbnse \ncoI\v) 7 BhcWw Dv.Fm CXv Hscm Aa, AkwJyw Akaqlfpv.(kucbqY) C{]Imcw At\Iw A kaqlap {_lvamw(universe) Hcp ]camWp t]mse almc{_lvan ebnncnpXmWv hymks lcn[maw.

{]Imiknp

26

AtImins Cu A\p]mXw, AXv Hbv At\IwkucbqY (\{Xhyql) Dv F Adnhv hymk\pv.Aymbw 3, 57 -mw tmIn XZm`mchXo`qan (`qan ` mchXnbmWv)Fp ]dbpp. `mcw (KpcpXzw) Dh Xmtgmphogp, Xmtgmphogvpp (BIjWw). Cs\ Xntev hogvp ` qanbpsSkz`mhw ]dbp hymk BZnhcmlIev]n ` mchXnbmb ` qanXs ]Yw hnp Xmgvpt]mbXmbn (Xs tI{amb kqcy\ntev)]dbpp. tSmfanbpsSbpw sIdpsSbpw \yqsbpw ssFssbpwImes knm ]ebnSpw ` mKhXnepv. Ah NnnpXn\pw \nconpXn\pw F{Xtbmapv Cs\ Nne Nnnncpp, Pohnncpp FXn\w a\pjyakvXnjvIn\v RacialSuperiority C Fp am{XamWv. ]cmics tKmtemIw, (Sea Sudha-sindhu for description) inwipamch\ Fnhbpw hymk\dnbmw.

`qtemIw a\pjycpsStkma (N{) temIw ]nXrfpsSkqcytemIw tZhmcpsStKmtemIw hnjvWp]Zwb{X kqcyky tkmaky knmw \ KXnx IZmXw temIw lnKXmkvtXXp {ioaXv ` mKhXm{ihmXv

`qan

N{_p[ip{IsNmhymgw

i\n

Nn{Xw 1.1: ` qtI{amb \ncoWw(Observation- Scientificexperiment- in each age)

Nn{Xw 1.2: kqcytI{ambm ` qan/N{ Fnh H bqWnmbnkucbqYn\pw 7 BhcWw

`qanip{I

_p[

sNm

hymgw

i\n

N{

27

{]Imiknp

Fv tKmImZnI tI kqcyhmIyn kqcyknmw,tZhmcpsS KXn, N{knmw ]nXrfpsS KXn (KXn Fm Ne\amWv) FdnbWw. kqcyknmhpw N{knmhpw ` qanbn \nv\nconp \ncoI {Klnp ` qtI{hyhkvYnXnbpw, ]pdpt]mIp \ncoI {Klnp kqcytI{nXn, tKmtemInXn Fnhbpw ]qoI hnhcnpp. kqcyhmIysav ` mKhXn ]dbpp. hccpNnbpsS tPymXnj ]Xnbnse N{hmIyt]msebmWv Ah. Ia t]mbXv spaceship emWv FXn\v hymk`mKhXn Ia]p{X\pw {]Ya sshjvWhmhXmchpamb I]nehmIyw DZmlcWw. (30 -mw Aymbw. ` mKhXw).

tbmP\m\mw kl{kmWn\hXnw \h Nm[z\{Xn`n aplqsZym`ymwhm \oXx{]m]vtXm \nbmX\mx

99000 tbmP\ 2-3 aplqw sImpXmpXv km[mcW hnam\a Fp Xo. {]ImithKXsbpdnpw AXnt\mSSpp kcnp D]IcWsfpdnpw D Adnhv CXv ImWnbvpp.

kpZi\ ImeN{Iw{XtbmZimcw {XniXw jjvSn]jt\ay\ OZnbZv {XnWm`nIcmft{kmtXm PKZm OnXy[mhmXv

13 Ac, 360 ] (Un{Kn), 6 t\an (EXp) A\w OZ(N{I N{Ipn) aqp\m`n. (3 x 4=12 cmin). C{]ImcwPKp apgph IogSp, krjvSnv cnv kwlcnp, Icmft{kmXpw kpZi\hpamb ImeN{Iw Fw.

`qanbvv ew tbmP\ kahpfambn, \nbpXw tbmP\ hnimeambn Hcp B`yctImiw (kqcyt\mSSpv) Dv. ImeN{Ins 13 Acw ZimwiKWnXtmSpw Hcp {_lvambpnt\mSpw _sXmWv. 2 ]cmw = Hcp {_lvambpv. Hcp ]cmw = (10)13.

1000 NXpcypKw = 1 {_lvaZn\w (Hcp tImSn 20 ew ` qZn\w). 14a\phns Imew Hcp a\zcw x 14 = 2996000 hjw.

Hc a\zcw = 214000 hjw

71 NXpcypKn (852000 hjn) 14 a\p ` cnp.

{]Imiknp

28

IrXw 4000 + 800 ky

t{XXm 3000 + 600 ky

Zzm]c 2000 + 400 ky

Ien 1000 + 200 ky

10000 + 2000 = 12000 x 71 = 8,52,000

hymks Cu IWn BC 10000 apX AD 2000 hscbp HcpNXpcypK Imew BWv Ctm IgnXv. Cu ImeKW\bn 120hbp Hcp a\pjymbpv sNdnsbmcp IWamWv. Hcp]s, sI,\yq FnhcpsS knm Ghpw {]mtbmKnIambn, eLphmbn,Fm a\pjypw a\nemhpw hn[w Fm Imetpambn tcJsSpnsh stellar ampI Cybnse PmXIfmWv. cmambWImev {iocma P\ntmgpw Zzm]cbpKn {ioIrjvW P\ntmgpw PmXIw Dv. kqcy, N{, eKv\w, XnYn\{X, EXp,{KlfpsS nXn Fmw Cu PmXIfnepv. Fs\bmWv sIdpsSbpw \yqsbpw \nbafdnbmsX PmXIw FgpXm\mhnsv]dXv?

CXv Fs PmXIw shv Rm DZmlcnp ImWnbvmw:-

6.5.1946. ]I 11.55. 1843482 IenZn\w. ]pWXw \{Xw (1121taSw 23). XnfmgvN DZnv 14 \mgnI 25 hn\mgnI ]pev, ip]jjvTn, kqIcIcWw, [rXn \nXytbmKw, [Im F N{{Inb,InSI cmin ayt{ZmWn P\\w.

CXnentm IenbpKw, {InkvXphjw, sImhjw FnhbpsS(3 Xcw ImeKW\) XmcXayw km[npsaXpXs imkv{XobambHcp kao]\amWv. N{ ]pWXw \{Xn Fp ]dmanYp\sam InSsam Bhmw. kqcy taSnepw, ` qan (eKv\w) InSInepw. AXmbXv lunisolar, geocentric m\ CXn \npXs \app {Klnmw (tcmaIbpKn C{Xtb Dp Fv ]knmnIbn ImWpI). ip] jjvTn Fp ]dbpXn\mN{s nXn, \{Xhpw XnYnbpw Xnep hyXymkw apXembhbpw \mw Adnbpp. C\n IrXyambn {Klkv^ pSn\v N{hmIywD]tbmKnpp. Acn\v kwJy sImSpp coXnbmWXv.

29

{]Imiknp

cmin Un{Kn an\p v

1. kqcy {ioIcwcXv\w 0. 22. 122. N{ atym hcnjvTx 2. 24. 153. sNm hotcm tKm]mex 3. 13. 24.4. _p[ tbmKot{m \q\w 0. 2. 31.5. hymgw {ioekvXcpWx 5. 26. 326. ip{I m\o XpjvtSmbw 1. 16. 0.7. i\n Km\o kptc{mx 2. 27. 3.8. cmlp _mtem [otcmbw 1. 29. 339. KpfnI tbmKeo\mm 5. 3. 3110. eKv\w Iow hew 3. 14. 5111. XnYn Km\o {]tm{X. 15. 15.12. \nXytbmKw kqcnp Ipeo\x 59. 3113. [qaw {]]qs \nan. 5. 5. 12.14. hyXo]mXw ssZhhnXv {]oXmx 6. 24. 48.15. ]cnthjw tZthm hotcm\p 0. 24. 4816. C{Nm]w {ioIrjvtWm \mbIx 11. 5. 1217. [qatIXp {io]cm{]]qPyx 11. 22. 12

ao\w

tajw

Ipw`w

aIcw

[\p hrivNnIw Xpemw In

Nnw

InSIw

]pWXw

anYp\wCShw

ImnI

(ImnI)

ip{I

i\n(]pWXw)

sNm (Bbneyw)

hymgw

(lkvXw)hy.[q.]Iw

ip{I{`aW]Yw

sNm{`aW ]Yw

hymg{` aW]Yw

i\n{`aW]Yw

C{

[qatIXp

_p[{` aW]Yw

kqcy

{]Imiknp

30

]pds NXpcw \{Xaew; AIs hyqlw ` qanbnencpva\pjy ImWp {KlnXnsbn CXv Cs\ hcbvmw. kqcym\w tajnemIbm ` qaytcJv (e) ASpmWv. hnjphXvtcJbvSpv AizXn Ignv ` cWnbn. N{ anYp\n 2415']pWXn. ` qanbpsS DZbeKv\w InSIn 4.51' bn ]pjy\{Xn. ( F knw_ AXmXp {`aW ]Yn ImWpI)._p[ kqcy\Spv 2.31' (AizXnbn) AXv Nn{Xn ASbmfn kqcy{`aW ]Yn ImWnncnpp (kqcys\ Cu Nn{Xn ImWnnn). hymgw 5 cmin Ignv (Inbn) 26.32'; ip{ICShn 16. i\n anYp\n 27.3'. C\n ChbpsS ]ckv]c tImWnI AIew t\mn bYm Zqcw Ip]nSnbvmw. cmlp ` qm\amWv. XnYnbpw \{Xhpw Adnm kqcyN{mcpsS ew_\wKWnmw. (AXns hyXymkn \nv). CXp IqSmsX hymgn\pwsNmbvpw CSbnep [qamZn]Ins kv^ pShpw ([qaw, hyXo]mXw, ]cnthjw, C{Nm]w, [qatIXp) Fnhbpw IrXyambn Xncnpw PmXIn. Hcp P\\w Hcp kw`hw (event) BWv. B kw`hw \Sp tZiv (Amwi, tcJmwin) B {]tXyI kabvncXmc aens \nivNnX Xmc kaqlsf B[mcamnDmnbncnp Hcp \{X]Sw (stellar map) AXnse {KlnXn,Ch IrXyambn ImWnpp PmXIw. CXv {iocma, {ioIrjvWapXemb alm]pcpjms t]mse Rm\pw \nfpw Dss]mXpP\n\pw DsXv m\w F{X am{Xw P\Iobhcnsncpp, AXpw F{X Imew apv Fv sXfnbnpp. Bkvt{SmsIan Xz shmWv PmXIw FgpXpXv (KWnXhpw, \ncoWhpw shv). AXn\m AXp imkv{XamWv. ncXmc aentepw AXn\pdtbvpw ]Snmd cmPyfnse a\pjyakvXnjvw HscSppNmw \SnbXv hmkvtmUn KmabpsS hchn\ptijamsWXv {inWw. m\w Hcmfn \np asmcm, Hcpkwkvmcn \nv asmcp kwkvmcw t\Sn Fp ]dbpXv Hc]am\a. Hcm ]Tnnp. asmcm ]Tnp. injy Kpcphns hnZysbt]mjnnp. CXt imkv{Xns coXn! bqtdmntbpw CybptSbpw BZm\{]Zm\ Ncn{Xn imkv{XfpsS Fmw Kpcp CybmWv. B[p\nI sSIvt\mfPnbpsS Kpcp ]mivNmXy temIamWv. 21 -mw\qmn Pohnp \mw AXp a\nemmXncnpXmWv Ghpwhenb Zpcw.

31

{]Imiknp

2. {KlKXn, kw

ssStm{_mln, sI, Keoentbm, sFkIv \yq FXmWv{KlKXn ]Tn bqtdm]y Bkvt{SmWaamcpsS t{ImtWmfPn.CXn {_mlnbpw sIdpw Ahkm\s annpI Fpw, Keoentbm BZys imkv{Xs\pw AdnbsSpp.

14 Unkw_ 1546 kzoU\n {_mln P\np. 21 BKv 1560\v t]mpKen ]qhpw tImlmK\n ` mKnIhpambpmb Hcp{KlWw {_mlnsb (13 hbv) BIjnp. CXv ]gb ]mwKw shvAd_v Bkvt{SmWaam {]hNnncpp FXpw. tSmfanbpsS emnXPvPa ASw Bkvt{SmWan ]pkvXI hmbnm CXv ImcWambn. 1563 i\nbpw hymghpw IqSnbp tbmKw BImin Zriyambn. CXv t\cs {]hNnncpp. ]s Hcp amkw Ignv 24BKn\mWpmbXv. {]hN\hpw Zriyhpw IqSnh Cu hyXymkwNmhnjbambn. 16 -mw hbn CXv Isembn {_mlnbpsSeyw. Hcp \{Xhpw Hcp {Klhpw Xnep tImWnI AIewHcp tPmSn Compass Int\mSp tNpshmWv ssStm AfncpXv. 1564 2 hSn tNpshv Ipcnip cq]n ]ckv]cw slidesNpXpw, AfhpI tcJsSpnbXpamb Hcp Cross-staff ofRadium I bm{Xm {Kl\{XfpsS tImWnI AIew ImWm D]tbmKnncpp. ssStmbvv Innb b{n Afhv IrXyamb tcJsSpnbncpXv. AXn\m data sXmbn Inn.

19 -mw hbn Rostock University bn tNv Bkvt{SmfPn, saUnkn, sIankv{Sn FnhbmWv Atlw ]TnXv. BImipw ` qanbnepw a\pjy icocnepw \SpXn Hnv {i shp. 28 HIvtSm_ 1566 Hcp N{{KlWapmbn. CXv 80 hbmb Htma kpms acWw (kpsseam) Dmpsav {_mln {]hNnp. Atls {InkvXy bqtdmn\p `bambncpp. AXn\m kpm

{]Imiknp

32

acnp Fp tItm Ah {_mlnbpsS {]hN\s ]pIgvn.{KlWn\v F{Xtbm Zn\w aps kpm acnncpp Fvhm Innbtm Ion apIbpw sNbvXp.

1569 \ncoWw \Sm Hcp Quadrant Dmnp. 6 aoAhymkw. Nppap hrmIrXnbmb Arc an\ppI tcJsSpnbncpp. AXns\ Hcp kplrns tXmns \Sphnse Ipn m]nv 5 sImw \ncoWw \Sn. Unkw_ 1574 se sImSpmn AXv tISphp. 11 \hw_ 1572. et_mddnbn \nv hontep \Sp hgn BImip t\mnb ssStm Imkntbmnbkaqln (hSp ` mKv W cq]n ImWmw) Hcp ]pXnb \{Xw Ip. IqSpX {]Imiap Hv. Amev AXv Hcp [qatIXpBImtam Fv kwibapmbn. bqtdmn Av ` uamconse[qatIXpsf (upto N{) am{Xsa Adnbq. AXv ]Tnm ImkntbmnbbpsS ap \{Xfpambn Bt]nIZqcw \nconWw. tImav, aontbm Fnh m\w amdpw. \{Xsan amdn. Hcp sextantshv Cu ]pXnb \{Xs \nconp (18 amkw). BZyw ip{It\mfw {]Imiapmbncp AXv Htc m\v 18 amkw \nv Unkw_1572 ampt]mbn. De nova stella (1573) F ]pkvXIw CXns\pdnsgpXn. 125 BC bn lnmkv I CXp t]msemcp {]Xn`mksXmcXaysSpn. ssStm {_mln IXv Hcp kq t\mhbmbncpp. ]s CXpshv, `qan kqcy\p Nppw kcnbmsWnDmtI parallax shift Afm {ian ssStm{_mln parallaxIn. AXn\m `qan ANebpw, \{X NpphbpsavIcpXn (Hcp hntcm[m`mkambn AXv).

tImlmK\pw Fknt\mdn\pw CSbnse lzo Zzo]n 22 s^{_phcn 1576 sNmbpw N{\pw (iinawKetbmKw) Xnep Conju-ction \nconm s{^Udnv cmPmhv Abp. ChnsS Ddm\nt_mKvH_vkthdn (Ddm\nb= Bkvt{SmWanbpsS Muse.) sse{_dnbpw{]nnv {]pw Dmn. 20 hjw AhnsS ]T\w \Sn.

4 hjw Xmcaen kqcys KXn ]Tnm12 hjw sNm, hymgw ChbpsS KXn ]Tnm30 hjw i\nbpsS KXn ]Tnm-\ncoWw \Sn. ssStm Dmnb tables t\mnbmWv

]noSv sI {Kl{`aW IyI hniZoIcnXv.

33

{]Imiknp

1577 Hcp [qatIXpsh Ip. AXv ` uamcon\pw N{\papds {KlnSbn \nv AhbpsS IyI XmnhcpXmsWv {Klnp. CXpw, kq t\mhbpamWv tSmfanbpsS ]gb Adnhns\ amnadn cp Ip]nSp. 13 \hw_ 1577 \mWv ssStm {_mln [qatIXp IXv. 1587, 1588 2 hmfyambn {]knoIcnAstronomies Instauratae Progymsnanaata (Introduction to the newastronomy) tSmfanbptSbpw tIm \nntbpw bqWnthgvkv tamUepIfpsS Hcp an{iamWv. ` qtI{ hyhbn AXp tSmfanbpsSbmWv. Epicle C, different C.

ncXmc 14000 dmUnssb ` qanbn \nIse. ` qan NenmXmWv. AXn\m parallax C. IyIsf kv^ SnI tKmffmb,{KlKXn hnhcnm\p tPymsa{Sn _fmbmWv IXv.iq\ymImin thsd support Hpw th {Klv Fv Cs\ BZyambn bqtdmn ` mh\ sNbvXXv AtlamWv. 1595 1000ncXmcfpsS ImtemKv Dv Atlw \nconnv. 777 Fw]noSv sIdpsS FUntmdnben {]knoIcnp.

1599 ssStmt{]Kn (35 In.ao. AIse Benathy bn) ]pXnbobservatory m]np (sUmnse cmPmhpambn sXn tdma N{Ihn dqtUmUv II s Ww kzoIcnv). ChnsS shv ]pXnb \ncoWsfmpw sNbvXXmtbm Ip]nSnXmtbm Adnbn. 1577se tImans\ Ipnbmb sIdpw Incpp. CXpw Hcp N{{KlWhpamWv sIdpsS Bkvt{SmWan ]T\s t{]mmlnnXv. ]s{_mlnsbtmse Hcp \ncoI\mbncpn Atlw. \ncoWhpw,B \ncoWs _unIambn A\ssekp sNepw imkv{XnHcp t]mse {][m\amsWv Cu cpt]cpsS Ip]nSp sXfnbnpp.

FpsImv 6 {Klw am{Xw? CXnemWv sIdpsS Nn BZyw.bqnUns PymanXnbnse {ZhykwJybmWXv. 6 kam\, NXpc apJap Hcp Iyq_v. ap 4 Regular Solids = 4 kam\ {XntImW apJapsS{Smsl{U; 12 kam\ ]`pPap tUmsUmsl{U; 20 hihpw kam\ {XntImW apJhpap Ctmk sl{U; 8 {XntImWapmp HIvSmsl{U.

Chsb Hn\pn Hmbn, AIs {Zhyns aqe NppaphrtKmf {]Xew sXmSpamdv, (B hrtKmfw, ]pdp ASp

{]Imiknp

34

{Zhyns AIs Xew sXmSpamdv) Hn\pn Hmbn ASppI. Cs\ AIv Hcp tKmfw, ]pdv Hmtcmtcm tkmfnUn\p Nppw Hmtcm tKmfw- BsI 6- Hmtcmpw Hmtcm {Klns {`aW]Yw.1) HIvSmsl{U ayn kqcys\Npn, _p[Iysb Dsmv-2) AXn\v ]pdv Icosa hedron, dodeca hedron, tetra hedron, cube-

Cs-\bmWv kqcy\p Nppw {KlIyIfpsS spacing sIsNbvXXv. 1) IqSpX {Klfpv 2) {Kl{`aW Iy sphere A.elliptical BWv. Atm Cu ]dXv sXpw. AXv sI XsAdnncpp. Fmepw PymanXnbpw {]]hpw Xnep _sImWnm Ccw tamUemWv Atlw DmnbXv.

kqcy\v Zqscbp {KlKXn ]XpsbmsWpw AXv kqcy\n\np Hcp in (vigour) sImmsWpw tIm \nkv ]dncpp. {Klsf amJmeamc, kqcy\mWv Imin t]msemcp insImv {]hnnpsXpw AsXmcp Xcw tmv t]msebmsWpw sXfnbn sI Xs eyambn IcpXn. Xs ]pkvXIw Keoentbmhn\pw sI Abncpp. ssStm adp]Sn Abp. Keoentbm adp]Sn Abn. 1598 t]mpw Bv Uyqv s^Un\mpws{]mpI HpIn ImtmencmhWw, Asn \mSphnSWsav hn[np. 1599 320 In.ao. Apdw ssStm{_mln Dmnbt{]Kv H_vkthdn kzX{ambn {]hnncpp. 4 s^{_phcn1600 ssStm{_mlnbpw sIdpw AhnsSshv ]cnNbsp. ssStm 58 hbv, sI 28 hbv. ssStmbpsS Um imkv{XobambnA]{KYnm As\ Hcp \ ]nKmansb Inn. 1600 se th\enImenmhm hnkXn 61 t]cn Hcmfmb sIsd (BKv 2)tPmenbn \nv dismiss sNbvXp. ssStm{_mlnbpsS adp]Sn DShp. IpSpw_tbpw Iqn A\phZnp hkvXp am{XsaSpvDS t{]Kn hcnI. N{Ihnbpambn N sNbvXnpv. tPmenChnsS icnbmIpw. BZyw ssStmbpsS IqsS Xmakntm cmfpw kpjvScmbn. ]Wmc\mb ssStmbpsS B{inX\mbn Bhon Igntbnh A]am\w sIv- sIdpsS \ntISv IAXr]vXn {_mlnbvpw. ssStmbpsS H^ojy Aknmbn iftmsS N{Ihn \nbanpwhsc Cu AXr]vXn \np. 13 HIvtSm_ apX 24 HIvtSm_ hsc ssStm{_mln Hcp semi comatoseAhbnembncpp. 24 \v t_m[w sXfntm Xs Fm

35

{]Imiknp

\ocoW ^ ehpw sIsd Gev]nv tIm \nkv tamUe, ssStmWnv tamUemWv icnsbv temIs t_m[nnWsapw,Asn Xs PohnXw ]mgmIpsapw {_mln ]dp. hfsc sNdphpw, Hcp ss]k InenmsX Xs B{inX\mbn hh\pw, \ntISph\psanepw Cu ]pXnb sNdpmc\mWv (AXphscbpinjycmcpa) AXn\p ]nb KWnXs\v coma bn InSptmgpw Atln\v t_m[apmbncpp. {_mln acnv 2 BgvN Ignv dptUm v^ cmas kZnse Bm\ KWnX\mbn ssStm {_mlnbpsS m\v Xs \nbantm hnizknm\mhmsXsI Xcnncpp.

1) {KlIyI hra. Elliptical BWv.2) kqcy\n \nv {Klntep hcbvp Hcp tcJ kaIm

ev (equal line) kaamb tZi Xmpp. AXn\m kqcyt\mSSp {Klw sNdnb AhymkamIbm IqSpX henb angle, AIsebpXv henb Ahymkm sNdnb angle. Fm {Kln\pwHtc t^mknemWv kqcy. Ccw cv t^mkv kqcy\pv-(elliptical orbit s 2 foci). Atm epicycle, equant apXemb ]gbsXms Hgnhmmw. Xs Xs ]gb nested solid tamUepw.

1609 Astronomia nova bn sI Xs Ip]nSpN sNbvXp. Cu {K\vYw th{X {insn. Xs KpcpXzmIjW knmw sXfnbnm \yq DcntmgmWv sIdpsSknmw {itbambXv. 1604 apX 1606 hsc hymgns {]Imin DZnp\n Hcp ]pXnb Xmcw (kq t\mh) Atlw honpIbpmbn. 1604 Hcp civan sdn\bn ]Xnv Iv AXns Zi\apmhp optics s\pdnv sI Hcp ]pkvXIsagpXn. Nnev Zit\{nbamb Ins A]mIXIfm ImgvNpdhpmImw. Atm {]Xn_nw_w sdn\bpsS apntem ]nntem Bbn Dmhpw.CXv icnbmm IS D]tbmKnmsav sI Isn. opticsshv sSekvtImns {]h\w hnhcnp.

sltdmZns Imepmb Hcp N{{KlWw shv {InkvXp BC5 P\np Fp IWmn Hcp Ie ]cnjvIcWw sI XpSn (1582 am{XamWv t]mv s{KKdn XIII s Ie ]cnjvIcWapmbXv). 1616 sIdpsS A a{hmZn\nsbv ap{Z Ipsp.a{hmZn\nIsf Adp sNbvX Inbvp ImeamWXv. 1620

{]Imiknp

36

Ahsc XShnenp. HIvtSm_ 1621 kzX{bmn. 6 amkn\IwAh acnp. BZy`mcybpsS acWtijw sI 24 hbp Hcps]Ipnsb 40 mw hbn hnhmlw Ignncpp. Cu hnjanSbnepw sI cNn Ahkm\s ]pkvXIn\v Harmonice Mundi(Harmony of the world) Fmbncpp t]cv. sIdpsS 3 mw \nbawCXnepv. Hcp {Kln\v kqcys\ Npms\Spp kabw ({Klns kwhcw) AXn\v kqcy\pambp Zqchpambn _sXmWv(tIm \nkv tamUens\ t]mse) 2 {KlfpsS Imenshw (square) AhbpsS kqcy\n \np AIens Iyq_nsA\p]mXnemWv. DZm:- sNm kqcy\n \nv `qantbm 1.52{]mhiyw ZqscbmWv.

(1.52)3 = 3.51

sNmbpsS kwhcw 1.88 {]mhiyw ` qkwhctm Gsd.(1.88)2 = 3.53.

amv 8, 1618 \mWv Cu 3 mw \nbans Bibw AtlnsXebnepZnXv. 1619 Cu {K\vYw ]pdphcptm bqtdmn 30yrs war \SpIbmWv. aXbpw, AbpsS XShv- Cu disharmonybvnSbn harmony bmbn 3 volume (1618, 1620, 1621) D epitome ofCopernican Astronomy bpw Atlw {]knoIcnp. tIm\nns kqcytI{ hyhnXnbmWv {_mlnbpsS ` qtI{ hyhnXnbicn Fv kanp. tPm \mnbdpsS temKcnXw sI D]tbmKnncpp. 1631 _p[ kqcys apneqsS ISpt]mIpsa _p[Nmcw sI {]hNnp. {^v Bkvt{SmWa ]nbdn Kmkn AXv honp. _p[s Ccw KXn bqtdmn BZyambmWv Av honsSpXv.

1625 Hmkv{Snbbn s^Un\m v cmas ` cWImev Imtmen eqXdmsc D]{Zhnm XpSn. s^Un\mn\v sIsd CjvSambncpp. shdpsX t]cn\v Itmen\mbn v, AcwKambneqXd\mbns t{]Kn Xs DXm\ncnm A\phZnmsap ]dncpp. s^Un\mns ssk\ym[n]\mb hmeot{]Kn shv sI FgpXnb Hcp PmXIn {]hNnsXmw ^ enXn\m Atlns Hcp kplrmbn amdnbncpp. {InkvXy\mbm aXn, AXnteXp {Kqmbmepw thn F Hcp ` mKnI en_denkw hmeo {]`phn\pmbncpp. AXn\m 1628 Atlhpw

37

{]Imiknp

IpSpw_hpw Cu {]`phns Ww kzoIcnv kmK \Kcnsen.Ncn{Xn BZyamsbgpXs science fiction IYbmb Dream ofthe moon Fsmcp ]pkvXIw sI AhnsS shsgpXn. 1630 hmeos\ N{Ihn Unkvankv sNbvXp. enkn shv X\npInm _mnbpmbncp ifIpSnnJ hmm\p bm{Xbn59 mw ]ndmfn\p apv 1630 \hw_ 15 \v sI Hcp ]\n ]nSnvacnp.

{_mlnbvpapv, sIpapv Cd Imcysfmw sNbvXNne Cy imkv{XcpsS IrXnIfpw Ahcp]tbmKnncp b{fpw Cu ]pkvXIns Hcp `mKambn tNnpv. 55 hjwXpSbmbn BImi tKmfsf \ncon ZrWnX ]ctaizc {_mlnpw sIpw apmWv PohnXv. _oPKWnXw sImv ZinXpwKWnXpw A\ssekv sNp ]mcemIvkv \nbaw AhpaptA.D. 427 hcmlanlnc\v Adnbmw (]knmI ImWpI. N.B.S.{]knoIcWw Dr. Suvarna Nalapat. Ed. II. 2000 AD). bqtdmnse aXfpsS ]oV\w ChnSs imkv{X Amesmpw A\p`hnmXncpXv `mcXn Zi\hpw imkv{X[hpw aXhpw HmbXp sImmWv. AsXmcp kwkvmcns Ahn`mPyLSIambnAt\Iw kl{km_vZw \ne\nXpsImmWv.

Fenk_v I cmnbpsS tUmIvSdpw, amKv\nkspdnv]T\w \Snb hynbpamb sPtdman Kn_n\v sIsdtmseZpcnXw A\p`hntnhnn. sIankv{Sn FeIv{Snknn amKv\nkw Fns\bmWv Atlns Xmev]cyw hfXv. 2000 hjw apv {Kop XXzimkv{Xp tijw amKv\nkn CtlamWv ]T\w \SnbXv.

De magnete Magneticisque Corporibus, et de magno magneto TellureFmWv 1600 Ctlw {]knoIcn ]pkvXIns t]cv (ImnIin, Iminbp hkvXp, almb ImnI inbp`qan Fnhsbpdnv). Im inbp Hcp loadstone Xebn shm XethZ\ amdn; Ims shfppn sImpcm Imin t]mhn Fv As bqtdmnse Nne hnizmksf Atlw \ncknp. loadstone D]tbmKnv Nnebn\w temlv Iminbpmmsav ImWnp. ` qan Imw t]msebmsWpw {[phfmWv Imns +, -ve Asfpw hmZnp. 2 \qmp Ignv

{]Imiknp

38

1820 emWv ssat ^ mctU ]noSnXns\pdnv NnnXv. tIm\nns tamUen, {Kl XfpsS IyIfn \npXvCu IminbnemsW Atlns \nKa\w sIsd kzm[o\nncpp. kqcy BImins aytcJsb hkw, icZv Fv 2{]mhiyw kqcy ISptm ]Xps ]Snmp \op Precisionof equinox Atlw hniZoIcnp. Hmtcm \{Xn\p Nppw AhbpsS{Kl (kqcys\tmse) Dsv ]dp (AD 427. hcmlanlncs ]knmnI CsXmw ]dbppv).

\nccamb \ncoWw, ]coWw Fnhbvv hcmlanlnc\pw ssStm{_mlnbpw, ]ctaizc\pw, Kn_pw, KeoentbmhpwFmw hfsc {]m[m\yw sImSpp.

1564:- Cu hjw hneyw tjIvkv]nbdpw, Keoentbm KeoenbpwP\np; ssaemRvPtem Acnp. A hnkkntbm KWnXnepw kwKoXns sskmnI hifnepw Xmev]cyap s{]m^jW kwKoX. 7 afn aqh Keoentbm- (hnPo\nb-1573; ssaemRvPtem-1575; enhnb-1587 am{Xw Pohnp. apktlmZc IpnmepXs acnp.) Keoentbm As injy\mbn \ kwKoX\mbn hfp. acWw hsc lute hmbnncpp.15 mw hbn ]Tnm Hcp monastry bntebp. AXv CjvSamIbm Atlw ]utcmlnXyw kzoIcnp. CXptIv A\v `bambn-Keoentbmhn\v In Hcp tcmKw htm AXv NnInnms\p]dv Iqnsmpt]mb A aIs\ ]ns B ` mKtbn.honencpv, tamWmnIv kvIqfn, As Ishncpt ]Tnm\bpp. AXn\m Vallombrosa Abbey bpsS ]gb sdtmUnKeoentbm KeoenbpsS t]cv defrocked priests (Ipmbaqcnb Am)ennemWv InSpXv.

Atlw saUnkn ]Tnm t]mbn AXv hn v KWnXntevNphSpamdnb hnZymnbpamWv. Acntmnens hyXykvX ` mcaphkvXp hyXykvX thKXbn hogpp F knms JnXn\mepw hotdmsS XnpXn\mepw The wrangler FmWv kl]mTnI C Hma\tcv. Bengw taLn Htc epmbnHtc Zqcw kcnv Htc kabv (hyXykvX ` mcap Ibpw Xcnbpsamsbmbn) hv ]XnpXv Keoentbm Nqnmn. sshZy hnZymnbmbncp Imev ]nbn Hcp t_md {]kwKw tIsh,

39

{]Imiknp

apIfnse Hcp Xqphnfns (chandilier) Bw Xs \mUn (pulse)]nSnv Keoentbm Afm XpSn. sNdnb Nm]ntem henb Nm]ntem BSp t`ZanmsX, Htc kabamWv Hcp Bw ]qamms]Upew FSppsXv As\bmWv a\nembXv. 1602 hscCu Bibw Atlw ]conncpp. s]Upens \ofamWv,`mctam Zqctam (arc) A s]Upens Imesa XXzn\v ]nkbn 1584-1585 s _oPmhm]w sNbvXncpp.

Keoentbmhns mkpI cphn[ambncpp. Hv bqWnthgvknnbn kne_\pkcnv Acntmn Zi\ ]Tnn. cvhon hptNcp injymcpambn NIfneqsS ]pXnb ]e Imcyfpw ]Tnn. Keoentbm ]nkm tKm]pcn \nv hyXykvX`mcap hkvXp Fdnv Ah Hnv `qanbn hogptam Fv]conncpXmbn Hcp IYbpv. 1586 sska shn (1548-1620) 10 ao Dbcap Hcp tKm]pcn \nv Cs\ CubnIXmtgnncpp. hcmlanlncs Imev \mcmbWp {`m\pw aeapIfn \nv In v Cu ]coWw sNbvXncpp. 100 dmep Hcp`mcw 100 Iyq_nv Dbcn \nv, Hcp dm ` mcw 1 Iyq_nv Dbctm, thKw hogpsa Acntmn knms, taev]d`mcap Iv sNdnb Int\m 2 Cv hyXymkn Hw hphogpp F ]coWw icnbsp m]npp FmWv Keoentbm FgpXnbXv. F\nv 2 Cp sXpsn Acntmnen\v 99Iyp_nv sXpstlw Xnp.

1) ]coWw sImv Hcp ]gb knms sXsv m]nmw. icnsbpw m]nmw. 2) Keoentbmhns Xns style,hynXzw Fnh sXfnbnpXmWv Cu DcWn.

Keoentbm IqsSbp s{]m^kamsctmse bqWnt^mambnKu [cnm hnkXnp. thjne, InemWv s{]m^kjnv Fv hnizknp. Nph XmSnbpw apSnbpw Atls aphcn \nv FSpp Imnbncpp. hon shv IpnIfpambpinformal NI Av Xosc ]Xnhnm Hmbncpp. A acnptm shPo\nbbpsS kv{Xo[\n\mbn hensbmcp ISw hcpn.Cfb ktlmZc ssaemRvPtem hfsc hnPbw t\Sm HcpkwKoX\mbn, Fpw Keoentbmhn \nv ISw hmm hcpw.Keoentbm Xs IpnIfpw kplrpfpambn tNv \ ` Ww,

{]Imiknp

40

\ ssh Fnh Ignp ioemc\pamWv. AXn\m ]mZzm bqWnthgvknnbnse KWnXhn`mKw s{]m^kdpsS, IqSpX hcpam\apt]mv Inm Atlw bXv\np. 28 mw hbn Atln\Xp Inn.18 hjw AhnsS PohnXv Xs Ghpw ktmjIcamb Zn\fmsWv Keoentbm tcJsSpn. ]mf Bhiyp tImIsfpdnpw, sam\nIvkns\pdnpw 2 ]pkvXIw FgpXn. InWn\np shw tImcp Inbpw Ibdpw 10 Intem ` mcw 1 Intem ` mcwsImv DbpXmWv, tXnsIm sImv shw tXhepwAXp Xs- Cu \nbaw (law of pulley) Keoentbm hniZoIcnp. Keoentbm Ip]nSn sXtamao Hcw Xpdv as Av Dcp Hcpmkv Syq_mWv. BZyw Hp NqSmn AIs hmbp Ifbpp. Xpd`mKw Xmtgm v shn apnb hn[w t\sc (Ips\) \npI.hmbp XWpv ktmNnm shw apIfntep hensSppw. ]pdp hmbp NqSmbm __nse hmbp hnIknpw. shns seh Xmgpw. Fm Pens Dbcw NqSns\ am{Xa ]pds asbpw A\pkcnmIbm Cu Ip]nSpw hnPbnn. Xs]Wmc\mp Hcp Ip]nSpw thWsav Keoentbm tamlnp.As\bmWv tImw]mkv Ip]nSnXv (]s ]Wmc\mbn).Afhp tcJsSpnb Hcp temtlm]IcWw. Calculator Bbpw D]tbmKnmw. shSnshphv hyXykvX Zqcw shSnbp t]mImtXmv (]ocn) Ddnt Dbcw IWmm\mWv CXv BZyw DmnbXv. Fm Iqp]eni IWmpXn\v hym]mcnI D]tbmKnncpp. 1590 CXns hnev]\ IqSn.

1603 aebnse Hcp kpJhmk ev KplIfn \npImv (Cool air through system of ducts- early form of AC) Xn DdptmFtm hnjhmXIw Xn Keoentbmhns Hcp kplrv XWwacnbpw, Keoentbmhn\v ncambn knthZ\ (acnpwhsc) DmIpIbpw sNbvXp. Av Atln\v 39 hbmWv. 40 -mw hbmhptmtgv {]IrXn XXz, KWnX, sh\nn {]mtbmKnI imkvt{Xm]IcW Dmp hyn apXemb coXnIfn {]ikvX\mbngnncpp. s]Upe, sNcn {]Xenepcpp]pI (acceleration ]Tnm \mdmWp {`m sNbvX t]mse)Fnh ]mZzbn Atlw ]conp. KpcpXzmIjW ^ eambn hyXykvX ` mcap hkvXp Htc A\p]mXn ` qanbntev accele-

41

{]Imiknp

rate sNpp Fv sXfnbnp. sslt{UmmnIvkv, amKv\nkw Fnhbn ]coWw \Sn. sabv 1597 sIb Hcp IntIm\nkv tamUens\ Atlw {]iwknnpv. kmlnXyw,IhnX, Xntb kwKoXw (lute) Fnhbnepw, {]`mjWfnepw kabw sNehgnp. sI ]Tn kq t\mh HIvtSm_ 1604 Ip.AtmgmWv BZyambn Keoentbm Bkvt{SmWanbntev XncnXv.AXns\ kkqvaw \nconv Hcp IhnX cq]n Xs \nKa\wFgpXpIbpw At\Iw {]`mjW \SpIbpw sNbvXp. CXn\nsS1605 cp ktlmZcnamcpsS `mmcpw kv{Xo[\pSnnJInmXn\v KeoentbmbpsS t]cn tIkpsImSpp. Cenbnt]m Ama ammbmbn. Atlns 2 {]iv\.

1) kzambn ssk\yan- aphcpsS ssk\yklmbw thWw.2) Asn Inquisition insImv Bobin (Xs chair

s in) ImWw.

s]utfm kmn kzhmXn cmPmmcpsSbpw ]ptcmlnXmcpsSbpw cmjv{Sob inbne, Ah\hs BotbmXnbnepw InepamsWv hmZnp. CXns\Xnsc tdmanse knwlmk\ns_unI in In\m sdm_sm _msa Bbncpp. 1606 kmn ASw At\Iw t]sc t]mv cmPy{`jvScmn. ]Icw sh\nkvsPkyqpIsf apgph HmSnp. ImenIv kvs]bn t]mnt\bpws{]m v {^mkv sh\nknt\bpw klmbnp bpw XpSn.tdmantev Nbvmbn kmnsb Wnp (_msabpambn Xw)- ]s Ibdpw XobpamWv hnms Xn\p Bbp[sav ]dv kmn Ww \ncknp. kmnsb NpSm ]mXn\p]Icw kmnbpsS ]pkvXI hnm NppIcnp. sh\nkvAtlns ifw IqpIbpw sNbvXp. HIvtSm_ 7, 1607. cm{Xnkmnsb 5 t] B{Ianp. 15 Ipp Ipn. hev s\nbn \nvhev IhnfneqsS ]pdp ImWpwhn[w Hcp Ipw Xpfp Ibn.Fnpw AXv` pXIcambn kmn csp. Cu kw`hw Keoentbmsb Akz\mn. Hcp shSnbpbpsS ]mX (trajectory) Hcp ]mct_mfbmsWv Keoentbm m]npsImncnbmWmev. 1608

v^tfmdknse {Ino\bpsS W{]Imcw Btm \Znp IpdpsI(aIs hnhmln\v stage sIm) acw sImp stage sImKeoentbm t]mbn. 1604 45 mw hbn tIm\nns A\p

{]Imiknp

42

bmbn, kmnbpsS ]gb kplrv Fv cv coXnbn hnmKeoentbmhns\ t\mpnbmn. 1609 sh\nkn shv sSenkvtImns Ip]nSpw (Hens Lippershey) Atlw tIncpp. sh\nknsanendn, hym]mcmhiyv AXv Gsd klmbsav KeoentbmIWp Iqn. hym]mc em`w Av XpdapJtmSSpp Iens\BZyw Iv XncndnbpXnemIbm. Hcp UpImc Acsampambn sh\nkn hXdnv Atlw Abmsf Xncp. ImWm\mbn. Hcp Syq_n 2 sekp D]IcWamsWp am{Xsa Keoentbmhn\v AXns\pdndnncppp. C\n Xm t\cw sshInm ]Wmc\mhm\p hensbmchkcw \jvSsSpsap IWmn Keoentbm kzbw As\ Hpmm \nivNbnp. 24 aWnq sImvAXphsc Dmbnp sSekvtmpIfn shv Ghpw anI HpmpIbpw sNbvXp. UpIm 2 tImtIhv ImNap]tbmKnv XeIpmb {]Xn_nw_apmn. Keoentbm Hcp tImshIvkv, HcptImtIhv ImNw sImv bYm {]Xn_nw_hpw. BKv 4 \vXs hnPbw Adnbnm kmnv FgpXn. 10 hw amKv\nss^bnvintbmsS tXmepsImp DdbvIv kqns ]pXnb sSekvtmpambn BKv Ahkm\w sh\oknsen, sk\n\v {]Zinnp. ]nk bqWnthgvknnbn BPoh\m DtZymKhpw, 1000 s{Iuhjw tXmdpw Ccnp ifhpw As\ Inn. ^ vtfmdknsetImkntam cma\pw CXpt]mse Atlw demonstration \Sn- 1609Unkw_tdmsS 20 {]mhiyw Magnifying power Iqm km[np. Electorof Cologue \v Hbp. sIpw HbpsImSpp (sSekvtmvKeoentbm AbXv Htc Hcp Bkvt{SmWamWv). 1610 Xs sSekvtmpshv hymgns 4 N{msc Atlw Isn-BImi KwKbn AkwJyw \{Xapv. N{s {]Xew HtsdIpgnIfpXmWv; aeIfpapXmWv. March 1610 The starrymessenger F ]pkvXIw ]pdphp. ip{Is phases, i\n Hcpperfect sphere A, N{s phases Dw ip{Is phases Dw IqSn XmcXayw, CsXms Keoentbm Ip. kqcys apJp sunspots \nconp. 1611 amn Keoentbm tdman sNv t]mv 5 mas apnsSekvtmv {]Zinnp. Imn\m _msa AXneqsS \nconbpw Hcp ]ptcmlnX kwLs (scientific subcommittee) CXns\pdnvA n`{]mbw ]dbm \ntbmKnbpw sNbvXp. sPkyq v k_v InnbpsSA`n{]mbw:-

43

{]Imiknp

1. BImi KwKbn At\Iw \{Xapv.

2. i\nv AmIrXnbpv. Ccphihpw DbmWv. tKmfa.

3. N{s apJw anpX.

4. hymgn\v 4 N{mcpv.

5. ip{I\v N{s\tmse phases Dv.

sunspots Hcp shfp sources project sNbvXv tdman Fmhpw ImWpwhn[w Keoentbm ImnsmSpp (Cv CsXmcp standarddevice for teaching BWv). PqWn Atlw ^ vtfmdkntep aSn.

1611 lnaw Pew km{o`hnXmsWv Hcp kl{]hI]dp. lnaw Pen s]mnnSpp. AXn\m PetmI\ww IpdhmWv (Rarified form of warter) Fv Kenentbm. Htc composi-tion, ]e cq]w D hkvXp shn s]mnnSpXpwXmgvpInSpXpw demonstrate sNbvXv ImWnm kl{]hIs\ Keoentbm hnfnp. ]coWw sNbvXp ImWnmemsX hnizkncpsX \ne]mSpsImmWv Keoentbmhns\ 1st scientist Fv bqtdm]y hnfnXv. Xw hcptm ss__nfns\b, ]coWsfbmWv B{ibntsX Cu \ne]mSmWv hnms\ Atlns\XncmnbXv.

sPkyqv Bkvt{SmWa {Intm^ ssj\ BZyw Xm\mWvsunspot IsXv hmZnp (AXnepw apv tXmakv lmcnbv FCwojpImc\pw tPmlm ^ m{_ojykv F {^pImc\pw Incpp). 1615 52 mw hbn Xs A`n{]mb tdma Nns\Adnbnm hopw Keoentbm tdman t]mbn. tdmanse Aw_mkU hcpXv A]ISamsWdnbnncpp. 1615 Unkw_ 11 \v Aw_mkUdpsS hon AXnYnbmbn Keoentbm Fn. skbn v ]oknwlmk\ns ]nnse in Apw (73 hbmb) s_msabmWv. Atlw Keoentbmhns buh\n kmntbmsSmw Keoentbmhns hon kiI\pambncpp. s_msa t]m 5 mat\mSvtIm\nns knmw sXtm icntbm Fv \nivNbnp ]dbm Hcp Ioj shm ]dp. kqcy {]]ns tI{_nphmsW knmw Foolish, absurd, Formaly heritical Fhhn[nsbgpXn. ` qan kcnpp FXv aXhnizmkn\p hncpamsWpw! s^{_phcn 24: Cu A`n{]mbs Jntbm, ]nmp

{]Imiknp

44

Itbm sNcpsXv s_msa Keoentbmhnt\mSv ]dp. CXv A\pkcnm ]w Inquisition \v XmdmhWw.

s^{_phcn 26: s_msa t]mns Xocpam\w ]dbm Keoentbmsh Wnpp. B dqan Inquisiton, kmnIfSw Wnsncpp. s_msa hmXn sNv Keoentbmhns\ kzoIcnvFsms tImepw adptm, A\pIqeamtbm Hpw ]dbcpsXXs \ntcm[\m HmsSppp. t]mv ]dbpXp tIXmsX Keoentbm adpsmccw ]dn- A\pIqeambpw ]dn.Inquisition kwkmcnm XpSnbtm s_msa tZjyw A`n\bnv Keoentbmhns\ ]pdtp sImpt]mbn. AhcpsS documentsHnSm kXnn. unsigned, unauthored record of minutes Hm^ojysdtmUn Inquisition tNp. CX\pkcnv Inquisition s apnsXp kXnv Keoentbm Xm ]dncpsXms ]nhenp. 1617 ^vtfmdknse Ipntep s_smUvKmtUm sImmcntev Keoentbm Xmakw amn. 16, 15 {]mbap 2 s]IpnI (hPo\nb, enhnb) hnhmlw Ignm ` mcybn Atln\pmbncpp. Illigimate girls,- ktlmZcnamcpsS kv{Xo[\w t]mse Chpwhcptam F {]iv\w- Cu IpnI Cmcytamv Order of poorclares I\ymkv{XoIfmbn- (aq Ipn ]ns Maria Celeste FpwCfbh Arcangelo Fpw t]cv kzoIcnp).

1618 I 3 [qatIXpsfpdnv schemir ASap sPkyqpI FgpXnbXns\ CeybUv t]mseb imkv{X]pkvXIw FvKeoentbm hnainp. {]]{K\vYn\v Hcp {]tXyI en]nbpv.AXp ]TnmsX AXns ` mjtbm ktitam a\nemhn- {XntImWw, hrw apXemb PymanXob cq]fpsS KWnX`mjbnemWv {]]w FgpXsnpXv. AXv ]TnmsX {]]`mjbnse Hcp ]Zwt]mepw Bpw a\nemhn- Ccpp Xpwt]msebmWXv FvKeoentbm FgpXn. Ccw kao]\ sPkyqpIsf hopw sNmSnnp.

1620 apXp hjs bpw Imtmenv A\pIqeambn--1621 Keoentbmhns 3 {]nbs cI (Cosimo II 30 -mw hbn,t]mv t]m 5 ma, ImUn\m s_msa 79 -mw ]ndmfn\p apv)acnp. 1616 se kw`hv Keoentbmhn\pmbncp GI klmbns_msa acntXmsS CmXmbn- t]mv t]mfn\p tijw h t]mv

45

{]Imiknp

{KnKdn XV 1623 acnp. In\m am^ntbm _m_sd\n ammbmbn (A_ VII) The Assayer, FgpXm\pw, tIm\nv knw ]Tnnp. sImm\pw (]s AXmWv icnsbp kancpXv) Keoentbmhn\v A\phmZw In n. CXn\nSbn Keoentbm Compound microscopeDmnbncpp. (]tmfPn- Cs \nebntev hnIknXv CuD]IcWw sImmWv. kp{ipX kwlnXbn Cm Hcp kwKXnCsXmmWv. AXphscbp saUn Adnhns\ Cu sSIvt\mfPnbmWv hnIknnsSpXv). 1629 (\hw_) Dialogue on the twochief world system t]mns A\phmZtmsS apgph\mn. khnbmn (tIm\nkv `mKw) knwnkntbm (tSmfan`mKw) Fv 2 t]N sNp anemWv cN\. Acntmnens ]pkvXIn\v ` mjysagpXnb Simphicius s t]cpw, 1614 acn Xs kplrns t]cpw \IpI hgn Keoentbm Cu kev] kw`mjWn\v kXymh IqSn Dmn. \njv] kmnbmbn 1620 acn kplrvkms{KtUmhns\bpw tNp. The Assayer A\phZn \ntmtfm dnmUn F sUman\n ]ptcmlnX\mWv Cu ]pkvXIhpw ]cntim[nXv. AhcptSXmb BapJw, D]kwlmcw, th am hcppsav dnmUnbpsS Inn ]dncpp. 1631 {]nnv XpSn-March 1632 hnev]\ ^ vtfmdkn Bcw`np. t]mns acpaIIn\m {^mskkvtm _ms_dn\n Xm hfsc ktmj]qwhmbnXmbn Keoentbmhn\v FgpXn.

1616 ]d Inquisition Imcyv hn]coXambn, Cu ]pkvXIneqsS tIm\nns hmZs defend sNbvXXn\m sPkyqpI tm n`p. A_ VIII tdmantev hnNmcWbvmbn Keoentbmhns\ hnfnp. ]pkvXI hnXcWw \nnm {ianp. tdmans CuWw Fn\msWdnbmambncp (kmnsbtmse) hr\pw tcmKnbpamb Keoentbm AXp \onshm A`ynp. akv\nbnse]pXnb kmcYyn\v kmnv sh\okv sImSp t]mse Keoentbmhn\v kpc \Im km[npambncpn. 19 hbmb s^Un\mtUm cma BWv Av Tuscany bn Grand duke.

1633 s^{_phcn 13 \v Keoentbm tdmansen- tKv ]Sp ]nSnbm 3 BgvN Skv AXnnbn Xn. kn thZ\bmcm{Xn apgph Icbp Atln\v hnNmcW hsc (G{]n) Xmaknm\p kuIcyhpw HcpnsmSpncpp.

{]Imiknp

46

hnNmcWbn Db IpmpI:-1) emn\nsegpXmsX Cmenb ` mjbnsegpXn. AXn\m km[m

cWmpt]mepw ktiw a\nembn.

2) hneyw Kn_ v F Iphmfnsbtmse tIm\nns\{]iwknp.

3) 1616 se sPkyq v an\p vkn ]dXv tIm\nns\pdnv]TnncpXv, Atlns \nKa\s icnshcpXv FmWv. AXvA\pkcnmsX t]mns hmv sXnv {]hnp.

heresy tbm IpamWv false charge of heresy F \nbamInquisition XpSnbm Inquisitors B hynsb hnSn. AXmbXvInquisitors Itmenm k`bpsS DXm[nImcnIfmWv. Ah IpmcmsWp ]dp innm k` s]mfnbpw. AXn\m In\m_ms_dn\n (t]mns acpaI) hr\mb Keoentbmhnt\mSv con-fess sNm At]nbpw AXn\v t{]cnnbpw HSphn A\pkcnnbpw sNbvXp. 69 hbn knthZ\bm Xfv, CIzkntgvkns ]oU\w ` bmWv Atlw AXv kXnXv. sPkyqpIhnPbmlvfmZn Poh]cyw XShphn[np. Inquisition Council se10 In\mamcn 7 t]cmWv AXv hn[nXv. _ms_dn\n ASw 3t] B inbn HnSm Iqmnbn. _ms_dn\nbpsS CSs]Stdmanse Skv Fw_knbn hopXS, ko\ Bp_njnsIUnbn XS, 1634 apX Arcetri Spv Keoentbmhnshons hopXS Cs\ in \op. 1634 G{]n cn\vaq aI acntm tImshn t]mIm A\phmZw sImSpp.Cu inmmev Discoveries & Mathematical discourses regardingnew sciences F {K\vYw FgpXn- CXv BZys B[p\nI imkv{X]mTy]pkvXIamWv. 1638 Cenbn \nv HfnpISn Louis ElzevirCu ]pkvXIw {]knoIcnp. CenbnsemgnsI temIw apgph CXns\ kzmKXw sNbvXp. Cmev Keoentbmhn\v ImgvN \jvSsp.Hcp s]Upew tmpmpXv aI\v Atlw ]dpsImSpp.aI Vincenzio As acWtijw As\sbmv Dmn. 17 mw\qmn {Iny lyqKkpw s]Upew tmv Dmn. 1642P\phcn amkw 8/9 cm{Xn 78 mw ]ndmfn\p apv Keoentbm acnp.

imkv{Xw KWnX ` mjbmWv; PymanXob cq]fpsS ` mjbmWv;Ccphihpw equalise sNp kahmIy ` mjbmWv. Keoentbmhns

47

{]Imiknp

Cu imkv{Xobamb kao]\w E = mc2 \p tijw Fm imkv{Xcpwicnshpp. CybpsS Cu ` mjbmWv Bkvt{SmWan, sshZyw, Zimwiw, kwJyIsf en]nbmbn amp coXn, {ioN{Iw, bthZnbpsSAfhv, IVC/ lmc Imev Xqw/In/_mekv ChbpsS D]tbmKw, IWmZs ]camWp knmw Chbnsems ImWpXv. CXnsXpSw ]mentbmennv ImemWv (Archaeology sXfnhpIk]vXsskhw F Fs ]pkvXIn ImWpI). CXv hcmlanlnc, ]ctaizc, kw{Kma am[h Imew hsc ChnsS XpSbmbnDmbncpp. AXn\ptijw bqtdm]y imkv{XcneqsS ]pXnbHcp \thmm\w Inn bqtdm]y imkv{Xambn AdnbsSm XpSn. cp`mjbnemsWmsX Cybntebpw bqtdmntebpw imkv{X \nKa\p aman. ]pXnb sSIvt\mfPnbn amappXm\pw.1540 emWv + - F Nnlv\w BZyambn bqtdm]y KWnXn(Robert Recorde) D]tbmKnXv. sdtmsU saUn tUmIvSdpwJ\nIfpsS ktbdpw KWnX\pambncpp. 2 hkvXp kaamsWp ImWnm Htc henap 2 kamctcJ (=) bmWv Dasav B knw_epw Atlw D]tbmKnp. temKcnXamWv Bkvt{SmWaamcpsS KWnXw FfpamnbXv. FmWv temKcnXw?

100 x 1000 FXv 102 x 103 FsgpXp inkwJy.

100,000 = 105 BWv (2+3=5 BIbm)

2345 = 103.37 BWv. AXn\m 2345 s temKcnXw 3.37. AXmbXvKpW\w, lcWw F 2 {Inbtbbpw [\w, EWw F {InbbmnefnXhcnmw. Acw Hcp tS_n Dmnshmw. 1970 t]mv Impte hcpwapv temKcnXamWv D]tbmKnncpXv.Ccw ]mwKnII, hcmlanlncs Imepw AXn\pappwCybnepv. ` mKhXn Imekzcq]amb Cuizc\n \np {]]apmbn Fp ]dbpXv a\pjycq]amb Hcoizc Dmn Fqemne (Imenv Nns {]]krjvSn Keoentbmhnt\mSnSXv Cu {]iv\w sImmWv).

`mKhXw alm]pcmWamWv. alm]pcmWn\v ZieWapXn 5 Fw kw, hnkw, m\w, CuiIY, a\zcw FnhbmWv.

kw: KpWtm`m {_lvan \nv {]IrXn kw`hnpXn\v kmwJyw, ]camWp knmw, i_vZ{_lva]camb i_vZ im

{]Imiknp

48

kv{Xw Fnh D]tbmKnpp. hnkw {_lvamhn \nv k]vXjnIfpw Ahcn \nv Dmb krjvSnIfpamWv. m\n, Cu{]]n hnhn[ AhXmcpw ssPh AssPh hpap m\w. CuiIYbn AhXmc, Ncn{X ]pcpjm FnhcpsS Ncn{XfmWv. a\zcn a\pfpsS Imew, a\pkrjvSnapXembh.

k\ncq]Wn\v lcnbpsS eoemkzcq]ns {]fbn\pappw ]npap 2 hn[w Ahmt`Zfpv. 9 Xcw krjvSnbn 6Xcw {]mIrXw, 3 Xcw sshIrXw, CXpIqSmsX ]maXmbn D`bXcw(Ipamc krjvSn) Fsmpapv. 3 Xcw {]fbn ImeIrXw, {ZhyIrXw, KpWaqesav aqsambn \nXyw, ss\annIw, {]IrXnebsav 2 hn[w {Ianepv. sshIrXamb a\pkrjvSn (7,8,9 krjvSnI){Ian Huj[nh\kv]Xn (kkyw- Botany), XncyIvtemIw (arK]n- Zoology), a\pjytemIw FnhbmWv. CXn a\pjykrjvSnIotgm v ` Ww Cdpp. kky ` Ww apIfntev henpp- arK CXv cpa.

Cu khpw ImeIrXamb \nXy{]fbn CmXmhpw- {ZhyIrXamb ss\annI {]fbn ]qeban- KpWaqeamb {]IrXnebw tbmKnIfpsS AhbmWv. Imekzcq]amb Cuizcs\pdnmWv Cy Bkvt{SmWan ]TnpXv. B Imekzcq]n \nv{Zhykzcq]hpw KpWkzcq]hpambn \mw ImWp Zriy{]]w Fs\ Dmbn Fpw. Imekzcq]amb Cuizc kzcq]w AZriyhpw AhyhpamWv- ]s AXns kmnyw \s kZm t_mysSppp; A\p`hnnpp. AXn\m C{nb sImv AdnbmsXbpw\mw AXns\ Adnbpp (AXn{nbw).

Imekzcq]n AXnkqvaamb ]camWp tbmPnv kmam\y {]]w (General), hntij {]]w (Special) Fv {]]w Dmbn. AXmbXv qeamb {Zhy {]]npw, kqvaamb Ime {]]npw aqew ]camWphmWv. ]camWp{Zhyw (matter) IemIXafmWv. Ime]camWp Fp ]dm Hcp kqcyIncWw Hcp {Zhy ]camWphn hp]Xnm FSpp kabw (unit time) BWv. Ccw\nch[n Ime]camWpfmWv Hcp kqcycivan (\nccw {]hlnp

a\pjyarKw

kkyw

49

{]Imiknp

Xv). Hcp {]Imi civanv {_lvamamsI hym]nm thkabw alZvImeamWv. {]Imi civanv AZriyambXpw (\mw CtmInfrared, Ultraviolet Fphnfnp Nph kyp Xmsg iymahn\pdw) ZriyambXpw (7 hap VIBJYOR- C{[\pv) Fv2 `mKapv. Imew, alZvImew, kqvaImew Fnhsb{XktcWphgn qehpw kqvahpamb {Zhy/Ime ]camWpfpambn Hmp(Imew, tZiw AYhm {]Imi civan, {Zhyw Fnh HmsWp hyamp IWv) {]{Inb ` mKhXn Cs\bmWv.

2 ]camWp = 1 AWp (AZriyw)3 ]camWp = 1 {XktcWp (Zriyw) (Afmw)3 {XktcWp = 1 {XpSn (Afmhp Imew)100 {XpSn = 1 th[w3 th[w = 1 ehw3 ehw = 1 \nanjw (Afm b{w)3 \nanjw = 1 Ww5 Ww = 1 ImjvT15 ImjvT = 1 eLp15 eLp = 1 \mgnI (PeLSnImcw Afpp)2 \mgnI = 1 aplqw6 \mgnI = 1 bmaw (1 {]lcw) (aWnapn AdnbnWw)4 bmaw = 1 ]I, = 1 cm{Xn15 cmI = 1 ]w (N{KXn)2 ]w = Hcp amkw- ( q`an, kqcy Fnhb\pkcn

v 12 BZnXycpsS cminm\w)2 amkw = 1 EXp (kkyarKmZn{]IrXn, Imv KXn A\pk

cnv ImWmhp Imeamw)6 amkw = 1 Ab\w- kqcy, ` qan FnhcpsS Bt]

nI m\amw- AYhm Ne\wCcw 12 amkw= kwhcw- Hcp ` q]cn{Iaw kqcy\pNppw

(a\pjyhjw)2 Ab\w = 1 tZh Zn\w120 kwhcw = 1 a\pjymbpv

a\pjymbpv 120 a\pjyhjsan Hcp {_lvamns {kjvSmhmb {_lvamhns Bbpv 2 ]cmw. CXns\ Ziwi k{Zmb

{]Imiknp

50

n temKcnXnemWv Cym FgpXnbncpXv. GIw, Ziw, iXw, kl{kw apX ]cmw hsc Cs\bmWv (IqSpXembn \mZebknphn CXns KWnXhpw kucyimkv{Xhpw hnhcnXn \m Bhnpn).

bqtdmn 16 mw \qmn Bcw`nNnmhnhw Cybn kl{km_vZpapp kw`hnncpp. Cu ` mj AdnbmsX {]]`mjbnse Hcp]Zw a\nemhn FKeoentbmhns hmv AXn\m tdmaItmen ]nsb sNmSnn t]mseCybnse CuizchnizmknIsf sNmSnnt

Xn. \psS thZ]pcmWfn ]dsXms icnbmsWv]XpsXps temIs ]coW \ncoWfneqsS B[p\nIimkv{Xw t_mysSpnsmt CcnbvbmWv. sskh P\XbpsS imkv{Xhpw aXhpw sFizc {] IrXnbptSbpw {]]ntbpw]T\hpw XbXzhpw hnthIhpamWv.

hcmlanlncs ]knmnIbn 14 mw Aymbw tPymXnimkv{X]cambn \ncoWw sNm\p hyXykvX bt{m]IcWfpsS hnhcWamWv. Aymbw 15 tPymXntjm]\njv, {Kl \{XmZnIfpsS Bt]nInXn, {KlWw, ZnIv{`wi \nbans ASnm\ Xzw, N{ kqcy{KlW IqSmsX ap {Kl kmcn hcp {KlWw, Ingpw ]Snmdpsa Znim \nbw Xs`q{`aW \nbam Bt]nIamsW AssZzXw, esb \nctcJbmbn shv tZimc kwipn sNp coXn, ` qtKmfns 4_np (4 {]tZi) hoXw `qaytcJm `mKpw, InSIZnWmb\ tcJm ` mKpw (Tropic of cancer) FSpv ` qtKmf {`aWm Cu 4 _npfnse kqcymkvXabmZn t`Zhpw hnv ]dbpp.CsXms t\cs asmcp {K\vYn AhXcnnXmIbm, ]pXnb imkv{XNcn{Xn kam\ NnmKXn Fv Fs\ FtmDmbn Fv hmb\mp XmcXayw sNmw. N{, kqcy{KlW, ip{I\Sw ap {Klfpw {KlWapmpp, ip{I\v phasesDv, At\Iw \{X BImi KwKbnepv Fsms AD 427se hcmlanlnc Xs {K\vYfn sXfnbnnpv.

110100100010000100000100000010000000100000000100000000010000000000100000000000100000000000010000000000000

51

{]Imiknp

`qtKmfns Imin, tKmfmIrXn:-]alm`qXabkvXmcmKWm]RvPtc alotKme!tJbkvmtmAxm

teml ChmhntXmhrXx (Aymbw 13. tmIw 1.]knmnI)

(XmcmKW ]RvPchpw ` qanbpw ]alm`qXabamWv, ` qan tKmfmIrXnbmWv; 2 ImnSbn (_m amKv\v t]mse) CcpvFXn sshZypX ImnI in, ]`qXn \nv AssPhhkvXp Dmhp Adnhv)

AtX Aymbw tmIw 30, 31 hcmlanlncs sSekvtmv{]h\w hnhcnpp: Dbcap Hcp ^eIns {]XenZniI, \{Xm\w Fnh tcJsSpnb tijw, AXns sXp`mKv {]Xens am\ap ipshbvpI. ip ew_ambncns \ncoI ZrjvSn AXns ISbv Ipshv ]Xps sNcnv Ipw {[phXmchpw Htc tcJbn hcpwhsc sNcnbvpI (Cs\ GXp \{Xtbpw t\mmw). XpSp tmIn hnZKv`qanbpsS tI{w, ` qhymkw, CsXms Cs\ shv \nbnpsapw Cu amn iphns A{Kw apX {]Xew hscbp ew_wAmwiPymhpw, ISbv (Iv) \nv ew_n\p AIew(Dc ZnWtcJ) Colatitue s Pymhv BsWpw, Fmw ]dbppv. tmIw 39 ` qanbn \npt\mptm {Ian N{, _p[, ip{I, sNm, hymgw, i\n Fnhtbbpw kqcyt\bpw ImWmsapw Chbn {Kl AXmXns Iybn ({`aW ]Yw) \nivNnXthKn Ingtmp kcnpp Fpw ]dbpp. tmIw 40 ` qanbn \nv Dbcntep kcnpwtXmdpw cminIfpsS ]ckv]cZqcw hnphcpp (Expanding universe pattern). F{InsXpInSbnep ` mKw ApXnt\mSSpv sNdpXpw N{Ins ]cn[n ` mKv hepXpambncnpXpt]msebmWnsXpw, CXn\m (tmIw 41) Ghpw ASpp N{ io{Lnepw, GhpwAIsebp i\n (a) ]Xpsbpw kcnpp Fpw ]dbpp.

{]Imiknp

52

3. mkn imkv{Xw

Cv \mw Imoknb tIm HmUnt\v Fp hnfnp {Xnam\ap tZit_m[w, AXnt\mSv {XnImesa NXpm\w tNv Bdpam\ap Iyq_v (japJw) Fnh Cy imkv{Xn\v ]tAdnbmw. ]s bqtdmn sZmmWv CXns\pdnmZyw ]dXv.

1619 \hw_ 10. Um\yq_v \Zo Xocv Uyqv Hm^v _thdnbbpsS ssk\yw s{]mpItfmSp bpw sNm XSnp. Cu Iymnepmbncp sZmv Xs InSbn InSv at\mcmPyw hnNmcnbmWv. Cu {]]kz`mhsav? PohnXn\v Asav? apdnbpsS Hcp aqebv ]dp Cusb t\mnsmv. s]sv Atln\p tXmn. CubpsS m\w Imen shdpw aqv kwJysImv {]hNnmw. apdnbpsS aqebn Iqnapp 3 NpacpIfn \nvAXns Zqcw ]dm! Cu {Xnam\ Nn{XamWv Cv \mw {Km^vFp ]dbpXv. X, Y F cv kwJy- aqebn \nv hc 3 masZ F kwJy. CubpsS m\w (Z) Cs\ \nbnmw. ` qanbptSbpw `qanbnse a\pjytbpw m\hpw kqcyN{knmmCs\bmWv Cybn \nbnpsXv Atlw Adnncpn. AXn\m AsXmcp Ip]nSpw Xsbmbncpp. X, Y, Z sIm

v ({Xnam\w) m\w \nbnp ]Xnsb Cv Imoknb tIm HmUnt\v Fphnfnpp. aqSn Ingtm v \Sv aqSn hStmv t]mhpI Fv hgn ]dbptm \mwCXmWv sNpsXv eoemhXnbn ` mkvcmNmcy\pw ]knmnIbn hcmlanlnc\pw hyamnbnpv. `qanbnencpv a\pjy Db tZifntev (ap {KlIyX

Y

ZZ1

Z2

53

{]Imiknp

Ifntev) Zqchpw AhbpsS m\hpw Isptmgpw CXmWp]tbmKnpXv. hknjvTap\nbpsS Imept]mepw CXv Cybnepv (]knmnI, N.B.S tImbw, 2nd Ed., 2000, tUm. kphW\memv). Xmgs \nebnencpv apIfnse Hcp ^ vfmns m\w(hgn) ]dpsImSpptmgpw CXmWv sNpXv. Fm ` qanbpw{Klfpw Ne\w (KXn- NXpam\amb Imew) Fnh DXpw

v^fmv mhcw (A\mXv) F ANehpamWv.

{XntImWw (3 tImWpIfp, Hcp cq]w) 3 kwJysImv ]dbmhp {]]m\w AYhm {XntImWanXn (Trigonometry v kwkvIrXnse ]gb t]cv) sZmn\papv Cybn D]tbmKnncpp. 9 {KlfpsS m\w 9 {XntImWambn hcv 9 {XntImWtbpwAhbpsS _tbpw ImWnp N{Iae ChnsS F{Xtbm Imew apv KWnXdnbmw. knpKwKm kckzXn XocvIV C lc Imev CXn\p sXfnhpv. _mtK I, \mt\Lnse IpptSizc t{Xn\Spv (CybpsS ]Snmd Xocv) ]mentbmennv a\pjy {]XnjvTn Hcp {XntImWmIrXnbnep ]mdv (ip) ANyqenb Kplma\pjycpsS Znimt_m[s ImWnpXmWv. t]mfnt\jy ISbm{XmcpsS Spatial Intelligence (slmhmUv KmUv\) Amep Xs Cy IStemcs ISkmcnIfmb BZna a\pjypmbncpp. AXns XpSbmWvhcmlanlnc\pw apw! PymanXnsb (Geometry) BPn{_ sImv A\ssekv sNmsav Cu Adnhpht {Klnm\mhq. 20 mw \qmn Bt]nIXm knmhpw Izmw Xnbdnbpw hXv {]]ns Cu KWnX`mj 16 mw \qmn bqtdmn\v Xpdp InnbtmgmWv. Cybn CXv ]t kw`hnXpsImmhWw ChnsS kmwJy,]camWpknmhpw Ime, ImemXoX t_m[hpw tZiIme ss\ccyhpw t\cs {]Xn]mZnsXv. ISbm{X sNphv CXvthKw Dmhpw. bqtdmv hmkvtmUnKmabvp tijsa CXns {]m[m\yw icnv a\nemnbpp Fpam{Xw! Cybn kwJysbAcamnbmWv FgpXpI. Cu coXn (1,2,3 FXn\p]Icw x,y,zAsn a,b,c FsgpX) bqtdmn sZmv XpSnshp.

x2 Fm X x X BWv,x3 Fm X x X x X BWv Fv A\enn KWnXn\v

17 mw \qmn Atlw XpSw Ipdnp.

{]Imiknp

54

Keoentbmhns\ hnm innXdntm ImenvBbncpnpw sZmv Le Monde, On Traite de la Lumiere F Xs]pkvXIw (tlmfn) {]knoIcnpXv \nnshXv, Xm\pwtIm\nns\ A\pIqenpXpsImmWv. 1637 saocntbmfPn, Hm]vSnIvkv, tPymsa{Sn Fnhsbpdnv The Method Fsmcp ]pkvXIw ]pdndn. 1641 ]pdph cmas ]pkvXI (Medita-tionnes de prima philosophia) nemWv Rm Nnnpp, AXn\mRm Dv F {]knhmNIw FgpXnbXv. 1644 Principea Philoso-phiae bn ^ nknIvkn Inertia bpsS Hcp hniZoIcWw Atlw sImSpp. iq\yw (void) ]camWp, AWp (atom) Fnhsb XndpsZmv. B.C. 5 mw \qmn sUtam{Inkpw, B.C. 342-271 hscPohn FnIyqdkpw {Kokn AWpknmw ]Tnnncpp. ]nbdnKmskn 1649 {]knoIcn Xs ]pkvXIn Cu AWp knms hopw ]p\cpcnp. AWp tNv tamfnIyqfpI DmIpsav ]dp (AtX kabw hneyw lmnbpsS cNw{IaWwsXmsWpw hmZnp). iq\yX (vacum) AYhm void Dsv Keoentbmhns injy Chm sPen tSmdnskn sXfnbnpsImncnbmbncpp. Bgap InWdn \nv Hcp ]psImv 30 ASn (9 ao)bne[nIw Dbcn Pew Fnm\mhmsXv F {]iv\amWvtSmdnsknv Keoentbm sImSpXv. Acons ` mcw sNepp atm ss]nse shw sNepp aw Ipdhmbmte CXp km[nq Fv tSmdnskn Isn. 1643 ckw D]tbmKnvHcw AS Hcp Syq_v sImv Atlw CXv sXfnbnp. As\ _mtcmao Ip]nSnbvbpw Hcp vaccum krjvSnv sXfnbnbpw sNbvXp. Cu aa\pkcnmWv cNw{IaWw Fv Cv Fmhpadnbmw. sapdn tImfnt\m Pe\ncnt\m apIfn vaccum (iq\yX) BsWv CXpsImv ]qambn ]dbm\mhnsv sZmvhmZnp. Kmskn {]Imiw kqcy\n \nv \nccw {]hlnpAWpIWfmsWpw Ah a\pjys In ]XnnmWv ImWpsXpw ]dp. sZmv, kqcy Hcp bqWnthgvk Pesanptm AXns aw a\pjys In A\p`hsSpIbmsWmWv hnNmcnXv. Hcp \{Xn \nphcp aXcwKw XSmInse AeI t]mseb, Pen Hcp aapmbm XpSbmbn Dmhp aXcwKamWv (Riverberating pressure wave) Fw. Cu Zi\s sZmns kplrns ]p{X {InkvXy

55

{]Imiknp

lyqKkv hnIknnsSpp. {]Imins XcwK\ymbw As\Dmbn. KWnXw, sam\nIvkv imJIfn lyqKkns kw`mh\I AhKWnbvmhX. \yqs kaImeo\\mbn FXp am{Xambncpp Cu imkv{X\p ]nb \n`mKyw. Momentum, Centrifugalforces \v KpcpXzmIjWtmSp kmZriyw Fnh \yq\p aptsXfnbnp lyqKkv. 1657 se s]Upew tmns t]cnemWv Ctlw AdnbsSpXv. 1658 lyqKkns tmpI ]nIfn{]Xysp. 1658 apX km[mcWmcpsS honepw kqcym\wtmpt\mn \nbnm\p Ccw tmpI hp. \mw D]tbmKnp tmv, hmv Fnh kqcy\pNppw ` q{`aWm hcpCu 2 tKmffpsS ]ckv]c _w, m\w Fnh Nenp Hcp{Km v^ cq]n ImWnpXmWv. 1655 lyqKkv sSekvtmpI Dmm XpSn. sSekvtmpIfn {]Imiw sekn\mhfbptm Dmhp t{ImamnIv A_tdj (hnhn[ h{]Xn_nw_ns Nppw ImWpw) IepIfn sSekvtmv D]tbmKnp \mhnIv Hcp {]iv\a. ]s \{X\ncoI\mb imkv{X\v {]iv\amWv. Hcp XSn ImNn\p]Icw 2 t\ ImNwshm Cu {]iv\w ]cnlcnmsav lyqKkv a\nemn. Ccsamcp sSekvtmpsImv 1655 i\nbpsS N{\mb ssSs\ lyqKkv Ip]nSnp. ]phjn\Iw IqSpX \smcp sSekvtmpmn i\npNppw t\ Hcp {]Xew Dspw (i\nbpsSring) Nnetm AXp ImWmXncnpsapw (Edge on from Earth) Nnetm Keoentbm It]mse 2 sNhnt]mse tXmpsapw (faceon) AXv sSekvtmv sNdpXmbXp sImmsWpw lyqKkv sXfnbnp.

1645 apX imkv{Xob NnmKXnbph e\n HpIqSn]ckv]cw BibkwhmZw \Snbncpp. 1662 Nmekv cmasNm {]Imcw CXv tdmb skmssknbmbn cq]w {]m]np. CXns ^ v cmjv{Sa, ss{]hv hynI XsbmWv hlnncpXv.1663 CXnse BZys hntZin AwKw {^pImc\mb lyqKkvBbn. 4 hjw Ignv {^mkn Xpeyamb kbkv AmZanXpSnbXv eqbn ]Xn\memas kwcWn ^ v sImSpnmWv. 1700 emWv Cu tamUen s_en AmZan DmbXv. lyqKkns Refraction \nba, CuY F Pecq]amb Hcp vaccum

{]Imiknp

56

{]Imiw Dmp aXcwKw, km{amb mkneqsS km{XIpd hmbpthm ]XpsbmWv {]Imiw ISpt]mhpI FIs, {]Imi civanbpsS thKX A\amIbm kqcy\nseHcp {]iv\w AYhm aamw DSs\ Insepp F Xocpam\wFnh hfsc {][m\ambncpp. {^v AmZanbn lyqKknskaImeo\\mb Hte tdma {]ImithKX hfsc IqSpXemWv, ]sA\a Fp IcpXn. tdmadpw Kntbmh\n In\nbpw (Ctlns t]cnemWv i\nbpsS dnnse Cassini division AdnbsSpXv).hymgns N{m hymgns m\m {KlWhnt[bamIpp Fp Ip. Fm Ch Xnep CSthf Ftmgpw H.Cu amw ` qanv Xs Iybn (kqcy\pNppw) D m\n\vhymgm\hpambp _w sImmWv. AXn\m {]ImithKXA\a kmsav tdma hmZnp. ` qan hymgn \nIeptm\mw {KlWw sshInmWpp. AXmbXv {KlWhm sSekvtmn Fnm {]Imin\v Xmakw t\cnSpp. Cs\ \nivNbnvhymgns Ghpw AIw`mKp Keoenb N{ Ctbmhns{KlWw \hw_ 9, 1679 \v {]hNnp. Cu {]hN\ {]Imcw aph{]hNnXn \nv 10 an\pp Ignt {KlWw \Sq. Atlns{]hN\w Acw{]Xn icnbmbn. ` qanbpsS IybpsS hymkwshvCu ImeXmakn \nv {]ImithKX 225000 In.ao/sk v Fvtdma IWmn. Cdnhp ` qIybpsS hymkwshv tdmadpsSKWnXw sNbvXm CXv 2,98,000 In.ao/sk v Fp Inpw. B[p\nIimkv{Xns 2,99,792 In.ao/sk v F aqeyhpambn CXv tbmPnpp (Cybnse KWnXw ]knmnIbn ImWpI).

1671 sNmbpsS ]mceIvkv {^v Knbm\bn (Jean Richer)\npw ]mcokn \npw (Ikn\n) \nconp. cpes \ncoIv Dmb sNmbpsS m\amw, ncXmc{]Xew, ]mcokv apX{^v Knbm\ hscbp t_kvsse Fnh shv sNmbntepZqcw Afmsapw CXpw sIdpsS \nbahpw tNm Fm {KlIyIfpsS hymkhpw Adnbmsapw, CXv tIm\nns kqcytI{ tamUens\ icnshpp Fpw imkv{XtemIw apgph AwKoIcnp. 1690 Theatre on light F t]cn lyqKkns {]Imikw_amb {K\vYw ]pdphp.

1661 t_mbvens The Sceptical sIanv F {K\vYw Bsansb imkv{Xobamb sIankv{Sn Xentev sImphp. 17 mw \qm

57

{]Imiknp

ns Ahkm\n k sFkIv \yq Bsan sNbvXncppFv HmWw.

18, 19 \qmpIfn sIankv{Sn {]Nmcnembtm t_mbnensCu ]pkvXIw Hcp hgnncnhmbn hymJym\nsp. imkv{Xob coXnbn Bsan D]tbmKnpXmWv sIankv{Sn. Xmgv temln\nv kzapmp Philosopher's stone s\ pdnv AmXcmbBfpI ]cnbncp Ahnizmks t_mbv imkv{Xobambnt\cnp (Cybn \ZoXocs aWenepw aeIfnse [mXpfnepw\nv kzw tiJcnncp ]gb coXnsbbmWv bqtdmnepw t]kybnepw Cs\ Hchnizmkambn amdnbXv). Hcp hkvXphns kz`mhwAdnbm sIan A\menknkv \Sp coXn t_mbv \Smn.

1662 apX tdmb skmssknbn t_mbv AwKamWv. 1680 AXns {]knUmbn sXcsSptm, Xs hyn]cambBZifm skmssknbpsS {]Xn (Oath) FSpm\mhnsp]dv AXp \ncknp. ktlmZcn ImXdos IqsSbmbncpp Xmakw. B hon Atlns em_ddnbpw injymcpw Hs Dmbncpp. Fm _pnPohnIfpw AhnsS hp. Hcp KpcpIpew t]msebmWv ImXdos hon Atlw Xs ]T\hpw, Aym]\hpw \SnbXv. Ghpw _lpam\nX\mbn (Honourable Robert Royal, Esquire), PohnXn Hcnepw Icn]pcfmsX Pohnp. kmZyw apgph PohImcpWy {]h\v Zm\w sNbvXp. acntm mhc PwKahkvXpfpw Hkyp{]Imcw Zm\w sNbvXncpp.

1667 amsktm am]nPnbpsS {]_ tdmb skmsskn {]knoIcnm\mcw`np. ^ ntemk^nbpw saUnkn\pw s_mtfmKv\ bqWnthgvknnbn \np ]Tn Ctlw 1669 BZyambn tdmbs^tm Bb Cmenb\mWv. ssat{Imkvtmn, hmens NndInse cpgepI, jUv]ZLS\, tImgnpns hf (chickembryo), kkyfpsS Cebnse stomata XpSn At\Iw ImcyAtlw {]Xn]mZnp. Nnepw izmktIminepap cpgepIfpsS kmayw, Bdnbpw shbn\pw Xnep kwtbmKFnh ]Tnv, lmhnbpsS cNw{IaW tamUen \nImsXInS ` mK Atlw \nIn. hjptijw CtX Ip]nSpw, am]nPnbpsS knmw AdnbmsXs, kzX{ambnBWn hm eyqh tlmv Isn. CXv ssat{Imkvtmv

{]Imiknp

58

F sSIvt\mfPn saUn imkv{Xn\p \Inb kw`mh\bmWv.

dnmUv temh (1631-1691) HmIvkvt^mUv {Kqnse AwKambncpp. Atlns Imew apX cs {]mWhmbphpw t]mjImwihpw FmbnSpw Fnp Hcp kmcamambn IcpXmXpSn (kp{ipX kwlnXbn CXv ]dbppv). Fm icocwHcp b{amsW hnNmcw Amew apX XpSn. {]]hpw icochpw Hcp bm{nI tamUemWv F Imoknb \nbaw {]_eambn. 17 mw \qmn am]nPn Kntbmh\n t_msdn Unk\pI(Ctlw KWnXimkv{X s{]^kdmbncpp) Gsd \Sn. t_msdnAman ]Tnp. kqcys\ ISpt]mIp [qatIXphns ]mX ]mct_mfbmWv; hymgw Xs N{mcn kqcy {Klfn sNeppAtX {]tNmZ\w Dmpp, icocw amwkt]inIfpsS inIfm{]hnp enhdp (livers) IfpsS Hcp knamWv, \SptmgpwHmSptmgpw amwkt]io {]h\w PymanXobambn A\ssekv sNmw, ]nbpsS ]depw ayns \oepw KWnX]cambn hnhcnmw, FsmsbmWv Atlns \nKa\. Cuizc\v Cub{w XpSnshp Hcp sajo Unssk\dpsS ]Wntb DpFpw, Cu LS\bn ap arKfpw a\pjy\pw hyXymkanspw ,a\pjy\v {]]n ap hkvXptfm almb m\sampanspw At lw IcpXn.

1677 saUn Un{Kn FSp FtUzUv ssSk e\ntUmIvS Bbn {]mIvSokv sNbvXncpp. At\Iw Unsk\pIsNbvX Ctlw 1679 tdmbskmssknbpsS fellow Bbn. 1684 e\nse _Xvtew tlmkv]nens tUmIvSdpw Khdpambn. Cuam\knI tcmKtI{w (Bedlam) tcmKnIsf Ghpa[nIw ]oUnnncptI{amWv. ]Wmpw ]cnjvImcnIpw Hcp Entertainment SqdnvtI{w t]mse, Hcp ImgvN_wmhnse curiosity t]msebmWv tcmKnIsfIncpXv. Cu nXn ssSk amn. sPbneamsctmep ]pcpj ]cnNmcIsc amn kv{Xo t\gvkpamsc \nbanp. tcmKnIfpsShkv{Xn\mbn Hcp ^v \onshp. hyXykvX species IfpsSLS\ ]Tnp Comparative Anatomy bpsS ]nXmhmWv ssSk.

1680 sXbnwkv \Znbn \np]nSn Hcp Porpoise s\ 7 jnnpw6 s]\nbpw sImSpphmn UnkIvSv sNbvX ssSk AsXmcp

59

{]Imiknp

aya kkvX\ PohnbmsWpw BcnI LS\ Icbnse \mmenIfptSXn\p Xpeysapw {Klnp. ]pdwcq]n Imen FhyXymkta Dp. Fm Ins\ {]Xn\n[oIcnp scapula, lqadkv, A\, tdUnbkv, Im t_mWpI, samImepI, ]ckv]cw tbmPn 5 hncepI Fnh Ahbvpv. tNc, HIn,Nnmkn Fns\ ]eXnt\bpw Atlw dessect sNbvXp. a\pjy\pw Nnmknbpw Htc icoc LS\bmWv. 48 Imcyn Nnmknva\pjyt\mSpw- 27 Imcyn Ipct\mSpamWv kmZriyw. AXn\mNnmkn Ipct\m a\pjykZriamWv. NnmknbpsS akvXnjvw, hennsemgnsI asmw sImpw a\pjyakvXnjvw t]msebmsWXv ssSks\ AXv` pXsSpn.

ssiihnemWv Cu kmZriyw IqSpX. CtmgXn\v \ntbms\n(holding on to youth) Fp ]dbpw. a\pjyinip hfcpXv Nnmknsbm ]XpsbmWv. AXn\m P\nptm a\pjyinip Nnmkntbm ]nn, hfsc \ncmew_mhbnemWv. Fm hfcptm acn DumemSm\pw h\hn`hw tiJcnm\pap AdnthmsS Ahkm\npp NnmknbpsS temIw. a\pjytXv ]eImcyfpw Adnbm\pw ]Tnm\pw DXIp coXbnep hnimeambHcp temIambnocpp.

17 mw \qmns Ahkm\n {_nojv imkv{XcwKs aqp{][m\ {]Xn`I tdm_v lppw, FUvav lmenbpw, sFkIv\yqWpamWv. lpnt\mSv \yq\pmbncp ]Ibpw AXpsImpmb {]iv\fpw {]knamWv. Keoentbm acnpXn\v 7 hjwapv lpv P\np. Atlw Hcp ]nbn curate Bbncpp. ]mepw]gfpamsX asmpw ` nm Ipnmew apXte km[nncpn. hfsc A\mtcmKyhm\mbn, Dbcw Ipdv, FpIfpsS sshIeytmsSbmWtlw hfphX.v ISen tcJmwiw \nbnpt{ImtWmao F t]mvhmv Atlw Dmn. tdm_ v t_mbvens kmnI klmbtmsS, Atlns Akn v BbnmWv lpv PohnXv. 29 mw hbn Atlw cNn ssat{Im{Km^nb,]Xnhn\p hn]coXambn Cwojp`mjbnembncpp. Keoentbmhnsstarry messenger Hcp henb {]]ns Nn{XamsWn CXv HcpsImp{]]ns Nn{XamWv. Hv sSekvtmv sImv ImWpp,Hp ssat{ImkvtmpsImpw. tImiLS\, Xqhensbpw Nn{X

{]Imiknp

60

ie`ndInsbpw, Cuntbpw LS\ Fns\ ssPhtemIs Atlw hnhcnp. t^mknepI Hcp Imev ` qanbn Pohnncp kkyarKmZnIfmsWv ]dp. ssPh hfn (Nn{Xie`w)ImWp h sshhnyw {]Imins Interference (CcphifneqsS reflect sNp {]Imiw) sImmsWv Atlw ]coWfneqsS sXfnbnp. XcwK\ymbs B[mcamnb Cu \nbanXcwKw hifn \np hifntev (transverse oscillation) Btmf\amWv lyqKkv ]d t]mse push-pull k XcwKa. XoIptmgpw izmtkmOzmknepw Aconse Hv (Cybn {]mW- Ctm HmIvknP) FSpppv. tmvt^kv ssSv_mtcmao, Imv Afp guage, sXtamaodns HcpC\w, divingbell, sslt{Kmkvtmv Fnh Ip]nSnp. Imemhm \ncoWwsNbvXp (1st Metereologist Fv ]dbsSpp). Fm In\p ]nnepw Bmamb Itijnbp ssI, hnizkvXamb Iv, AhsImv \nconm\pw kXykambn tcJsSpm\pw D a\vFnh thWsav Atlw hnizknp. {]] imkv{Xw akvXnjvwsImv IsmXmbn Hpw _mnbn. AsXms ]t \Sp. C\nbph sNtXv \nconv tcJsSpemWv FvFgpXn.

1674 Atlns Hcp {]`mjWn Fm BImi tKmfpw KpcpXzmIjWapspw, Hcn EPphmb Hcp efnXNe\w XpSnb Hcp hkvXp t\tcJbn ncambn Nenpsapw,asmcp inbm XSbs v am{XamWv AXv Zniamdn (deflection) hrw, Fen]vkv apXemb ko h{ItcJIfn kcnpsXpw ]dp. ]ckv]cmIjWXzap At\Iw tKmffpsS BIjW in, AXv F{Xtmfw ASpmWv, ZqscbmWv F\pkcnncnpw Fpw ]dp. lpns 2 mas supposition \manv \yqsBZys Ne\ \nbaambdnbpp. 1678 emWv lpns Femnknn\nbaw (Hooks law) hXv. 1703 Atlw \ncymX\mbn. 1670 apX\yq\v lpnt\mSv Aajapv. {]Imi kz`mhw {]nkfpw ImNfpw shv ]Tnv shfp civansb (kqcy{]Imiw) 7 \ndambn ]ncnpIbpw hopsamcp {]nkneqsS ISn shfp civanbmpIbpwsNbvXv {]Imin k]vXhhpapsv \yq Isnbncpp. AXn\papt lpv ASw ]ecpw CXpsNbvXncpp. t{ImamnIv

61

{]Imiknp

A_tdj Cm Hcp dn v^fIvSn-v sSekvtmv (AXn\papv ensbmWmUv Unkv CXv sNbvXncpp) \yq Dmn. 1671 CusSekvtmv e\n {Kjmw tImtfPn demonstrate sNbvXp. 11P\phcn 1672 \yq tdmb skmssknbn fellow Bbn sXcsSpsp. \yq {]Imins IWknmw (Corpusculartheory) sXcsSp BfmWv (lyqKkpw lppw XcwK knmwAYhm wave model Dw).

{]mbw IqSnbh\pw IqSpX Ip]nSp \Snbh\pamblpn\v th{X s{IUnv sImSpmsX sNdpmc\mb \yq\v imkv{X temIw AlnpXnepw _lpaXn sImSppXv Atlns Zmcn{Zyw, ]v tdmb skmssknbpsS m]I\mbncp HcmfpsS themc\mbncpp F Ah, Atlns _mlycq]ns sshIeyw Chsbmsbmbncpp. CXv ]epsa t]mse tdm_v lpn\pw Adnbmambncpp. B thZ\ Atlw NnetcmSv ]dncpp. HmU_v CXv s]mSnpw sXmepw shv \yqs\Adnbnp. BPoh\m ]I shpIbpw, imkv{X clkyw t]mse]IbpsS clkyhpw BtcmSpw ]dbmsX Dn shncnpIbpw sNp kz`mhw \yq\v Dmbncpp. J.G. Crowther Cu cp imkv{Xmsc 2 hmIyn hnhcnnpv. Hooke could not understandwhat tact had to do with science..... Newton regarded discoveries as privateproperty. \yqs tZjyw Xom lpv hfsc kulrZnAb Hcp Fgpn\v \yq Ab adp]Sn cpt]cptSbw kz`mhs ImWnpp. kXymt\zjWn \psS cpt]cptSbpwAt\zjW^ew HmhpXpw, \psS A\menknkv hyXykvXamIpXpw kam\lrZbcmb imkv{XcmIbm kw`mhyamWv FpwAXn\m tZjyw hnNmcncpsXpw hfsc hn\oXambnmWv lpns Fgpv. \yqs In sZmv sNbvX imkv{Xtkh\n\v Xm ]eXpw IqSpXembn \In. {]tXyInpw t\ {]XeneqsS h ISnb XzNnbvv. Rm IqSpX hXpwInpsn AXv giants s tXmfn Ibdn am{XamWv FmWv.

\yqs kz`mhw Adnbmhp imkv{XtemIw Cu hmpIsfHtsd hniIe\w sNbvXnpv.

1. lpns Ip]nSpfpsS bYm AhImin sZmmWv.

{]Imiknp

62

2. Giant F hmns G Iym]n sedmWv. lpv Dbcw Ipdv \sn\v hfhp HcmfmWv. X\nv hXpw tamjvSnWsanAXv ]s Giant imkv{Xcn \npXs aXn. \nsftmseicochpw a\pw ]nKvanbmb Hcp themc\n \npth Fw.

Cu Fgpv imkv{XtemIns ]IbpsS a\mkv{Xw ImWnpp.

1674 ]mcoknse H_vkthdn t]msemv Cwn Dmm tdmb skmsskn Xocpam\np. CXn\p ImcWw {^mknN{s ncXmcfpambn _s m\\nbw IS bm{Xbn kabafp Hcp tmv BsW hm ]cXmWv (Cuhnhcw Cy Bkvt{SmWanv At\I kl{km_vZambdnbmw).AXn\m N{Ne\ns IrXyamb tS_nfpI, tcJmwi\nb{]iv\w ]cnlcnm IrXyamb t{ImtWmao Fnh thWw. tPm

v^fmwoUv (1646-1719) CXn\v \ntbmKnsp. CXptI Nmkv cma ISbm{X sNp cmjv{Ssa \nebvv {_n\v t\hntKjklmbnp Fm m\hpw thWsapw AXn\v Hcp H_vkthdn m]nWsapw \nivNbnp. {Ko\nvIpn CXn\v ew \nbnp. 1675 ^ vfmwoUpambn FgppIppI \SnbncpFUvav lmen e\nsen. 27, 21 Unkw_dn 2 {]mhiyw \SN{{KlWw \nconp. 21 BKn sNmsb N{ adXpw 1676th\en kqcy\n henb sunspot DmbXpw lmen ]Tnncpp. hS BImis sSekvtmv D]tbmKnv ]qambn kt sNembncpp ^ vfmwoUns ZuXyw. sX AtKmfnse BIminse Ghpw {]Imiap 100 {]ImitKmfsf ]Tn lmenbptSbpw. CXn\mbn Av {_nojv km{amPyns Ghpw sXpsk v slen\ Zzo]ntev lmen t]mbn. Hcp km{amPyns ISkmcn\v AXns Ghpw sXt Ap\npsImv ISkmcnIv Bhiyamb coXnbn (sX kap{ZfneqsSbmWv{][m\ IS hym]mcamw) {]ImitKmfsf land mark Bpk{Zmbw Cybn \nmWv {_n ]TnXv. Cy Bkvt{SmWanbn hn{imhkv, ssh{ihW, cmhW Imew apX Fpw,Apw ebmWv {][m\ H_vkthdn ({Ko\n, AXn\p ]nbsXv {_n\v AXn\m a\nembncpp). 20 mw hbn ]T\w Dt]

63

{]Imiknp

nv \hw_ 1676 lmenbpw kplrv sPbnwkv pw skbn vslen\ Zzo]ntep t]mbn. 1678 sX \{XfpsS ImtemKv{]knoIcnp. ^ vfmwoUv Our Southern Tycho F t]cv sImSpbpw sNbvXp. _p[ kqcyapJpIqsS ISpt]mIpXv sk v sleo\bn shv lmen \nconncpp. ]mcemIvkv \nbat`Z {]Imcwkqcy\ntep Zqcw Afm CXv klmbIambn.

bqtdmn 17 mw \qmn \{X \ncoWw aqp ImcWfmemWv XpSnbXv. 1) IS kmcn\v, 2) anendn {]m[m\yw, 3)hym]mc {]m[m\yw.

slthenbkv (P) ssStmbpsS Umsb \nconv A\ssekv sNbvXpsImncpXv shdpw imkv{XtNmZnXamb Pnmkbmembncpp. lmen As\b. ZnWmImiv lmen ssStm\ncon Nne Xmcsf \nconbm DcmImiw \nconpslthenbn\v AXpIm sImmsap tXmn. 1678 lmenAXbpsImSpp. slthenbns kzX{\ncoWhpw UmbpwCtmpw Inn. 1679 lmen Umknnsen. 68 hbmb slthenbv sSekvtmv D]tbmKnmsX \Kv\t\{Xw sImpsNbvX \ncoWw, AhbpsS IrXyX Fnh lmensb AXv` pXsSpn. lmenbpsS kz`mhn kv{XoIfpamb AhnlnX _w Hcp Zu_eyambncpp. lmen sNptm 68 Imc\mb slthenbns 2 mw ` mcyFenk_bvv 32 hbmWv. 22 hbmb lmenbpw Chcpw AhnlnX _ntesp. slthenbkv acnp FptItm lmenhn[hbvv AbpsImSpXv Xs aqpamks ifw sImpam{Xw hmm km[np hfsc hne]nSnp knv hkv{XfmWv. 1680/81 Hcp [qatIXp Zriyambn. e\nepw ]mcoknepapFmhpw Zriyambncpp Cu {]Xn`mkw. lmen ]mcokn {InkvXpakv kmbmlv\n Cu [qatIXphns cmw hchmWv IXv(\hw_ 1680 \v {]Xys v kqcy\Sptv Nenv A{]Xyambn-]noSv hopw {]Xysp. Cu cmw hchv). N{s\ B[mcamnN{tcJmwiw icnv \nivNbnp Hcp ]Xnv NpcpnbXv 18 hjw \nccw \nconWw. lmen Cs\ Hv 2 hjn\IvDmnbXv Atlw ashnsS \ntm ISwhmn FXn\p sXfnhmWv. 1684 {Intm^ sd, tdm_ v lpv Fnhcpamb kw`mjWn \nv {KlIyIfpsS Inverse law of attraction lmensb BI

{]Imiknp

64

jnp. lpv sImSp Cu sFUnbbpambn lmen \yqs\ kinp.1684 lmen hv XtmSv, {Klv kqcy\ntev BIjWin Dspw AXv Zqcns square \v A\p]mXnemsWpapsn Ah Dmp curve s BIrXn FmIpsav tNmZnXmbn \yq Xs FgpXnbnpv. AXv Fen]vkmbncnpsav ]dtm lmen ktmjw sImp aXnadp. Fs\ IsnF lmenbpsS tNmZyn\v Rm IWmnbXmsWv \yq]dp. B IWpI lmen tNmZnp. ]noSbpXcmsav \yq]dbpIbpw sNbvXp.

Cu kw`hamWv AXphsc clkyambn sh Principia {]knsSpm \yq\v ImcWambnoXv. Fmhcpw thKw {]knsSpm\pw t]scSpm\pw {ianp imkv{XtemIv \yq FpsImns\ clky kz`mhmc\mbn? Hcp km[mcW IjI IpSpw_nemWtlw P\nXv. ]nXmhv IjI kpsImv {ItaW1623 hqkv tXmv am\ kzamn Lord of the Manor Bbn,CXpw l sFkvIu F ` mcy sImph kv{Xo[\hp (50 ]uvhjn) amWv \yq\pmbncpXv. \yqt\m At\m (tdm_ v\yq) FgpXm\pw hmbnm\pw ]Tnncpn. lbpsS ktlmZchneyw ]ptcmlnX\pw tIw{_nUvPv _ncpZ[mcnbpambncpp. 1642 hnhmlm\cw , sFkIv \yq acnptm l K`nWnbmWv.Ahv {InkvXpakv Zn\n P\n IpnbmWv As t]cn\maIcWw sNbvX sFkIv \yq. {KntKmdnb Ie {]Imcw 8P\phcn 1642 \v Keoentbm acnp. 1642 Unkw_ 25 \v Pqenb Ie {]ImcamWv \yq P\nXv. {KntKmdnb Iedn CXv 4P\phcn 1643 BWv. Pqenb Iedn Keoentbm acnpXv 1641Unkw_dnepw. 4 P\phcn 1643 De Revolutionibus \v IrXyw 100 hjwIgnmWv. 1645 l thsd hnhmlw Ignp. lbpsS amXm]nXm \yqs\ hfn. 8 hjw GI\mbn AhcpsS IqsS \yqhfp. AXn\m kplrpsf Dmp ioew Dmbn. \hiw Atln\pInnb anI hnZym`ymkamWv. asmcp \hiw 21mw hbpapX \yq Xs As kzv, AbpsS kzv, cm\s kzns Hcp ]v Fnh e`nv kmnIambn \ \nebnembn- ]pcpjmcpambmsX \yq\v _apmbn (Nne AXns\thsdmcp Xcn hymJym\nnpv). 1663-1668 tIw{_nUvPn shp

65

{]Imiknp

sNbvX ]coW \ncoW ]nmev \yqs\ {]ikvX\mn. \yq Impekv Ip]nSn Imev eo_v\nkpw Impekv Ip]nSnp. CXv lppamsb t]mse eo_v\nkpambpw \yqs\sXnp. Impekv KWnX{Inb Ffpampp. Hcp {KlnsIybnse m\w amdnamdn hcpXn\m (ImewsNpwtXmdpw) CucoXn thWw AXns m\ \nbn\v. Cs imkv{Xw Impekv IqSmsX kmya (Cu Impens Cy Ncn{XwasmcnSv Rm ]dnpv). N{s\ Xs Iybn \npXpw Bnfns\ Xntep hogvpXpw ` qanbpsS KpcpXzmIjWamWv. CXn\v (Zqcw)2 hpambp _w \yq IWmn (1666 Cu Inverse Square law IWmn). 30 hbmhptmtgpw {]Imiw,Impekv Fnh kw_n ]T\w Atlw ]qnbmnbncpp. KpcpXzmIjWspdn ]T\w Atls Bsanbntep Xncnp. imkv{X ]T\w, Ip]nSp Ipnmep Ignp.IqSpX kabw Atlw BsanbvmWv sNehgnnpXv. 4 mw\qmnse AeIvkm{nbbnse Bcnbns A\pbmbn (Arian)Bbncpp \yq. Cuizcs\ {]tXyI {]Xn`mkambn ImWpCXn tbiphn\v ssZhoIX C. Fm CXn\mbn {_qtWmsbtse NppIcnsSm Atln\njvSanmbncpp. AXn\mTrinity bn hnizknpp Fv (hnizknmsX) Atlw {]XnsbSpp. \yqs clky kz`mhn\v CXpw Hcp ImcWambn- 1674 \yq\papt lpv action at a distance Fdnbp KpcpXzmIjWn\v N{tep insbpdnv {]_w {]knoIcnp.Inverse square law lpntXmbncpp. 1684 lmen htm \yq s]sv Dcw sImSpXv AXpsImmWv. 1687 lmenbpsS\nccamb \n_m 3 hmeyn \yqs Ncn{X{][m\amb]pkvXIw ]pdphp. lpns\pdntm Atlw sImSp insightss\pdntm H d^dkpw \yq AXn shn.

\yq Cuizc\v Hcp b{w DmpIbpw \nccw \Snsmpt]mIbpw sNp ka\mb Hcp BnsSIvSns CtaPv \In. Hcp Xcw [N{I {]h\ kq{X[mc s\ Cy CtaPvt]mse. 1687 \ptijw \yq imkv{X\mXmbn. 1696 tdmbanns hmU\pw aPnkvt{Spambn. At\Iw t]sc I \mWyASn Ipn\v ]nSnpIbpw Xqnsmm hn[npIbpw sN

{]Imiknp

66

embn \yqs tPmen. kvXpXylambn CXp sNbvXXn\v DtZymKbw Inn. 1705 se ]mesa v sXcsSpn B cmPIpamcn \yq\vk ]Zhn \In. 60 mw hbnse B sXcsSpn \yq tXmp. ]ns Atlw acnn. \yqs k ]Zhn 1705 sXcsSpvPbnm\p Hcp cmjv{Sob Icp\oambncpp, imkv{XtemIn\v\Inb kw`mh\Ip _lpaXnb FXv tJZIcamWv.

1703 lpv acnp. B \hw_dn tdmb skmssknbpsS{]knUmbn \yq sXcsSpsp. 1704 AtlnsHm]vnIvkv {]knoIcnp. 20 hjmew Xs HutZymKnI Ihyw\yq {im]qw \nlnp. Chbnsemv {Kjmw tImtfPns\(t_mbv, lpv FnhbpsS Nn{XfpXpw t_mbv m]nXpamb KpcpIpew) s{Ibn tImntebvv amembncpp. Cu amn\nSbn Fstpambn \jvSsXv Htc Hcp Nn{XamWv. lpnsam{Xw!! Ncn{Xn lpns Nn{X t]mepw AhtijnnmXncnm {inWsan Xobmbpw lpv Xtm henb imkv{X\msW t_m[w \yqs DnepmbncpncnWw. {]mbw sImpw {]knnsImpw ]IzXbmnm Cu henb imkv{Xs a\n\mbn FXv {itbamWv.

Inverse square law {]]n kn\pw _m[IamsWXmWv AXns bYm {]m[m\yw. Fm Imepw Fm hkvXppw AXv _m[IamWv. {]nknnbbpsS hbmn (anUvssh v^) Fvhnfns lmenbmWv Cu Bibw {]Ncnnhcn apJy. 17 mw\qmnse {_n\nse s]mfnn {]iv\fnsempw lmen ]sSpn. ss__nfnse shsmw, ss__nfnse IW\pkcnvBv _njv Duj IWmnb 4004 BC bmWv {]] krjvSnBcw`sa hmZw Fnhsbpdnv ]Tnbpw Cu XobXn sXmsWv kanbpw sNbvXp. ISens Dvckw t\mn ` qanbpsS {]mbw\nbnmsap ]dp. ]nv CsXmpw kzoImcyambncpn.`qanbn hyXykvX ` mKfnse Imin hyXykvXamsWpw CXdnm ISbm{X IqSpX kpKaamIpsapw lmen FgpXn. Aconse at`Z, ImpI, akq hm]mcmpI, BZys metereological chart (1686) Fnh {]knoIcnp. ISen\Snbn18 ao Xmsg (10 ^ mw) tPmen sNphv (apsSpph)Hcp diving bell D]tbmKnm\p ]coWw \Sn. a\pjys acW

67

{]Imiknp

\ncv, AX\pkcnv Cjpdkv {]oanbw IWmtXv ASwsNbvXpshp. ` qanbpsS hnhn[ ` mKfnse \ncoI ip{I kqcyapJneqsS kcnpXv ImWpXnep hyXymkw sImv ]mcemIvkv hgn kqcy\ntep Zqcafp. 1716 \ptijw 1761, 1769 CXpmhpsav {]hNnp.

CUkvhmen knhnssetkj\ptijw XqnIsf Iqejambn ]TnXv lmenbmWv. Hcp kzn AtX hepap mkvIntbm 7 Ccn Xqapv. AXn\m AXn 7 {]mhiyw {ZhywIqSpXepmhWw. mkn 6/7 `mKw iq\ym\amhWw (Emptyspace) shn kzw s]mXnbm Cu \nbaw D]tbmKnmw. kzw]qipXv Hcp Bns I\san 1/100 Cv \ofap Hcp Iyq_vkzn 2433 aney\ne[nIw Bw DmhWw (CXv an\naw BWv).1691 CsXms {]knoIcnp. 1693 ` qanbpsS ImnI {]Xew]Tnm Hcp bm{X XpSn- CXv IS bm{Xp klmbIamIpsaXn\m \mhnItk\v Xmev]cyapmbncpp. 52 ASn \ofw 18 ASnhoXn, 89 S tIhp`mcap sNdnb Hcp I CXn\mbpmn (temIw Npm\pw, kuv AvemnIv kmcn\pw D]tbmKnp pinkFv hnfnp C\w I) G{]n 1, 1694 \v ]pdsp. Cmev[qatIXphn Xmev]cyambn- AhbpsS elliptical orbit, AhbpsS inversesquare law A\pkcn kqcy{]ZnWw FnhbpsS ]gb sdtmUpI 2 hjs Cu bm{XbnemWtlw ]cntim[nXv (FhnsS \nvBcn \nv Fv hya). 1682 I [qatIXp 75-76 hjnsemcn 3 {]mhiyambn XpSbmbn \nconsXmsWtlwAtmgmWdnXv. lmenbpsS am foul BsWXn\m1682 se [qatIXp \mbn \ncon ^vfmwoUv B \ncoW^ew lmentm \yqt\m sImSpn. 2 hjw Ignv Cu expeditions]mfnXpw \yq lmensb Xs annse U]yqn It{Smfdmbn\nbanpXpamWv Ncn{Xw IXv. 1698 lmen AXpt]np.HIvtSm_ 15 \v Hcp hjw \op\np asmcp bm{Xv t]mImIzo tacnbn \nv Iev]\ Inn. Amev ]o Zn t{Kv (km)Cwv kinp. Atlw I \nmWspdnv ]TnmhXmWv ({]mbw Ccp]XpIfn). 1698 se bm{XbpsS tijw hopwlmen ISbm{X \Sn. 52 S (sXt Atacn ap\v) hscbpImnIin \nconv 27 BKv 1700 naun Xncnsn.

{]Imiknp

68

1701 Cwojv Nm\ense thentbw ]Tnp. CXn {^v XpdapJ\ncoWw, AhcpsS {]Xntcm[w Fnh clky \ncoWw sNpclky AP Dmbncpp. 1702 Izo B lmensb Bkv{Snbbnebv tImI (XpdapJs) insSpm \ntbmKnp. P\phcn 1704 CXn\mbn clky tkh\ ^ n \ntln\p ]Ww\Inbnpv. AXn\m {][m\ambn NmcWnbmbncpp Fqlnpp. Atmtgpw lmen {_mUn IpSnv Swear sNp Hcp ISense Iym]vSs kwkmcw A\pIcnm XpSnbncpXmbn ^vfmwoUv tcJsSppp (Captain Halley ]noSv Dr. Halley bmbn) 1758 1682 se [qatIXp Xncnphcpsa lmenbpsS {]hN\w Atls{]kn\mn.

lnmns \{X`q]Snse Arcturus (tNmXn) m\wASw ]e \{Xm\hpw sXmsWv ^ vfmwoUv tcJsSpn-1719 Atlw acntm 63 mw hbn B t]mn lmen \nbanX\mbn. As\bmWv 18 hjs N{/Xmc \ncoW^ew lmenbpsS Inb InnbXv. 1720 apX 1742 hsc (85 mw hbv) lmen \ncoWw \Sn.

1758 {InkvXpakv Zn\n {]hNnt]mse, lmenbpsS [qtaIXpIp. 13 G{]n 1759 \v AXv kqcy\v Ghpw ASpsn- 1761 epw1769 epw ip{INmcw lmen {]hNnt]mse 60 H_vkthdnIfnencpvBfpI \nconp. lmen IWmnb kqcy\ntep Zqcw 153aney In.ao- B[p\nIcptSXv 149.6 any In.ao. As\ acnv 27hjw IgnmWv lmen imkv{XtemIv Ncn{Xw krjvSnXv.

1686 {^mknkv hnMv_nbpsS {]IrXnimkv{Xw {]knoIcnp. tPm td {]IrXnimkv{X (Biology) cwKv ^nknIvkn\yq F t]mse alm\mbn Dbp- hnMv_n tdbpsS kplrpw kl{]hI\pambncpp. Im ensbkv F saUntUmIvS kkyfpsS \maw emn\n \nv {]mtZinI ` mjIfntemn. 1741 saUn {]mIvSokv \nn ASp hjw t_mWnbntev Xncnp. 1740 se Atlns Systema naturae t_mWnbnse \mgnImbn. bqtdmn a\pjys\ _tbmfPn mkn^ntj\n BZyambn DsSpnbXv AtlamWv. Nnmknpansapians Fn a\pjy homosapians am{XamWv AXn. ensbkv ss__nfnse {]fbs \ncknn. Fm AwKoIcnpan.

69

{]Imiknp

A{Xbpw sNdnb Imew (200 Zn\n Ipdhv) \op\n Hn\v kap{ZPohnIsf Icbntev _lpZqcw ASnpIbn t^mknepI Dmm km[nn. Hcp Imev `qan apgph Pen\Snbnembncpncnmw. Ipdp Ipdmbn hnbXmhmw. As\bmhmw kap{ZPohnIfpsS t^mkn aeapIfn ImWpsXv Atlw IcpXn.ss__n A\phZnp 6000 hjtm F{Xtbm ]gw`qanpsv A\pam\npXmsX entbkv AXv sXfnp ]dvBcpsS hntcm[hpw kmZnn. Cybntebpw ssN\bntebpw {]mNo\ Ncn{X bqtdmn Innsmncnbmbncpp. slmpkvae_mdnkv hp Ignncpp. tImwsX Z _t^mWns Historianaturelle 44 hmfyambn 1749-1804 \nSbnemWv {]knoIcnXv. {]IrXnNcn{Xns BZys B[nImcnI {K\vYamWXv. ]mcokn cmPmhns s_mmWn KmU\n 1731 apX kp{]mbncpp Atlw. KWnXw, h\kwcWn silviculture s ]v Fnh Xmev]cyap hnjbfmbncpp.

[qatIXpsh kqcy ]pdwXnbXv BWv ]nmev ` qanbmbsXv _t^m IcpXn. AXn\m XpSn `qan DcpInb emht]msebmhWw. ]noSv XWpv Poh\v hfcm km[np. AXn\vss__nfn ]dbp 6000 sImw t]mc. \yqs {]nknnbbnepwXpeyamb \nKa\apv. Dcpnb Ccpptemlw t]msebp HcptKmfw- 4000000 ASn hymkap Hv A{Xbpw Zn\ne[nIsaSppwHp XWppInm. AXmbXv 50000 hjntesd FSppw XWpm! Nne Ahy ImcWfm NqSv \op\np Imew hymktm sNdnb A\p]mXnemhWw hnpsXv RmA\pam\npp. icnbmb A\p]mXw Bscnepw ]conv Ip]nSnWw. \yqs Cu A\pam\s _t^m ]conp. 42964 hjhpw 221 Znhkhpw thWw `qan XWpms\tlw IcpXn. `qanv75000 hjw {]mbapspw ]dp (Cv 4.5 _ny hjamWv`qanbpsS {]mbsav IWmnbncnpp) 1747 kqcycivanIIpsd ImSnIfneqsS ISnhn v 200 ASn Zqscbp acs (Iens\) Xo ]nSnnp ^ pWojycpsS hnZy Atlw sNbvXp ImWnp(kndmIyqkn tdma IepIsf BnanUnkv Cs\ Inncpp). Po ^ udnb (1768-1830) s\tmfnbs D]tZjvSmhmbncpp.^udnb A\menknkv Cpw IzmkdpIfpsS ]T\n imkv{Xw

{]Imiknp

70

D]tbmKnpp. ` qanbpsS {]Xeta XWpnpp. Dv Npp]gpemhbmWv. 1820 ^udnb `qanbpsS {]mbw IWmnbXv 100aney hjamWv (_t^mtWm 1000 {]mhiyw A[nIw. Ctm 50 {]mhiyw Ipdhv). _t^m Umhnt\m apv kPohPmehpw H aqen \nv Evolution, Natural selection sImpmbXmsWv ]d BfmWv. kv{Xo ]pcpj kwtbmKw sImp {]P\\spdnpw NI \Snbncpp. tPmkv IphnbComparative Anatomy sb aptmp sImpt]mbn- Ihnbpw \mSIIrpamIm\m{Klnv k\mbno BfmWv Iphnb. amwk`ppw kky`ppamb arKv D hyXymkw Atlw hniZoIcnp. t^mknepI ]Tnp. Iphnbdn\p apv emammWv ]mcoknse\mNzd lndn ayqknbn Xeh\mbncpXv.

18 mw \qmn sIankv{Snbn ]ptcmKXn Dmbn. s_an{^mven sshZypXnbn ]coWw \Sn- Nmkv sIutfmw_vsshZypXnbnepw Iminbnepw \Snb KthjWw cpw InverseSquare law ]menpXmbn Ip. s_mtfmKv\bnse A\manpwH_v{SnIvkv s{]m^kdpamb eqbnPn Kmh\n CeIv{SnIv _mdnIp]nSnp. XhfbpsS amwkt]inbpsS Ne\w ImWv Cu D]IcWw DmnbXv. amwkt]inbn sshZypXn Dstlw sXfnbnp. 1746 bqf (1707-1783) {]Imiw XcwKhpw, Hmtcm hhpw hyXykvX XcwKthKXbpambn, {]Imiw refract sNpXns KWnX hniZoIcWw Xp. \yqs\ t]Snv Bcpw CXn\v {]m[m\yw sImSpn.semsamt\mtkhv 1748 Law of Conservation of mass and energy sImphp. tXmakv ssdv BImiKwKbn Hcp N{Iw t]mse \{XfpXn HmWv kqcys\v Ip. slj bpdm\ns\ Isn. tPm anj BZyambn XtamZzmcsfpdnv ]dp. {]Imins thKX kmamsWpw Hcp hkvXp IqSpX ` mcapsXnAXns BIjWn \np hnSm IqSpX thKX thWsapap \nban \nmWnXv A\pam\nXv. 18 mw \qmns Ahkm\nemWnXv. kzX{ambn CtX Bibw AtX Imev Isnbasmcm ]nbdn sska emmkv BWv. {^v \yq FmWtlw AdnbsSpXv.

hymghpw i\nbpw AhcpsS Iybpw 929 hjnsemcntelongterm shift sImv Fmw ]pdsnSsp {]Xn`mkw Dmq.

71

{]Imiknp

CXv emmkv \yqs {Kmhntj\ Xnbdnbnse ]nghmbn Isn.t{]m__nenn Xnbdn hnIknnp. emmkpw tPmk^v em{KmpwKWnX{]iv\ N sNbvXncpp. G{]n 1788 \v emmkv FgpXn-kucbqYw Hcp icmicn m\n\pNppw oscillate sNpp (Btmf\w) AhnsS \nv amdpn. amdppsns hfsc hfscsNdnb Afhpam{Xw. LS\, KpcpXzmIjWin Fnhbm AXns\mcp ncXbpv. B ncX \jvSsSpm ]pdsmcp int Ignbq. As\ Hv Cphsc Isnbnpan. Ghpw Ipdp \nbafm Ghpa[nIw {]Xn`mk krjvSnp {]IrXnbpsS emfnXyw emmkv FSpp ]dp. kucbqYw DmbXv s\_pebn \nmsWv (Nebular hypothesis) Imns\tmse emmkpw]dp.

September 1749 MD FSp tijw Hcnepw saUnkn {]mIvSokv sNmsX PntbmfPnbpsS bqWnt^mantdnb Xnbdn DmnbBfmWv sPbnwkv l. sIankv{Snbpw Irjnbpambncpp CjvShnjb. {]IrXn {]Xn`mkv `qanbpsS apJOmb amm 6000hjntesd thWsapw ` qanbpsS DXv` hspdn At\zjWwanYybmsWpw Atlw IcpXn. BZyw apXte (ap {Kl\{XmZnIfp {]]w Dmb apX) AXpv. AXn\hkm\hpan. HcpNn{Xie`n\v Hcp Znhkw Bbpt Dpshn cm{Xn AXns\mcpCatastrophy bmWv. a\pjy\v Hcp lnabpKw Catastrophy bmWv. ]s`qanbvXv Nnc]cnNnXamb Hcp {]Xn`mkw am{Xw- CXns t]cmWvUniformitarian theory. Npcpn, {_lvaZn\hpw, tZhZn\hpw, ]nXrZn\hpw, ` qZn\hpw Ft]mse Hcp Bt]nIX! {_lvamhnsbpwkucbqYntbpw Bbpv Cymv Hcp {_lvamntbpw, \psS kucbqYntbpw BbpmWv. N{s BbpmWv]nXrv. ` qanbpsS Bbpnt\m Ipdhv a\pjymbpv. AXnepwIpdhv ap arK]nIv! CXv Cybn IrXyambn IWmn]dncpp. kkyfn BbppIqSnb Ben\v hensbmcp m\apv kkyPmXnbn! Cu kwKXn bqtdmn BZyw AhXcnnXvl. a\pjy\v Hcp kp\man, Hcp ZzmcI ap, Hcp `qan Ipepwhmsmcp A\p`hamWv. ]s ` qanXv cmIepI t]mse Bhn\p`hnp Hcp Nnc]cnNnX kw`hw. Hcp ]gb P\XbpsS ]qnI m\kv XeapdIfmbn ssIamdphpw AsXmcp {]h

{]Imiknp

72

Nnmhp ]cnNnX kw`hw! kcbphn Atbmy apptmgpw ISen ZzmcI apptmgpw {iocma\pw {ioIrjvW\pw Atm`ycmbncnpXv Cu m\hnthI sshcmKy kmwkvImcnI kpsImmWv.

19 mw \qmn a\pjy\v Cu {]]nep m\spdnvss__nfn \np hyXykvXamb Hcp coXnbn bqtdm]y imkv{X Nnnm XpSn. {]IrXnbpsS sXcsSpv (natual selection)Hcp Nnmhnjbambn. Nmkv Umhn\mbncpp CXns tI{_np.Nmkv eb, B{^Uv d hmekv Fnh Atlns ]mizhnIfmbn \n cp {]apJcmWv. 1766 HMS tdmw\n FIen ]gvk Bbncpp ebens apO. ]gvkdpsS tPmenIentep th km[\ hmemWv. CXv IqSpX ]Wn\v]SepI