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Presentation Topics Outline
OVERVIEW DRONE TECHNOLOGY
What do you think of when you hear about drones? Public Perception
Drone Technology Expands Innovative Applications
Breadth of Recent Advances Limitless Applications in Variety of Areas
Benefits of Drone Data and Remote Sensing Compared to Conventional
Drone Data Benefits• Real time information• Time and Schedule• Costs (operating and capital)• Safety
– Dangerous environments to humans
– Reduces exposure to operator• Custom work plan to user• Operate in variety of conditionsGeospatial Data• Cost effective• Immediate• High Resolution • 3D
Drones Provide Improved Data Source for GIS Platform in Watershed/Floodplain
• Drones make data collection affordable– Payload does actual process of gathering data
• Floodplain applications can be more responsive– Timely and accurate data– Activities can be guided by data– Data collection can be better customized to
client needs“Drones augment reality” - Improved data can link physical infrastructure of watershed and effective monitoring / planning / activities / infrastructure
Range of Advanced Drone Technology
Nano Drone
Micro Drone
Northrop Global Hawk
Primary Component of “System”
Aircraft Navigation
Sensors Software
Unmanned Airborne Systems (UAS)
Recent Advances In Drone Technology
• Lightweight long-lasting batteries• Lower costs• Lightweight digital cameras• Close range oblique aerial photography• Flight control systems
– Accuracy of flight path / GPS receiver– Accelerometer / Gyroscope– Wi-Fi enabled real time video to smartphone
• Failsafe technology – return home / anti-collision– SLAM: Simultaneous Localization and Mapping– Real-time mapping of the drone’s environment– Can be used for collision avoidance without a priori knowledge of the
environment• Post processing softwareWhat LiDAR was to terrain mapping 10+ years ago, unmanned aerial systems will be to aerial surveillance and mapping in 5-10 years
Advanced Payload Drone Technology Sensors
Sensor Types• Electro Optical (EO / RGB)
– Small Format, Non-metric, Digital Cameras
– Medium Format, Metric, Digital Cameras
• Other Sensor Types– Color Infrared (CIR)– Multi-Spectral Imagery (MSI)– Thermal Infrared (TIR)– Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI)– Oblique Imagery – Video– Magnetometer
• Purpose-Driven Remote Sensing Tools– Radioactive measurement– Gas detection– Acoustic detection– Signal detection
• LiDAR
Advanced Drone Technology - LIDAR
UAV LIDAR Mapping Applications
Advanced Drone Mapping Technology
• New programming utility –Structure from Motion (SfM) approach
• Incorporates image-matching software algorithms providing unprecedented image-to-image registration of terrain from imagery
• Imagery can be flown from a small UAV up to 50 mph at low altitude providing two-inch resolution.
• UAV’s can collect 1 square mile every hour making it ideal for GIS applications
• UAV-SfM approach also offers economical alternatives to Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS ground surveys
DRONE BASICS – COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT
Basic Components or “Anatomy” of a Drone
Essentials:• GPS
Receiver• Flight
Controller• Compass• Propeller• Propeller
Motor• Video
Transmitter• Speed
Control• Gimbal• Battery• Camera /
Sensors
Basic Components or “Anatomy” of a Drone
Gimbal – Stabilizing Platform
• Payload sensor “mounts”• Movement counterbalance
at sensorWhy it’s Important• Achieves stability for
sensors• Eliminates vibrations or
“jello” effect• Major improvement on
ability to gather accurate information
• Fixed wing do not require gimbal
Flight Controller
• Brains of the drone (autopilot)
• Help stabilize multi-rotor • Automatically fly with
pre-programed flight including landing and takeoff
Ground Base Station - Navigation
1. Remotely Controlled– First person view
• requires video transmission• “soda straw” view, still high
risk for collision with obstruction (tree branch, power line, etc.)
2. Pre-defined flight plan (auto pilot)
– Accurate digital surface models required
– Fully autonomous - detect, sense, and avoid (DSA) obstacles for collision avoidance
Selecting Fixed Wing or Copter
1. Fixed wing– Efficient for area/site mapping– Typically flies racetrack or “mowing the
yard” patterns– Best for persistent surveillance (orbital
loitering)– Flying relatively high and fast (planes have
a high minimum stall speed)– Great for covering lots of area because
they move so fast– Basically 2D with some ability to extract 3D
information
2. Rotary – helicopter or “multicopter” (ex. quad / hexa / octo copters)
– Best for slow, stabilized collection– Efficient for corridor mapping– High level of accuracy– Able to cover 3D volumes with precise
flight control– Able to move at a speed you dictate— no
minimum stall speed
Popular Commercial UAV / Drone Manufacturers
Drone Selection Based on Desired Application – Surveillance vs. Mapping
1. Emphasis• Duration• Stabilization for zoom• Some transmit real-time video/imagery,
others store for review later• More emphasis on image/video gathering,
less on geographic placement of data2. Sensor Types
• Imagery• Video
3. Products• Non-georeferenced digital imagery• Non-georeferenced digital video• Possibly structure from motion (SFM)
Drone Selection for Topographic Mapping / DEM
• Filling the gap between traditional topo surveying and the medium and high altitude photogrammetry
• Products– Orthophoto Mosaics
(Ortho)– Digital Surface Model
(DSM)– Planimetric Map
Products– Change Detection– Volumetrics– 3D Modeling
UAV Flight Planning / Control Software
Ground Station ControlsReal-time video or image downlink
Flight controls
Primary flight display
Flight planning
Flight management
Camera controls
Object tracking
Video stabilization
Waypoint navigation
Video or image post processing
Advances in Flight Control / Ground Control Software
• Waypoints– Likened to a co-pilot, automatically flies to
a series of set waypoints in the sky at a customizable speed. Angles of camera and flight plan can be adjusted and saved.
• Point of Interest – Automatically flies around a specified
point at a preset height and radius, keeping the point in the center of the frame.
• Follow Me– Follows a beacon signal emitted by a
smartphone. This is intended for use in sports, when the drone follows a target with little or no manual control
UAV Post-Processing and DEM / Orthophoto Preparation
MappingFlight planning
Flight management
Data download / coverage checkAPM and AT
Surface model extraction
Orthorectification
Mosaicing
Analysis
UAV Post-Processing and DEM / Orthophoto Preparation
• PhotoScan• DroneMapper• APS Automatic
Photogrammetry Software (Menci)
• Global Mapper• Trimble – TBC aerial
photogrammetry module
FLOODPLAIN / WATERSHED APPLICATIONS
Improved Applications for Data Acquisition In Floodplain / Watershed
• Floodplain DEM• Real-time storm flood monitoring / flow
depths• Storm floodplain delineation• Stream characterization / geomorphology• Streambank erosion monitoring• Flood facility inspection• Flood damage investigation• Floodplain vegetation evaluation• Watershed characterization/landuse• Flood control facility construction monitoring
Real Time DEM for Floodplain Model Data Source at Required Accuracy
Real Time Storm Flood Inundation Mapping
Improved Accuracy of Base Floodplain DEM with LIDAR
LIDAR Based Drone Survey River Water Depths Mapping
Watershed / Floodplain Vegetation Surveys / Assessments
Geomorphic Assessment River Floodplain and Alluvial Fans
Example of Floodplain Applications
MAPPING WITH DRONES –DEMs FOR FLOODPLAIN STUDY
Work Program for DEM Generation
Basic Steps1. Flight plan
– Automated – Overlap required
2. Ground control points
– Number of required
3. Post Processing– Software
Step No. 1 Align All Images - Post Processing
Step No. 1 Align All Images - Post Processing
Step No. 2 – Build Cloud of Dense Data Points
Step No. 2 – Build Cloud of Dense Data Points
Step 3 – Classify Points
Step 4 – Build Mesh
Step 4 – Build Mesh
Step 5 – Tie to Ground Control Points
Step 6 – Export Output to Orthophoto / DEM
DRONE REGULATIONS / LAWS
Status of FAA Regulations
• September 30,2015 deadline for FAA to integrate UAVs into national airspace– FAA will miss deadline– Proposed DRAFT Rule divided into:
• Operational Limitations• Operator Certification• Aircraft Requirements
• Current 2012 Regulations limit uses and divided into user groups:– Recreational– Commercial Business
• Selling photos or videos taken from a UAS• Using UAS to provide contract services, such as industrial equipment or factory
inspection• Using UAS to provide professional services, such as security or telecommunications• Professional cinema photography for a film or television production• Providing contract services for mapping or land surveys
– Government
Proposed Federal Regulations –Drone Operations
Commercial User – Currently Apply for Exemption under FAA Section 333
• Section 333 Exemption – a grant of exemption in accordance with Section 333 AND a civil Certificate of Waiver or Authorization (COA); this process may be used to perform commercial operations in low-risk, controlled environments.
Summary of FAA Section 333 Exemption Application Information Requirements
Description of intended use and proposed operation Standard procedures used to ensure safe flight (i.e. pre-flight,
maintenance, etc.) Radio frequency used for operation/FCC approvalQualifications of Pilot in Command (PIC) including level of airman
certification and hours of flight experience Standard medical evaluation of PIC Describe how UAV operation will not adversely impact public
safety Specify maximum operating speed / altitude / minimum flight
visibilityMust be operated in visual line of sight and indicate howObtain Certificate of Waiver or Authorization (COA) from FAA
prior to operating UAV through this process
California Draft Drone Legislation – SB 142
• Fly drones no lower than 350 feet above private property without owner’s permission.
• Exemption for lawful flights of government and law enforcement drones
• Senate approved bill
Future Trends in Drone Technology
• Consumers– Lower cost– Easier use – more automation– Integration into consumer products
(like Google Earth)• Professionals
– Larger (MP) and better (metric) cameras
– More variety of sensors– Automated and real time data
processing – Persistent surveillance– Solar powered stratospheric platforms
• Technology– Improvements in autonomous
controls• Detect, Sense, and Avoid (DSA)
for collision avoidance• 3D modeling for navigation
– Range imaging– LiDAR
– Standardization of control system and common use between different kinds of UAV
– Improved stabilization– Better fuel cells enabling longer
flight times– Miniaturization - micro UAS– Automated in-flight decision
making and actionable use
New Prosumer Drone Technology