4

pRgqIvwd : ivcwrDwrweI pirpyK Aqy ieiqhwsk ivkws

pRgqI aunqI dw smwnwrQI Sbd hY Aqy ieh hr ivAkqI dI

suhjwqmkqw dw pRgtwvw krdw hY[ hryk ienswn Awpxy vrqmwn rwhIN Awpxy

Biv`K nUM hor izAwdw byhqr bxwaux dI ^wihS r`Kdw hY ArQwq pRgqI

pirvrqn dI sUck hY pr iksy ivSyS idSw vl[ jo A`j hY ausnUM k`l hor

auc`qm rUp ivc vyKx dI jigAwsw mnu`K nUM krm krn leI pRyirq krdI hY[

pRgqI AMgryzI BwSw dy Sbd ‘Progress’ dw pMjwbI Anuvwd hY jo ik ^ud lwqInI

Sbd Pro-Gredior qoN inkilAw hY, ijsdw ArQ hY A`gy v`Dxw[1 pRgqI dw

smwnwrQI ArQ hY: aunqI, A`gy v`Dxw, ivkws krnw, ikirAwSIl hoxw Awid[

pRgqI dy Bwv ArQ nUM ikirAw Sbd dy rUp ivc r`iKAw igAw hY, ijsdw ArQ

hY; qr`kI krnw, AgWhvDU hoxw[2

ieauN pRgqI dw ArQ iksy lKS dI pRwpqI leI A`gy v`Ddw hY[ ieiqhwsk

p`K qoN pRgqI ivc nYiqkqw dw q`q Sml hY Aqy pRgqI dw kRm aunHW nYiqk kImqW

(Moral Values) v`l v`Dxw hY ijnHW nUM pRwpq krn leI Anyk Xu`gW qoN mnu`K

Xqn krdw AwieAw hY[ kRm-ivkws (Evolution) iek inrMqr Aqy kRimk

(connected) pirvrqn hY Aqy ieh iksy vI idSw ivc ivkisq ho skdw hY[

ArQwq ieh aunqI jw pqn v`l jw skdw hY[ pRgqI Sbd dy ArQ swpyK qOr

qy sMkIrx jW sIimq hn[ pRgqI pirvrqn qW hY, pr iksy vI idSw ivc

pirvrqn pRgqI nhI; pirvrqn jdoN ie`Cq jW svIikRq idSw ivc huMdw hY qW

pRgqI hY[ pRgqI iek pRkwr dw ie`Cq krm-ivkws hY[ pRgqI nUM v`K v`K

ivdvwnW ny Awpxy Awpxy idRStIkox qoN pirBwiSq kIqw hY[ PyAr cweIlf

Anuswr:

5

iksy svIikRq Aqy ieCq lKS jW mMqv v`l vDxw hI

pRgqI hY[3

swihq ivc ies Sbd dy ArQ hn, auh swihq ijhVw mnu`K nUM aus dIAW

vwsqivk siQqIAW qoN jwxU krvw ky ausnUM A`gy qorn Aqy A`gy v`Dx ivc

shwieqw krdw hY[ pMjwbI swihq koS ivc pRgqIvwd nUM smwjvwdI-XQwrQvwd

dw hI pirAwievwcI mMinAw igAw hY[4 fw. ngyNdr Anuswr,

pRgqI Sbd dw ArQ A`gy v`Dxw zrUr hY, pr iek

ivSyS FMg nwl qy ivSyS idSw ivc[ ausdI iek

viSSt pirBwSw hY, ies BwSw dw AwDwr

dvMdwqmk-BOiqkvwd hY[5

pRgqIvwd dy isDy ArQ BwvyN pRgqI jw ivkws nwl sMbMD r`Kx vwly hn,

pr AwDuink swihq dI SbdwvlI ivc ies Sbd ny Awpxw iek ivSyS ArQ

dwierw kwiem kIqw hY[ pRgqI ivSyS idSw ivc pu`itAw auh kdm hY, ijsdI

buinAwd mnu`KI kdrW-kImqW aupr AwDwirq huMdI hY[ kuJ swihq smIiKAk

Aqy swihq-icMqk pRgqIvwd nUM is`Dy rUp mwrksvwd jW mwrksvwdI suhj

Swsqr dw hI pirAwievwcI mMndy hn[ pr dUjy pwsy auh sihq icMqk vI hn

ijhVy pRgqIvwd nUM iesdy ieiqhwsk pirpyK ivc r`Kdy hoey iesdw ivl`Kx

suBwA svIkwr krdy hn[ fw. kysr isMG kysr dw m`q hY ik,

SurU SurU ivc AgWhvDU lihr dw ivkws PwsIvwd

nwzIvwd dy ivru`D buDIjIvIAW dy iek ‘sWJy morcy’

vjoN hI hoieAw hY qy ies morcy ivc ribMdr nwQ

tYgor ijhy auh swihqkwr vI Swiml hoey ijnHW dw

kimauinst rwjnIqI nwl koeI vwh-vwsqw nhIN

sI[6

6

fw. rwGy rwgv Anuswr:

pRgqISIl swihq isrjx leI ieh zrUrI nhIN hY ik

lyKk mwrksvwdI hovy[ auh mwnvwdI vI ho skdw hY,

pr ausdw iemwndwr hoxw Av`Sk hY[7

kuJ hor swihq icMqk Aqy Awlock Aijhy hn ijhVy pRgqIvwdI swihqk lihr

mwrksvwd dw pirAwievwcI nw mMndy hoey ies ƒ ieiqhwsk vrqwrw mMndy

hn[ sMq isMG syKoN pRgqIvwd nUM XQwrvwd dw hI iek rUp mMndw hY, auh ilKdw

hY:

pRgqIvwd XQwrQvwd dw hI iek rUp hY, ijvyN

pRikRqIvwd ijQy pRikRqIvwd XQwrQvwd nUM inrwSw dI

idSw v`l lY jWdw hY[ auQy pRgqIvwd AwSwvwdI hY,

ikauNik pRgqIvwdI ivSvws dw AwDwr hI ieh Aws

hY ik smwj pRgqI dy rwh auqy jw irhw hY qy ieh rwh

kyvl shI AgvweI qoN ibnW iesdy Awpxy pRgqI dy

rwh qoN Btk jwx dw fr hY[8

ies sMdrB ivc fw. gurbKS isMG PrYNk dw hvwlw dyxw auicq hY:

pRgqIvwd dw mqlb mwrksvwdI hoxw nhIN; nw hI

pRgqIvwdI hox dw mqlb kimauinst hoxw hY[9

auprokq pirBwSwvW dy ivSlySxwqmk AiDAYn qoN bwAd ieh Dwrnw

bxweI jw skdI hY ik pRgqI auh pirvrqn hY jo lKS dy AnurUp ieCq Aqy

svIikRq idSw ivc huMdw hY[ pRgqI iek pRkwr dw insicq smwjk pirvrqn hY

jo iek ie`Cq idSw ivc huMdw hY Aqy ijsdI pRikRqI guxwqmk huMdI hY Aqy jo

smwj ivSyS dIAW pRcilq kImqW dy AwDwr qy jwixAw jW AMikAw jwdw hY[

7

sMklp pRgqI nUM hyT ilKy smIkrx (Equation Model) duAwrw smiJAw jw

skdw hY:

pRgqI

pRgqI ny jdoN iek inSicq kwiv-Dwrw jw vwd ivSyS dy rUp ivc sQwn

bxwieAw qW keI ivvwdW nUM jnm id`qw, ijs ivc mu`K rUp ivc swihq icMqk

Aqy Awlock pRgqIvwd bwry do vrgW ivc vMfy hoey hn, iek auh ijhVy

pRgqIvwd nUM is`Dy rUp ivc mwrksvwd jW mwrksvwdI Swsqr nwl joVdy hn,

dUjy auh ijhVy iesnUM ieiqhwsk pirpyK ivc r`Kky nvIAW auBr rhIAW

siQqIAW Aqy pirsiQqIAW dI loV ivcoN pYdw hoeI lihr mMndy hn[ dUjw

ivvwd; pRgqI Aqy pRqIikirAw dw sMbMD kI hY? prMprw iks pRkwr pRgqI ƒ

pRBwivq krdI hY? keI q`Q pRgqI dy snmuK r`Kdy hoey iesnUM “vwd” ivSyS ho

jwx dI swriQkqw nUM vI ivAkq krdy hn[ ies sMbMD ivc AcwrIAw rwm

mUrqI iqRpwTI ny ikhw hY:-

BwrqI ieiqhws ivc kdI vI pUrv gRih nhIN sI Aqy

mq-Byd hox qy vI iksI pRkwr dI eykwigrqw nhIN

sI, pr jy pRgqIvwd dy bwry ivcwr kIqw jwvyN qW

ieh “vwd” BwrqI nhIN hY, ivc vwd nhIN ivcwr

hY[ ijs pRkwr AMgryzI swihq ivc ‘kwiszm’

pScwqX tYmpU ijsdy ivc vwd “kwiszm” AQvw

“romwitiszm” sI ausy dw hI A`gy pirvrqn rUp

ieh pRgqIvwd hY[ ies pRgqIvwd dI jVH ieMglYNf

smwjk pRikirAw ie`Cq idSw smwjk kImqW nwl sMbMiDq

8

ivc l`gI ies qoN bwd pRgqIvwd lyKk sMG dI

sQwpnw hY[10

vwsqv ivc swihq pRgqISIl huMdw hY, ikauNik swihq dw kwrj mnu`K nUM

jW mnu`KI smwj nUM Ax-auicq qoN auicq dy v`l lY ky jwxw huMdw hY pr ieQy ijs

“vwd” ivSyS ivc pRgqI nUM r`iKAw jw irhw hY, auh mwrks dy is`DWqw dw pRbl

smrQk hY jo pRgqI dy dwiery nUM sMKyp rUp ivc pyS krdw hY[ vwd: sMgXw,

crcw, iksy drSn (Swsqr) dw inSicq kIqw is`DWq, ijvyN ik AdvYqvwd

drSn hovy, mwnvqwvwdI hovy qW siQqI AnurUp kwiv pRgqISIl ho jWdw hY[

mnu`KI siBAqw dw Awidm qoN vrqmwn q`k ivkws ausdI pRgqISIlqw dw hI

pRqIk hY[ pRgqIvwd jIvn dI ivigAwnk idRStI hY, pRgqISIl Aqy pRgqIvwd

dI rcnw pRivrqI smwn hY[ dovyN hI smwjk sm`isAwvW nUM auTwauNdIAW hn qy

inmn vrg leI sMGrS krdIAW hn[ pRgqIvwdI swihq jnqw dI qr&dwrI

krn vwlw swihq hY[ pRgqIvwdI dy is`Dy ArQ BwvyN pRgqI jW ivkws nwl sMbMD

r`Kx vwly ivcwr hn, pr pRgqI ivSyS idSw ivc pu`itAw auh kdm hY, ijsdI

buinAwd mnu`KI kdrW-kImqW aupr AwDwirq hY[ pRgqIvwd dw sMklp bhuq

ivsiqRq hY[ ies dIAW mwnqwvW ies pRkwr hn:

• pRgqIvwdI idRStIkox BOiqkvwd qy AwDwirq hY[ iesdw eISvr, Awqmw

Awid dwrSink BwvnwvW nwl koeI sMbMD nhIN hY[

• pRgqI AMdrUnI guxW dy kwrn nhIN huMdI, sgoN ieh qW mnu`K dy cyqn XqnW dw

istw huMdI hY[ pRgqI krn leI tIcy nUM pihloN inrDwirq krnw zrUrI hY[

iPr sMklp nUM AwDwr bxw ky Xqn krny pYNdy hn[ jdoN aunHW XqnW ivc

s&lqw imldI hY Aqy inrDwirq tIcw pRwpq ho jWdw hY qW ausnUM pRgqI

AwKdy hn[

9

• pUMjIvwd swmrwjvwd Awid pRiqikirAwvwdI q`qW dw AMq krky smwjvwd dI

sQwpnw krnw hI ausdw audyS hY[ ies audyS dI pUrqI leI nYiqk,

rwjnIqk Aqy swihqk prMprwvW dw ivroD krnw Av`Sk smJdw hY[

• pRgqIvwd swihq ivc smwj nUM ivSyS mh`qv pRdwn krdw hY Aqy ivAkqI

auqy ausdy inXMqrx dI zrUrq AnuBv krdw hY[

• pRgqI smwjk kImqW duAwrw inrDwirq huMdI hY[ ijs dyS kwl ivc jo

smwjk kImqW hoxgIAw aunHW Anuswr aunw dI pRgqI dw ivcwr hovygw[

pRgqI dy pirAwievwcI iek hor Sbd vI hY, ausdw vI izkr krnw lwzmI

hY Aqy auh hY kRWqI (Revolution), kRWqI vI iek pRkwr dw pirvrqn hY[ mnu`KI

smwjW dy lMmy smyN dy ieiqhws ivc iek mh`qvpUrn GVI (Movement), iek

Gtnw (Event) hY jo kdI hI AwauNdI hY[ kRWqI iek qrHW dI isKr hY jo mnu`KI

smwj dy ieiqhws nUM spSt rUp ivc pihlW Aqy ipCoN dy do p`KW jo iek dUjy qoN

iblku`l v`Kry hox ivc vMfdI hY[ kRWqI duAwrw ilAWdy gey pirvrqn dw pRBwv

kyvl vrqmwn smwj auqy hI nhIN blik mnu`KI smwj ivc Biv`K ivc hox vwly

ivkws auqy vI Aijhy FMg nwl pYNdw hY, mu`F ivc AsIN kdy soc jW ivSvws nhIN

kr skdy sI ik iesdy Aijhy fUMGy is`ty jW pirxwm inklxgy[ vwsqv ivc

kRWqI smwj dI vrqmwn siQqI ijs nUM nw-mnzUr (unacceptable) Aqy

AishXog kih id`qw igAw hovy, nwloN sMbMD qoVnw hY[ kRWqI iek pUrx qOr ’qy

iBMn smwjk Aqy mwnvI sMswr nUM punr sQwipq krn dy ierwdy (will ) dw

pRgtwvw krdI hY[ ies qrHW kRWqI dy nqIjy vjoN iek smUihkqw (collectivities)

dw dUjI smUihkqw dy iek Bwg dy mYNbr dI cyqnMqw (consciousness) Aqy

rv`eIey (Attitude) ivc fUMGw pirvrqn huMdw hY[ iesdy nwl hor vI pirvrqn

dohrI mwniskqw ivc (In Mentality) Aqy smwjk sMgTn (Social

Organization) ivc huMdy hn[ srl SbdW ivc jdoN smwjk pirvrqn iek dm

10

huMdw hY Aqy bwhrI SkqI vI Awpxw Xogdwn pwauNdI hY qW ausnUM kRWqI kihMdy

hn[

kRWqI mu`K qOr qy smwjk sMdrB ivc AwauNdI hY Aqy iesdy iqMn mu`K kwrn

huMdy hn:

1. smwjk-ivSyS dy bhu-igxqI lokW dI vrqmwn siQqI nUM pirvrqn

krn dI mMg[

2. s&lqw pRwpqI dI aumId Aqy sMGrS dI pRoVqw[

3. s`qwDwrI vrg dI kmzorI ivc ivSvws[

sMKyp ivc kRWqI bhuq izAwdw ivAwpk, pUrn Aqy Acwnk Awey smwjk

pirvrqnW qoN huMdI hY[ ijnHW dy nqIjy vjoN nvIN smwjk ivvsQw dI sQwpnw

huMdI hY[ pr pRgqI qy kRWqI ivc &rk ieh hY ik pRgqI AihMswqmk,

pRcwrk/ivAwpk qy smUhkqw nUM klwvy ivc lY ky ivcrdI hY jdik kRWqI bhuqI

vwr ihMsk GtnwvW qy kuJ vrg qk sIimq ho ky ivgsdI hY[

(a) pRgqIvwd is`DWqk p`K Aqy ieiqhwsk ipCokV

pRgqI dy sDwrn ArQ qW aunqI Aqy ivkws nwl juVy hoey hn pr Awpxy

Swbidk ArQW qoN pwr ieh smwj, siBAwcwr Aqy mnoivigAwnk Awid p`KW qoN

hoNd gRihx krdw hY Aqy iehnW p`KW nUM moVvyN rUp ivc pRBwivq vI krdw hY[

pRgqI nUM ies sMdrB ivc ilAw jw skdw hY ik iesdw mnorQ jIvn pRgqI nUM

gqI pRdwn krn ivc hY[ pRgqIvwd dy is`Dy ArQ BwvyN pRgqI jW ivkws nwl

sMbMD r`Kx vwly hn, pr AwDuink swihq dI SwbdwvlI ivc ieh Sbd Awpxw

iek ivSyS ArQ r`Kdw hY, pRgqIvwdI swihq smwj nUM ivSyS mh`qv pRdwn

krdw hY Aqy ivAkqI auqy ausdy inXMqrx dI zrUrq AnuBv krdw hY[

pRgqIvwdI swihq swmrwj, swmMqvwd, Dwrmk AMD ivSvws, jmwqI lu`t-Ksu`t,

zwq-pwq, iesqrI jwqI dw dmn Awid iviSAW nUM pRgt krdI hY, auQy dUjy pwsy

11

Zulwm mulkW/kOmW dI AwzwdI, mnu`KI brwbrI, sMswr Amn, rwStrI eykqw,

Dwrmk qy sMpRdwiek Bwvnw nUM AwDwr bxwauNdI hY[ ieh smkwlI smwjk

SkqIAW dI bOiDk pDr qy AgvweI krky smwjvwd dI sQwpnw krdw hY[ fw.

Aqr isMG dy ivcwr Anuswr:-

pRgqIvwdI swihq dw Bwv Aijhy swihq qoN hY ijhVw

auBr rhIAW smwjk SkqIAW dI bOiDk qOr qy

AgvweI krky smwjk pVwA smwjvwd dI sQwpnw

dI pRyrnw idMdw hY[11

AwDuink ivSv swihq nUM gWDI, mwrks, nIqSy Aqy Prwief ny bhuq

pRBwivq kIqw[ aus qoN pihlW jo swihq ricAw jWdw sI auh bhuq pRBwvvwdI

sI[ aus ivc izAwdwqr pRikrqI Aqy r`b dw izkr/gungwx kIqw igAw sI[

ausqoN bwAd kulIn vrg aupr iliKAw igAw Aqy jdoN swihq ivc nvIAW

mnu`KI kdrW-kImqW dw Awgmn hoieAw qW auh pRgqIvwdI swihq AKvwieAw[

jykr iesdy isDWqk p`K dI g`l kIqI jwvy qW iesdw is`DWq mwrks dy

dvMdwqmk BOiqkvwd aupr AwDwirq hY, ijhVw AwriQk Asmwnqw Aqy sMGrS

nUM ivkws dw mUl kwrn mMndw hY Aqy ieh jIvn dw ivigAwnk idRStIkox hY[

ieh iksy AidRS SkqI jW AlOikk mwnqwvW ivc ivSvws nhIN r`Kdw[ ieh

dwrSink qy smwjk is`DWq dI mUl jVH hY[ ijs Anuswr isRStI dw mUl pdwrQ

hY qy ieh pirvrqnSIl hY[ BOiqkvwd pdwrQ nUM mn nwloN sRySt smJdw hY[

pdwrQ qy mn ivckwr dvMd hox kwrn iesnUM dvMdwqmk ikhw igAw hY[

dvMdwqmk BOiqkvwd dw isDWq mwrks ny id`qw[

BwvyN Bwrq ivc clIAW rwjsI lihrW rwhIN

pRgqIvwdI rucIAW dw pRcwr huMdw irhw hY pr ivSyS

12

idRStIkox qy inSicq ivcwrDwrw vjoN iesdw AwrMB

mwrksvwdI lihr rwhIN hI hoieAw[12

sDwrx SbdW ivc mwrksvwd qoN Bwv kwrl mwrks dIAW (1818-1883)

dwrSink ilKqW qoN hY[ kwrl mwrks dy ivcwrW ivc PrYfirk eyNglz (1820-

1895) dw vI v`fw Xogdwn irhw[ ies leI mwrksvwd ivc Engles dw vI

izkr huMdw hY[ mwrks mUl rUp ivc Awpxy gurU hIgl (Hegel) dy drSn-

Swsqr AwdrSvwd v`l sI, auQy mwrks ny auhnW ivcwrW jW isDWqW nUM

XQwrQvwd ivc vriqAw Aqy AwpxI iek nvIN ivcwrDwrw bxweI ijsnUM

ivigAwnk smwjvwd (Scientific Socialism) ikhw jWdw hY[ mwrks Awpxy smyN

dy AwriQk Aqy rwjnIqk FWcy qoN kwPI nwKuS sI[ ZrIbW dy SoSx qy AmIrW dy

rwj krn dI pRxwlI qoN pRBwivq ho ky mwrks ny iek Aijhy smwj dI sQwpnw

dw sMklp AwrMiBAw ijs ivc smwnqw dw isDWq pRmu`K sI[ AijhI smwjk,

AwriQk Aqy rwjnIqk ivvsQw nUM mwrks ny smwjvwd dw nwm id`qw[ mwrks

dI ivcwrDwrw qoN pRBwivq ho ky 1917 eI. ivc lYinn ny rUs ivc kRWqI ilAWdI

Aqy mwrksvwdI smwj dI sQwpnw kIqI[ 1949 eI. ivc mwau-qusy-quMg ny vI

mwrksvwd qoN pRyirq ho ky cIn nUM Awzwd krvwieAw mOjUdw smyN vI mwrks dI

ivcwrDwrw dy qihq dunIAw Br ivc vDyry rwjnIqk pwrtIAW rwj kr rhIAW

hn[

mwrksvwdI ivcwrDwrw muK qOr qy AwriQk, rwjnIqk jW iPr smwjk

isDWqw dw smUh hY[ ieh ivcwrDwrw kRWqI dy AwDwr qy pUMjIvwdI, AwriQk Aqy

rwjnIqk ivvsQw ^qm krky vrg-rihq smwj dI sQwpnw krnw cwhuMdI hY

ijs ivc ZrIb Aqy AmIr brwbr hoxgy[ Aijhy ivcwr Aqy ienHW dy AwDwrW

vwly isDWqW nUM mwrksvwd jW iPr ivigAwnk-smwjvwd (Scientific

Socialism) Aqy jW iPr pRoloqwrI smwjvwd ikhw jWdw hY[

13

smwjvwd auhnW AwriQk Aqy rwjnIqk isDWqW dw

smUh hY jo vrg-rihq smwj dI vkwlq krdy hn[

ijs ivc auqpwdn dy swDn Aqy vMf dI mlkIAq

rwj kol hovygI jW sMpUrx smwj dy ihq vwly jnqk

smUhW kol[13

mwrks dI ivcwrDwrw vI mUl rUp ivc smwjvwd hY Aqy iesdy smwjvwd

nUM ‘ivigAwnk’ ies leI kihMdy hn ikauNik ieh ieiqhws dy AiDAYn qy

AwDwirq hY, mnu`K dy mOjUdw du`KW-drdW nUM swhmxy r`KidAW pdwrQvwdI soc

nwl bxwieAw hoieAw hY[ iesnUM pRoloqwrI (Proleturian) ies leI kihMdy hn

ikauNik ies Anuswr smwjvwd ivc pRoloqwrIAw dI qwnwSwhI hovygI[ mwrks ny

AwpxI ies mUl ivcwrDwrw sMbMDI ijnHW isDwqW jW mwnqwvW nUM AwDwr bxwauNdw

hY[ ies pRkwr hn:

1. dvMdwqmk pdwrQvwd (Dilectical Material)

2. ieiqhws dI pdwrQvwdI ivAwiKAw (Meterialistic interpretation of

History)

3. bdlwv dI Dwrxw (The concept of change)

4. vrg sMGrS (Class Struggle)

5. vwDU-mu`l dw is`DWq (Theory of surplus-value)

6. mzdUr vrg dI qwnwSwhI (Dictatorship of Proletarians)

7. rwj dw srUp (Nature of the state)

8. Drm sMbMDI ivcwr (views about Religion)

dvMdwqmk pdwrQvwd: pdwrQvwd qoN Bwv auh q`q-ivigAwnk (Metaphysical)

isDWq hY jo pdwrQ nUM hI sB kuJ mMndw hY[

14

pdwrQ jW BUq jw mwdw inrMqr gqISIl hY qy iesdy

ivkws nwl hI cyqnw hoNd ivc AwauNdI hY qy iPr

cyqnw vI isRStI dy ivkws auqy moVvW Asr pwauNdI

hY[ ies qrHW pdwrQ qy cyqnw dw dvMd sQwpq huMdw

hY[14

i&aurwbwK dI pdwrQvwdI ivcwrDwrw rwhIN mwrks vI pdwrQvwdI bx

igAw[ iesnUM dvMdwqmk ies leI AwiKAw jWdw hY ikauNik ieh ‘dvMd dI

ivDI’ (The Method of Dialects) qy ADwirq hY[

dvMd (Dialectic) – ieh Sbd gRIk BwSw dy Dialegin

qoN bixAw hY, ijs dw ArQ hY – bihs krnw (To

argue or converse) plYto dy smyN ies dw ArQ–

pRSn Aqy auqrW rwhIN dlIl bwzI dw rUp sI (A

form of Argumentation through questions and

answers)15

hIgl ny iesnUM qwrikkqw qoN q`q ivigAwnk bxw ky vriqAw[ aus Anuswr

Awqmw (Spirit) dy ivkws dI pRikirAw Dialects dy qOr qy huMdI hY[ aus Anuswr

AiDAwqmk (Idealistic) ivkws dI pRikirAw qrk dy AwDwr qy huMdI hY, ijsnUM

hIgl dvMdwqmk kihMdw hY[ ies ivc pRmu`K iqMn AvsQwvW huMdIAW hn:

1. p`K (Thesis)

2. ivp`K (Anti-Thesis)

3. sMslySx (Synthesis)

hr mu`Flw ivcwr iek p`K hY Aqy Awaux vwly smyN ivc jo ivcwr ies

pihly ivcwr dw ivroDI huMdw hY, auh ivp`K hY[ ivroD hox dy dovW nUM imSrq hoxw

pYNdw hY Aqy ies imSrq qoN bwAd jo vI bxdw hY ausnUM sMslySx kihMdy hn Bwv

15

iek ivcwr dw jdoN koeI hor ivcwr ivroD krdw hY qW iek nvW ivcwr pYdw

huMdw hY, iesnUM ieMJ smJ skdy hW:

Thesis Anti Thesis

Synthesis Anti Thesis

Synthesis Anti Thesis

Synthesis ……………

hIgl Anuswr koeI vI ivkws ies dvMdwqmk pRikirAw qoN ibnW AsMBv

hY[ mwrks Anuswr pUMjIvwd smwj ivc AmIr (ijsnUM mwrks ny Bourgeoisie

jW Have ikhw hY) p`K hn Aqy smW Awaux qy ZrIb (ijsnUM ausny Proletarian

jW Have notes) ikhw hY ivp`K dI BUimkw inBwauxgy Aqy dovW tkrwA hovygw

ijsnUM auh vrg-sMGrS (class struggle) Aqy ies ivcoN iek nvyN smwj dI

sQwpnw hovygI (sMslySx), ijsnUM auh smwjvwd kihMdw hY[ ies qrHW mwrks ny

hIgl dI dvMdwqmk ivAwiKAw nUM AwdrSvwd ivcoN ilAw ky pdwrQvwd ivc

lwgU kIqw hY[ ies sMbMDI mwrks ilKdw hY:

myrI dvMdwqmk ivDI hIgl dy dvMDW qoN Al`g hI

nhIN; blik ault hY, mYnUM hIgl dy dvMD isr Bwr

KVy nzr Awey mYN auhnW nUM pYrW Bwr kr idqw[16

ieiqhws dI pdwrQvwdI ivAwiKAw: mwrksvwd dw dUsrw mh`qvpUrn is`DWq hY

ieiqhws dI pdwrQvwdI ivAwiKAw[ mwrks dvMdwqmk pdwrQvwd rwhIN

Awpxy smwjvwd nUM iek ivigAwnk AwDwr dyxw cwhuMdw sI[ ies leI ausny

ieiqhws dI ivAwiKAw Awpxy ivcwrW nwl kIqI[ ijQy hIgl ieiqhwsk ivkws

ivc dYvI q`qW nUM pRDwn mMndw hY, auQy mwrks pdwrQk q`qW dI mh`qqw spSt

16

krdw hY[ ieQy pdwrQvwd qoN Bwv auh isDWq jo jIvn leI zrUrI BOiqk vsqW

nUM pRDwn mMndw hY, AwriQk zrUrqW mnu`K ivc sB qoN pihlW hn[ mwrks nUM

ieiqhws ivc ieh AwriQk zrUrqW hI nzr AweIAW, iesy AwDwr qy auh

ilKdw hY ik ieiqhws ivc hr AvsQw ivc vrg sMGrS cldw irhw hY[

ieiqhws dI hr Gtnw Aqy pirvrqn AwriQk SkqIAW dw is`tw hn[

mwrks-eyNglz ny pUMjIvwd smwj-pRbMD dy AiDAYn

qoN smwjk ivkws dy ijnHW smwnX (General) nymW dI

sQwpnw kIqI hY[ aunHW nUM hI ieiqhwsk BOiqkvwd dw

nW id`qw jWdw hY[17

iesy AwDwr ’qy mwrks ieiqhws nUM pMjw XugW ivc vMfdw hY:

1. pRwcIn Xu`g (Primitive Communism)

2. dws Xu`g ( Slave Epoch)

3. swmMq Xu`g ( Feudal Epoch)

4. pUMjIvwdI Xug (Capitalistic Epoch)

5. smwjvwdI Xu`g (Socialistic Epoch)

Aw^rI Xug bwry ausdI Dwrxw ieh hY ik iesdI sQwpnw qW hovygI jd

smwj ivc koeI vrg Aqy nw hI vrg sMGrS hovygw[

pirvrqn dI Dwrxw: smwjk Aqy AwriQk ivvsQwvW bdlwaux dI pRikirAw

ivc hn[ mwrks vI sQweI ivvsQwvW dy ivcwrW nUM nkwrdw hY[ pirvrqn qoN

Bwv hY nvyN FWicAW/nvyN rUpW dw inrmwx[

vrg sMGrS: mwrksvwdI idRStIkox qoN mu`K vrgW ivckwr sMbMD prspr

inrBrqw (Mutual Dependance) Aqy sMGrS (conflict) dw hY[ mwrks

Anuswr pUMjIvwdI smwj ivc do mu`K vrg burzuAw Aqy pRoloqwrI hn[ AwDuink

smwj ivc ieh auc Aqy inmn vrg (Ruling class) jW SoiSq (Subject class)

17

dy rUp ivc vyKx nUM imldw hY[ iehnW nUM jykr hor srl smJxw hovy qW ies

qrHW drjw bMdI hovygI:

1. pUMjIpqI aucyrw vrg (The Propetyless class)

2. sMpqI hIx s&yd kwlr mzdUr (The Propertyless white collor workers)

3. Coty pUMjIpqI (Petty Bourgeoise)

4. h`Q dI ikrq jw srIrk imhnq krn vwlw mzdUr (The Manual

working class)

mwrks ny AwpxI pusqk dws kYptIl (dass capital) dI qIsrI ijld

(voll III ) ivc vrg dy sMklp dw ivvsQw pRiqpwdn AwrMB kIqw hY qy ikhw ik

pUMjIvwdI smwj iqMn mu`K vrg hn: pUMjIpqI, BoN-mwlk Aqy mzdUr[

“smu`cy qOr qy smwj v`D qoN v`D do ivroDI iDrW do

mhwn vrgW jo pRq`K ’qy iek dUsry dw swhmxw jw

mukblw krdy hn, burzuAw Aqy pRoloqwrI ivc

ivBwijq ho irhw hY[18

vwDU mu`l dw is`DWq: vrg-sMGrS dy is`DWq ivc mwrks ny pUMjIvwd ivc hI

pUMjIvwd ƒ Kqm krn dy bIjW dI g`l kIqI hY[ 19vIN sdI ivc ArQ

SwsqrIAW ny pRvwn kr ilAw sI ikrq hI vsqU dw mu`l inrDwirq krdI hY

(Labour creats the value of a commodity) ies dlIl qoN mwrks Awpxy

isDWq dI SurUAwq krdw hY[ hr auqpwdn dI AslI kImq ausdI lwgq Aqy

mzdUrW dI imhnq dy AwDwr ’qy huMdI hY, pr mwlk ausnUM bwzwr ivc vwDU mu`l

qy vycdy hn[ ies vwDU mu`l nUM pUMjIpqI Awp hI r`K lYNdy hn[ mwrks dw kihxw

hY, pUMjIpqIAW duAwrw Awpxy kol r`iKAw igAw ieh Dn hI ‘vwDU mu`l’ hY[ iek

mzdUr jo imhnq krdw hY ausdw mu`l Aqy auh jo Asl ivc pRwpq krdw hY

ivckwr AMqr hI vwDU mu`l hY[

18

“ijhVy ivAkqI ikrq dy swDnW dy mwlk bx ky

Awp ikrq nhIN krdy jw AwpxI kIqI ikrq nwloN

aupj ivcoN v`D ih`sw lY jWdy hn auh ikrqIAW dI

kmweI dy isr qy ijauNdy hn[ ieho ikrq dI lut

(Exploitation) AKvwauNdI hY[19

rwj dw srUp : mwrks Anuswr rwj jW rwjnIqk ivvsQW iek vrgI sMsQw

(class Institution) hY[ ieh hmySw hI AmIr vrgW nUM ZrIb vrg qy SoSx krx

ivc shwiek huMdw hY[ iesdw ZrIb nUM koeI Pwiedw nhIN huMdw[ rwj dI mdd

nwl SoSk (Exploition) SoSq (Exploited) qy AwpxIAW ieCwvW Qopdw hY[ rwj

ijQy ZrIbW dy vwDU mu`L Koh ky AmIrW nUM idMdw hY auQy hI ZrIbW AMdr ieh

Bwvnw Brdw hY ik rwj ivruD ivdroh eISvr pRqI pwp hY[ ies qrHW rwj kyvl

iek dmndwrI sMsQw (oppression Institution) hY[

Drm sMbMDI ivcwr: mwrks Drm nUM jnqw dI A&Im (opium) kihMdw hY[ ieh

AmIrW rwhIN ZrIbW qy SoSx krn dw swDn hY[

Drm lokW leI A&Im dw kMm krdw hY, ieh mnu`KI

mnW ivc auhnW bwhrI SkqIAW dw isAwsI prqO hY

ijhVIAw aus dy rozwnw jIvn auqy kMtrol r`KdIAW

hn[ iek Aijhw prqO, ijs ivc sMswrk SkqIAW

pRw-sMswrk SkqIAW dw rUp Dwrn krdIAW hn[20

rwjy Aqy SwskW dI qrHW pUMjIvwdI vI Drm nUM swDn vjoN vrqdy hn[ mwrks dw

ivcwr hY Drm, prmwqmw Aqy Dwrimk gqIivDIAW AmIrW rwhIN ZrIbW nUM id`qI

geI A&Im hY qW jo auh nSy ivc hI rihx Aqy auhnW qy SoSx krdy AmIr

AwpxI AYSo-ieSrq (Luxry) brkrwr r`K skx[

19

mwrksvwd ny smwj ivigAwnW ivc iek qrHW dI kRWqI lY AWdI[ ieh

ivvhwr ivc sB qoN kwmXwb irhw smwj drSn hY[ mwrks dI ivcwrDwrw qoN

pRBwivq ho ky lYinn, stwiln, mwau-qusy-quMg ny ies qihq rUs Aqy cIn ivc

rwjnIqk q^qw plitAw[ ies ivcwrDwrw qihq bxIAW rwjnIqk pwrtIAW

vI kw&I kwmXwb hoeIAW hn[ Bwrq ivc mOjUdw (UPA) dI srkwr iesy pwrtI

(CPM) qy AwDwirq hY[ iesy qrHW p`CmIN bMgwl ivc ipCly 28 swlW qoN auqy

kyrlw ivc iesy pwrtI dIAW srkwrW hn[ Aijhy smyN ivc rwjnIqk,

AwriQk, Dwrimk smwjk qrutIAW nUM dUr krn leI punr jwgrn AMdoln

cilAw[ ieQy auhnW ivdvwnW dw izkr vI lwzmI bxdw hY, ijhnW ny iesnUM

ivhwrk rUp ivc ApxwieAw[

PrYNfirk eyNglz : eyNglj vI mwrks dI qrHW gMBIr Aqy suihrdqw vwly

dUrdrSI sn[ auhnW ny CotI aumr ivc hI bhuq swrIAW ikqwbW ilK idqIAW[

eyNglz BwvyN ^ud vI SyRSt lyKk sn pr iPr vI auh mwrks dI pRiqBw qoN bhuq

izAwdw pRBwivq sn[ auh mwrks dI AiDAYn, qrk, ivSlySx Aqy ivcwr-

idRStI dy pRSMsk sn[ iehnW dovW ivc ieqnI dosqI dw kwrn dovW dy ivcwrw

ivc bhuq h`d q`k smwnqw sI[ eyNglz dy Anuswr, ieiqhws dI BOiqkvwdI

idRStI qoN ieiqhws dw inrxwiek q`qv vwsqv ivc auqpwdn AQvw pRiq-

auqpwdn hY[ Agr koeI ieh kihMdw hY ik AwriQk q`q hI eyk-mwqr

inrxwiek q`q hY qW iPr ienHW mwnqwvW qoN ieh spSt hY ik mwrks mwnvI

cyqnw nUM vsqU-AwDwirq, pirsiQqI AwDwirq Aqy smwj AwDwirq mMndy hn[

iehI cyqnw swihq drSn nUM jnm idMdI hY[ auqpwdn dy swDnW dy ivkws nwl

hI smwj ny ivkws kIqw Aqy ies ivkws-kwl ny smwj ivc iviBMn rUp Dwrn

kIqw[ iesdw qqkwlIn swihq qy vI pRBwv ipAw[ eyNglz ny mwrks dy nwl

20

imlky qW iliKAw hI sI, ausqoN ielwvw auhnW ny bhuq swry lyK mwrks dI

qr&oN mwrks dy nwm ilKy[

mwrks ijnHW idnW ivc Awpxy gRMQ “kYptIl” aupr

kMm kr rhy sn auhnW idnW ivc hI auhnW nUM

“inauXwrk fylI itRibaun” ivc ilKx dw kMm

imilAw, pr auh eyny izAwdw msrU& sn ik auhnW

kol A^bwr leI ilKx dw vkq nhIN sI, ies leI

ieh kMm auhnW ny eyNglz nUM sOipAw, Aqy Awp

Awpxw iDAwn “pUMjI” gRMQ ilKx v`l lgw ilAw[21

eyNglz ny mwrks dI mh`qvpUrn pusqk (capital) ivc vI Awpxw

Xogdwn pwieAw[ jdoN mwrks nUM ieh pqw l`gw ik ibmwrI dI kwrn auh hux

nhIN ilK skxgy, qW auhnW ny AwpxI swrI smgrI eyNglz dy hvwly krky

ikqwb dy Agly KMf iqAwr krn vwsqy ikhw[ eyNglz ny vI AwpxI swrI aUrjw

Aqy idRStI muqwibk Agly KMf iqAwr kIqy[ ies qoN ielwvw mwrks dw

ApRkwiSq swihq vI pRkwiSq krvwieAw[

lYinn: lYinn rUs dy rwjnIqk Aqy dwrSink ivdvwn sn, ijnHW ny pihlI vwr

mwrks dIAW mwnqwvW nUM ApxwieAw[ auhnW ny klpnw nUM swihq leI rOick

q`q mMinAw lYinn dw ieh dwAvw sI ik swihq Awpny Xu`g dIAW pRivrqIAW qoN

ApRBwivq nhIN rih skdw[ smwj dy srUp ivc pirvrqn auqpwdn pRxwlI

krky AwauNdw hY Aqy ieh pirvrqn smwj ivc nvyN swihq dw inrmwx krdw

hY[

lYinn ny klw Aqy swihq dIAW DwrwvW hI nhIN sgoN

swrIAW pRikirAwvW dw vrg-idRStIkox qoN ivcwrn

dI idRStI auqy bl idqw[ auhnW ny iliKAw hY, ivSv

21

mwnv nUM sMquSt krn ivc sdw hI AsmrQ irhw hY,

Aqy mn`uK ausnUM Awpxy qrIky nwl bdlx dw Xqn

krdw hY[22

plYKwnov: kwiv-kwl auqy mwrksvwdI idRStIkox qoN ivcwr krn vwly rUsI

icMqkW ivc lYinn qoN bwAd plYKwnov dw sQwn mh`qvpUrn hY[ plYKwnov ny klw

jW swihq nUM smwjk pirsiQqIAW dw pRqIPl ikhw, auhnW dy Anuswr mnu`K dy

smwjk sMbMD hI ausdy jIvn nUM pRBwivq krdy hn[ klw Aqy swihq dy Kyqr

ivc auhnW dI idRStI aupXogqwvwdI rhI[ auhnW dw m`q hY ik

klw kyvl mnu`K dy BwvW dI hI nhIN sgoN ausdy BwvW

Aqy ivcwrW dovW dI AiBivAkqI krdI hY[ ausdw

mwiDAm koeI vI ho skdw hY[23

iksy vI ivAkqI dI klw dw inrDwrn ausdI mwnisk siQqI duAwrw

huMdw hY[ ausdI mwnisk siQqI ausdI pirsiQqI dI dyx hY[ AMiqm ivSlySx

ivc ausdw inrDwrn ausdy auqpwdn swDn AQvw ausdy auqpwdn dy sMbMD dy

AwDwr auqy huMdw hY[ auh klw dy sMbMD ivc BOiqkvwdI idRStI r`Kdy hn Aqy

klw nUM ivAkqI dI mwnisk siQqI dI dyx mMndy hn[ klw Aqy smwj dy

prspr sMbMD bwry Awpxw m`q pyS krdy hoey auhnW ikhw ik kuJ lokW dI idRStI

ivc klw mwnvI cyqnw Aqy smwjk ivvsQW dy ivkws dw swDn hY[

mYkism gorkI : sovIAq kRWqI qoN bwAd mwrksvwdI ivcwrDwrw nUM lY ky swihq

Aqy klw dy Kyqr ivc ijs “smwjvwdI XQwrQ” dI SurUAwq hoeI ausdy

jnmdwqw mYkism gorkI hn[ vIhvIN sdI dy pihly crn ivc sovIAq BUmI

ivc ijs swihq dw inrmwx hoieAw, aus dIAW Anyk ivSySqwvW sn[ auhnW

ikhw sI:

22

rUsI jnqw dw XQwrQvwdI rUp pOrwixk AMD-ivSvwsW

nUM jkVy, mwr Kwey ikswnW dw hY[24

gorkI ny iehnW mwnqwvW nUM lY ky Awpxy swihq dw inrmwx kIqw[ auhnW

dy Anuswr smwjvwdI XQwrQ dy pRkwS ivc do audySW dI pUrqI Av`Sk hY:

1. mnu`K dI pRgqI ivc rukwvt pwaux vwlIAW swrIAW SkqIAW aupr rok

lgwauxI[

2. nvyN XQwrQ dI s&lqw nUM klwqmk rUp dy ky sMXonw, inrDwirq krnw

Aqy nwiek nUM AwdrS rUp ivc pRsquq krnw[25

smwjvwdI XQwrQvwdI swihq dy Kyqr ivc iek swihqkwr dy rUp ivc

hI nhIN sgoN iek mhwn icMqk dy rUp ivc vI mYkism gorkI dI dyx mh`qvpUrn

hY[

ikRstoPr kwfvY~l: ikRstoPr kwfvY~l mwrksvwdI is`DWqW dI sQwpnw krn vwly

pihly ivdvwn hn[ auhnW ny dvMdwqmk BOiqkvwd dI ip`T-BUmI ivc swihq dy

jo ieiqhwsk ivkws dI ivAwiKAw pRsquq kIqI, auh bhuq mh`qvpUrn hY[

auhnW ny klw Aqy swihq dw ivvycn smwj SwsqrI idRStI qoN kIqw[ auhnW dy

Anuswr:

“ieiqhwisk BOiqkvwdI idRStI hI smwj SwsqrI

idRStI hY[ auhnW ny kwiv dw audBv Aqy ivkws dw

ivvycn iesy idRStI qoN kIqw[ auhnW d`isAw ik

Awidm Xu`g ivc mnu`KI jIvn swmUihk sI[ aus dIAW

ikirAwvW Aqy kMm vI swmUihk sn[ kudrqI Aw&qW,

bwhrI hmly dI siQqI ivc vI swirAW dI

pRqIikirAw swmUihk rUp ivc hI huMdI sI[ iesdw

iek pRmu`K kwrn ieh hY ik mnu`K dw ivAkiqqv

23

ivkws nhIN sI hoieAw[ hOlI-hOlI mwnv jIvn ivc

AiDkwr dI lwlsw pYdw hoeI[ ies lwlsw ny vrg-

Byd nUM jnm id`qw[26

kwfvY~l ny PrwiefvwdI iQaurI qW ApxweI pRMqU ausdw swr AMS Awpxy BwvW

duAwrw kIqw[ ausny supny Aqy kivqw ivc AMqr d`isAw[ supny ivc mnu`K mno-

ivkwrW dw dws huMdw hY, jdik kivqw ivc mno-ivkwrW dw suAwmI huMdw hY[

mwau-qusy-quMg: mwau-qusy-quMg vI lYinn dI qrHW hI mwrks dIAW mwnvqwvW Aqy

AwdrSW nUM smwjk jIvn ivc swkwr vyKx dy icMqk hn[ auhnW ny swihq qy

klw dy jo ivcwr ivAkq kIqy auh mwrksvwd AQvw pRgqIvwd dy srUp qoN

smJx vwlI idRStI qoN mh`qvpUrn hn[ auhnW ny mu`K rUp ivc do g`lW auqy

pRkwS pwieAw:

1. swihq iks dy vwsqy hY?

2. swihq Awpxy audyS dI pUrqI iks pRkwr krdw hY?

swihq nUM aupjwaux vwlIAW pirsiQqIAW smwjk jIvn ivcoN aupjdIAW

hn Aqy iehnW pirsiQqIAW dw Asr smwjk jIvn ivc AsiQrqw pYdw krdw

hY qW, bu`DIjIvI vrg ausdI ivroDqw krdy hoey Aijhw swihq rcdy hn jo

AijhIAW siQqIAW dy i^lwP Aqy mwnvI ih`qW dy AnukUl hoey[ AijhI ilKq

pVH ky jdoN sDwrn lokW ivc cyqnw AwauNdI hY Aqy auh vI iesdw smrQn

krdI hY qW ies pRkwr swihq dy audyS dI pUrqI huMdI hY[ mwau-qusy-quMg, klw

swihq Aqy audyS nUM Awpxy Anuswr ivAkq krdy hoey ilKdy hn:

AsI dvMdwvwdI BOiqkvwdI hW[ AsIN audyS Aqy

pirxwm dovW nUM iek dUjy nwl imlw ky vyKx ivc

ivSvws r`Kdy hW[ ieh donoN iek dUjy qoN v`K nhIN

kIqy jw skdy[ Agr lokW leI koeI kMm krn nwl

24

koeI pirmwx nhIN inkldw jW ausdy pirxwm dw lokI

svwgq nhIN krdy qW auh ivArQ hY[27

klwqmk mwpdMf dI idRStI qoN klw Aqy swihq dw mulWkx zrUrI hY pr

klw dI idRStI qoN ausdw cMgw jW mwVw pRBwv dw inrxw aus smwj qy pYx vwly

pRBwv dI ksOtI qy krnw cwhIdw hY[

(A) pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw: kOmI Aqy kOmWqrI p`Dr qy ivkws

vIhvIN sdI dy pihly dhwikAW dw smW Aijhw smW AwiKAw jw skdw hY

ijs ivc AMqr-rwStrI p`Dr aupr bhuq swrIAW GtnwvW vwprIAW sn[

Pwiszm qy swmrwjI hmly, smwjvwdI mulkW dI riKAw, kOmWqrI mzdUr lihr

qy lokqMqrI AiDkwrW dI AwzwdI leI nvIN idSw dw inrdyS kIqw jwvy[

ikauNik ikrqIAW Aqy srmweydwrW dy ih`q iek dUjy qoN ault sn[ ieh iKcoqwx

qy AwpsI AsiQrqw hI pihly ivSv XuD dw kwrn bxI[ ies qoN ielwvw

ivigAwn Aqy audXog dIAW l`BqW sdkw pYdwvwrI SkqIAW ny ivkws kIqw[

iBMn-iBMn pRkwr dIAW vsqW dIAW mMgW vDx l`gIAW Aqy AMqr-rwStrI mMfI

dw rUp inKrn l`gw[ ieQoN hI mSInI Xu`g dw AwrMB hoieAw izAwdw jldI Aqy

izAwdw imkdwr ivc mwl mSInW rwhIN hI sMBv sI, GrylU audXog Aqy

dsqkwrI ieqnI jldI iehnW kMmW nUM AMzwm nhIN sI dy skdI[ pYdwvrI

SkqIAW dy ivkws sdkw pYdwvr pihlW nwloN guxwqmk Aqy igxwqmk p`KoN

bhuq vDI[ v`D munw&w kmwaux Aqy nvIAW mMfIAW kwiem krn dI loV ny

swmrwj nUM jnm id`qw[ ies vD munw&y vwly dOr ivcoN ivroDwBws aupjxw SurU ho

igAw[ ijsdy krky srmweydwrI ivvsQw nUM iqMn qrHW dy buinAwdI ivroDW dw

swhmxw krnw ipAw[ pihlW ikrq Aqy srmwey ivclw ivroD hY[

ijsny mzdUr jmwq nUM Awps ivc joiVAw hI nhIN sgoN swmrwj Aqy

burjUAwzI ivr`uD f`t ky KVw kIqw[ burzUAwzI h`QoN lutINdI ikrqI jmwq ny

25

Awpxy ih`qW dI sur`iKAw leI XUrp dy v`K-v`K dySW ivc iq`Ky Gol kIqy[ pihlw

ieh Gol AMsgiTq Aqy Awp muhwry sn, ijsdy krky izAwdw s&lqw nhIN

imlI[ smwjk nymW nUM smJx vwsqy ivigAwnk isDwqW dI loV sI[

ies pRkwr pRoloqwrI AMdoln dy ivkws ny hI ivigAwn

dy swhmxy iek bVw mh`qvpUrn kMm ilAw KVw kIqw,

iek kRWqIkwrI is`DWq isrjx pUMjIvwd dy ivru`D Aqy

smwjvwd dy hk ivc ivcwrDwrk hiQAwr GVn dw

kMm Aqy ivigAwn ny ijsdI pRqIinDqw mwrks Aqy

eyNglz krdy hn[28

dUjw ivroD inrBr dySW dIAW kOmW Aqy aunHW dI lu`t-Ksu`t krn vwly

swmrwjI ivclw ivroD hY[ ijsny inrBr dySW ivc swmrwjI rwjW ivru`D ivdroh

dI Bwvnw pYdw kIqI, AwriQk Aqy rwjsI svwDInqw pRwpq krn leI rwStrI

AMdolnW nUM jnm id`qw[ iek hor bhu-idSwvI ivroD-^ud iehnW swmrwjI dySW

ivckwr k`cy mwl dI pRwpqI leI Aqy mMfIAW dI AzwrydwrI leI c`l ipAw[

ivSv dw pihlW Aqy dUjw Xu`D iesy dI dyx hY[ sMswr ivc ies qrHW pihlW kdy

vI Aijhy ivnwSkwrI Xu`D nhIN hoey[ aunHIvIN sdI Aqy vIhvIN sdI dy AwrMB qoN

hI p`CmI dySW ivc kuJ AijhIAW GtnwvW vwprn l`gIAw, ijnHW ny dunIAw dw

iDAwn Awpxy v`l iK`c ilAw[

sMn 1917 ivc rUs ivc lYinn dI AgvweI ivc

mhwn smwjvwdI kRWqI s&l hoeI[ ieh smwjvwdI

kRWqI sMswr dI auh mhwn ieiqhwsk Gtnw sI ijsny

rUs dI kwieAw-klp kIqI pr nwl hI ivSv Br dI

SoiSq-pIiVq mwnvqw dy swhmxy srv-p`KI SkqI dw

drvwzw vI Kol id`qw[29

26

sMswr ivc ies jyqU ienklwb dy qjrby ny sWJy ienklwbI AwdrSW dI

cyqnw jgweI[ bsqIvwdI Aqy ArD-bsqIvwdI dySW ivc cl rhy rwStr mukqI

AMdolnW Aqy smwjvwdI kRWqIkwrI lihrW nUM nvW auqSwh Aqy bl bKiSAw[ pr

dUjy pwsy ihtlr dI nwjIvwd ivc sQwpnw nwl sMn 1933 ivc ieh SkqIAW

Awpxy is^r qy phuMc cukIAW sn Aqy ivSv Amn leI iek gMBIr ^qrw bx

geIAW sn[ kimauinstW auqy dmn c`kr qoN ielwvw ienHW SkqIAW ny

audwrvwdI ivcwrW vwly buDImwnW Aqy swihqkwrW auqy vI dmn krnw SurU kr

id`qw[ iesdw nqIjw ieh hoieAw ik bhuq swry swihqkwrW klwkwrW Aqy

bu`DIjIvIAW ny AwpxI jwn-mwl dI r`iKAw krky jrmnI Aqy ietlI ivcoN bwhr

ho gey[ ies v`Ddy AiqAwcwr ivruD iek m`uT ho ky sMGrS krn leI jUn 1933

eI. ivc pYirs dy plyA hwl ivc kimauinstW v`loN iek kWgrs dw AwXojn

kIqw igAw[

XUrp dy qIh l`K qoN vI AiDk mzdUrW dy pRiqinD

kimauinst, kuJ smwjk jnvwdI mzdUr Aqy

pRgqISIl bu`DIjIvI ieQy aupsiQq sn… kWgrs dw

mu`K svr smsq PwiSSt-ivroDIAW dw ivAwpk

AwDwr auqy jMgI sMXukq morcw bxwaux dw ivcwr sI,

cwhy auh PwiSSt ivroDI iksy vI pwrtI ivc inSTw

r`Kdy hox, iksy vI Drm dy AnuXweI hox Srq isr&

ieh sI ik auh Pwiszm dw q^qw aultwaux Aqy

swmrwjvwdI jn-sMhwr rokx leI sihXog krn leI

iqAwr hox[30

27

PwiSstvwd iek ^qrw bx igAw sI, jnvwdI Aqy AmnpsMd SkqIAW

leI, iehnW SkqIAW nUM Awpxy h`kW Aqy hoNd dI r^vwlI leI sMGrS krnw

lwzmI ho igAw[

sMn 1934 ivc &rWs ivc bxy sMXukq morcy ny sMswr

dy dUjy dySW A`gy PwSIvwd ivru`D lVn leI iek

pRyrnwdwiek audwhrx pyS kIqI[31

sMswr dy pRmu`K mulkW ivc ieko BYA Aqy icMqw sI ik, iksy nw iksy qrHW

PwSIvwd SkqIAW nUM hrwieAw jwvy[ ies krky sMswr dIAW swrIAW AgWh-vDU

SkqIAW dI nIqI cwhy auh ikqy vI KVy hox, PwSIvwd ivru`D roh nUM auBwrnw sI[

spny dI GrogI jMg iesdI audwhrx hY, ijQy AMqr-

rwStrI bRIgyf lVn leI igAw ijs ivc dunIAw Br

dy au~Gy ivdvwn i&lws&r Aqy lyKk vI Swiml hoey[

ies jMg ivc hI do supRis`D ivdvwn icMqn ikRstoPr

kwfvY~l Aqy rwlP Pwks ShId hoey[32

sMn 1934 ivc swry PwiSst ivroDIAW duAwrw sMXukq kwrvweI dw

kimauinstW v`loN id` qw ivcwr pRgqISIl bu`DIjIvIAW dy mn ivc bYT igAw[

ies qrHW ies lihr dI kOmWqrI pDr qy ipT BUmI iqAwr ho geI[ swihqk qOr

qy pRgqIvwdI pRivrqI dw AwrMB qih krnw hovy qW inrsMdyh ieh vIhvIN sdI dy

mu`Fly dhwikAW q`k jw phuMcdw hY[ ies ivkwsvwdI icMqnDwrw ny mnu`KI smwj

nUM rYfIkl (suDwrvwdI) dwrSinkqw pRdwn kIqI Aqy iesdI suhjwqmk idRStI

qoN pRgqIvwd Aqy smwjvwd vrgy nvyN sMklp pYdw hoey[ iesdy nwl hI smwjk

XQwrQ dw iek nvW pihlU swhmxy AwauNdw hY[ fw. jsbIr isMG dy kQn

Anuswr:

28

pRgqIvwdI pRBwv hyTW m`DvrgI ivAkqIvwd ny nvIN

smwjkqw AQvw nvyN smwjI irSiqAW nUM mwnvvwd dy

pRkwS Aqy Awqm pUrqI leI iek mwiDAm dy qOr qy

qs`vr kIqw sI pr ikauNik mDvrgI mwnvvwd dw

AWqirk qrk, pRgqIvwd dy ivcwrDrweI ru^ nwl

ieksur nhIN sI, ies leI dohW dw AwpsI dvMd

smwjI siQqI bdlx nwl auBr ky swhmxy AwieAw

Aqy romWitk pRgqIvwd XQwrQvwd dy ivgTn dw

kwrn bixAw[ pRgqIvwd ivc do prspr ivroDI

rucIAW rs rhIAW vyKIAW jw skdIAW hn[ iek

pwsy bwhrmu`KI vwsqivkqw nUM pkV lYx leI hU-b-hU

pySkwrI dI pRivrqI hY Aqy dUjy pwsy siQqI nUM vwd-

sWcy ivc Fl ky pUrvinSicq nwm rUp ivc pRgtwaux

dI rucI hY[33

ies ivcwrDwrw ny drswieAw ik A`q-ivksq dySW nwloN pihlW,

ienklwb pCVy dySW ivc hoeygw[ pRgqIvwdI Dwrw dohrI nIqI dy ADIn ivcrdI

hY, ieh ivroDwBws Aqy aupdySwqmk idRStI lY ky aupjI[ ivroDwBws; qqkwlIn

siQqIAW pirsiQqIAW aupr ktwKS dy rUp ivc ivgsI Aqy aupdySwqmk,

AwdrSwqmk smwjk Aqy mwnvvwdI BwvnwvW dI AiBivAkqI dI pySkwrI

kIqI[

ies ivkwsvwdI pRivrqI ny smu`cy ivSv-swihq nUM pRBwivq kIqw[ pihly

ivSv Xu`D (1914-18) dI iBAMkr qbwhI kwrn XUrpI smwj nUM AwriQk mMdvwVy

dw swhmxw krnw ipAw sI[ ies smyN dOrwn ietlI ivc msoilnI dw Pwiszm

Aqy ihtlr dw nwzIvwd lokqMqr auqy ^qrw bx ky mMfrwaux l`gy[

29

mncUrIAw aupr jpwn dy hmly, ietlI dw ieQopIAw

nUM hVp kr lYxw Aqy jrmn-ietlI dy h`QoN spyn

gxrwj dy ^wqmy ny ‘lIg Aw& nySn dw Bog pw

id`qw[ ienHW pirsiQqIAW ivc swrI dunIAw dy icMqk

Aqy klwkwr TMbr jhy gey sn[34

iehnW pirsiQqIAw ny hI dUjy ivSv Xu`D dI ip`T BUmI iqAwr kIqI[ dUjy

ivSvXu`D (1939-45) dI iBAwnk qbwhI/qRwsdI auprMq XUrpI smwj AwriQk

mMdvwVy dI jkV ivc Ps igAw sI[ AijhI siQqI ivc swihq Aqy siBAwcwr

dI r`iKAw leI buDIjIvI iek mMc qy iek`Ty hox l`gy[ ies sbMDI ryKw AvsQI

dI it`pxI hY ik:

pRgqISIl AMdoln ivSv dy PwSIvwd ivroDI AMdoln

dw vI ie`k AMg sI aunHW ienW ivc nwzI jrmnI

mhWXu`D dIAW zbrdsq iqAwrIAW ivc l`igAw

hoieAw sI, cIn qy jpwnI swmrwjvwdIAW ny hmlw

kr id`qw sI[ XuDvwdI SkqIAW Awpxy dyS dIAw

siBAwcwrk SkqIAW nUM dbwA ky pRgqISIl ikqwbW

dI holI jlw ky PwSIvwd ivroDI lyKkW nUM Anyk qsIhy

dy ky UnI AwqMk kwiem kr rhIAW sn[ Xu`D dIAW

iqAwrIAW krn vwsqy mwnvqw dw Biv`K sMkt ivc

sI[35

sovIAq XUnIAn ivc kimauinstW h`QoN rwj s`qw dI vwgfor Cut jwxw,

KulHI mMfI dI AwriQkqw v`l JukwA hoxw Aqy hor soSilst dySW dI hwlq dw vI

inGrxw Awid, ijs nUM bu`DIjIvI vrg ny gMBIr sm`isAw dy rUp ivc ilAw[

30

ipCly do ku swlW AMdr ijhVIAW qbdIlIAW pUrbI

XUrp qy sovIAq dySW AMdr AweIAW aunHW nUM AnykW

isAwxy AKvwaux vwly BwrqI icMqk mUl rUp ivc hr

ieiqhwsk Gtnw qy smwjk vrqwry pRqI hmySw Bwvuk

pRqIkrm hI pRgtwauNdy Awey hn[36

buDIjIvIAW ny ivSv p`Dr qy siBAqw Aqy siBAwcwr dI suriKAw leI

iek mMc qy iekqr hox dy sMklp v`l Agrsr hoey[ ienHW lyKkW ny mnu`Kqw

pRqI AwpxI izMmyvwrI nUM mihsUs kIqw Aqy swihq nUM iek hiQAwr bxw ky

Pwiszm Aqy qwnwSwhI dy ivru`D sMGrS krn leI vcnb`D hoey[ julweI 1935

eI. ivc ivSv Br dy ivdvwnW dI iek kwn&rMs hoeI, ijs ivc mYkism gorkI,

Qwms mwn, rolw bwrQ, AWdry mwrqIny Aqy Bwrq v`loN ijnHW ivdvwnW ny

numwieMdgI kIqI, auh sn fw. mulk rwj AwnMd qy s`jwd zhIr[ fw. primMdr

isMG Anuswr:

ieh pihlw mOkw sI jd pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw r`Kx

vwly dunIAW Br dy lyKk iek lihr vjoN iek

plytPwrm qy iek`Ty hoey[ ies Avsr qy sMswr Br

dy lyKkW dy nW ijhVI ApIl jwrI kIqI geI aus

ivc ikhw igAw- lyKk swQIE mOq dy ivruD izMdgI

dw p`K pUro[ swfI klm, swfI klw, swfw igAwn,

aunHW SkqIAW ivru`D vriqAw jwvy ijhVI mOq nUM s`dw

idMdIAW hn, jo mnu`Kqw dw glw GutdIAw hn, pYsy dy

zor nwl rwj krdIAW hn Aqy Pwiszm dy iBMn-iBMn

rUp Dwr ky swihmxy AwaudIAW hn Aqy iehI

31

SkqIAW hn ijhVIAW inqwxy lokW dw Kun cUsdIAw

hn[37

ies ivSv p`DrI ivcwrDwrk lihr qoN pRBwivq ho ky, BwrqI

ividAwrQIAW ny ijhVy aus vyly XUrp dIAW Al`g-Al`g XUnIvristIAW ivc

aucyrI ividAw pRwpq kr rhy sn[ auhnW aupr ivdvwnW dw qy auhnW dI

ivcwrDwrw dw bhuq Asr hoieAw[ iehnW BwrqI ividAwrQIAW 1935 eI. ivc

iek swihqk kyNdr dI sQwpnw kIqI ijs ivc s`Xwd zhIr, fw. mulk rwj

AwnMd, fw. jXoqI GoS Aqy pRmod sYn gupq qy fw. mhuMmd dIn qwsIr Swml

sn[ sB ny iml ky ies swihqk sBw dw nW ieMfIAn pRogrYisv rweItrz

AYsosIeySn (Indian Progressive Writers association) riKAw igAw[ fw.

mulk rwj AwnMd nUM iesdw pRDwn inXukq kIqw igAw[ iehnW BwrqI

ividAwrQIAW dw mnorQ ieh sI ik lyKkW dw ieh sMG bxwieAw jwvy qW auh

smwj dy kilAwx qy AwzwdI dI lVweI ivc Awpxw Xogdwn pw skx[ sovIAq

ienklwb dy Asr hyT munSI pRym cMd dI lihr qoN pRBwivq ho ky Bwrq ivc

ies lihr dI rwhdwrI bxweI, qy iPr lVIdwr sMmylnW dw islislw SurU

hoieAw[ AijhI ivvsQw auqy ryKw AvsQI it`pxI krdI ilKdI hY,

kuJ lok smJdy hn ik lMfn ivc pRgqIvwdI lyKk

sMG sQwipq krn dw PYslw hoieAw qy Bwrq ivc

lwgU ho igAw[ Aijhy lok srl bxdy hn qy hr

AMdoln dy AMdr kMm kr rhy Anyk qrHW dy q`qW dy

sUqrW dy jitl sMbMDW nUM nw smJ ky aus vyly

srlIkrn qy auqwrU ho jWdy hn[ ihMdusqwn dy AMdr

jo sMgTn bxwaux dIAW koiSSw ho rhIAW sn aunHW dy

sUqrDwr pRym cMd sI Aqy pYirs, mwsko qy lMfn ivc

32

jo kuJ vI srgrmIAW Aqy hlcl sI, aus ivc

s`Xwd, zhIr Aqy mulk rwj AwnMd Swml sI[38

iehnW BwrqI ividAwrQIAw ny Bwrq ivc Awpxy im`qrW nUM iek p`qr

iliKAw qy Awpxy mnorQ bwry jwxU krvwieAw qy nwl hI ies sMG dI iek lVI

Bwrq ivc clwaux dI qwkId kIqI[ ies pqr ivc iliKAw igAw:

BwrqI smwj ivc in`q nvyN pirvrqn ho rhy hn[

pRwcIn rUVIvwdI ivcwrW Aqy ivSvwsW dIAW jVW ihl

rhIAW hn Aqy ies pRkwr iek nvyN smwj dw jnm

hox jw irhw hY[ ies qrHW ieh bhuq zrUrI hY ik

BwrqI swihqkwr ieQoN dy jn-jIvn ivc hox vwly

ies kRWqIkwrI pirvrqn nUM Sbd Aqy rUp dyx Aqy

ies qrHW rwStr dI pRgqI ivc shwiek hox[ AsIN

BwrqI siBAqw dI rwKI krdy hoey Awpxy dyS dIAW

pqn-mu`KI pRivirqIAw dI s^q Awlocnw krnI hY[

iesy qrHW AwpxIAW Awlocnwqmk ikrqW duAwrw auh

swDn jutwauxy hn ijhVy swnUM Awpxy lkS dI pUrqI

ivc shwiek ho skdy hn[ Bwrq dy nvyN swihq dw

swfy vrqmwn jIvn dy mUl q`QW nwl kRmb`D hoxw

zrUrI hY Aqy auh qQ hn swfI dirdrqw, swfw

smwjk Xqn Aqy swfI rwjnIqk pRwDInqw[39

pRgqIvwdI swihqk AMdoln nw koeI AxhoxI Aqy nw hI koeI Acwnk

vwprI Gtnw sI, ijs nUM iksy iek ivAkqI ivcwr jW idRStkox ny pRBwivq

kIqw hovy[ sgoN ieh smyN-smyN aucIAW ivcwrDwrwvW qy loVW dw imilAw juilAw

33

pRqIkRm/pRqIPl sI[ ies pRgqISIl lyKk sMG bwry fw. iSv kumwr imSr ilKdy

hn:

sMn 1936 ivc lKnaU ivc ies sMsQw dw pihlW

sMmyln sMpMn hoieAw ijsdy pihly sBwpqI ihMdI dy

pRmu`K klwkwr munSI pRym cMd sn[ sMjog dI g`l hY

ik ieh sMmyln TIk aus smyN hoieAw jd lKnaU ivc

hI BwrqI rwStrI kWgrs dw sMmyln ho irhw sI[

auDr dyS dy rwjnIqk mMc qoN rwStrI kWgrs dy

sBwpqI pM. pMifq nihrU smwjvwd dI GoSxw kr rhy

sn, ieDr dyS dy swihqk mMc qoN munSI pRym cMd

swihqkwrW nUM smwjvwdI ivcwrDwrw qoN nvIN rOSnI

gRihx krn dI slwh dy rhy sn[40

iesy GoSxw p`qr ivc sMG dy audySW auqy rOSnI pwauNdy hoey ikhw:

swfy sMG dw audyS swihq Aqy dUjIAW klwvW

ijhVIAW hux q`k rUVIvwdI vrgW dy h`QW ivc pY ky

inrjIv huMdIAW hn jw rhIAw hn nUM mukq krw ky

auhnW jnqw dy nyVy ilAwauxw hY iesnUM jIvn dI

pySkwrI Aqy Biv`K dI auswrI dw kwrgr vsIlw

bxwauxw hY[41

pRgqIvwd lyKk sMG dw dUsrw lVIvwr sMmyln dsMbr 1938 ivc klk`qw

ivKy hoieAw[ iesdI pRDwngI rivdr nwQ tYgor ny krnI sI pr ishq ^rwb

hox krky auhnW Awpxw sMdyS p`qr Byj idqw[ auhnW Awpxy sMdyS ivc dyS dI

q`qkwlIn, AwriQk, smwjk qy swihqk siQqI auqy cwnxw pwieAw[ rUVIvwdI

34

pRMprw Aqy k`tVpMQI DrwvW AwdrSvwd dI Awlocnw kIqI geI[ ies GoSxw

p`qr ivc ikhw igAw:

hryk BwrqI lyKk dw kr`qv hY ik auh BwrqI

jIvn ivc hox vwly pirvrqnW nUM AiBivAkqI dyvy

Aqy swihq ivc ivigAwnk buDIvwd dw vwDw krky

dyS ivc smwjk kRWqI dI Bwvnw nUM izAwdw qoN

izAwdw ivkisq Aqy suidRV bxwaux dw Xqn kry[

aunHW nUM swihqk smIiKAw dI AijhI idRStI dw

ivkws krnw cwhIdw hY, ijhVI pirvwr, Drm, kwm,

Xu`D Aqy smwj dy clMq pRSnW qy sDwrn rUp ivc

pRiqikRAwSIl Aqy rUVIvwdI pRivrqIAW dw ivroD

kry[ auhnW nUM AijhIAW swihqk pRivrqIAW dw vI

ivroD krnw cwhIdw hY ijhVIAw sMpRdwiek-Bwvnw,

jwqI Byd Aqy mnu`K duAwrw mnu`K dy SoSx dI Bwvnw

nUM auqSwihq krdIAW hn[42

ies lyKk sMG dw qIsrw sMmyln id`lI ivc meI 1942 eI. ivc hoieAw[

ies sMmyln nUM BwrqI Pwisst ivroDI sMG dw nW idqw igAw, ijs ivc &wiszm

ivroDI swry lyKkW Aqy bu`DIjIvIAW nUM bulwieAw igAw[ Pwisjm dy mwnvqw qy

sMsikRqI ivroDI rv`eIey dI s^q inMdw kIqI geI Aqy XUrp ivc hox vwly

Pwiszm ivroDI sMmyln nUM vI iek p`qr ByijAw igAw[ ies sMmyln dy GoSxw

p`qr ivc ikhw igAw:

hr dyS ivc Pwiszm dI ij`q ny pRgqISIL AMdoln

Aqy ivcwrW nUM Tys phuMcweI hY, sWsikRqk

AiBivAkqI dy mUl sroq nUM bMd kr id`qw igAw hY,

35

jnqw dy auqr-AiDkwrIAW dw byrihmI nwl Kwqmw

kIqw igAw hY[ A`j dI dunIAW ivc Pwiszm dI ij`q

dw ArQ iek nvyN AMDkwr dI SurUAwq hovygI Aqy

ies sMkt nUM dUr krn ivc jnqw nUM Awpxw krqv

pUrw krnw hovygw[43

pRgqISIl lyKk sMG dw cOQw sMmyln sMn 1943 ivc smwjvwdI nyqw sRI

AMimRqpwl fWg dI pRDwngI ADIn bMbeI ivc hoieAw[ qIsry sMmyln dI qulnw

ivc iesdw AwDwr izAwdw ivAwpk sI[ ies sMmyln ivc vI lyKkW ny mwnvqw

dy duSmx Pwisst pRqI Awpxy qIbr ivroDI BwvW nUM duhrwieAw[ iesdy nwl hI

brqwnvI swmrwj dy dmn c`kr dI vI kTor SbdW ivc inMdw kIqI[ ies

GoSxw p`qr ivc ikhw igAw:

ies gMBIr sMkt dy smyN ihMdUsqwn dy pRgqISIl

lyKkW dw krq`v hY ik auh rwStr dy mnobl nUM idRV

bxwaux[ aunHW dw Prz hY ik auh swhs Aqy sMklp

nUM mzbUq krn qW jo swfI AzwdI dw idn nzdIk

Awey, swfI sMsikRqI Aqy siBAqw suriKAq rhy,

aunHW dI aunqI hovy Aqy AsIN kiTn sMktkwl ivcoN

suqMqr, SkqISwlI Aqy sMgTq ho ky inkl skIey[

pRgqISIl lyKk hmySW qoN hI Bwrq dI suqMqrqw Aqy

dyS ivc iek inAwSIl auicq smwjk Aqy AwriQk

ivvsQw leI lVdy rhy hn[ ieh hI nhIN aunHW ny hr

pRkwr dI smwjk pRikirAw Aqy pRgqI ivroDI

ivcwrDwrw ivru`D vI sMGrS kIqw hY[ ihMdUsqwn dI

suqMqrqw nUM auhnW ny ivSv dI suqMqrqw dy iek

36

AiBn AMg dy rUp ivc smiJAw hY Aqy ijQy

buinAwdI AiDkwrW dI GoSxw kIqI hY, auQy auhnW ny

Pwiszm dw ivroD vI kIqw hY, ijhVw swmrwjvwdI

s`qw dw KUMKwr rUp hY[44

ies sMG dw pMjvW sMmyln meI 1949 eI. ivc bMbeI ivc hoieAw[

Aijhw ies leI hoieAw ikauNik bMbeI ivc rok lgw id`qI geI sI[ ieh

Awzwd Bwrq ivc pRgqISIl lyKk sMG dw pihlW sMmyln sI[ ies sMmyln ivc

ijhVw GoSxw p`qr iqAwr kIqw igAw auh ieiqhwsk p`KoN bhuq mh`qqw r`Kdw

hY[ ies GoSxw p`qr ivc ikhw igAw ik AzwdI qoN bwAd BwrqI pUMjIpqI vrg

Aqy swmrwjvwd dw gT-bMDn ho igAw hY, ijhVw BwrqI jnqw dI ies ie`Cw dw

ivroDI hY ik dyS ivc iek pUrn suqMqr srv ivAwpk lokqMqr rwj dI sQwpnw

kIqI jwvy[ AwzwdI dI lVweI dy ies dOr ivc lyKk vI do DiVAw ivc vMfy hoey

hn[ iek DVy ivc auh ijhVy smwjvwd SoSx mukq ivvsQw leI jnqw dy

sMGrS Aqy purwxI smwjvwd ivroDI sMsikRqI dI ivrwsq dy p`K ivc hn[ dUjy

DVy ivc auh Swiml hn jo ihMdusqwn nUM swmrwjwd dy ipClg bxwaux dy p`K

ivc hn Aqy hr purwxy dyS-BgqI BrpUr swihq dIAW srvSySt pRMprwvW nUM

nkwrdy hn[ ieMnHW dovW iDrw ivc inrp`K koeI vI nhIN[ jo inrp`Kqw dI g`l

krdy hn auh dUsry DVy nUM mdd phuMcwaudy hn[

ies GoSxw p`qr dy mUl mu`dy sn:

1. swihq dw mhwn nYiqk audyS lyKkW pwsoN mMg krdw hY ik auh Awpxy

swihq nUM Asrdwiek, lokipRX Aqy suMdr bxwaux ijs qoN swfI jnqw

pRyrxw lvy[

37

2. sMdyhpUrn qy sMBwivq qIjy mhW-XuD dy pVXMqr ivc AYglo-AmrIkI

swmrwjvwd SrIk hY Aqy ieh sovIAq sMG Aqy swrI dunIAW dy kOmI

mukqI AMdoln dw duSmx hY[

3. nihrU-ptyl dI AgvweI ivc rwStrI srkwr hr jnvwdI AMdoln nUM

kucl rhI hY, pUMjIvwdI sMsikRqI nUM Cot vI dy rhI hY Aqy jnvwdI qy

smwjvwdI sMsikRqI dy pRXqnW dw glw Gu`t ky dmn dI kwrvweI vI kr

rhI hY[

4. AzwdI qoN bwAd BwrqI pUMjIvwdI vrg smwjvwd dw gTbMDn ho igAw hY,

ijhVw BwrqI jnqw dI ies ie`Cw dw ivroDI hY ik dyS ivc iek pUrn

suqMqrn srv ivAwpk prjwqMqirk rwj sQwipq kIqw jwvy[45

ies ‘pRgqISIl lyK sMG’ dy lVIvwr sMmylnW dw AwKrI 6vW sMmyln

id`lI ivc sMn 1953 ivc ikRSn cMd dI pRDwngI ivc hoieAw[ ies p`qr ivc

ies g`l aupr zor idqw igAw ik sMG nUM hor ivAwpk srUp idqw jwvy, swihq

Aqy klw dw ivkws swfI sWsikRqk ivrwsq qy rwStrI pRMprw dy Anuswr hoxw

cwhIdw hY[ ies ivc ivSv BweIcwrw sQwpq krn Aqy ivSv Amn dI ie`Cw

pRgt kIqI geI Aqy ies g`l auqy zor id`qw igAw hY ik swfw swihq mwnvqw

dI Bwvnw, jIvn ivc ivSvws Aqy auv`jl Biv`K dI AwSw nwl Eqpoq hoxw

cwhIdw hY[ iesy GoSxw p`qr ivc ikhw igAw,

ivSv BweIcwrw sQwipq krn Aqy ivSv-Amn dI

ie`Cw pRgt kIqI geI Aqy ies gl auqy zor id`qw

igAw ik swfw swihq mwnvqwvwdI Bwvnw, jIvn

ivc AwsQw auqy au~jl Biv`K dI AwSw nwloN Eqpoq

hoxw cwhIdw hY Aqy aunHW nUM AwpxIAW rcnwvW duAwrw

38

KuSI Aqy KuShwlI jIvn dI pRwpqI ivc shwiek

bnxw cwhIdw hY46

ies qoN auprMq sMn 1967 q`k ies sMG dw koeI vI sMmyln nw ho sikAw[

ies qrHW BwrqI pRgqIvwdI AMdoln ijhVw 1936 ivc sMgiTq rUp ivc hoNd ivc

AwieAw sI, ies ivc KVoq Aw rhI pRqIq huMdI sI:

pr AslIAq ivc iek lihr vjoN ies AMdoln ivc

koeI KVoq nhIN sI AweI[ ipCly pMj dhwikAW ivc

ilKIAW geIAw swihqk rcnwvW dw srvyKx ieh

sp`St krdw hY ik swfw swihq mwnvvwdI kdrW-

kImqW dy hk ivc Aqy SoSx ivruD AwpxI Awvwz

inrMqr bulMd krdw irhw hY[47

pr ies sB dy bwvjUd vI pRgqISIl AMdoln ijhVw sMn 1936 eI. ivc

sMgiTq hoNd ivc AwieAw sI, AwpxI imAwd izAwdw nw vDw sikAw[ ikauNik

bu`DIjIvIAW dy ivcwrW ivc ies lihr nUM lY ky mqByd pYdw ho gey qw, rWgy

rwGv Anuswr:

auh lok Bwrq dy ieiqhws Aqy sMsikRqI nUM kuJ

AMgryzI AnuvwdW dy mwiDAm rwhIN hI pV sky sn[

AwrMB qoN hI ijhVI nINh r`KI ausdI ie`t tyFI igrI

Aqy mwVI iksmq nUM ausdy aupr dI iemwrq vI zrw

iqrCI hI auTI[ ijs dyS dI jnqw jwgrUk nhIN ho

jWdI auQy pRwrMiBk nyqw ies qrHW dIAW ieiqhwsk

aulJxW ivc rihMdy hn[ auh nyqw XUrpI idRStIkox qoN

Bwrq nUM dyKdy hn Aqy XUrpI lok aunHW dI ip`T Tokdy

sn[48

39

hMsrwj rihbr ny ies pRivrqI ipCy ieiqhwsk kwrn mMinAw, auhnW

iliKAw hY ik:

1930 qoN ipCoN jdoN rwjnIqI ivc AwdrSvwd dI

sImw tu`tI qW swihq ivc vI tu`tI[ ieh iek

guxwqmk pirvrqn sI ijhVw ivcwr Aqy icMqn ivc

AwieAw[ ies guxwqmk pirvrqn nUM smiJAw nhIN

igAw[ ies ivc nvyN swihq dI idSw Aqy mMizl

inSicq nhIN ho skI[49

pRgqIvwdI lihr aupr iek hor Awrop l`gw ik:

pRgqIvwdI jIvn drSn sMkIrx hY[ jIvn dI kyvl

AwriQk ivAwiKAw sMgq nhIN[ mwrksvwd ny mwnv

ieiqhws dI jo AwriQk ivAwiKAw kIqI hY, auh

ADUrI Aqy Anyk QwvW qy AsMgq qy ZYr-BrosyXog

hY[50

ijMnHW pirsiQqIAW nUM pRgqIvwdI lihr ny Awpxw AwDwr bxwieAw sI,

aunHW nUM Fwh lgI[ ieh kOmI Aqy kOmWqrI p`Dr qy iek SkqISwlI sMgTn sI,

auQy iehI q`Q pRgqIvwdI lihr vjoN aupjI sI Aqy jdoN ivroDI iDr (kOmI pYmwny

auqy swmrwj) nw rhI qW ies qoN pYdw huMdIAw hwlqW ivc AwpxI siQqI

inSicq kr skxI ies vwsqy muSikl ho geI[

nkslvwdI jw juJwr ivdrohI lihr nUM BwvyN pRgqIvwdI lihr dw hI

Aglw pVwA mMinAw jwdw hY pr ieh nvIAW pirsiQqIAw ivc iek v`Krw

pRqIkrm pyS krdI sI[ hiQAwr bMd qy ihMswqmk ivdroh iesdw inSwnw sI[

ies lihr ivc Bwvukqw nhIN sI grmzoSI sI, ihMswp`KI is`DWqkwr vI Ku`lyHm

Ku`ly rUp ivc hiQAwrbMd ienklwbW dI hmwieq krdy sn Aqy ienklwbI ihMsw

40

dI vrqoN nUM auicq TihrwauNdy sn[ hiQAwrbMd ienklwb leI Fu`kvW smW vyK ky

bMgwl dy cwrU mjUmdwr Aqy kwnUM swinAwl Awidk lIfrW ny nkslbwVI (qrweI

dw ielwkw) qoN hiQAwrbMd Gol dw AYlwn kr id`qw[ pr ies lIfriSp ny

bhuq kwhl qoN kMm ilAw[

(e) pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw: pMjwbI swihq ivc pRvyS

jykr ghu nwl ivcwirAw jwvy qW ies qoN pihlW rcy swihq ivc vI ieh

AMS mOjUd sI[ BgqI kwiv iesy mno-ibrqI aupr ADwirq hY[ mDkwlIn pMjwbI

kivqw dw auNJ suBway mwnvvwdI Aqy lok-pKI sI, ies leI AwDuink kvIAW nUM

pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw ivc koeI Eprwpn nhIN lgdw ies swihq dI sB qoN

v`fI ivSySqw ieh hY ik ieh smyN dy hwx dw ho ky cldw hY Aqy hlwqW nwl

ivcrn leI pRyrnw idMdw hY[ pRgqIvwdI ivcwrW dw mu`F pMjwbI kivqw 20vIN

sdI dy ArMB ivc bJ igAw sI[

pMjwb iek Aijhw rwj hY, ijQy K`by-pKI qwkqW

1917 qoN pihlW hI Awpxw kw&I pRBwv bxw cukIAW

sn[ nw kyuvl pMjwb sgoN smu`cy Bwrq ivc hI Kby-

p`KI lihr nUM sQwipq krn ivc pMjwb Bwrq ivcoN

pihlW rwj sI[51

m`DkwlIn BwrqI smwj dI swmMqk bxqr nUM pihlI vMgwr BgqI/is`K

lihr Aqy sU&I-sMqW v`loN pYxI SurU hoeI[ BgqI kvIAW, is`K gurU swihbwn Aqy

sU&I sMqW ny mwnvvwdI AwDwr auqy swmMqI bxqr aupr ausr rhIAW auhnW

siBAwcwrk mu`lW nUM cuxOqI id`qI, jo kulIn Aqy pujwrI vrg dy ihqW dy AnuswrI

BgqI/is`K Aqy sU&I lihr ny iPaufl dy iKlwP auT rhIAW kMmI, ikswn,

kwrIgr Aqy dsqkwr Awid jmwqW dy AnukUl nvIAW jIvn-kImqW dI isrjxw

kIqI[ pMjwbI kIvqw ny mnu`KI brwbrI, sWJIvwlqw, Drm inrp`Kqw Aqy

41

AwzwdI dy sunyhy nUM Gr-bwr phuMcwieAw[ rwjnIqk jwgrx dI aupj ies

kivqw ivc suDwrvwdI AwSy qoN smwjk kurIqIAW dw KMfn, Drm inrp`Kqw Aqy

sWJIvwlqw dw pRcwr Aqy brqwnvI swmrwj Aqy swmMqI jbr dy dmn dw ivroD

Aijhy AMS hn jo aus ieiqhwsk pRsMg ivc pMjwbI kivqw dI pRgqISIlqw dy

sUck hn[ies smyN ivc ijhVI pMjwbI kivqw rKI jWdI rhI[ aus aupr

mwrksI is`DWqW dw pRBwv sI[

AwDuink Xu`g dy nvyN irSiqAW nUM TIk rUp ivc

smJx Aqy pRgtwaux leI hor bhuq swry BwrqI Aqy

pMjwbI lyKkW dy nwl-nwl pMjwbI kvIAW ny Acyq jw

sucyq, ies jIvn i&lws&I nUM ikDry ADUry rUp ivc

Aqy ikDry sMmpUrx rUp ivc ApxwieAw hY[ iehnW

kvIAW dI kwiv rcnw nUM pRgqIvwdI kivqw ikhw

jWdw hY[52

1936 qoN 1947 dw smW Bwrq qy pMjwb leI kw&I mh`qv rKdw hY,

ikauNik ies smyN dOrwn rwStrI suMqqrqw lihr kw&I zor pkV cukI sI[ 1940

ivc musilm lIg v`loN pwiksqwn dI sQwpnw dw mqw pws kIqy jwx qy kWgrs,

musilm lIg qy AkwlI lihr ivckwr Gol iq`Kw ho igAw sI[ 1942 dy “Bwrq

C`foN AMdoln” nwl rwStrI suqMqrqw ivc iek nvW auBwr AwieAw qy nwl hI

ies smyN bMgwl ‘c pey mhWkwl ny iek qrwsidk siQqI nUM jnm id`qw[

AijhIAW nvIAW auBr rhIAW siQqIA ny pMjwbI lyKkW qy bhuq gihrW pRBwv

pwieAw[ pMjwbI kivqw ivc pRgqIvwd dy pRvyS qoN bwAd iesdw ivksq rUp

keI pVwvW nUM qih krdw hY ies sMdrB ivc kysr isMG dy kQn Anuswr:

pMjwbI ivc pRgqIvwdI kwiv-pRivrqI dI ivkws-ryKw

nUM Awm qOr qy do BwgW ivc vMifAw jWdw hY[ 1935 qoN

42

1960 q`k pRgqIvwdI Aqy 1970 qoN bwAd dy smyN nUM

nv-pRgqIvwdI Aqy 1970 qoN bwAd dy smyN nUM nv-

pRgqIvwdI jw juJwrvwdI nW id`qw igAw hY[ s`TivAW

dw dhwkw ies pRivrqI dI mMd gqI, KVoq AQvw

d`bI sur dw dOr hY[ pihly pVwA dy do dhwikAW ivc

hI ies kwiv-pRivrqI ny kimauinst lihr dy

siBAwcwrk muhwz nwl sur imlw ky ‘qy mwrksI

ivcwr-pRbMD qoN nvyN ivcwrW nUM gRihx krky Awpxy

Awp nUM sQwipq kr ilAw[ ieh auh smW hY jdoN

ies pRivrqI dI kwiv-idRStI mDvrgI audwrvwd qoN

mwrksI ivcwrDwrw dy boD q`k ivkws krdI hY[

BwrqI BwSwvW dy swihq ivc ieh smW, pRgqIvwdI

swihqk lihr dw smW hY ies leI swihq pRivrqI nUM

pRgqIvwd dw nW id`qw igAw[53

pMjwb ivc pRgqIvwdI swihqk lihr nUM ivksq krn leI nwmvr

SKsIAqW, kvIAW Aqy sMsQwvW dI vI v`fI dyx hY[ pMjwbI swihq dy iek

pRis`D icMqk/ivdvwn ny ies lihr dI bulMdI prpkqw Aqy ivkws dr 1940 nUM

mMinAw hY…

pMjwb AMdr pRgqIvwdI lihr nUM pRcwrn ivc v`fw

h`Q fw. mhuMmd dIn qwsIr dw sI[ ijhVy aus smyN

AMimRqsr dy nvyN nvyN musilm kwlj dy ipRMsIpl sn[

auhnW dw sMprk Kby-p`KI ivcwrW nwl auhnW dy

ieMglYNf AiDAYn smyN qyz hoieAw[ ijQoN auh qwzw-

qwzw pVH ky Awey sn[ swihbzwdw kXUm mhuMd zPr

43

Aqy ausdI pqnI rsId jhwn Aqy PYz Aihmd PYz

ijhVy bwAd ivc aurdU dy pRis`D kvI bxy, auhnW dy

cyilAW ivcoN sn[ ^wlsw kwlj AimRqsr dy pRo. mohn

isMG Aqy pRo. sMq isMG syKoN nUM iehnW ny pRgqIvwdI

sBw ivc imlx dI pRyrnw id`qI[ ies qrHW pRgqIvwdI

lihr dw pRBwv 1940 qoN AwrMB huMdw hY[54

ies lihr dw sB qoN izAwdw pRBwv pMjwbI kivqw ny svIkwirAw[ pMjwbI

kivqw dy Kyqr ivc pRgqIvwd dw Asr 1936 eI. ivc “srb BwrqI pRgqISIl

sMG dI sQwpnw auprMq hI proK rUp ivc dyKx nUM imilAw hY[ pRgqIvwdI

kivqw ivigAwnk ADwrW vwlI jnvwdI Aqy cyqn ivcwrDrweI idRStI nUM

Apnwaux vwlI sI[ sMG dy hoNd ivc Awaux nwl kvI ies pRivrqI rwhIN

rwStrI Aqy AMqr-rwStrI vrqwirAW ivc Awpxy rwStr dIAW sm`isAWvW

pyS krn l`gy sn[ BwrqI kOmI AwzwdI dI lihr ivc AnykW lok-p`KI somy pey

sn[

smW pw ky ies pRgqISIl dw sMklp pRgqIvwd dy ivSwl kYnvs qy PYl

igAw[ pRgqIvwd dI igRPq ivc sB qoN pihlW mohn isMG, AMimRqw pRIqm, bwvw

blvMq Aqy pRIqm isMG s&Ir Awid Awey sn[ ies pRgqIkwl ivc ilKI jw

rhI rcnw dI klw p`KoN kwiv-ivSySqw ieh sI ik:

ieh dOr Xu`g-cyqnw dw dOr sI, ieho kwrn hY ik

ies Xu`g dy kvIAW ny aupdySwqmk qy kQw SYlI nUM

iqAwg ky nvIn soc nUM Awpxw ADwr bxwieAw Aqy

Awm AwdmI dI gl kIqI[ ieMnHW ny pMjwbI kivqw nUM

Dwrimk rUVIAW qoN mukq kIqw Aqy jIvn dy nyVy dI

g`l vDyry kIqI[55

44

iehnW qoN ielwvw sMqoK isMG DIr, ipAwrw isMG sihrweI, drSn isMG

Avwrw, eISvr icqrkwr Aqy hIrw isMG drd ny pRyrnw sRoq dw kMm id`qw[ BwvyN

bhuq swry kvIAW ny pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw nUM ApxwieAw[ pr iehnW ivcoN

bhuq swry keI kvI Aijhy vI sn ijMnHW ny mwrks lYinn dy isDwqW dI hU-b-hU

nkl nw krn dI bjwey AwpxI kwiv rcnw ivc auh kuJ pyS kIqw jo kuJ Asl

jIvn ivc auhnW ny Awpxy ipMfy qy hMFwieAw sI[ fw. kulbIr isMG kWg ilKdy

hn:

jdoN sMswr ivc audXogIkrn AwrMB hoieAw hY Aqy

pUMjI ny iek vKrw rUp Dwrn kIqw hY qd qoN smwjI

irSiqAW ivc iek iBAwnk qbdIlI jnm lY rhI

hY[ m`DkwlI pRsiQqIAW ivc lokW dIAW loVW

auplbD pYdwvr huMdIAw sn[ bySk v`fy izMmIdwr qy

jwgIrdwr qy jwgIrdwr pRQw audoN vI lokW nUM qMg

krky lokW dy jIvn nUM nrk bxw dyNdy sn pr iPr vI

iek iekweI ivc eynIAW qryVW nhIN sn pYNdIAw[

iek pirvwr qW kI smu`cy ipMf ivc bhuq swrIAW

BwvnwvW dI sWJ huMdI sI[ du`K-s`uK sWJy sn pr ijs

vyly swfw jIvn ngr siBAqw v`l pRvyS krdw hY[

pUMjI Aqy pUMjIdwr jmwq jnm lYNdI hY, isky dw

pwswr v`Ddw hY qW nIvIN Aqy inmn m`d vrg SRyxI dy

GrW ivc Bwvk eykqw KMf-KMf ho jWdI hY[ iesy

krky dunIAW dy pUMjIvwdI mulkW ivc ijQy injI

jwiedwd dI loV SurU hoeI qy kuJ lokW ny dOlqW dy

45

sMswr ivAwpI BMfwr bxw ley hn auQy vI bySumwr

GrW ivc ZrIbI kurbl-kurbl kr rhI hY[56

kivqw Ku`ly rUp ivc rwjnIqk hiQAwr vjoN auBr ky swhmxy AweI Aqy

“klw smwj leI” Dwrxw nUM AMg bxw ky pyS hox l`g peI sI[ ies smyN ies

lihr nUM hor izAwdw ivAwpk p`Dr qy mzbUq krn leI kuJ prcy vI k`Fy gey

jo lyKk sMG dI sQwpnw kwrn inrol pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw nUM lY ky swihq ivc

ausdw pRcwr krn lg pey sn[ ieMnHW ivcoN pRmu`K, ikswnI lihr, Zdr lihr,

b`br AkwlI lihr, PUlvwVI, pRIqlVI, pMj dirAw Awid rswly Cwpxy SurU

kIqy[ ieMnHW pricAW ivc CpdIAW kivqwvW lokDwrw vWg lok-ivSvws Aqy

pRyrnw dy vDIAw sRoqW vjoN pyS kIqIAW geIAW sn[ vIhvIN sdI dy pihly

dhwikAW ivc AwriQk mMdvwVw, Bu`KmrI Aqy jMgI-ivsMgqI ny swihq ivc iq`Ky

rUp ivc pyS hoxw SurU kr id`qw sI[ swihqk rcnwvW ivc pyS hox vwlIAW

ivAMgAwqmk cotW-iqKIAW Aqy spSt ho geIAW sn[ BwrqI pRgqIvwdI lyKk

sMG dy pRBwv kwrn AwdrSvwdI rumWitk ivcwrW rwhIN mnu`KI cyqnw nUM

AMqrrwStrI vrqwirAw Aqy GtnwvW nwl is`dy rUp ivc joV id`qw sI[ lihr

kwrn kivqw rumWitk kImqW nUM C`f ky izMdgI dy XQwrQ ƒ pyS krnw SurU kr

id`qw [ ies smyN ilKq swihq qoN ibnHw AilKq swihq vI hoNd ivc AieAw jo

isDy rUp ivc swfy pyNfU siBAwcwr ivc rwjsI cyqnw Aqy AgWh vDU Kyq mzdUr

dw svY-ic`qr pyS krn leI vriqAw jWdw irhw hY [ 1950 eI. ivc ivSv dy

AgwWh vDU swihqkwrW dIAW nzmW ƒ vI pMjwbI ivc Anuvwd krky, smwjvwdI

ivcwrW dy PYlwA leI hiQAwr vjoN vrqxw SurU kr id`qw igAw sI[ pRgqIvwdI

pMjwbI kivqw ivSv-kRWqIkwrIAW nwl Awpw joVdI hY Aqy ivSv Amn lihr

dwe smrQn vI krdI hY [

46

mwsko dy jwieAw

r`q ƒ hI qyl kr

qy sqwiln Sihr dy

Pty purwxy p`Dr cuMm cuMm

Cu`tI imhnq dw roh lY ky

vIr qly sn Biv`K dy57

ieh smW pRgqIvwdI pMjwbI swihqwrW leI cVHq dw smW sI[ AzwdI qoN

pihlW dy smyN ijhVy lyKk pRgqIvdI swihq rc rhy sn, aunHW ivc hor izAwdw

pRBwv qy in^wr Awauxw SurU ho igAw[ pihlI pIVHI dy pRmu`K kvIAW ivc igAwnI

hIrw isMG drd, mohn isMG joS, jrnYl isMG ArSI, ipAwrw isMG sihrweI,

Avqwr isMG Azwd Aqy dyivMdr siqAwrQI Awid hn [ ienHW kvIAW dIAW

rcnwvw auqy pRgqIvwd dw pRBwv hY [ pRgqIvwdI pMjwbI kivqw dy dUjy dOr ivc,

pRo. mohn isMG, bwvw blvMq, AMimRqw pRIqm, sMqoK isMG DIr, surjIq rwmpurI,

eISvr icqrkwr, gurcrn rwmpurI, qwrw isMG Awid dy nW pRmu`K hn [

pRo. mohn isMG (1905-1978) pRgqIvwdI dOr dw pRmu`K kvI hY [ aus

duAwrw ricq kwiv-sMgRih ies pRkwr hn [ swvY-p`qr (1936), ksMBVw

(1937), k`c s`c (1950), AvwjW (1954), vfw vylw (1958), jMdry

(1964), jYmIr (1968), nnkwiex (mhWkwiv-1970) Aqy bUhY (1979)[

mohn isMG dI soc pUrn smwjvwdI ivcwrDwrw nUM gRihx kr lYNdI hY

pRgqIvwd qy kRWqIkwrI soc dI is^r nUM vI eysy pVwA qy dyiKAw jw skdw hY[

ausnUM smwjk kwxI-vMf qy SRyxI sUJ vrgy ivSy mn BwauNdy l`gx lg pYNdy hn[

auh jmwqI qOr ‘qy smwjk vMf ivc SoiSq vrg nwl

hmdrdI dw pRgtwA krdw hY[ ieQy hI ausnUM

mwrksvwdI icMqn muqwbk DrqI qy DrqI dy lok do

47

ivroDI jutW ivc vMfy idKweI idMdy hn[ iPr auh

imhnqkS nUM lokW qy jwgIrdwrW/srmweydwrW nUM jokW

dI sMigAw dyNdw hY[58

mohn isMG dI kivqw “qwj mh`l” dw izkr kIqw jw skdw hY jo ivSyS

ivcwrDwrw dI rOSnI ivc qwj mh`l dI auswrI krn vwly mzdUrW dw auswrI

krn vwly mzdUrW dw auswrI krwaux vwly bwdSwh vloN SoSx kIqy jwx dw

kwlpink ic`qr pyS krdI hY Aqy qwj mh`l dy ieiqhwsk klwqmk qy

Bwvnwqmk mh`qv nUM AxgOilAw krky ies srlI krx auqy Kqm huMdI hY:

kI auh husn husn hY scmu`c

jW aujyN hI Cldw

l`Kw ZrIbW mzdUrW dy

hMJUAW qy jo pldw60

AMimRqw pRIqm vI mohn isMG vWg rumWitk pRgqIvwdI kwiv-Dwrw nwl

sMbMD r`KdI hY[ ausdI kivqw dy ivSy izAwdwq r AOrq dI AzwdI, dyS dI

AzwdI, dyS vMf dw duKWq, mzdUr vrg dI KuShwlI qy Amn dI sQwpnw ijhy

hn[ AMimRqw pRIqm ny AMimRq lihrW (1936), ijauNdw jIvn (1939), qRyl

Doqy Pu`l (1914), E gIqW vwilE (1942), bdlW dy p`ly ivc (1943), sMJ

dI lwlI (1941), lok pIV (1944) p`Qr gIty (1946) lMmIAW vwtW

(1949), mYN qvwrI^ ihMd dI (1949), srGI vylw (1951) sunyhVy

(1955), ASokw cyqI (1957), ksqUrI (1959), nwgmxI (1964), Aqy

kwgz qy kYnvs (1970) kwiv-sMgRih pRkwiSq hoey[

pRgqIvwdI idRStIkox dy AMqrgq auh smwj dI rUVIvwdI, pRMprw, vihmW

qy pwKMfW nUM inMddI hY jo ikrqIAW dw SoSx krn ivc jgIrdwrW/srmweydwrW

dI mdd krdy hn, Aqy nvIN ivigAwnk soc dy rsqy dI rukwvt bxdy hn:

48

BwrqI smwj dy ieh hor dby=kucly vrg iesqrI dy AiDkwrW dI vkwlq krdI

hY[ swfy mrd pRDwn smwj ivc iesqrI nUM iksy qrHW dw koeI hk pRwpq nhINhY[

ies AinAW dy iKlw& ausny iliKAw,

AMndwqw!

myrI jIB qy qyrw lUx ey

qyrw nW myry bwp idAw hoTW qy

mYN ikvyN bolW

myry bolx qoN pihlW bol pYNdw ey qyrw AMn60

pRgqIvwdI pMjwbI kivqw dI iek hor idSw iesnUM jMgW-Xu`DW dy ivruD KVw

kr idMdI hY[ ijs smyN pRgqISIl lyKk sMG dI sQwpnw hoeI sI aus smyN pihlW

ivSv-Xu`D ho cukw sI Aqy dUjw ivSv Xu`D iqAwrIAw qy sI[ ieh Xu`D

qwnwSwhI, PwsIvwd auqy mwnvdYKI SkqIAW vloN Amn psMd Aqy suqMqrqw

srgrmIAW auqy QoipAw jw irhw sI, AMimRqw pRIqm vI Aijhy vwqwvrn qoN

pRBwivq ho ky ilKdI hY,

iPr kxk dy pwlkW nUM, lwm nw s`dy koeI

iPr jvwnI auTdI nUM pYr nw imDy koeI

Drq AMbr swVnI, iPr A`g nw BVky koeI

Pyr doDy dwixAw qy, zihr nw iCVky koeI61

pMjwbI kwiv Dwrw AMdr bwvw blvMq hI iek Aijhw kvI hY ijsny sucyq

p`Dr qy m`DkwlI, rhsvwdI soc nUM iqAwg ky ies lok-ihq Dwrw nUM AwpxI

kivqw dw AwDwrw bxwieAw[ auh lokp`KI kvI sI, ausny lok msilAW nUM

auBwirAw[ mzdUrW Aqy ikswnW dy h`kW ivc kivqwvW ilKIAW[ bwvw blvMq ny

mhWnwc (1941), AmrgIq (1942), juAwlwmu`KI (1943), bMdrgwh

49

(1951) kwiv swgr (1954), iks iks qrHW dy nwc (1957), sugMD smIr

(1958) kwiv-sMgRih rcy[ ausdI kivqw ijAwdwqr pRyrxw, nwAry, BwSx qy

joSIly pRcwr dy rUp ivc Aqy smwjk sMGrSW dI ij`q ivc ivSvws Aqy smwjk

pirvrqn dI Aws nwl BrpUr hY[

qUM hI DVkx BUcwlW dI, ibjlI dw pY jwxw,

nrkI BYA dy qu^m aufw dy, pihn mjITI bwxw!

SyrW nUM ZS pwey qyrI AxKI grj, jvwnW,

Drq AwkwSw dy QIm ihlwvy, iek nwArw msqwnw[

qyrI iek Tokr nv-jIvn hY sujIx ikswnW,

swrI DrqI pUMjI qyrI swrw jgq jgw dy

au~T dunIAW nUM aultw dy62

pUMjIvwdI smwj in`jI mwlkI dw AwDwr hY, zorwvr iDr ny grIb nUM nw

isr& srIrk blik mwnisk p`Dr qy vI lokW nUM Drm, r`b qy svrg Awid

Zulwm bxw ky riKAw hY[ AwDuink pMjwbI kwiv ivc pRIqm isMG s&Ir ny

pRgqIvwd ƒ AgWh qoirAw[ s&Ir dI kivqw ivc mwnvI ie^lwk, AOrq dI

qRwsdI smwjk sMGrS/bMdSW dy rUp ivc auBr ky swhmxy AweIAw[ pRIqm isMG

s&Ir dw kwiv-meI s&r; k`qk kUMjW (1941), pwp dy soihly (1942), rkq

bUMdW, rwg irSmW (1946), Awid-jugwid (1958), Apwr AnUp (1978)

Aink ibsQwr (1980) Agm Agocr (1981), sMXog ivXog (1982), Awpy

bhu-rMgI (1998) Awid kwiv sMgRih rcy[

s&Ir dw pihlW kwiv sMigRih k`qk kUMjW ausdI pRgqIvwdI sUJ-smJ nUM

pRq`K krdw hY[ ausqoN bwd pwp dy soihly Aqy rkq bUMdW ies ivcwrDwrw nUM

lVIbD krdIAW hn:

1. l`KW k`qk Awey lMG gey,

50

l`KW kUMjW moeIAw[

l`KW Drm qy l`KW kOmW,

qIvIauN pYdw hoeIAw[63

s&Ir sWJIvwlqw dw pRcwrk hY, auh ikrqI dI lu`t krn vwlI iDr nUM

inhory mwrdw hoieAw AwKdw hY:

iksy dy ^Un coN inKirAw hY

qyrI pgVI dw sPYd kMvl

prwey ^Un ‘c rMgI hY

qyry mihlW dI nuhwr65

sdIAW qoN mzdUr vrg dI siQqI nUM auh ieiqhwsk vrqwrw mMndw hY,

ijs ivc mzdUr SyRxI dI lu`t-Ksu`t jwrI rihMdI hY[ pUMjIvwdI smwj dy Kwsy dw

ivroD krdw hoieAw auh Awqmw nUM jgwaux dI loV qy zor dyNdw hY[ pRgqIvwdI

pRBwv nUM aus dIAW pihly pVwA dIAW kivqwvW ivcoN dyiKAw jw skdw hY[

kivqw qoN ielwvw pMjwbI glp Aqy nwtk vI ies ivcwrDwrw dw ihsw

bxy[ pMjwbI nwvl dI nINh qW BwvyN BweI vIr isMG ny kIqI auhnW dy ivSy

ieiqhwsk Aqy pRMprwgq sn, BweI vIr isMG ny suMdrI (1847), ibjY isMG

(1899), sqvMq kOr (1900) Aqy bwbw nOD isMG (1921) Awid dI rcnw

kIqI[ BweI vIr isMG qoN bwAd BweI mohn isMG vYd Aqy crn isMG ShId ny

smwj-suDwrk nwvlW dI rcnw kIqI[ pRgqIvwdI nwvlW dI SurUAwq nwnk isMG

dy nwvlW qoN hoeI[ ipAwr dI dunIAW Aqy ZrIb dI dunIAw ivc mzdUrW Aqy

ikrqIAW dw icqrx krky SurUAWq kIqI[ nwnk isMG ny AOrq dI qRwsdI dy

smwj ivc inGrdI hwlq nUM bVI sMjIdgI nwl pyS kIqw, jIvn sMgrwm

A`DiKiVAw Pu`l Aqy tu`tI vIxw Awid[ aus qoN bwAd suirMdr isMG nrUlw dy

51

nwvl ipau pu`qr (1946), rMg mihl (1950), dIn dunIAW (1951), nIlI

bwr (1952), lok duSmx (1952), j`g bIqI (1954), idl dirAw

(1963) Aqy is`l AlUxI (1965) Awid nwvlW ivc mwrksvwdI icMqn

duAwrw lokW dIAW smwjk sm`isAwvW nUM auBwirAw[ ausqoN bwAd Awlock sMq

isMG syKo jo ik pRgIqvwd dy numwieMdy vjoN jwixAw jWdw hY ny vI pRgqIvwdI sur

ivc Awpxw plyTw nwvl lhU-im`tI (1946) iek vrnxXog rcnw hY[

pRgqIvwdI nwvl dy pRsMg ivc s. jsvMq isMG kMvl dw Aihm sQwn hY[ ausny

pMjwb dy ikrswnI jIvn qy pyNfU smwj dI XQwrQvwdI Jlk pyS kIqI[ kMvl ny

rwq bwkI hY (1955), lhU dI loA (1976) vrgIAW sMvydnSIl rcnwvW

rcIAW[ pMjwbI nwvl jgq ivc ies ivcwrDwrw dy AMqrgq Awpxw ivSyS

Xogdwn pwieAw[ guridAwl isMG ny dilq vrg dw sQwn qy siQqI bwry Awpxy

nwvlW nUM AwDwr bxwieAw, mVI dw dIvw (1965), Axhoey (1966), kuvylw

(1968) Aqy A`D cwnxI rwq (1972) ivSyS rUp ivc aulyKXog hn[ ies qoN

ibMnHW inrMjn qsnIs, sMqoK isMG DIr, rwm srUp AxKI Aqy im`qr mIq vrgy

lyKkW ny vI pRgqIvwdI nwvlW ivc Awpxw Xogdwn pwieAw[

pRgqIvwd ny swihq dI ivDw khwxI dy Kyqr ivc vI Awpxw Asr

idKwieAw[ ies Dwrw vl sB qoN pihlW iSrkq kIqI pRo. sujwn isMG ny du`K

su`K (1941), du`K-suK qoN ipCoN (1946), sB rMg (1950), mnu`K qy pSU

(1952), nrkW dy dyvqy (1952) Awidk pusqkW ivc mzdUrW, ikswnW,

AiDAwpkW Aqy klrkW Awid vrgW dIAW AwriQk AOkVW dI pySkwrI bVy

pRBwvSwlI qrIky nwl kIqI[ pRgqIvwdI khwxI dy Kyqr ivc iek hor pRBwvI

nwm AwauNdw hY sMq isMG syKoN dw, syKoN ny AwpxI khwxI dw ivSw inmn vrg,

ikrswxI jIvn Aqy nOkrI pySw lokW dIAW AwriQk Aqy smwjk sm`isAwvW dI

52

pySkwrI bVy pRmwxIk FMg nwl kIqI hY[ ausdy khwxI sMgRih smwcwr (1943),

kwmy dy XoDy (1950), Aqy qIjw pihr (1958) Awid[

pRgqIvwdI Dwrw AMdr hor vI keI khwxIkwrW ny sMgRih rcy BwvyN igxqI

p`KoN auh QoVy pr imAwrI ny[ dyivMdr siqAwrQI (dyvqw iq`g ipAw, kuMg poS,

iqMn bUihAw vwlw Gr) sMqoK isMG DIr (is`itAW dI CW, sWJI kMD, svyr hox

q`k) kulvMq isMG ivrk (Cwh vylw, DrqI qy AwkwS, qUVI dI pMf, golHW, nvyN

lok) nvqyj isMG (dyS vwpsI, bwsmqI dI mihk, cwnx dy bIj, nvIN ru`q)

Awid[ smkwlI khwxIkwrW ivc pRo. guridAwl isMG, mohn BMfwrI, AjIq kOr,

hrjIq Atvwl, svrn cMdn, vInw vrmw, jsivMdr isMG pRgqIvwdI

ivcwrDwrw nUM pRvwey hoey khwxIkwr hn[

pRgqISIl swfy swry swihq dI mUl Awqmw hY[ nwtk dw smUh lilq

klwvW dw sMgm hY[ nwtkkwr Awm swihqkwrW nwloN vdyry cyqMn Aqy bOiDk huMdw

hY[ swfw pMjwbI nwtk buinAwdI qOr qy XQwrQvwdI Aqy Awqimk rUp ivc

pRgqISIL hY[ pMjwbI nwtk dw inkws ivkws ivc ivSyS BUimkw norw ircrf dI

hY[ norw ny kwljW ivc pVdy nOjvwn ividAwrQIAW nUM Awpxy smkwlI smwj

dIAW sm`isAwvW bwry nwvl ilKx dI pRyrnw id`qI[ ies Kyqr ivc eISvr nMdw

ny pihl kdmI kIqI Aqy dulhn nwtk iliKAw[ ieh nwtk smwj suDwrk

idRStI qoN ricAw igAw, jo Awpxy Awp hI pRgqISIl rucIAW nwl juV igAw[

iesqoN bwAd suBdrw (1928), vr Gr (1930), soSl srkl (1952)

Awid pRkwiSq hoey[

pRo. sMq isMG syKoN pRgqIvwdI icMqn dw pRmu`K bulwrw irhw hY[ ausny Awpxy

nwtkW ivc vI pMjwbI jn-jIvn dw pRgqISIl idRStI qoN ivSlySx kIqw[

klwkwr (1946), nwrkI (1952), vwrs (1955), moieAw swr nw kweI

(1955), byVw bMD nw sikau (1957) Aqy isAwlW dI n`FI (1968) Awid

53

nwtkW ivc syKoN ny pMjwbI smwj siBAwcwr Aqy ieiqhws nUM mwrks dI idRStI

qoN pyS krn dIAW koiSSW kIqIAW hn[ fw. hrcrn isMG ny SoBw SkqI

(1962), kMcn mwtI (1969), muVky dI KuSboN Awid rcy[

blvMq gwrgI ny vI ies ivSy dy AMqrgq keI nwtk ilKy[ aus duAwrw

ilKy nwtk DUxI dI Ag, sulqwn-rzIAw pRgqIvwdI idRStI dy AMqrgq ilKy[

sYl p`Qr (1949), kysro (1952) Aqy kxk dI b`lI ivc pRgqISIl idRStI

dI pySkwrI hoeI hY[ iesqoN ielwvw guridAwl isMG Koslw (prlo qoN pihlW)

AmrIk isMG (prCwivAW dI pkV) hrSrn isMG (audws lok) kpUr isMG GuMmx

(AxhoxI, ijauNdI lwS) gurSrn isMG (vMgwr, gulwbI p`g, bygwny dI DI) crn

dws isDU (bwbw bMqU, kl kwlj bMd rvygw, BweIAw hwkm ishuM) AwqmjIq

(kbrsqwn) Aqy Ajmyr ismG AOlK (ibZwny bohV dI CW) (iek Awiex hor,

qUVI vwlw koTw) Awid nwtkkwrW ny ies jn-kilAwx ivcwrDwrw nUM Awpxw

AwdrS bxw ky nwtk ilKy[

nwtk Aqy nwtkkwrW bwry crcw krn dy nwl-nwl ieptw (IPTA) bwry

vI izkr zrUrI hY[ pRgqIvwdI AMdoln vWg ieptw dI lihr ny vI 1941 qoN

bwAd zor PiVAw Si:

ieptw dI sQwpnw meI 1943 ivc bMbweI ivc kIqI geI[

ies sMsQw dw pRmu`K mnorQ nwtkW duAwrw Bwrq dy SihrW

Aqy ipMfW ivc smwjvwdI cyqnw nUM jn-sDwrx q`k

phuMcwauxw sI[66

SurU ic id`lI qoN pMjwb AMdr jlMDr qy biTMfw iesdy mu`K kyNdr bxy sn, ieptw

dIAW ivSwl p`Dr qy cwr BwrI kwn&rMs hoeIAw sn[ pihlI 1952 ivc

klk`qw ivc hoeI, dUjI 1954 ivc bMbeI, qIjI 1956 ivc mdrws Aqy cOQI

1958 ivc idlI hoeI sI[ ieptw dI sQwpnw BwvyN dUjy ivSv Xu`D dy lgBg

54

smWnqr hoeI pr ieh pMjwb ivc suqMqrqw qoN auprMq hI phuMc skI[ iesqoN

pihlW nwtk AiDAwqmvwdI ibrqI vwly hMudy sn jW qqkwlI sm`isAw vwly

smwjk ibrqI vwly huMdy sn jo styj qy Kyfy jWdy sn[

pMjwbI swihqkwrW ivc bhuq swry Aijhy nwmW dI SmUlIAq kIqI jWdI

hY, ijhnW ny pRgqIvwdI idRStIkox qoN nwtk ilKy, pMjwb ivc ieptw dI lihr nUM

mu`Flw rUp dyx vwly mhqvpUrn nwm hn: joigMdr bwhrlw, qyg isMG cMn,

jgdIS &irAwdI, hukm cMd ^lIlI, AmrjIq gurdwspurI, suirMdr kOr, pRo.

inrMjn isMG mwn Awid[ pRis`D pMjwbI gwiekw suirMdr kOr pMjwhivAw ivc

ieptw dy AMg-sMg rhI sI[ bwhrlw, cMd, &irAwdI Aqy ^lIlI vrgy Epyrw

lyKk ieptw ny hI pYdw kIqy[

pMjwbI Awlocnw dy Kyqr ivc vI pRgqIvwd ny Awpxw Asr idKwieAw[

syKoN nUM pRQm pRgqIvwdI Awlock ikhw jwdw hY[ syKoN ny AMqrmu`KI pRBwvW vwly

swihq dy suBwA iqAwg ky ivigAwnk idRStIkox qoN is`DWqk-sUqrb`D krky

SurUAwq kIqI[ syKoN ny AwpxI Awlocnw ivDI dw AiDAYn dw ivSw m`DkwlIn

pMjwbI swihq qoN AwDuink pMjwbI swihq dI hr isn& nUM bxwieAw[ syKoN dI

Awlocnw idRStI mwrksvwdI idRStI dy izAwdw kyNdirq hY[ sMq isMG syKoN ny

pihlI vwr swihqk rcnw nUM ausdy smu`cy smwjk-ieiqhwsk pRsMg ivc r`K ky

ausdw mulWkx krn dI iDrq pweI[

syKoN qoN bwAd Aglw swihqk Awlock pRo. ikSn isMG hY[ pRo. ikSn isMG

dw Awlocnwqmk suBwA syKoN qoN v`KrI BWq dw hY[ auh dvMdvwdI pdwrQvwd nUM

vDyry TIk qrIky nwl lwgU krdw hY[

m`DkwlIn pMjwbI swihq ausdy AiDAYn dw kyNdrI

ibMdU hY[ &rId bwxI, gurbwxI qy ik`sw kwiv aus leI

55

mhwn rcnwvW hn ikauNik kwbz inzwm dIAW sB

sMsQwvW dy qUsVy aufwauNdIAW hn[67

ikSn isMG ny AwpxI Awlocnw dw AwDwr ieiqhwsk pirpyK Aqy siBAwcwrk

pRsMg nwl joVky kIqw pRo. ikSn isMG dI Awlocnwqmk pRiqBw smkwlI siQqIAw

dIAW do ivroDI iKcW dy dbwau hyT ivcrdI hY[ iek pwsy cyqnw dujy pwsy

mnorQI krqv[ ausny smIiKAw nUM Bwvnw qoN mukq krn dI iprq pweI[

ies qoN bwAd Aglw swihqk Awlock nzm husYn s`Xd hY[ nzm husYn

ny AwpxI Awlocnwqmk swihqkwrI ivc purwxy pMjwbI swihq ivc kuJ rcnwvW

Aqy kvIAW nUM AwDwr bxw ky aunHW dI rcnw ivcly pRqIkW dw ivSlySx krn dw

Xqn kIqw hY[ nzm husYn dI Awlocnw ivDI dw AwDwr klwsIkl mwrksvwd

hY[ jo pRgqIvwdI pMjwbI Awlocnw dy Kyqr dw kYnvs ivSwl krdI hY[

ivAwiKAw is`DWq ivc FlI hox krky aus ies

Awlocnw nUM pyqlI, prMprwgq, AMqrmu`KI Aqy

iekwihrI iksm dI AwiKAw hY[ s`Xd dy sU&Imq dI

nwbrI ivcoN mnu`K dI AwzwdI qy AxK AnuBv krn

nUM vI auh ikMqU dw ivSw bxwauNdw hY[68

fw. Aqr isMG dw Awlocnw dy Kyqr ivc pRyrnw sRoq sMq isMG syKoN hY[

ijsqoN AgvweI lY ky ausny Awpxw Awlocnwqmk s&r dI SurUAwq kIqI pr

ausny Awpxy rcnwqmk Drwql qy AwpxI mOilkqw brkrwr rKI[ AwDuink

pMjwbI swihq sMbMDI ausdw icMqn gMBIr qy bOiDk soJI Aqy sMvydnw aupr

AwDwirq hY[ swihq dy AMdrly qy bwhrly srokwrW ivckwr dvdwqmk irSqw

sQwipq krdw hoieAw srlqw qoN jitlqw qk dw s&r qYA krdw hY[ AwDuink

swihq ivc kwiv Awlocnw dy Kyqr ivc ausdI ivSyS rucI rhI[

56

fw. rivMdr rvI pRgqIvwdI pMjwbI swihq-icMqk Aqy Awlocnw dw smwj-

SwsqrI ikhw jWdw hY[ ausdy swihqk ruJwvW nUM pRgqIvwdI ivDI rwhIN

siBAwcwrk pirpyK ivc smJ ky aunHW dy pihcwnxXog icMnHW nUM pRBwiSq kIqw[

fw. tI.Awr. ivnod dI Awlocnw dw suBwA qrk ADwirq hY[ swihq

dIAW ivDwvW ivc glp nUM ivSyS qrjIh idqI[ ivnod ny pRgqIvwd dy

sMklpwqmk Gyry nUM ivsiqRq krky iesnUM mkwnkI sMkIrxqw qoN inrlyp kIqw[

fw. kysr isMG mwrksvwdI idRStIkox qoN pRBwivq huMdw hoieAw ausdy

sMkIrx Aqy k`tVpuxy dw iSkwr nhIN huMdw[

smwjk cUl ivc jmwqI sMGrS qy dvMdwqmk idRStI,

smwj qy swihq dy XQwrQ dy pRq`Kx dy ausdy mn

BwauNdy hiQAwr hn[ pRgqIvwd qy pRgqIvwdI pMjwbI

swihq dy sMbMD ivc pihlw ivDI pUrvk Akwdimk

kwrj fw. kysr isMG kysr dw hY[69

hornW swihqk ivDwvW dI qrHW pMjwbI Awlocnw vI AwrMB qoN mOjUdw

hwlwqW ivc ivkws dIAW mMizlW vl A`gy v`D rhI hY[ ieh Awpxy klwvy ivc

Awlocnw idRStI, dvMdwqmk idRStI swihq qy XQwrQ dy pRq`Kx, ivigAwnk

ivDI, mwnvvwdI pirpyK Awid hr pihlU nwl Apxw sMvwd rcwauNdI hY[

smu`cy rUp ivc ikhw jw skdw hY ik pRgqIvwd dy audBv ipCy &wiszm dw

zor PVnw Aqy swmrwjI inzwm dI mOjUdgI vrgy q`Q kMm krk rhy sn[ ijhVy

ik kOmW nUM dbw rhy sn Aqy aunHW dy ivkws nUM jkVI byTY sn iehnW

rwStrI/AMqr rwStrI GtnwvW ny ijQy pRgqIvwdI lihr ny ieh isD kIqw ik

ieh kOmI Aqy kOmWqrI lihr dy pqn dw vI kwrx bixAw[ ieh lihr mu`K qOr

qy ivroD dI lihr vjoN aupjI jdoN ivroDI iDr (kOmI pYmwny qy swmrwj) nw rhI

qW iesqoN pYdw huMdIAw hwlqW ivc AwpxI siQqI inSicq kr skxI ies vwsqy

57

muSikl ho geI[ ieh lihr ZrIb mzdUrW dy hk ivc Aqy srmweydwrW dy

ivruD ieh nwAry lwauNdI rhI[ nvyN Bwrq ivc kudrqI qOr auqy iehI do SRyxIAW

nhIN sn, sgoN ieMnHW dy AMdr vI A`goN aup vMf hoeI sI[ hr aup SRyxI dw smwjk

rol ieko ijhw nhIN ikhw jw skdw[ dUjy pwsy kOmWqrI pDr auqy soSilst kYNp

dy rUp Dwrn krky iek hor qrHW dw ivhwr pYdw kIqw[ pRgqIvwd lihr

soSilSt kYNp auqy inrBr rihx l`g peI[ soSilSt dySW dI cVq nUM AwpxI

pRwpqI smJx lg peI[ ijvyN ik ieh ausy dI hI eyjMt hovy[

swihq dy Kyqr ivc kuJ iek AijhIAW DrwvW pYdw hoeIAw jo pRgqIvwd

Dwrw dIAW kmIAW auqy hI tyk r`KdIAW sn[ pRXogvwdI lihr ijsny mzdUr dI

QW lGU mwnv nUM kyNdrI QW idqI Aqy Ajoky mnu`K dIAW mwnisk guMJlW nUM

auBwrn dI koiSS kIqI[ iesqoN ielwvw pRXogvwdI ny rUp dy p`KoN swihq dIAW

bhuq swrIAW ivDwvW ivc nvyN pRXog kIqy[ ies lihr ny koeI smwjk p`KoN

swriQk BUimkw nw inBweI ijs krky ieh bhuq dyr kwiem nw rih skI[

nkslvwdI jw juJwrvwdI ivdrohI lihr nUM BwvyN pRgqIvwdI lihr dw hI

Aglw pVwA mMinAw jwdw hY[ pr ieh nvIAW pirsiQqIAw ivc iek vKrw

pRqIkrm pyS krdI sI[ pRgqIvwd nwl ieh squMSt nhIN sI[ ivdroh Aqy auh

vI hiQAwr bMd ivdroh dw inSwnw sI[ sp`St hY ik hkIkqW dI pux-CWx

krnw iesdw vI AwDwr nhIN sI[ sgoN ^ws qrHW dI Bwvukqw sI ies aupr

kwbz sI[

pr ies sB dy bwvjUd vI pRgqIvwdI pMjwbI kivqw pMjwbI dI SromxI

kwiv-Dwrw vjoN sQwipq hY[ iesdI sQwpqI imhnqkS lokW dI imhnq Aqy

isrV dw sdkw hY[ BwvyN ieh lihr m`Dm pY geI hY, pr jdoN vI smwj ivc

AxsuKwvW mwhOl jw vrg vMf aupjdw hY[ ieh lihr Awpxy Awp jor PV lYNdI

hY[ iesdw Xogdwn mh`qvpUrn hY[ iesny smwjk XQwrQ dI cyqnw pYdw krn

Aqy iesnUM bdl ky AwdrSk smwjk pRbMD isrjx dI pRyrnw id`qI[

58

hvwly qy it`pxIAW

1. Fundamentals of Social Philosophy, P. 58

2. sM. vrmw. rwjU. fI., ieMgilS-ihMdI ifkSnrI, pMnw 520

3. Fundamentals of Social Philosophy, P. 88

4. pMjwbI swihq koS, pMnw 355

5. ngyNdr, AwDuink ihMdI kivqw dI muKX pRivrqIAW, pMnw 88

6. kysr isMG kysr, pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw qy pMjwbI kivqw, pMnw 58

7. rWgy rwGv, pRgqISIl swihqX ky mwndMf, pMnw 14

8. jsbIr isMG AwhlUvwlIAw (sMpw.) smkwlI pMjwbI swihq-iek AiDAYn,

pMnw 63

9. isrjxw, ApRYl-jUn 1981, pMnw 43

10. iqupwTI, rwmw mUrqI, rh`svwd, pMnw 13,14

11. Aqr isMG, kwiv AiDAYn, pMnw 71

12. pRIqm isMG kYboN, brqwnvI pMjwbI kivqw : iek idRStI, pMnw 59

13. Fundamentals of Social Philosophy, P. 82

14. kysr isMG kysr, pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw qy pMjwbI kivqw, pMnw 26

15. Fundamentals of Social Philosophy, P. 83

16. Loc.cit

17. kysr isMG kysr, pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw qy pMjwbI kivqw, pMnw 27

18. Marx and Fredrich Engles, The Communist Manifesto, P. 142

19. kysr isMG kysr, pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw qy pMjwbI kivqw, pMnw 27

20. Marx & Engles On Religion, Progress Pulalishers Moscow, P 128

21. fw. pRkwS kWq, smwjvwd dw smIhw: jIvn Aqy icMqn, pMnw 97

22. Lenin, On Art and Literature, P. 45

59

23. Art and Social Life, P. 51.

24. iSv vrmw, sovIAq swihq mYN XQwrQvwdI dw ivkws, (smwlock,

XQwrQvwd ivSyS AMk), pMnw 71

25. auhI rcnw, pMnw 73

26. kwfvY~l dI kwiv Alocnw sMbMDI is`DWq, pMnw 263

27. Mao-Tsc-Tung, Tolks at Yenan Faram on Art and Literature, P. 36

28. mwrksvwdI drSn, pMnw 46

29. iSv kumwr imSr, mwrksvwdI swihqX icMqn ieiqhws qQw is`DWq, pMnw

483

30. A.e. sololyv, kimauinst ieMtrnYSnl dw sMkiSpq ieiqhws, pMnw 361

31. auhI rcnw, pMnw 411-415

32. ikrpwl isMG ksyl (sMpw.), pMjwbI swihq dw ieiqhws (Bwg dUjw), pMnw

67

33. jsbIr isMG, AwDuink pMjwbI Awlocnw, pMnw 39

34. bRhm jgdIS isMG, AwDuink pMjwbI kwiv pRmu`K pRivrqIAW, pMnw 41

35. ryKw AvsQI, pRgqIvwd AOr smwnWqr swihq, pMnw 20

36. “BwrqI ivcwrvwn qy smwjvwd,” isrjxw, julweI-sqMbr 1992, pMnw 63

37. primMdr isMG, pRgqIvwdI lihr dw ieiqhwsk ipCokV, pMnw 2-3

38. ryKw AvsQI, pRgqIvwdI AOr smWnqr swihqX, pMnw 8

39. suirMdr kumwr dvySvr, pRgqIvwd, pMnw 30

40. iSv kumwr imSr, mwrksvwd swihqX icMqn-ieiqhws qQw isDWq, pMnw

493

41. iSvdwn cOhwn, pRgqIvwd, pMnw 333

42. auhI rcnw, pMnw 340

60

43. auhI rcnw, pMnw 340

44. auhI rcnw, pMnw 344

45. suirMdr kumwr dvysvr, pRgqIvwd, pMnw 19

46. aumyS cMdr imSr, pRgqIvwd kwvX, pMnw 37

47. hrimMdr kOr, pRgqIvwdI pMjwbI khwxI: punr mulWkx, pMnw 36-37

48. rWGy rWgv, pRgqISIl swihq dy mwndMf, pMnw 7-8

49. pRgqIvwd punr mulWkx, pMnw 10

50. rwm pRswd iqRvydI, AwDuink kwvX kI pRmuK pRivrqIAW, pMnw 93

51. suirMdr kumwr dvySvr, pMjwbI dI mOjUdw isAwsI siQqI syD, nvMbr,

1982, pMnw 3

52. suirMdr kumwr dvySvr, pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw qy pMjwbI kivqw, pMw 38

53. kysr isMG kysr, pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw qy pMjwbI kivqw, pMnw 31

54. ipRMsIpl sMq isMG syKoN, pRo. mohn isMG qy pRgqISIl lihr, pMnw 4

55. Drmpwl isMG, AwDuink kwiv, pMnw A

56. kulbIr isMG kWg, audws lok, pMnw 11-12

57. pRIqlVI, ApRYl 1950, pMnw 27

58. fw. jgdIS rwey Srmw, AwDuink pMjwbI kivqw: is`DWq qy ivhwr , pMnw

41

59. fw. bljIq kOr, vIhvIN sdI dI pMjwbI kivqw, pMnw 115-116

60. AMimRqw pRIqm, p`Qr gIty, pMnw 58

61. AMimRqw pRIqm, sunyhVy, pMnw 69

62. bwvw blvMq, bwvw blvMq kwiv sMswr, pMnw 24

63. pRIqm isMg s&Ir, pwp dy soihly, pMnw 34

64. auhI, pMnw 40

61

65. pRIqm isMG s&Ir, rkq bMUdW, pMnw 18

66. kysr isMG kysr, pRgqIvwdI ivcwrDwrw qy pMjwbI kivqw, pMnw 36

67. suirMdr kumwr dvySvr, pRgqIvwd, pMnw 74

68. hirBjn isMG BwtIAw, pMjwbI swihq Awlocnw dw ieiqhws, pMnw 126

69. suirMdr kumwr dvySvr, pRgqIvwd, pMnw 76