Precision tests and CP violation in gauge-Higgs unification scenario

@ 「余剰次元物理」研究会

(Jan. 20, ’10)

C.S. Lim （林　青司）

　　　 (Kobe University)

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I. Gauge-Higgs unification (GHU)

unification of gravity (s=2) & elemag (s=1)

Kaluza-Klein theory

unified theory of gauge (s=1) & Higgs (s=0) interactions

“Gauge-Higgs unification”

: realized in higher dimensional gauge theory

4D space-time4D gauge-field Higgs

5D gauge field

extra dimension

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the idea of gauge-Higgs unification itself is not new:

・ N.S. Manton, Nucl. Phys. 58(’79)141.

・ Y. 　 Hosotani, Phys. Lett. B126 (‘83) 309 : ``Hosotani mechanism”

The scenario was revived:

・ H. Hatanaka , T. Inami and C.S.L., Mod. Phys. Lett. A13(’98)2601( the main point )

・ The quantum correction to mH is finite because of the higher dimensional gauge symmetry → A new avenue to solve the hierarchy problem without invoking SUSY

(N.B.) The scenario may also shed some light on the arbitrariness problem in the interactions of Higgs.

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II. Finite observables and the precision tests of GHU scenario

Concerning (1), it will be desirable to find out finite (UV-insensitive) and calculable observables subject to the precision tests , although the theory is non-renormalizable and very UV sensitive in general.

To see whether the scenario is viable, it will be of crucial importance to address the questions, (1)Does the scenario have characteristic (generic) predictions on the observables subject to the precision tests ? (2) The problem of the arbitrariness of Higgs interactions may be solved. On the other hand, how is the variety of Yukawa couplings explained and how CP violation is realized ? (flavor physics → Maru’s talk)

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Are there such calculable observables other than the Higgs mass, protected by the higher dimensional gauge symmetry ?

Yes !

Calculable one-loop contributions to S and T parameters in the

Gauge-Higgs Unification 　 w./ N. Maru (Phys. Rev. D75(’07)115011)

It will be natural to suspect that such observables are hidden in the

Gauge-Higgs sector, just as the case of the Higgs mass.

We thus consider the S, T parameters due to gauge boson self-energies as the typical candidate.

We find (@ one-loop) :

・ For 6D, we find S – (4 cosθW) T is calculable

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In 4D, S and T are described by gauge invariant operators including Higgs doublet with higher mass dimension 6:

However, in the Gauge-Higgs unification scenario, Higgs is a gauge field, and these operators should be described by AM alone.

Thus we expect that the operators are no longer independent (operators are also ``unified” ).

In fact, we find that the gauge invariant operator responsible for S and T with mass dimension 6 (from 4D point of view) is unique (under the Bianchi identity):

(operator analysis)

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The local operator yield a UV-divergence for a specific linear combination of S and T, and the orthogonal combination ,

should be finite ! This expectation relying on an operator analysis has been confirmed by explicit calculations of Feynman diagrams.

Finite anomalous magnetic moment in the GHU scenario

(w./ Y. Adachi and N. Maru)

We consider another observable including fermions, which has been subject to the precision test: anomalous magnetic moment of fermions, a= (g-2)/2.

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The result is striking ! We find the anomalous moment is finite (calculable) in any space-time dimensions (in the simplified model) in G-H unification scenario.

Simple operator analysis shows it is the case.

In 4D, an operator relevant for g-2 is given as

In GHU, the Higgs should be replaced by Ay and the higher dimensional gauge symmetry implies Ay appears through covariant derivative Dy.

・　 U(1) theory (D+1 dimensional) (Y. Adachi, C.S.L. and N. Maru, Phys.Rev. D76(‘07)075009)

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Thus, the relevant local gauge invariant operator should read as

Actually to get g-2, DA should be replaced by <DA>, where <AM> = δM

y <Ay>. On the other hand, the on-shell condition for the fermion reads as

Thus we realize that the local operator relevant for g-2 just disappears !

Hence, we expect g-2 is observable in any space-time dimension, just as in the case of Higgs mass.

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The 1-loop diagram contributing to a = (g-2)/2.

( )

+

The UV divergent and finite parts are nicely separated by use of Poisson resummation.

We find the divergent part cancels out for arbitrary dimension D ! ・ The anomalous moment in a “realistic” model: SU(3) on MD x (S1/Z2) (Y. Adachi, C.S.L. and N. Maru, Phys. Rev. D79(‘09)075018)

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III. CP violation in higher dimensional theories

In spite of the great success of Kobayashi-Maskawa model, the origin of CP violation still seems to be not conclusive . (N.B.) The observed baryon asymmetry in the universe cannot

be attributed to the SM. → some new mechanism of CP violation (?)

We may have some new mechanism to break CP, once space-time is extended.

In fact, CP violation due to compactification of extra space was discussed: C.S. Lim, Phys. Lett. B256(’91)233 (A.Strominger and E. Witten, Commun. Math Phys. 101(’85)231).

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(How to define C, P transf.s corresponding to ordinary 4D ones ? )

We can easily fin matrix C, for instance, in higher dim. space-time, so that it satisfies .

However, we find (C.S. L., 1991): ・ Such defined higher dimensional C, P transf.s do not correspond to the 4-dimensional ones, in general, and some modification is necessary. ・ Interestingly, the modified CP transformation act on the extra space coordinates non-trivially: it acts as a complex conjugation of the complex homogeneous coordinates for the extra space. ・ If the compactfied space has “complex structure”, the breaking of CP can be realized.

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Take D=6 case for the illustrative purpose. In the basis, where 6D spinor decomposes into two 4-D spinors,

The C matrix satisfying ,

We thus modify C and P such that they correspond to ordinary 4D ones,

gamma matrices are given as

found not to reduce to ordinary 4-D transf., because of .

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Accordingly the transformation properties of a vector

is uniquely determined and we find:

(N.B.) The reason of the peculiar transf. under C was that extra dimensional gamma matrices are half symmetric and half anti-symmetric.

Thus introducing, a complex coordinate as

CP transf. is nothing but a complex conjugation:

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This peculiar property persists for higher (even) dimensions:

For instance, in 10D

Consider Type-I superstring theory with 6-dimensional Calabi-Yau manifold defined by a quintic polynomial for the coordinates of CP4 ,

“4 generation model”

CP is broken only when the coefficient C is complex, since otherwise the above defining equation is invariant under

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・ In fact, resultant Yukawa couplings is known to have a CP violating phase for complex C (M. Matsuda, T. Matsuoka, H. Mino, D. Suematsu and Y. Yamada, Prog. Theor. Phys. 79(’88)174).

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IV. CP violation in the GHU

How to break CP symmetry is a challenging issue in the scenario of GHU, where the Higgs interactions are originally gauge interactions with real couplings, in contrast to the case of UED.

As far as the original theory is CP invariant, possible way to break CP would be, say, ``spontaneous CP violation".

(N.B.) The low-energy limit of the open string sector of superstring theory is a sort of gauge-Higgs unification model, such as 10-dimensional (SUSY) Yang-Mills theory. So the same problem should be addressed also in string theory.

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In our paper we consider much simpler compactification than the C.-Y. compactification. Namely, we discuss the CP violation in the 6-dimensional U(1) gauge theory due to the compactification on the orbifold

We easily know that CP transfomration is not compatible with the condition of orbifolding.

(N.B.) Another possibility: CP violation through Hosotani mechanism, due to the VEV of the Higgs (Wilson-line phase). → Y. Adachi ‘s talk

CP violation due to the orbifold compactification 　　 (w./ N. Maru and K. Nishiwaki, arXiv:0910.2314 [hep-ph] ) One possibility to break CP symmetry is to invoke the manner of

compactificaion, which determines the vacuum state of the theory.

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In terms of a complex coordinate

the orbifold condition is written as

After the CP transf.,

the condition reads as

Thus, CP tranf. is not compatible with orbifolding condition , and CP symmetry is broken.

: “orientation-changing operator” (Strominger and Witten)

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Even the interaction vertices for non-zero K-K photons generally have CP violating phases:

The EDM of electron, as a typical CP violating observable, however, is found to vanish at 1-loop level. Unfortunately, we anticipate that we cannot get a non-vanishing contributions even at higher loops.

・ We have shown the phases survive even after the re-phasing. ・ We have identified re-phasing invariant quantity a la Jarlskog parameter .

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This is because the P transformation acts as

Thus P symmetry is not violated by the compactification, as is naively expected in QED.

Since, EDM necessitates both of P and CP violations, we anticipate EDM vanishes in our model, although we expect EDM will get contributions in a realistic theory including the SM, since P should be violated anyway in such a realistic theory.