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Técnicas de análisis genético: Reacción en cadena de la polimerasa Antonio Jiménez Velasco Departamento de Hematología Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, IBIMA.

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Page 1: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Técnicas de análisis genético:Reacción en cadena de la polimerasa

Antonio Jiménez Velasco

Departamento de Hematología

Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga

Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, IBIMA.

Page 2: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

2

Fundamentos de la PCR

Descubierta en 1985 por Kary Mullis

Premio Alfred Nobel de Química en 1993

Es una técnica “in vitro” utilizada para

amplificar enzimáticamente una región específica

de ADN/ADNc situada entre dos regiones de ADN

cuya secuencia se conoce.

Page 3: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

3

TGCTCTAACCGAAGTCGTGGGCTCTTCTGACAAGCATGGATTCTTTACT

GCTTTGTCTACAGAGAGCTTTTATCATATTCTCAAAGTGGTTTGTGTTCC

TGAGAAAGTTAAGAATCATAGATACTGGTTGACGCTAATATCCTTGACCT

TTTCCTTCGTAAGTAGGACTTGAAAATACTCACTTTGGAGCCATGTGGG

AAAAATCAAGTGGGGAAGCAGCATTCCTTGTGAATTTTAGATAGACAGC

TTAGAATGATATTTGGGCCAATAAAGGTTATCT

Secuencia del gen ABL1

- ADN / ADNc

- Cebadores / Sonda de Hibridación

- dNTp

- Taq polimerasa

- Buffer (Mg)

- H2O libre de nucleasas

Page 4: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Fundamentos de la PCR

Desnaturalización

Hibridación

Extensión

Page 5: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Fundamentos de la PCR

Page 6: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Fundamentos de la PCR

Visualización en geles (PCR a tiempo final)

- Análisis del producto final mediante electroforesis.

- Estudios CUALITATIVOS “presencia o ausencia”.

- La PCR competitiva fue un intento breve de hacerla cuantitativa

- Ejecución laboriosa

Page 7: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Fundamentos de la PCR

PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real

Page 8: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real

MARCAJE CON FLUORESCENCIA

h

h

X

X

Fluorocromo inespecífico“SybrGreen”

Sondas de Hibridación FRET

Sondas de Hidrólisis “TaqMan”

El nivel de FLUORESCENCIA que detectemos en cada momento será proporcional a la cantidad de gen en estudio, procesado mediante un programa

informático y visualizado en TIEMPO REAL como curvas de amplificación

Page 9: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real

A MAYOR NÚMERO DE COPIAS del gen diana en la muestra, MENOR SERÁ EL Nº DE CICLOS necesarios para comenzar

a detectar FLUORESCENCIA

105copias

104

103

102

101

Page 10: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Estudio de Reordenamientos Cromosómicos o

genes de fusión

mediante PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real

Page 11: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Principales alteraciones genéticas en la LMA

Page 12: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Leucemia Translocación T. Fusión

LMA-M2 t(8;21)(q22;q22) AML1/ETO

LMA,SMD t(3;21)(q26;q22) AML1/EVI1

LMA-M4Eo inv(16)/t(16;16) CBFB/MYH11

LMA t(6;9)(p23;q34) DEK/CAN

LMA t(1;11)(q21;q23) MLL/AF1p

LMA-M4 M5 t(6;11)(q27;q23) MLL/AF6

LMA-M4 M5 t(9;11)(p22;q23) MLL/AF9

LMA-M4 M5 t(10;11)(p12;q23) MLL/AF10

LMA-M4 M5 t(11;19)(q23;p13.1) MLL/ELL

LMA t(8;16)(p11;p23) MOZ/CBP

LMA-M3 t(15;17) (q22;q21) PML/RARA

LMA-M3 t(11;17)(q23;q21) PLZF/RARA

LMA-M7 t(1;22) (p13;q13) OTT/MAL

Reordenamientos Moleculares en la LMA

Page 13: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

LLA-B: 2016

Lilljebjörn et al, Nat Communications 2016DOI: 10.1038

• Fusiones de DUX4• Fusiones de MEF2D• Fusiones de ZNF384• ETV6-RUNX1 like

LLA-B LLA-B other

Fusiones en el 65% de LLA-B

Page 14: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real

Seguimiento del reordenamiento BCR-ABL1

t(9;22)(q34;q11)

Page 15: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Razelle Kurzrock et al. Annals of Internal Medicine 2003

Seguimiento del reordenamiento BCR-ABL1

Page 16: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real¿cómo cuantificamos?

Ratio BCR-ABL%

nº de copias de BCR-ABLx 100 x ¿FC?

nº de copias de ABL

Page 17: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real (RQ-PCR)

nº de ciclo (CT)

de

cop

ias

de

BC

R-A

BL

1.00E+00

1.00E+01

1.00E+02

1.00E+03

1.00E+04

1.00E+05

1.00E+06

18 21 24 27 30 33 36

Amplifica en el ciclo 31.5nº de copias BCR-ABL:

65 copias

CURVA ESTANDAR DE BCR-ABL

Page 18: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real (RQ-PCR)

nº de ciclo (CT)

de

cop

ias

de

AB

L

Amplifica en el ciclo 21.8nº de copias ABL:

85.600 copias

1.00E+00

1.00E+01

1.00E+02

1.00E+03

1.00E+04

1.00E+05

1.00E+06

18 21 24 27 30 33 36

CURVA ESTANDAR DEL GEN CONTROL (ABL)

Page 19: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Ratio BCR-ABL / ABL(IS) = nº copias BCR-ABL / nº copias ABL x 100 x FC

65 / 85.600 x100 x1.1513 = 0.087%

BCR-ABL amplifica en el ciclo 31.5nº de copias BCR-ABL:

65 copias

1.00E+00

1.00E+01

1.00E+02

1.00E+03

1.00E+04

1.00E+05

1.00E+06

ABL amplifica en el ciclo 21.8nº de copias ABL:

85.600 copias

1.00E+00

1.00E+01

1.00E+02

1.00E+03

1.00E+04

1.00E+05

1.00E+06

Page 20: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

DEFINICIONES DE RESPUESTA MOLECULAR en la LMC

Foroni L, et al. Br J Haematol 2011;153:179-190

Page 21: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real

¿podemos comparar los resultados obtenidos

en distintos laboratorios?

Page 22: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Estandarización de la RQ-PCR:BCR-ABL en Escala Internacional (IS)

Page 23: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

19 LAB

DIFERENCIAS DE

CASI 10 VECES

ENTRE LABS

DIFERENCIAS DE

1.2 VECES ENTRE

LABS

FACTOR

CONVERSION

Page 24: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Supervivencia de los pacientes con LMC en función de la Respuesta Molecular

Page 25: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Estudios de Enfermedad Mínima Residual

en Leucemias Agudas

(EMR)

Page 26: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Detección de la Enfermedad Mínima Residual(EMR)

Jacques J. M. van Dongen et al. Blood 2015;125:3996-4009

EMR

Page 27: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Resultados según EMR de NPM1 en MO

(negativo vs cualquier positivo)

Jan Krönke et al. JCO 2011;29:2709-2716

Tras inducción

Tras fin tto

Page 28: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Jacques J. M. van Dongen et al. Blood 2015;125:3996-4009

- MRD-low-risk if no MRD was detected at day 33 (TP1) and at 78 (TP2).

- MRD-high-risk patients with MRD >0,1% at TP2.

- MRD-intermediate-risk patients with MRD <0,1% at TP2.

Page 29: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Estudios de Quimerismo

en el Trasplante de MO

Page 30: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

DEFINICIÓN BIOLÓGICA DE QUIMERISMO

“Presencia en un mismo organismo

de dos o más tipos celulares

con distinta carga genética”

Page 31: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Seguimiento molecular del trasplante de médula ósea

CélulasMADRE

Post-TPHPre-TPH QT/RT

Acondicionamiento

Page 32: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

METODOS DE ESTUDIO DEL QUIMERISMO

D R 1 2 3 4 65Don Rec 1 2 3

REACCIÓN EN CADENA DE LA POLIMERASA

VNTRSTR PCR-ctr

Page 33: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

D R 1% 2,5% 5% 10% 25% 100%

VNTR Gel de Agarosa

STR Electroforesis Capilar – Análisis de Fragmentos

D R 1 2 3 4 65Don Rec 1 2 3

STRCapillar Electrophoresis – Fragment Analysis

Page 34: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

EVOLUCIÓN DEL QUIMERISMO

1. Quimera completa del donante (QC)

R D Seguimiento

2. Quimera mixta

2.1 Quimera mixta ascendente o incremento del QM (iQM)

2.2 Quimera mixta descendente (dQM)

D R Seguimiento

D R Seguimiento

Page 35: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

✓ SENSIBILIDAD de la metodología empleada

✓ Exactitud en la CUANTIFICACIÓN de dicha metodología

Detección de célulasresiduales del receptor

D R 1% 2,5% 5% 10% 25% 100%

VNTR

Donante

Receptor1-3%

STR

CELULARIDAD TOTAL

Leukemia 2003; 17: 220-54.

Page 36: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

N=133 68 LMA, 58 LLA y 7 Bifenotípicas PCR-VNTR

Seguimiento: en SP mensualmente.

En MO cada 3-4 meses (1 año)

iQM QC dQM pRECAIDAS 93% 27% 1% <0.001

Barrios M, Jiménez-Velasco A, et al. Haematologica 2003

Capacidad predictiva de recaída del Quimerismo en Leucemias Agudas

PCR convencional de regiones VNTR-STR

Page 37: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132

Time (months)

Rela

pse p

rob

ab

ilit

y

CC

iMCP <

0.0001

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132

Time (months)

Ove

rall

surv

ival

iMC

CC

P< 0.0001Análisis multivariante

Factor pronósticoindependiente en la

SLE y SG

TOTAL: 53 recaídas 49% no predicción por iQM

Barrios M, Jiménez-Velasco A, et al. Haematologica 2003

Capacidad predictiva de recaída del Quimerismo en Leucemias Agudas

PCR de regiones VNTR-STR

Page 38: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real y Quimerismo

VNTR-STR

Page 39: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real y Quimerismo

Polimorfismos de Inserción / Deleción y alelos nulos

ccctcactg ttttatcaat 121 gtgcaaaaac aaacaaaaaa aatacccaga aatgggaagt agtttggcca aggttaatta

181 catagcagca gaggcagaat ccatacccat ctcatcattg gccattcttt ctacataaag 241 atgtcaaaca

gttactgagc acttaatatg ggcatccttt ggtataaatt agctaatgca 301 atcctcatag ggactttatt attattgcta

ttgtgcatat gaggaaaatg aagaccagat 361 agctgaagga cttgttccag agtcatacaa ccaggagaag

gtagggccaa gctggctgac 421 ttgatcacag acctgtgatc accttttagc acctccacca cccatagaga

aagagcttgg 481 gaacatgggc caggaaggct aaaacctcac aatgtactct gcgcaccaca gtgttagatg

541 tgtttcttaa caaaaccgag aggaggcatt atggatcctc cccagaagaa gaatattgca 601 tgccacctgg

aaaggcatcc taccatataa aatagagttt ttcagctgtg taatatataa 661 gggctttggt tatttgaagt cacaagtgtt

taaagaagga gtctttaaat gttgctcagt 721 taaataaatc attttttctg ctcaaagttt gctaaatcat gagagcaact

catttttggg 781 acctcatgtt aagaattttg gagaacatta gggttgagta tcatgtaaat tatttaaaaa 841

aataaaaaaa gaattttgga gaacacactt tttataaaac aatacacaga gattactgat 901 gttaaaacag aggcgtgaat

RECEPTOR

DONANTE

Jiménez-Velasco A. Leukemia 2005

Page 40: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

C.V. Intraensayo: 0.05-2.61%

C.V. Interensayo: 0.07-3.12%

Correlación estrecha entre los resultados obtenido de las

diluciones celulares y la cantidadreal de células del receptor

Sensibilidad 0,01-0,001%

en celularidad totalR2=0,98

Jiménez-Velasco A. Leukemia 2005

Page 41: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Evolución del quimerismo en RECAÍDAS

PACIENTES RECAÍDOS

0

0

1

10

100

-480 -420 -360 -300 -240 -180 -120 -60 0 60

Días pre-recaída

Qu

imer

ism

o d

el r

ecep

tor

(%)

MO

SP

Incremento del QM en SP total

60 días previos a la Recaída

Page 42: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

73

29

94

39

94

42

0

20

40

60

80

100

Re

caíd

as

de

tect

ad

as

(%)

MO SP TOTAL

PCR ctr

VNTR

CAPACIDAD PREDICTIVA DE RECAÍDAPCRctr-INDELs vs PCR-VNTR

Jiménez Velasco A, et al. Leukemia 2005

PCR-VNTR 42%

PCR-ctr 94%

Page 43: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Fundamentos de la PCR

PCR digital

Page 44: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Simple Workflow

Closed System

AmplifyLoad ReadMix

Page 45: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Digital PCR Workflow

Use the number of positive and negative PCR reactions to count the number of target molecules.

Digital PCR is an analytical technique for quantification of nucleic acid samples

based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a

standard curve.

Page 46: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Through holes containing target DNAThrough holes containing both targetand b-globin DNA

Through holes containing b-globin reference DNA Through holes containing master mix with ROX but

no target or reference b-globin DNA

__________________________Ratio =copias del gen target

copias del gen de referencia

Page 47: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

Estudio comparativo del Quimerismo mediantePCR digital y RQ-PCR

QuantStudio™ 3D Digital PCR System

Leukemia Chimerism Study

Kathleen C. Hayashibara1, Antonio Jiménez-Velasco2.

1Life Technologies, 180 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA. 2Carlos Haya Hospital, Málaga, SPAIN .Hematology Department, Carlos Haya Hospital, Málaga, SPAIN.

Congreso de la Sociedad Americana de Genética Humana.Boston, USA, octubre 2013.

Page 48: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

48

Recipient Pre-SCT Data

Through holes containing target DNA

Through holes containing both target and b-globin DNA

Through holes containing b-globinreference DNA

Through holes containing master mix with ROX but no target or reference b-globin DNA

Page 49: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

49

Through holes containing master mix with ROX but no target or reference b-globin DNA

Through holes containing b-globinreference DNA

Donor Pre-SCT Data

Page 50: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

50

▪ The % Recipient Chimerism was then calculated by dividing the ratio of signal from the target vs. the reference assay of the sample after transplantation by the ratio obtained before stem cell transplantation (Pre-SCT).

− % Recipient Chimerism = (Target/Reference)Sample

/(Target/Reference)Pre-SCT

Page 51: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

51

Advantage of Duplex Reactions

▪ The b-Globin reference assay was labeled with VIC and run in duplex with each target FAM-labeled assay on the same chip allowing a single chip to be used to quantify both donor and recipient DNA.

Page 52: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

52 03-Oct-17 | Life Technologies™ Proprietary and confidential

Relapse was detected by qPCR and dPCR. However, dPCR was able to

detect a clear increase in % recipient chimerism by day 376, earlier

than RQ-PCR, which was able to detect the increase by day 417.

1.0000E-02

1.0000E-01

1.0000E+00

1.0000E+01

317 331 376 417 477

RQ-PCR dPCR

10%

1%

0,1%

0,01%

Page 53: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

53 03-Oct-17 | Life Technologies™ Proprietary and confidential

0.010%

0.100%

1.000%

10.000%

100.000%

60 83 94 125 151

RQ-PCR dPCR

The results show that amount of recipient DNA increased up to the day 125

sample, then decreased after discontinuation of Inmunosuppressive therapy

in the day 125 sample, avoid the leukemia relapse in the recipient.

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54 03-Oct-17 | Life Technologies™ Proprietary and confidential

Q8502: +60 Days

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55 03-Oct-17 | Life Technologies™ Proprietary and confidential

Q8570: +83 Days

Aumento de la celularidad del receptor (paciente)

Page 56: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

56 03-Oct-17 | Life Technologies™ Proprietary and confidential

Q8595: +94 Days

Se interrumpe el tratamiento Inmunosupresor

Page 57: Presentación de PowerPoint - Genotipia2019/03/02  · based on PCR amplification of single template molecules, without reference to a standard curve. Through holes containing target

57 03-Oct-17 | Life Technologies™ Proprietary and confidential

Q8647: +125 Days

Disminución de la hematopoyesis de receptor (paciente)

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58 03-Oct-17 | Life Technologies™ Proprietary and confidential

Q8719: +151 Days

Recuperación completa de la hematopoyesis del donante

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CONCLUSIONES

✓ Las técnicas de PCR son una herramienta de gran utilidad clínica en Hematología

✓ Fundamentales en la identificación de genes de fusión y mutaciones puntuales

✓ La PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real permite estratificar el pronóstico de los pacientes en función de los niveles de EMR

- Marcadores Específicos- Quimerismo en el trasplante de MO

✓Mayor estandarización de las técnicas

PCR digital

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60

Muchas gracias

© 2015 IMEGEN – Información confidencial. Todos los derechos reservados.