Report:

NORTHERN REGION FARM MACHINERY TRAINING &

TESTING INSTITUTE HISAR(HR)One Month Summer

TrainingUnder Guidence:

Er.Sunil PatilEr.Gurjeet singh

Submitted By:Saurabh kumar

Presentation

OF

Presented BySaurabh

Badhautiya

ENGINE

ENGINE IS THE HEART OF THE AUTOMOBILE

IT CONVERTS CHEMICAL ENERGY OF THE FUEL TO MECHANICAL ENERGY

• ENGINE DEVELOPS POWER & TORQUE

TORQUE : - Is the capacity to do work Measured in Kg-m , N-m , Lb-ft

POWER : - How fast the work can be done Measured in - Horse Power, Kilo watt

Main components of the engine• Cylinder Head• Engine block• Oil pan / sump• Gaskets• Cylinder• Piston,pistonrings,piston pin• Connecting rod• Crank shaft• Main Bearings• Camshaft• Valves• Mufflers• Manifolds

Engine produces the powerFUEL

COMBUSTION..

HEAT GENERATION .AIR EXPANTION.

PRESSURE GENERATION.

PISTON MOVEMENT

Engine layout

FF : Front Engine Front Drive

FR : Front Engine Rear Drive

MR : Midship Engine Rear Drive

RR : Rear Engine Rear Drive

Lengthwise type Breadthwise type

CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINE

1.Based on construction* Two stroke engine* Four stroke engine2.Based on Ignition* Spark Ignition engine* Compression Ignition engine3.Based on number of cylinder* Single cylinder* Twin cylinder* Three cylinder* Four cylinder* Six cylinder etc

CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINE

4.Based on arrangement of cylinder* Inline engine* V-Type* Opposed type* Radial type

CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINE

5. Based on fuel used• Petrol engine • Diesel engine• Gas engine6. Based on cooling system• Air cooled engine• Water cooled engine

CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINE

7.Based on number of valves• Conventional type – 2 valves per cylinder• Recent type- 3 or 4 valves per cylinder8.Type of valve arrangement• Side valve• Over Head valve

CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINES

By type of Ignition - Compression Ignition/Spark Ignition

COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES

• Basically Diesel engines• Use diesel fuel • Combustion is initiated by heat, on its own

SPARK IGNITION ENGINES

• Basically Petrol engines, LPG engines, CNG engines• Use leaded or unleaded petrol, Alcohol, LPG or CNG• Combustion is initiated by a spark from a spark plug

ENGINEFUEL WORK

COOLING

EXHAUST

THERMAL EFFICIENCY

EFFICIENCY = OUTPUT% INPUT

100%

33%

33%

33%

TYPICAL EFFICIENCIES

PETROL - 25%DIESEL IDI - 28-30%DIESEL DI - 32-33%

INPUT OUTPUT

ENGINE PARAMETERS

STROKE, mm

BORE,mm

CYLINDER CAPACITY,cc

ENGINE CAPACITY, cc = CYL. CAPACITY ( II/4 x D2x L) X No OF CYLUNITS - cc - Cubic centimeter - Lit - Liters = cc/1000

CLEARANCE VOLUME

ENGINE PARAMETERSBORE, mm : The diameter of the cylinder

STROKE, mm : The distance between top most point of piston travel to the bottommost point of piston movement

CAPACITY, cc : Also called displacement. The volume displaced by all pistons while moving from top to bottom. Also indicated in Liters.

CLEARANCE VOLUME : The volume available above piston, with the piston in top most point.

COMPRESSION RATIO : The ratio between the total volume to the clearance volume.

VALVE MECHANISM : The mechanism by which the valves are operated. It could be push rod type or overhead camshaft type

TIMING SYSTEM : The mechanism by which the camshaft & fuel injection pump are operated . It could be gear driven, chain driven or belt driven.

ENGINE PARAMETERS

• IHP or IP=PLAN/4500The power produced inside the engine by

burning of air-fuel mixture • BHP or BP=2iiNT/4500It is the amount of power available for useful

work at flywheel• FHP or FP=IHP - BHPIt is the difference between IHP and BHP

ENGINE PARAMETERS

Top Dead Centre (T D C)It refers to the position of the crank shaft when

the piston is in topmost position (Position closest to the cylinder head)

Bottom Dead Centre (B D C)It refers to the position of the crank shaft when

the piston is in lowest position (Position farthest to the cylinder head)

DIESEL ENGINEDIESEL ENGIENS ARE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES & USE DIESEL FUEL

DIESEL ENGINES ARE BROADLY CLASSIFIED AS DIRECT INJECTION (DI) AND INDIRECT INJECTION (IDI)

DIRECT INJECTION ENGINE (DI)

ON DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES, FUEL IS SPRAYED DIRECTLY ON TOP OF THE PISTON.

• Highly fuel efficient• Noisy• Easy cold starting ability

INDIRECT INJECTION ENGINE

ON INDIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES, FUEL IS SPRAYED ON TO A SEPERATE PRE-CHAMBER.

• Less fuel efficient• Less Noisy/smoother• Requires pre-heating for starting

DIESEL ENGINESIndirect Injection

• In an indirect injection (abbreviated IDI) diesel engine, fuel is injected into a small prechamber, which is connected to the cylinder by a narrow opening.

• The initial combustion takes place in this prechamber.

• This has the effect of slowing the rate of combustion, which tends to reduce noise.

An indirect injection diesel engine uses a prechamber and a glow plug.

Four stroke Engine

Almost all Tractors currently use all 4 strokes of operation is completed in two revolution of crank shaft

called a four-stroke combustion cycle to convert Diesel into motion. The four-stroke approach is also known as the Otto cycle, in honor of Nikolaus Otto, who invented it in 1867. The four strokes are :

Suction stroke.Compression stroke.Power stroke.Exhaust stroke.

General Definitions

Stroke

Piston movement

In Open

Ex Close

Action

Valve position

TDC to BDC

Suction

Air is sucked in

Stroke

Piston movement

In Close

Ex Close

ActionAir is

compressed

Valve position

BDC to TDC

Compression

Stroke

Piston movement

In Close

Ex Close

ActionDiesel is

injected & explosion

Power

TDC to BDC

Valve position

Stroke

Piston movement

In Close

Ex Open

Action

BDC to TDC

Exhaust

Exhaust is out

Valve position

CONSTRUCTION OF AN ENGINECYLINDER BLOCK

TDC Top Dead Centre - the highest point the piston crown reaches.

BDC Bottom Dead Centre - the lowest point the piston crown reaches.

Bore It is the Internal diameter of the liner. Stroke Length from BDC to TDC.

General Definitions

Swept Volume Volume swept by piston from BDC to TDC.

Clearance Volume Volume above the piston crown when the piston is at TDC.

Swept Volume + Clearance Volume Compression Ratio = --------------------------------------------------- Clearance Volume

General Definitions

Oil sump

• It is the lower part of the engine• Which contains lubricating oil for engine

lubrication• It encloses the crank shaft

Piston and Connecting rod

Flywheel

The flywheel is equipped to the transmission side of the crankshaft to maintain the smooth rotation using inertia force and to reduce the irregularity of the rotational force.

Cam and Camshaft

The cam drives the valves operation opening and closing the intake port for inhaling the mixture of fuel into the combustion chamber and the exhaust port for taking out the combusted gas.

Firing order sequence

2 cylinder 1 – 2 mahindra3 cylinder 1 – 3 – 2 mahindra

1 – 3 – 4 – 2 mahindra1 – 2 – 4 – 3

5 cylinder 1 – 2 – 4 – 5 – 31 – 5 – 3 – 6 – 2 – 41 – 5 – 3 – 6 – 2 – 41 – 2 – 4 – 6 – 5 – 31 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 3 – 2

1 – 6 – 2 – 5 – 8 – 3 – 7 – 41 – 3 – 6 – 8 – 4 – 2 – 7 – 51 – 4 – 7 – 3 – 8 – 5 – 2 – 61 – 3 – 2 – 5 – 8 – 6 – 7 – 4

4 cylinder

6 cylinder

8 cylinder

Inli

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