Prof .Dr Fikry Hassan

Professor of Infectious Diseases – Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-

Zgazig University

E-mail (fikryhassan60@yahoo.com

)

( ا فى األرض�ي�ا أيه�ا الن�اس كل�وا ممحالالطيبا و ال تتبعوا خطو�ات

(الشيطان انه لكم عدو مبين – البقرة168األية

�دم و )��ة و ال��رم عليكم الميت��ا ح�انملحم� الخ�نزير� و م�ا أ�ه�ل ب�ه لغ�ير� الل�ه ��اد فال��ا�غ و �ال ع��ي�ر ب��طر غ�فم�ن� اض ( اثم علي�ه ان� الل�ه غف�ور ر�حيم

- البقرة173األية

ق�ل الأج�د فى م�ا أوحى الى محرم�ا )على �ط�اعم يط�عم اال أن يك�ون ميت�ة أو �دم�ا مس�ف�و�حا �و لح�م خ�ن�زير �فان�ه ( رجس� أو �فسقا أه�ل� لغي�ر ال�له به

– األنعام45اآلية

( و ال تتخذوا آيات الله هزوا) البقرة231اآلية –

Swine include wild and domestic pigs

There are more than 100 million pigs in the world

About 350 thousands pigs in Egypt. Pigs can cause 450 infectious and

non-infectious diseases. Sow :female pig Boar : male pig Piglet: recently born pig(one month) Gestation period: 114 days Oestrus cycle: 19-22 days Oestrus Period: 1-3 days

Sow can give 8-12 piglets every 3 and half months.

Sow udder composed of about 12-16 nipples located in the ventral abdomen arranged in 2 parallel rows.

Pigs' weight from 100-200 Kg pork meat contains: high fat

(carcinogenic effect ), cholesterol and hormones

• Pigs can transmit serious parasitic, bacterial, fungal and viral diseases to man

This term is applied only to infectious diseases caused by a myxovirus in human and animals.

Myxoviruses(20 types)

Influenza virus(3)

A: infects man, birds, swine and equine

it is the most serious type, due to mutation.

B& C: infect only man.

Human Flu : Type A Equine Flu: Type A1+A2 Avian Flu: a strain of type A, isolated

from birds(1980) in Britain outbreak in turkeys (1977-1979) in USA. Bird Flu in Egypt (2006) due to A (H5N1), transmitted to man.

Swine flu: 4 strains from type A (H1N1,H1N2,H3N1 and H3N2).

A (H1N1) causes mild disease in swine, but it is fatal in human (low immunity).

1-RNA Viruses.2- Pnemotropic (multiply only in the cells of

respiratory tract).3- Possessing an affinity for

mucoproteins, so the name (myxa= mucous)

Haemagglutinin (HA) : binding, fusion of the virus to the host cell and responsible for virulence (16 in number)

Neuraminidase : destruction of mucoprotein of cell receptors of host cells replication & release of the virus (9 in number)

Killed in 65°C for 5-10 m.

Killed in acid and alkaline media.

Destructed by formalin, chloramines and chlorinated lime.

The disease is highly contagious in swine and characterised by fever, respiratory symptoms, abortion in sows, infertility in boars, weight loss and death of piglets.

The disease is more common in cold weather.

It isn’t usually fatal, morbidity rate is 100 %, mortality rate is (1-4%).

Zoonotic.

Pig is a reservoir for many influenza viruses from animals, bird and man (interspecies transmission).

New virus strain can be produced in pigs by 2 ways:

1- Mutation of human strain type (A).

2-Mixed strains .... Reassortement or recombination of antigens..... Emergence of new strains ( H1N1, H1N2, H3N1 and H3N2) which can capable to infect man.

H1N1 : is the cause of swine influenza + H3N2

Large pig populations. Bad rearing on rubbish . Bad climatic condition. Lowered immunity. Poor nutrition. Pregnancy.

Inhalation of the virus by air droplets during coughing and sneezing.

Winds ? Tran placental transmission (NO)

Earth worms and larvae of Metastrongylus were found to transmit the virus in the Inter-epidemic periods (10-30 y).

Infected pigs and man. Contaminated rubbish.Incubation Period:2-7 daysCourse of the disease:4-6 days

Replication of the virus within the cell of the upper respiratory tract from nose to bronchi.

Pneumonia may occur after bacterial complication:

1- Pasteurella M2- Haemophilus Influenza3- Mycoplasma4- Streptococci.

Symptoms: sudden fever up to 41°CAnorexia.Stiffness and muscular pain.Difficult breathing. Severe coughing and sneezing.

Eye and nasal dischargeSever weight loss which regain

slowly.Abortion and infertility.Colonic muscular convulsions in

fatal cases.

Leucopoenia – Lymphopenia _ Neutrophillia.

Increased Fibrinogen.Necropsy Finding:Dark red to purple like lesions

in lungs.Petechial haemorrhage .Lung emphysema.Presence of viscous, frothy

excaudate in airways.

1- Clinical Signs:2- Isolation of the virus: from saliva , nasal discharge, sputum (swabs).

3- Cellular culture4- Inoculation in chick embryo.

5- Lab diagnosis:Complement fixation test.

Haem agglutination inhibition test

Neutralization test.

ELISA ( Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay).

PCR : for detection of RNA particles.

There is no treatment for the virus.

Antibiotic for secondary bacterial infection.

Anti-inflammatory drugsSupportive treatment.

In Egypt 2009, all pigs should eradicated as soon as possible, burnt or deeply buried.

Rearing places of pigs should be transferred away from human populations by 12 KG.

Pig farms must be closed and disinfected regularly.

Special ration for pigs as cattle.

Rubbish collectors should be examined clinically, isolated and treated in case of disease.

Remove the risk factors.

Vaccination:Monovalent vaccine (H1N1).

DescriptionMaxiVac-FLU is an inactivated virus vaccine

Dosage and Administration: For use in swine only.

Shake well and administer 2 ml intramuscularly.

Pigs nursing non-immune dams can be safely and effectively vaccinated at weaning.

Pigs from immune dams should be vaccinated when maternal antibody levels will allow active

immunization. For primary vaccination, administer a second dose in 3 to 4 weeks.

Caution:1.Do not vaccinate within 21 days of slaughter.2. Store at 35°-45°F (2°-7°C). Use entire contents when first opened3. Contains gentamicin as preservative.

Anaphylactic reactions may occur. Antidote: Epinephrine.

How Supplied

10, 50 and 100 dose vials.

Bivalent Vaccine(H1N 1 and H3N2)

Killed Virus For Use in Swine only

For the vaccination of healthy swine, 9 days of age or older, as an aid in the prevention of disease due to swine influenza virus serotype H1N1.

This product also serves as an aid in reduction of disease caused by swine influenza virus subtype H3N2 strains, for which duration of immunity studies are in progress. This product provides cross-protection as an aid in the control of swine influenza subtype H1N2

Dose Aseptically inject 2 mL intramuscularly

per animal. PigsSuvaxyn SIV Caution Store between 2° and 7°C (35° and

45°F). Avoid freezing. Shake well before

using. Use entire contents when first opened. Do not vaccinate within 21 days

before slaughter. Allergic reactions, although rare, may

occur. The antidote is epinephrine.

Mixed Vaccine:

(Swine Influenza Vaccine, H1n1 and H3n2, Killed Virus, Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae Bacterin)

Indications:Healthy pigs 5 weeks of age or older .An aid in the prevention of

pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and in the reduction of disease.

The vaccine has been shown to reduce pneumonia, clinical signs and virus shedding.

Administration/dosage:

Shake well. Using aseptic technique, inject 2 mL intramuscularly (IM) into healthy pigs 5 weeks of age or older.

Revaccinate with 2 mL 2-3 weeks after initial vaccination. Pigs nursing non-immune dams can be safely and effectively vaccinated at weaning.

Pigs from immune dams should be vaccinated when maternal antibody levels will allow active immunization.

Duration of immunity, at least two months following vaccination

Caution: For veterinary use only. Store at 2°-

7°C (35°-45°F). Do not freeze. Use entire contents when first opened.

Do not vaccinate within 21 days before slaughter.

If allergic response occurs, administer epinephrine.

It can cause serious local reaction.

Preservatives Gentamicin, ampicillin and

thimerosal.Warning Extreme caution should be used

when injecting any oil emulsion vaccine to avoid injecting your own finger or hand. Accidental injection

Aetiology: The 2009 swine flu outbreak in

humans due to virulent new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 that was produced by reassortment from human influenza virus, avian influenza virus and swine influenza virus.

Predisposing factors: Globalization Lowered immunity. Lack of Health education.

A(H1N1) A(H2N2)

A(H3N2)

1918: “Spanish Flu”

1957: “Asian Flu”

1968: “Hong Kong Flu”

20-40 million deaths

1-4 million deaths

1-4 million deaths

Credit: US National Museum of Health and Medicine

1-Through contact with infected pigs and environments contaminated with swine flu viruses.

2- Influenza is spread mainly person-

to-person through coughing or sneezing of infected people(inhaled droplets).

3- Swine influenza viruses are not spread by eating pork or pork products.

Incubation period: 1-4 to 7 days.Infectivity Period : 7 daysAccording to Centre for Disease

Control and Prevention(CDC): in humans the symptoms of the 2009 "swine flu" H1N1 virus are similar to influenza-like illness in general.

Symptoms include: fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue, diarrhoea and vomiting.

Clinical signs of SI are confused with other diseases:

Common cold Bird flu Dengue Fever. Other respiratory infectionsLab diagnosis: Swab for the virus isolation. Serological tests.

In pigs : as mentioned before.In humans:Antiviral drugs can make the illness

milder and make the patient feel better faster.

They may also prevent serious flu complications.

They work best if started soon after getting sick (within 2 days of symptoms).

Supportive treatment: at home or in the hospitals, controlling fevers and maintaining fluid balance.

Use of : Tamiflu (oseltamivir) or Relenza

(zanamivir) 75 mg, for the treatment and/or prevention of infection.

In the 2009 outbreak it has been found that the virus was resistant to Amantadine and Rimantadine.

Tamiflu is a nuramindiase inhibitor (action)

Broad spectrum antibiotics for prevention of secondary infections.

Anti inflammatory.

N.B: avoid use of aspirin for treatment of swine flu beacuse asprin +A (H1N1) virus results in destruction of hepatic and brain cells lead to coma and death.

Prevention in pigs: As mentioned before.

Prevention in humans:Society levelIndividual level

Health promotion of the public: adequate nourishment, avoid fatigue and stress

Health education Environmental measures: Adequate ventilation and housing Prevention of crowdness is important Sanitary waste disposal Socioeconomic development: raising the

standard of living.

Quarantine for travellers (diagnosis& treatment).

Avoid close contact with people who are sick.

Stay at home when you are sick, take plenty of fluids, honey , vitamin(C) vegetables and fruits.

Cover your mouth and nose by protective masks.

Wash your hands every 2 hours by water soap.

Disinfection (cars, buses). Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth.

Take care of money (papers, coins).

Reduction of human gatherings in epidemics.

Avoid kissing, keep a distance between speakers.

Preparation &production of vaccines and sera for humans.

. االنسان حول البيئة اصالح. الناس بين الصحى الوعى لرفع الصحية الثقافة مقاومة فى البيطريين األطباء دور تعظيم

و ) الطيور انفلونزا خاصة الوبائية األمراض.) الخنازير انفلونزا

. األمراض انتشار لمنع الوقائية االجراءات تطبيق لعدم جدا مهم المرض عالج و تشخيص سرعة

. مضاعفات اية حدوث لوقاية امصال و لقاحات انتاج فى السرعة

. األمراض من االنسان. االنسان انفلونزا و الطيور انفلونزا مرض مقاومة) الخنازير) انفلونزا بمرض صلة ذات أمراض

ينزل عيسى عليه السالم) قبل قيام الساعة فيحطم

الصليب و يقتل الخنزير ..... ) حديث شريف

– لم تحل اى شريعة منذ آدمعليه السالم- لآلن أكل لحم

الخنزير